Higher Technological institute

Tenth of Ramadan City

Mechanical Department
Thermo-Fluid Lab. (A)
2- Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration
OBJECTIVES
-To investigate the validity of Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in
a tapered duct (i.e. Venturi).

THEORY
The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, inviscid and incompressible ow where net
frictional forces are negligible. Bernoullis equation states that the The sum of the kinetic
energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and potential energy (elevation head)
per unit weight along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline, provided that
the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible.

Bernoullis equation
P V2
+ + Z = Constant
g 2g
P1 V1 2 P2 V2 2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
g 2g g 2g

Where;
P
(h): Static head (due to the internal molecular motion of fluid that excretes a force on its
g
container, m
V2
: Dynamic pressure head (due to bulk motion of the fluid), m
2g
Z: Elevation head (due to fluid's weight: the gravitational force acting on a column of fluid),
m.
For horizontal tube, Z1=Z2
P1 V1 2 P2 V2 2
+ = +
g 2g g 2g
P V2
H= + :
g 2g

, where H is the total head (Stagnation head), m.

EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

Figure 1: Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus.

Figure 2: Schematic of Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus.

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 The apparatus used to investigate Bernoullis theorem is an accurately machined acrylic
duct of varying circular cross section (a venturi tube). It is provided by side pressure tappings
which are connected with pressure gauges (manometers) housed on the apparatus. These
tappings allow the measurement of static pressure head simultaneously at each of 6 sections.
Water is supplied from the hydraulic bench.
From the continuity equation for steady incompressible flow, the mean velocity "V" at
each cross-section of the Venturi tube is:
Q
V=
A

A= D2
4
Where,
V: Velocity at each cross-section of the Venturi tube, m/s.
Q: Volume flow rate, m3/s.
A: Crossectional area, m2.
D: Each Section crossectional area, m2.

A flexible hose is attached to the outlet pipe, which should be directed to the volumetric
measuring tank (used to measure volume flow rate) on the hydraulic bench. A flow control
valve is incorporated downstream to the test section. Flow rate and pressure in the apparatus
may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control valve, and bench supply control
valve.

PROCEDURES
1.Turn on the pump and adjust both the control valve on the hydraulic bench and the valve
for the Venturi tube unit alternatively so the tube is filled up with water.
2.Bleed off any air bubbles in the manometers using the valve on the manifold at the top.
3.Adjust the valves to obtain a flow rate so that the total head at the inlet approaches near
maximum height on the manometer scale.
4.Take manometer readings for the static heads at the six cross sections.
5.Close the drain valve at the bottom of the tank of the hydraulic bench. Collect a known
volume of water in the tank and record the time required to do so. Repeat this several times
to obtain a more reliable average flow rate.
6.Turn off the pump and drain the Venturi tube.

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 Thermo-Fluid Lab. (A)

Student Name: Student No.: Gr.:

Experiment No. 2
Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration
Objectives

Introduction (Must contain the principle of Bernoullis theorem)

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Schematic of Experimental Apparatus

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Experimental Setup
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PROCEDURES
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5
Data Reduction
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Table 1. Experimental apparatus dimension

Tapping Position Manometer Legend (m) Diameter (mm)

1 A X1 0.0 25.0
2 B X2 0.0603 13.9
3 C X3 0.0687 11.8
4 D X4 0.0732 10.7
5 E X5 0.0822 10.0
6 F X6 0.1415 25.0

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Table 2. Collected Data.

Volume Collected Time to collect Volume flow rate

(liters) (m3) (Sec.) (m3/s)

Static head, h (P/g)

(m)

Table 3. Calculated Data.

Area, A Velocity, V Dynamic head, V2/2g Total head, H = h + (V2/2g)

(m2) (m/s) (m) (m)

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 Chart1. Variation of h, V2/2g and H with X
h (m), V2/2g (m), H (m)

X, m
CONCLUSIONS
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