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ANNE ANASTASI

Department of Psychology, Fordham University

SUSANA URBINA
Department of Psychology, University of North Florida

Prentice-Hall International, Inc.


Preface xi
Contents
P A RT 0 NE
FUNCTIONS AND ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

Nature and Use of Psychological Tests 2


Uses and Varieties of Psychological Tests 2
What Is a Psychological Test? 4
Why Control the Use of Psychological Tests? 10
Test Administration 13
Examiner and Situational Variables 17
A View from the Test-Taker's Perspective 20
Effects of Training on Test Performance 23
Sources of Information about Tests 27

Historical Antecedents of Modern Testing 32


Early Interest in Classification and Training of Mentally Retarded Persons 33
The First Experimental Psychologists 34
Contributions of Francis Galton 35
Cattell and the Early "Mental Tests" 36
Binet and the Rise of Intelligence Tests 37
Group Testing 38
Aptitude Testing 39
Standardized Achievement Tests 42
Assessment of Personality 44

P A R T T W O
TECHNICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

Norms and the Meaning of Test Scores 48


Statistical Concepts 49
Developmental Norms 54
Within-Group Norms 58
Relativity of Norms 66
Computers and the Interpretation of Test Scores 74
Domain-Referenced Test Interpretation 76
Minimum Qualifications and Cutoff Scores 80
viii CONTENTS

4 Reliability 84
The Correlation Coefficient 85
Types of Reliability 91
Reliability of Speeded Tests 102
Dependence of Reliability Coefficients on the Sample Tested 105
Standard Error of Measurement 107
Reliability Applied to Mastery Testing and Cutoff Scores 112

5 Validity: Basic Concepts 113


Evolving Concepts of Test Validity 114
Content-Description Procedures 114
Criterion-Prediction Procedures 118
Construct-Identification Procedures 126
Overview and Integration 136

6 Validity: Measurement and Interpretation 140


Validity Coefficient and Error of Estimate 141
Test Validity and Decision Theory 144
Combining Information from Different Tests 156
Use of Tests for Classification Decisions 160
Statistical Analyses of Test Bias 164

7 Item Analysis 172


Item Difficulty 173
Item Discrimination 179
Item Response Theory 187
Item Analysis of Speeded Tests 193
Cross-Validation 194
Differential Item Functioning 196
Explorations in Item Development 200

P A R T T H R E E
ABILITY TESTING

8 Individual Tests 204


Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 205
The Wechsler Scales 214
The Kaufman Scales 222
Differential Ability Scales 226
Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System 233
Contents ix

9 Tests for Special Populations 234


Infant and Preschool Testing 235
Comprehensive Assessment of Mentally Retarded Persons 247
. Testing Persons with Physical Disabilities 252
Multicultural Testing 259

10 Group Testing 271


Group Tests versus Individual Tests 272
Adaptive Testing and Computer-Based Administration 274
Multilevel Batteries 278
Measuring Multiple Aptitudes 287

11 Nature of Intelligence 294


Meaning of an IQ 295
Heritability and Modifiability 297
Motivation and Intelligence 300
Factor Analysis of Intelligence 303
Theories of Trait Organization 309
Nature and Development of Traits 318

12 Psychological Issues in Ability Testing 323


Longitudinal Studies of Children's Intelligence 323
Intelligence In Early Childhood 327
Problems in the Testing of Adult Intelligence 331
Population Changes in Intelligence Test Performance 337
Cultural Diversity 340

P A R T F O U R
PERSONALITY TESTING

13 Self-Report Personality Inventories 348


Content-Related Procedures 349
Empirical Criterion Keying 350
Factor Analysis in Test Development 362
Personality Theory in Test Development 367
Test-Taking Attitudes and Response Biases 374
Traits, States, Persons, and Situations 379
Current Status of Personality Inventories 385

14 Measuring Interests and Attitudes 386


Interest Inventories: Current Setting 387
The Strong Interest Inventory (SII) 389
Interest Inventories: Overview and Some Highlights 396
x CONTENTS

Some Significant Trends 402


Opinion Surveys and Attitude Scales 404
Locus of Control 408

15 Projective Techniques 410


Nature of Projective Techniques 411
Inkblot Techniques 411
Pictorial Techniques 419
Verbal Techniques 425
Autobiographical Memories 427
Performance Techniques 429
Evaluation of Projective Techniques 432

16 Other Assessment Techniques 443


Measures of Styles and Types 443
Situational Tests 450
Self-Concepts and Personal Constructs 454
Observer Reports 463
Biodata 469
P A R T F I V E
APPLICATIONS OF TESTING
17 Major Contexts of Current Test Use 474
Educational Testing 474
Occupational Testing 490
Test Use in Clinical and Counseling Psychology 509

18 Ethical and Social Considerations in Testing 533


Ethical Issues in Psychological Testing and Assessment 535
User Qualifications and Professional Competence 536
Responsibilities of Test Publishers 538
Protection of Privacy 540
Confidentiality 542
Communicating Test Results 543
Testing Diverse Populations 544
APPENDIXES
A. Alphabetical Listing of Tests and Other Assessment Tools 5 5 1
B. Addresses of Test Publishers, Distributors, and Test-Related
Organizations 555
References 561
Acknowledgments 681
Name Index 684
Subject Index 708

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