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then du = cos xdx. Therefore
sinn x cos xdx = un du
un+1
=
n+1
sinn+1 x
=
n+1
The other integral is done similarly.
The technique used here depends on whether one of the powers is odd or
both are even. We summarize the techniques, then do some examples.
Proposition 1 Suppose we have an integral of the form sinm x cosn xdx.
1. If n is odd, that is n = 2k + 1, then save one cosine factor, and use the
identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of
sine. Then, use the substitution u = sin x. In other words
sin x cos xdx = sinm x cos2k+1 xdx
m n
= sinm x cos2k x cos xdx
k
= sinm x 1 sin2 x cos xdx
2. If m is odd, that is m = 2k + 1, then save one sine factor, and use the
identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of
cosine. Then, use the substitution u = cos x. In other words
sinm x cosn xdx = sin2k+1 x cosn xdx
= sin2k x cosn x sin xdx
k
= 1 cos2 x cosn x sin xdx
2
Example 2 Find cos3 xdx
This is the case where the power of cosine is odd. We save one cosine factor
and write
Therefore,
cos3 xdx = 1 sin2 x cos xdx
= cos xdx sin2 x cos xdx (1)
u3
=
3
sin3 x
=
3
Using equation 2 and equation 3 in equation 1 gives us
sin3 x
cos3 xdx = sin x +C
3
Example 3 Find sin5 x cos2 xdx
This is the case where the power of sine is odd. We save one sine factor and
write
3
Therefore,
5 2
2
sin x cos xdx = cos x 2 cos4 x + cos6 x sin xdx
2 Trigonometric Substitution
The techniques we are about to describe apply to integrals containing expres-
sions of the form
a2 x2
a2 + x2
x2 a2
for
which the other techniques have failed. For example, if we were given
x 1 x2 dx, the substitution u = 1 x2 would work. However, if we were
4
given 1 x2 dx, it would be much more dicult to do. We will look at each
case separately. Before we do this, it is important to keep in mind an important
dierence between the substitution technique learned before and the one we are
about to explain. In the traditional substitution, we dene the new variable in
terms of the old. For example, u = 1 x2 . In trigonometric substitution, we
redene the given variable.
x = a sin = x2 = a2 sin2
= a2 x2 = a2 a2 sin2
= a2 1 sin2
= a2 cos2
Therefore
a2 x2 = a2 cos2
= |a cos |
= |a| |cos |
= a cos
We were able to remove the absolute value because a > 0 and cos 0 when
2 2
9 x2
Example 6 Find dx
x2
We let x = 3 sin , with . Then dx = 3 cos . Also, as noted above,
2 2
5
9 x2 = 3 cos . Therefore,
9 x2 3 cos
dx = 3 cos d
x2 9 sin2
cos2
= d
sin2
= cot2 d
2
= csc 1 d
= cot + C
This method is very quick and easy. However, it would not work if the
problem had been to find an antiderivative.,
= 4 cos2 d
6
1 + cos 2
Remembering the techniques of the previous section, we use cos2 = .
2
Therefore,
1 + cos 2
4 x2 dx = 4 d
2
= 2 (1 + cos 2) d
= u + sin u
= 2 + sin 2
= 2 + 2 sin cos
We obtained the last equality using the identity sin 2 = 2 sin cos . Now,
we write everything back in terms of x. First, since x = 2 sin , we see
that
x
sin =
2
and
x
= sin1
2
To express cos in terms of x, we use cos2 = 1 sin2 and since cos
0, we have
cos = 1 sin2
x2
= 1
4
4 x2
=
4 4
1
= (4 x2 )
4
4 x2
=
2
Therefore
2 1 x x 4 x2
4 x dx = 2 sin +2
2 2 2
x x 4 x2
= 2 sin1 +
2 2
7
We can now find the definite integral
2
2
4 2
1 x x x
4 x2 dx = 2 sin +
0 2 2
0
1 2 0 1 0 4
= 2 sin 1 + 2 sin 0 +
2 2
= 2 + 0 (0 + 0)
2
=
2.2 Integral Containing a2 + x2
We use the substitution x = a tan , with a > 0 and < < . We impose
2 2
this restriction on so that tan will have an inverse. The substitution is based
on the identity 1 + tan2 = sec2 and works as follows:
a2 + x2 = a2 + a2 tan2
= a2 1 + tan2
= a2 sec2
Therefore
a2 + x2 = a2 sec2
= a sec2
= a |sec |
= a sec
Because a > 0 and sec 0 if < < .
2 2
1
Example 8 Find dx
x2 x2 + 4
We let x = 2 tan , dx = 2 sec2 d. Also, x2 + 4 = 2 sec . Therefore:
1 2 sec2 d
dx =
x x +4
2 2 4 tan2 (2 sec )
1 sec
= d
4 tan2
Now,
1
sec cos
=
tan2 sin2
cos2
cos
=
sin2
8
If we make the substitution u = sin , then du = cos d and we get:
1 1 cos
dx = d
2
x x +4 2 4 sin2
1 du
=
4 u2
1
= u2 du
4
1
= +C
4u
1
= +C
4 sin
We express sin in terms of x and obtain
x
sin =
4 + x2
Therefore
1 4 + x2
dx = +C
x2 x2 + 4 4x
2.3 Integral Containing x2 a2
3
We use the substitution x = a sec , with a > 0 and 0 < or < .
2 2
We impose this restriction on so that sec will be invertible. This substitution
is based on the identity sec2 1 = tan2 and works as follows:
x2 a2 = a2 sec2 a2
= a2 sec2 1
= a2 tan2
Therefore
x2 a2 = a2 tan2
= |a| |tan |
= a tan
3
because a > 0 and tan o when 0 < or < .
2 2
dx
Example 9 Find , where a > 0.
x a2
2
According to the explanation above, we let x = a sec . Then, dx = a sec tan d.
9
Also, x2 a2 = a tan . Therefore
dx a sec tan d
=
x2 a2 a tan
= sec d
= ln |sec + tan | + C
x
(see homework 1). Now, we need to write everything in terms of x. sec =
a
x2 a2
and tan = . Therefore,
a
x x2 a2
dx
= ln
+
+C
x a
2 2
a a
= ln
x + x2 a2
ln a + C
= ln
x + x2 a2
+ C
3 Problems
1. Find sec d. (hint: multiply both numerator and denominator by
sec + tan )
2. Find cos5 x sin5 xdx
3. Find cos4 xdx
4. Using the technique of example 7, nd a2 x2 dx
x
5. Find dx
1 x2
6. Find 1 4x2 dx
x
7. Find dx
2
x +3
8. Find et 9 e2t dt
4 Answers
1. sec d = ln |sec + tan | + C
1 6 1 8 1
2. cos5 x sin5 xdx =
sin x sin x + sin10 x + C
6 4 10
3 1 1
3. cos4 xdx = x + sin 2x + sin 4x
8 4 32
10
x 2 a2 x
4. a2 x2 dx = a x2 + sin1 + C
2 2 a
x
5. dx = 1 x2 + C
1 x2
1 1
6. 1 4x2 dx = sin1 2x + x 1 4x2 + C
4 2
x
7. dx = x2 + 3 + C
x2 + 3
t 1 t 1 e
t
2t
8. e 9 e dt = 2t
e 9 e + 9 sin +C
2 3
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