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Pallavi Tiwari et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (6)| 618-623

A Comprehensive Review on Aloe vera (Ghee gangwar)

Pallavi Tiwari*, Hena, MK Mishra, Mayank Srivastava, Saurav Ghoshal
Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy, Jhalwa, Allahabad- 211012 (U.P.), India

ABSTRACT
Liver is a vital organ play a major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics and toxic molecules from the
body. Liver diseases are a major problem of worldwide proportions that challenges not only health care profession-
als but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic
chemicals (like paracetamol, certain anti-biotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), thio-
acetamide (TAA) etc.), excessive alcohol consumption and microbes is well-studied. Herbal medicines have been
used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. Popularity of herbal is increasing globally. A number of
herbal preparations are available in the market. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phyto-
chemicals from medicinal plants mainly Aloe vera that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models using modern
scientific system.
INTRODUCTION Bonaire, Haiti, India, South Africa, the United States of
Ayurveda and Siddha, the predominant herbal prac- America, and Venezuela [3,4]
tices in India, are considered sciences of life, preven- Vernacular Names [5]
tion of ailments and longevity. They are not a mere 1. English Aloe
collection of healing practices, but contain methods of 2. Hindi Ghee ganwar
maintaining and prolonging the health rather than just 3. Kannada Kanya kumaari
simple healing. The holistic approach of these prac- 4. Malyalam Catevala
tices, which advocates the involvement of both mind 5. Marathi Koraphanta
and body (and which complement each other) in main- 6. Sanskrit Kumari
taining the body and healing the same, is a way of liv- 7. Tamil Akki
ing [1]. ANATOMY
The name Aloe was derived from the Arabic word al- The plant has triangular, short stemmed, fleshy leaves
loeh meaning bitter because of the bitter gel present with serrated edges, yellow tubular flower and fruits that
in the leaf. [2]The species name vera means true or contain numerous seeds. Each leaf is composed of three
genuine. The species was first described by Carl Lin- layers. An inner layer of clear gel that contains 99% wa-
naeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera, and was ter and rest is made of glucomannas, amino acids, lipids,
described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman sterols and a vitamin, the middle layer of latex which is
as Aloe vera in Flora Indica. There are more than 600 the bitter yellow sap and contains anthraquinones and
known species of Aloe (Family Liliaceae). Belonging glycosides and the outer thick layer of 15-20 cells called
to a member of Liliaceae group, it is widely found in as rind which has protective function and synthesis is
subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Among all carbohydrates and proteins. Inside the rind are vascular
species of aloe, Aloe barbadensis Miller (synonym- bundles responsible for transportation of substances
Aloe vera Linn.) is considered to be the most biologi- such as water (xylem) and starch(phloem).[6] The aloetic
cally active plant. Besides acting as a therapeutic agent, juice from which the drug is prepared is contained in the
it has long been used in dietary supplements and for large pericycle cells and sometimes in the adjacent paren-
cosmetic purposes. Aloe is a succulent plant widely chyma.[7]
used in alternative medicine. The plant is native to
southern and eastern Africa along the upper Nile in the
Sudan. The plant is commercially cultivated in Aruba,

Key words: Aloe vera, hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol;

xenobiotics
Received 16 December 2015; accepted 21 December
2015;
*Corresponding Author: Ms. Pallavi Tiwari
Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy, Jhalwa, Allahabad
- 211012 (U.P.), India
Email: pallavitiwari25@gmail.com
Fig 1: Fresh plant and dried stem of Aloe vera
Mob: +91 9721683816

Copyright 2011 Published by IJPSL. All rights reserved

 Pallavi Tiwari et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (6)| 618-623
Pharmacological Activities of Aloe Vera
Antiulcer activity of Aloe vera: Aloe vera gel can pre-
vent peptic ulcer. Indomethacin and ethanol were used
to induce gastric ulcers. Thirty six albino rats of either
sex were randomly allotted to six groups of six animals
each. The negative control was pretreated with normal
saline, the positive controls received ranitidine (20 mg/
kg) and the test group received Aloe vera gel (300 mg/
kg) orally for eight days. Then, after a 24 hour fast Indo-
methacin (20 mg/kg) or 80% ethanol (2ml) was adminis-
tered orally to induce ulceration. At the end of the study,
the rats were sacrificed, their stomachs opened, the ulcer
index studied and tissues sent for histopathological ex-
amination. Both ranitidine and Aloe vera gel signifi-
cantly prevented stomach from gastric ulceration in-
duced by indomethacin and ethanol. Conclusion: The
results indicated that Aloe vera gel is effective against
indomethacin and ethanol mediated gastric ulcer.[8]
Antidiabetic activity of Aloevera :The aim of this study
was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of aloe
vera leaves on hypoglycemic activity and after alloxan
injection in Swiss albino mice. In this study, aqueous
leaf extract of aloe vera was carried out. Diabetes was
induced in mice by alloxan monohydrate at dose of 150
mg/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally. Also al-
loxanized induced mice were administered with 300 and
500 mg/kg body weight orally daily of extract for a pe-
riod of 21 days. Diabetic mice group treated by extract
at the dose of 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight orally
significantly . The results suggested that aqueous extract
of aloe vera leaves possesses protective effect against
alloxan induced diabetic mice.[9]
Antitumor activity of Aloevera : Antitumor activity of
Aloevera of 50% ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) of Aloe
vera was evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
(EAC) tumor in mice. Swiss albino mice were divided
into 4 groups (n=6). All the groups were injected with
EAC cells (0.2 ml of 2106 cells/mouse; i.p.) except the
normal group. This was taken as day zero. From the first
day, Aloe Vera extract (100mg/kg) and 5-FU (25mg/kg)
were administered intraperitoneally for 14 days to
groups 3 and 4 respectively. After the administration of
last dose followed by 18 h fasting, all the mice were
sacrificed for the study of antitumor activity, serum bio-
chemical, hematological and liver biochemical parame-
ters. Antitumor effect of Aloe vera was assessed by ob-
servation of changes with respect to body weight and
abdominal circumference.[10]
Anti-inflammatory activity of Aloevera : In the present
study aqueous extract of whole leaf of Aloe vera at vari-
ous concentrations was investigated for its anti-
inflammatory activity. Thirty albino wistar rats of both
sexes (120-135g) body weight were used, Carageenan
and formaldehyde induced rat paw oedema was used to
evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. Whole leaf ex-
tract of Aloevera at various concentrations (100, 200, -
400& 600 mg/kg of BW). The whole leaf of Aloevera
extract can be exploited as non toxic drug for the treat-
ment and Chemical management of inflammation[11].
Figure 2: Chemical structure of salicylic acid, a con-
stituent of Aloe barbadensis as anti-inflammatory agent
Figure 3: Chemical structure of emodin, aloe-emodin,
aloin, aloesin, and chrysophanic acid as representatives
of anthraquinones having anti-inflammatory effects
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Aloev-
era leaves: Hepatotoxicity was induced with a single
dose of paracetamol 3g/kg orally. The curative and re-
generative effect of Aloe vera on paracetamol induced
hepatotoxicity was studied. The animals were divided
into eight groups (n=6). First four groups received either
vehicle (2% gum acacia), Aloe vera (250 mg/kg or 500
mg/kg ) or N- acetyl cysteine (450mg/kg) single dose
orally with paracetamol 3g/kg orally. The next four
groups of animals received the same treatment for 7
days along with single dose of paracetamol 3g/kg orally.
After the treatment period the blood samples were col-
lected from orbital sinus and aspartate transaminase
(AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phos-
phatase (ALP) were estimated. As the integrity of cellu-
lar membranes is critical to normal cell function, the
peroxidative decomposition of membrane, lipids may
have widespread implications in liver toxicity. Conclu-
sion: This study shows that the aqueous extract of Aloe
vera has hepatoprotective active [12].
Anxiolytic activity of Aloevera : Aloe vera was evalu-
ated for CNS activities in mice Long-term dosing was
carried out on albino mice weighing from 25 30 gm
with equal sex distribution. All animals were randomly
assigned into two groups, one group served as control,
while other group served as treated group each -
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 Pallavi Tiwari et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (6)| 618-623
containing ten animals and different behavioral activities
for anxiety and depression were tested on Exploratory
activity, Open field test, Swimming induced Depres-
sion test, stationary rod, Cage Crossing and Inclined
Plane test. Aloe vera was administered orally in both
sexes of mice and was found to cause significant depres-
sion in general as well as exploratory behavioral pro-
files. The results revealed that Aloe vera caused reduc-
tion of Exploratory and Locomotor activities along with
the significant decrease in traction in an inclined plane
test. The results suggest that Aloe vera may have anxio-
lytic potential with sedative action.[13]
Antiviral activity of Aloevera : In this study we tested
the antiviral activity of a crude hot glycerin extract of
Aloe vera gel which was grown in Bushehr (Southwest
of Iran) against HSV-2 replication in Vero cell line. The
Aloe leaf was cut and the fresh gel within the leaf was
extracted. The extracted gel corresponding to was dis-
solved in 10% glycerin solution. The mixture was boiled
for 20 min in 105 C. The hot glycerin extract was clari-
fied by filtration using Whatman No.1 filter paper. The
extract showed antiviral activity against HSV-2 not only
before attachment and entry of virus to the Vero cells
but also on post attachment stages of virus replication.
The IC50 before attachment and entry of virus to the
cells is 428 g/ml and the CC50 value which is the cyto-
toxicity of the extract for Vero cells is 3238 g/ml,
while the calculated selectivity index (SI) is 7.56. Also,
IC50 of extract on post attachment stages of replication
is 536 g/ml and the SI value for inhibition of the post
attachment stages of HSV-2 replication is 6.04. There-
fore, compounds of Aloe vera from Bushehr could be a
good candidate as a natural source for antiviral drug
development against HSV-2[14].
Wound healing activity of Aloevera: Aloe Vera leaves
pulp of Aloe arborescens species is used for medicinal
purposes, including treatment of constipation, colitis,
asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, peptic ulcer,
inflammation, heart burn, stress etc. The present study
was undertaken on experimental evaluation of Aloe
Vera leaves pulp on wound healing activity through
topical route on excision wound model Adult albino rats
(wistar strain) either sex weighing 180-200 g were taken
Aloe Vera leaves pulp was found to have better and
faster wound healing effect than standard drug Povidone
Iodine ointment on excision wound model [15].
Preliminary phytochemical examination
The phytochemical screening of the extracts of A. vera
indicated in table I that shows the presence of alkaloids,
glycosides, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, ster-
oids and terpenoids, carbohydrate, amino acid, flavon-
oids, tannins and saponin glycosides. Therefore, the
most important chemically active (bioactive) constitu-
ents: alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids and phenolic com-
pounds were present in the extracts of A. vera but cyano-
genic glycosides were absent.[16]
Figure 4: Chemical structure of mannose6-phosphate,
acemannan and glucomannan as major polysaccharides
of Aloe vera having anti-inflammatory and wound heal-
ing activities. wound healing and anti-inflammatory ac-
tivities
Drug Interactions
When aloe vera gel is administered topical, it is gener-
ally regarded as safe.[17]
Aloe gel might enhance the ability of hydrocortisone
to reduce swelling if applied topically.[18]
If ingested, it might lead to increased hypoglycemia in
conjunction with oral anti-diabetics or insulin.[19]
Aloe vera inner gel may significantly increase the
absorption of vitamins C and E after oral application.
[20, 21]
Aloe vera gel for systemic application is not recom-
mended in combination with anti-diabetic, diuretic, or
laxative drugs; sevoflurane; or digoxin. [18]
In general, a 2-hour time period is recommended be-
tween oral drug application and aloe vera ingestion
due to increased intestinal motility and reduced drug
absorption[22].
If aloe vera gel is used with any other prescription
drug, the patient should inform the physician and/or
pharmacist.
Adverse Effects
1. In general, topical application of aloe vera prepara-
tions has been regarded as safe as assessed by the Cos-
metic Ingredient Review Expert Panel .[17] However,
several case reports of the development of hypersensitiv-
ity reactions and contact dermatitis in response to topi-
cally applied aloe gel preparations have been published.
[23-27] This allergic reaction has been attributed in most
cases to anthraquinone contaminations in the gel[19].
2. Macrophage infiltration and emesis has been ob-
served in dogs treated intravenously with acemannan.
[35] Oral application of aloe vera gel may lower blood
glucose levels and enhance the activity of anti-diabetic
treatments.[29]
3. An important factor for adverse effects is the purity
of the aloe vera gel used, since anthraquinones like aloin
might be related to the development of hypersensitivity
reactions.[22,30]
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 Pallavi Tiwari et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (6)| 618-623
Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional Aloe contains saponins, having antiseptic and anti-
systems of medicine carcinogen properties [46].
Aloe Vera Gel is widely used for the exter- Aloe contains Campesterol, F2 Sitosterol and Lupeol
nal treatment of minor wounds and inflammatory possessing anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial prop-
skin disorder.[31,32-35] erties[47]

The gel is used in the treatment of minor skin irrita- Aloe gel can help to stimulate the bodys immune
tions, including burns, bruises, and abrasions . system [48].
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Table 1: Preliminary Phytochemical Examination of Aloe vera
S. No. Chemical Constituent Test Reagent Observation Result
1 Alkaloids Mayers reagent White ppt Positive
Dragendroff's reagent Orange ppt Positive
Sodium Picrate Solution Yellow ppt Positive
Wagner's Reagent No Reddish Brown ppt Negative
2 Glycoside 10% Lead Acetate Solution White ppt Positive
3 Reducing Sugar Benedict's Solution Reddish Brown ppt Positive
4 Phenolic Compounds Ferric Chloride Soln Green Color Positive
5 Steroids & Terpenoids Acetic Anhydride & Conc H2SO4 Pink Color Positive
6 Carbohydrates 10% -napthol and Conc H2SO4 No Purple Ring Positive
7 Amino Acid Ninhydrin reagent Pink color Positive
8 Flavonoids Benzene FeCl3 (or) conc HCL, Mg Yellow ppt on boiling Positive
turning dissolves
9 Tannin FeCl3 and 10% Lead acetate White ppt Positive
10 Saponin Glycosides Distilled water Frothing Positive
11 Acidic or Basic Bromocresol green Blue (base) Positive
12 Cyanogenic Glycosides Distilled water,conc H2SO4,Sodium No pink color Negative
picrate paper
621
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