NU

UMERIC
CAL METHODS

NUME
ERICAL
L ANALY
YSIS IS THAT BRANC
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M MATICS
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WH
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F
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ATHEMA
ATICAL
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THE STUDY
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ATHEMA
ATICAL
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 NUMERICAL METHODS

THE BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS WHICH DEALS TO FIND THE

WAYS TO SOLVE ABSTRACT MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AND
FINDING CONCRETE OR APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF THEM.

THE METHOD OF OBTAINING A SOLUTION BY SUBJECTING

THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM TO A SERIES OF STEPS OR REPITITIONS
OF THE SOME STEPS IS CALLED A NUMERICAL METHOD.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IS A WAY TO DO HIGHER

MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS ON A COMPUTER. A MAJOR
ADVANTAGE FOR A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IS THAT A NUMERICAL
ANSWER CAN BE OBTAINED EVEN WHEN A PROBLEM HAS NO
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION.

THE OBJECTIVE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IS TO SOLVE

COMPLEX NUMERICAL PROBLEMS USING ONLY THE SIMPLE
OPERATIONS OF ARITHMETICS TO DEVELOP AND EVALUATE
METHODS FOR COMPUTING NUMERICAL RESULTS FROM GIVEN
DATA.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IS THE AREA OF MATHEMATICS AND

COMPUTER SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE SOLUTION OF
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS USING COMPUTER.

IT IS THE DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF PROCEDURES FOR

SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH A COMPUTER. THE METHODS OF
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 NUMERICAL METHODS

COMPUTATION ARE CALLED ALGORITHMS. THE TERM

ALGORITHMS IS USED FOR A SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE THAT
SOLVE A PROBLEM OR

SEQUENCE OF LOGICAL STEPS REQUIRED TO PERFORM A

SPECIFIC TASK SUCH AS SOLVING A PROBLEM AND GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION OF AN ALGORITHMS IS CALLED FLOWCHART.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS PLAY AN INDISPENSABLE ROLE

IN SOLVING REAL LIFE MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS. THEY HAVE BEEN USED FOR CETURIES
EVEN BEFORE DIGITAL COMPUTERS. GREAT MATHEMATICIANS
LIKE GAUSS, NEWTON, LAGRANGE, FOURIER AND MANY OTHERS
IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CETURIES DEVELOPED NUMERICAL
TECHNIQUES WHICH ARE STILL WIDELY USED. THE ADVENT OF
DIGITAL COMPUTRERS HAS, HOWEVER, ENHANCED THE SPEED
AND ACCURACY OF NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS.

NUMERICAL COMPUTING IS AN APPROACH FOR SOLVING

COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS USING ONLY SIMPLE
ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS. IT REQUIRES DEVELOPMENT,
ANALYSIS AND USE OF ALGORITHMS.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS INVARIABLY INVOLVE A LARGE

NUMBER OF ARITHMATIC CALCULATIONS AND THEREFORE
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 NUMERICAL METHODS

REQUIRE FAST AND EFFICIENT COMPUTING DEVICES. THE

MICROELECTRONICS REVOLUTION AND THE SUBSEQUENT
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH POWER, LOW COST PERSONAL
COMPUTERS HAVE HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE
APPLICATIONS OF NUMERICAL COMPUTING METHODS TO SOLVE
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS.

THE TRADITIONAL NUMERICAL COMPUTING METHODS

USUALLY DEAL WITH THE FOLLOWING TOPICS.

1. FINDING ROOTS OF EQUATIONS

2. SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
3. INTERPOLATION AND REGRSSION ANALYSIS
4. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
5. NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION
6. SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODEs & PDES)
7. BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
8. SOLUTION OF MATRIX PROBLEMS

NUMERICAL METHODS ARE USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS ON

COMPUTERS OR CALCULATORS BY NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS
GIVING A TABLE OF NUMBERS AND/OR GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATIONS.

 NUMERICAL METHODS

THE PROCESS OF NUMERICAL COMPUTING CAN BE DIVIDED

INTO FOLLOWING FOUR PHASES:

1. FORMULATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

2. CONSTRUCTION OF AN APPROPRIATE NUMERICAL METHOD
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD TO OBTAIN A SOLUTION,
AND
4. VALIDATION OF THE SOLUTION

THE FORMULATION OF A SUITABLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS

CRITICAL TO THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM. A
MATHEMATICAL MODEL CAN BE DEFINED AS A FORMULATION OF
A CERTAIN MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS THAT EXPRESSES THE
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A PHYSICAL SYSTEM OR PROCESS.

MODELS MAY RANGE FROM A SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EQUATION

TO A COMPLEX SET OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.

THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS VARIOUS TYPES OF

MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS THAT MIGHT RESULT WHILE
FORMULATING MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PHYSICAL
PROCESSES.

 NUMERICAL METHODS

NUMERICAL COMPUTING PROCESS

Mathematical
concepts

Physical Mathematical
problem model

Numerical
method

Modify
model implementation
Change
method
solution
Improve
algorithm
wrong
validity

correct

applications

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 NUMERICAL METHODS

MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS

1. ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
a. LINEAR
b. NON LINEAR
2. POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
a. CONTINUOUS
b. PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS
3. TRANCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
a. TRIGONOMETRIC
b. EXPONENTIAL
c. LOGARITMIC
d. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
e. HYPERBOLIC
f. INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
4. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
a. ORDINARY DIDDERENTIAL EQUATIONS
b. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIA EQUATIONS
5. INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
a. DEFINITE
b. INDEFINITE

 NUMERICAL METHODS

MODELLING IS THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATING A PHYSICAL

PROBLEM INTO MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM. THE PROCESS
INVOLVES:

1. MAKING A NUMBER OF SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS

2. IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES
3. PASTULATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE VARIABLES

EXAMPLE

FORMULATE A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE

POPULATION GROWTH OF A CITY.

ASSUMPTION. BIRTH AND DEATH RATES ARE TO

POPULATION AND TIME INTERVAL

PARAMETERS. : POPULATION AT A TIME

: INCREASE IN POPULATION IN TIME INTERVAL

THEN

GROWTH RATE:

 NUMERICAL METHODS

TAKING THE LIMIT , WE GET:

SOLUTION OF THIS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IS

Where IS THE POPULATION AT TIME .

THE POPULATION GROWTH DEPENDS ON THE GROWTH

CONSTANT . THE POPPULATION WILL BE STABLE IF
.