Social Science Reviewers

Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8

9 - Potassium

Chapter 28: China Resists Outside Influence

China and the West
- Dynasty theyre currently in: Qing Dynasty
- Rejected offers of West due to self-sufficiency
Southern port of Guangzhou
port where China would only allow foreigners to do business
Earned more exports than spent in imports
Opium
medical use (supposed); habit-forming narcotic that the British merchants (or all
West) used to smuggle opium to China for nonmedical use
12m Chinese became addicted to drug
Qing Emperor became angry so someone wrote a letter to Englands Queen Victoria
Opium War
broke out due to the unanswered letter to England refused to stop trading opium
so they clashed
Chinas outdated ships were no match for Britains steam-powered gunboats
- Treaty of Nanjing
After Chinas defeat, they gave the island of Hong Kong to Britain; U.S. and the West
gained extraterritorial rights which excluded them from Chinese law and ports.
Growing Internal Problems
- Many starved because population increased but food didnt
- Chinese began to rebel against Qing Dynasty
Taiping Rebellion
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace began by Hong Xiuquan
All Chinese people would share Chinas vast wealth and no one would live in poverty
Took control of southeastern China and Nanjing which they made capital
Fall: Leaders feuded; Qing imperial troops, French and British forces attacked;
Foreign Influence Grows
Dowager Empress Cixi
command at the Qing imperial palace; made self-strengthening movement
Sphere of Influence
area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment

Open Door Policy

proposed by Americans; "doors" be open to merchants of all nations; China at the
mercy of foreign powers
An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Guangxu
Chinas young emperor; brought no change, people were frustrated
 Boxer Rebellion
"The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists"
resented privileges to foreigners and Chinese Christians who adopted foreign faith
"Death to the foreign devils"; Dowager Empress supports but without military aid;
quickly defeated by 19,000 troops
- Nationalism emerged in China
- Empress sent a group to various countries to study their government; preferred
const. monarchy of Japan then began reform
Modernization in Japan
Tokugawa shoguns
one who shut Japan from foreign contact
Japan Ends Its Isolation
- Letter from President Millard Fillmore to open trade between Japan and the U.S.
- Japan was shocked by the four ships taken by U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry:
massive black wooden ships, steam-powered and cannons
Treaty of Kanagawa
Japan opened two ports for the U.S. could take on supplies
Japanese were angry at shoguns so they turned to Japans young emperor,
Matsuhito, who soon took control
Meiji
Matsuhitos reign; enlightened rule; lasted 45 years (Meiji era)
Adapted Western ways to modernize (to counter Western Influence)
Germany: discipline of army
Britain: skills of the navy
America: universal public education
Built its first railroad line, connecting Tokyo with the port of Yokohama
Japan became industrialized
Imperial Japan
- Had become the strongest military power in Asia
- Foreigners accepted the abolition of extraterritorial rights for the citizens of Japan
became more imperialistic
- Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for Japanese trade
- China is also a trading partner of Korea; so they signed a hands-off agreement (no
sending of their armies into Korea)
- China broke the agreement (Rebellions had broken out against Koreas king then
asked China)
Sino-Japanese War
Japan drove Chinese out of Korea and gained a foothold of Manchuria; signed a
peace treaty, giving Japan its first colonies: Taiwan and Pescadores Islands
Russia and Japan emerged as the major powersand enemiesin East Asia
Went to war over Manchuria: Japan offered Russia to leave Korea to recognize rights
of Manchuria
Russo-Japanese War
Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships; Japan drove Russia out of Korea
and destroyed their fleet
Cartoonists:
 Bears - represents Russia
Fierce Samurai represents Japan
Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire)
helped draft by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt
Japan gave captured territories; Russia: withdraw from Manchuria and stay out of
Korea
Japan attacked Korea with vengeance; made Korea a protectorate
Japan officially imposed annexation on Korea, or brought the country under Japans
control
Japan were harsh rulersthey shut down Korean newspapers and took over Korean
schools
U.S. Economic Imperialism
Latin America After Independence
Most Latin Americans work for large landowners; paid with vouchers
Peonage
system where free workers went into debt by passing unto the next generation
- Landowners got wealthier after independence by buying lands
Caudillos
army leaders who had gained fame and power; controlled new nations as military
dictators; backed by military
Juan Vicente Gomez
caudillo; ruled Venezuela
Domingo Sarmiento
Argentinas president; reform minded; made strong commitment to improve
education
- Latin Americans lacked a voice in the government
Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence
- Britain and the U.S. became Latin Americas main trading partners
- Latin America focused on exports and one or two products only; invention of
refrigeration increased exports
- Brazils economy depended heavily on the export of coffee
- Borrows money to develop facilities for their export industries
Economic colonialism
Latin America could not pay the debt lent by Europeans; foreigners threatened them
to claim their facilities
A Latin American Empire
- U.S. security depended on the security of Latin America
Monroe Doctrine
the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for
future colonization by ant European powers by President James Monroe
Caribbean Island of Cuba
one of Spains last colonies in the America; natives fought independence against
Spain but most gave up
Jose Marti
 writer who had been exiled from Cuba by the Spanish, returned to launch a second
war for Cuban independence; thinks of independence at an age of 15
Spanish-American War
U.S. joined the Cuban war for independence as it had an economic stake; launched
first attack on the Philippines; Spaniards lost unprepared for the two fronts
- U.S. took control over Cuban affairs
- Spain turned over its colonies to the U.S.; U.S. set its sights on Panama
Colossus of the North
regarded by Latin Americans to U.S. in political and economic
Transcontinental railroad
connected its east and west coast
- Land travel was time-consuming and sea travel is too far going around the tip of
South America
- President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to build a canal in Panama so they helped the
province to break away from Colombia
Panama Canal
worlds greatest engineering accomplishments; controlled the tollgate by U.S.;
greatest challenge while building was the disease-carrying insects (e.g. mosquitos-
malaria and rats-bubonic plague)
Roosevelt Corollary
by President Roosevelt; issued an extension the Monroe Doctrine; gave the U.S. the
right to be an international police power in the Western Hemisphere
- The U.S. government simply turned a deaf ear to the protests of Latin Americans for
their intervention
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Santa Anna and the Mexican War
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
played a leading role in Mexicos independence from Spain; became Mexicos
president four times; Came from a well-off Creole family
He was Latin Americas one of the most powerful caudillos
Anglos
English-speaking colonists encouraged by Mexicans to move to their territory to
populate the country
Stephen Austin
a leading Anglo; encouraged a revolt against Mexico; issues including slavery and
religion
- Santa Annas fortunes were changed at the Battle of San Jacinto; troops were
defeated and captured
Sam Houston
Texan leader; released Santa Anna after he promised to respect the independence
of Texas
- U.S. annexed Texas; Mexicans were outraged; U.S. invaded Mexico and defeated
them
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 U.S. received the northern third of what was then Mexico, including California and
the American Southwest; Santa Anna went into exile
- Santa Anna became a dictator one final time and then remained exile; became poor
when he returned to Mexico
Juarez and La Reforma
Benito Juarez
a liberal reformer; strongly influenced the politics of Mexico; Santa Annas complete
opposite in background and in goals; a poor Zapotec Indian who was orphaned;
- Raised on a small farm in the Mexican State of Oaxaca then moved to the city
- Studied law and served as a governor of the state of Oaxaca
La Reforma
a liberal reform movement by Juarez; Its major goals were distribution of land,
separation of church and state and increased educational opportunities for the poor
- French ruler Napoleon III had taken over the country and sends Austrian Archduke
Maximilian to rule Mexico as emperor;
- Soon they withdrew due to costly struggle
- Painter Jose Clemente Orozco painted Juarez in the fresco Juarez, the Church and the
Imperialists
Porfirio Diaz and Order and Progress
- Juarezs era did not last long
Porfirio Diaz
new caudillo; mestizo from Oaxaca; opposed Juarez as he was not rewarded after
the French fight
- Offered land, power and political favors to those who supported him
- Juarez: Liberty, Order and Progress
- Diaz: Order and Progress

Chapter 29: The Great War

Marching towards War
- Europe largely at peace
- Hundreds of active peace organizations
Rise of nationalism
- Intense devotion to one's country
- Unifying force in a country
- Can cause rivalry among nations
- Competitions for markets
- Territorial disputes between nations
Imperialism
- Industrialization demanded more resources for production
- Demand for colonies in Africa and Asia
- Developed sense of mistrust among nations
Militarism
- Greatness is measured by the size of the Army
- Development of large standing armies except Britain
- Easy mobilization in case of war
- Sense of patriotism among nations with large armies
- Frightened some people
Otto Von Bismarck
Prussia's blood and iron chancellor
Used war to unify Germany
Believed that the greatest threat to German Power is France
because of the Franco-Prussian War
Formed a Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
forced Bismarck to resign
Wanted to show how powerful Germany had become.
Let the treaty with Russia lapse in 1890.
Russia Formed a defensive military alliance with France
started a mighty shipbuilding program
Great Britain was alarmed
Formed a defensive military alliance with France and Russia.
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France and Russia.
Ottoman Empire
- State of rapid decline
- many people formed new nations because of intense nationalism
- Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia
Serbia
- large Slavic Population
- hoped to collect all the Slavs in the Balkans
- Austria-Hungary feared a Slavic rebellion in their country
- Russia supported Serbian efforts
Eventually, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian leaders were outraged
Tensions between the 2 countries steadily rose.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne
- visited Sarajevo, Bosnia
- assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian "terrorist group" that
wanted to rid Bosnia of Austrian Rule
Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia, to which Serbian
leaders agreed to abide by:
- Austria-Hungary chose war with Serbia
- Set up a complex network of tangled alliances within Europe
Europe Plunges into War
Austrian Declaration of War
Prompted Russia to mobilize troops along the Austrian Border and the German
border
Germany took this as a declaration of war, declared war on Russia and France
Great Britain declared war on Germany
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia.
- Italy joined the Allies because they believed the war was unjustly started
- Japan joined the allies within some weeks
War in Europe
War turned out to be a stalemate for both sides
French-German Border/ Northern France became known as the
Western Front, became a deadlocked area
Germany also has to fight Russia, located at its East
Germany needed to find a way to win the war
General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
developed a battle strategy called the Schlieffen Plan
relied on Russia's weakness for moving transportation lines
Rushing to the Western Front to defeat France and then heading East to fight Russia
Abandoned after the first battle of the Marne following the German Defeat at the
hands of the Allies.
Trench Warfare
Digging into trenches to cover from enemy fire
Caused a great loss of human life in exchange for small land gains.
needed a way to break the stalemate
New weapons of war:
1. Poison Gas
2. Machine Guns
3. Tanks
4. Submarines/U-Boats
Effect: Only killed people more effectively instead of ending the war quickly.
War on the Eastern Front
- Russians and Serbs battled Germans and Austro-Hungarians
Russia struggled to fight the war
Russia was yet to become industrialized
lagged behind supply production
Allied Shipments were controlled by the Germans in the Baltic Sea and the
Ottomans
Relied only on its numbers to keep fighting
Served as a "distraction" to keep Germany from winning the war on the Western
Front
A Global Conflict
- Russia serves as an obstacle to German Plans
- Allies devised a strategy to establish a supply line to Russia and help the win the
fight on the Eastern Front.
The Gallipoli Campaign
requires conquering the Dardanelles Strait to defeat Constantinople to establish a
supply line to Russia
Turkish Soldiers led by German officers defended the strait fiercely
Allies gave up the fight after 11 months
Foreign Colonies Get Involved in the fighting:
Japanese quickly occupied German Outposts in China
Also captured Pacific Islands held By Germany
French and English troops overran German colonies in Africa.
 Recruitment of soldiers from colonies
Some fought because of their want for independence from their colonizers
Others chose not to be involved.
Germany intensifies the war on water
unrestricted submarine warfare
sinking of any foreign ship without warning
aim to blockade Britain
Germans sank Lusitania, a British passenger ship carrying 128 U.S. citizens.
Gambled that Britain might get defeated before the United States could enter the
war.
sinks 3 more American Ships
Zimmermann Note
Said that Germany will help Mexico reconquer the land it lost if it allied itself with
Germany.
The United States enters the War on the Side of the Allies.
Governments wage total war
all resources are directed towards the war effort
Many goods needed for the war effort were in short supply. turned to rationing
People can only buy small amounts goods needed for war
Governments resorted to propaganda
to keep up support and morale for the war effort
The Allies Win the War
Civil unrest in Russia because of the ill effects of the war forces tsar Nicholas II to
step down
Provisional government promised to continue the war
Russian Revolution placed Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin as leader
Ended Russia's involvement by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and pulled out of
the war.
Germany sends one final attack on the Western Front
Fresh American troops come pouring in
Germany was weakened while making its way towards Paris
The central powers collapsed, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step down, Germany
declared itself a Republic
The war was ended on November 11, 1918.
War defined what it is on a global scale
$338 million spent
20 million people died
Treaties provoked anger and resentment among nations.
A Flawed Peace
- After the war, terms of Peace still needs to be hammered out
Big Four
Woodrow Wilson
Georges Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
Vittorio Orlando
Germany and Russia were not represented.
- Before the war ended, Wilson drew up a peace proposal known as the 14 points.
These points were adopted into the Treaty of Versailles, which created an
international League of Nations whose job is to promote peace among its members.
Germany's punishment
had to make reparations
Sole guilt for the war, "war guilt" clause
territories to be administered by the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
new nations were created
new territories were defined, some gained / lost land
The US rejected it because they though best to stay out of European Affairs.
German legacy of hatred and bitterness
Colonial Possessions were disregarded in their fight for independence
League of nations has no True Power, cannot take action on post-war issues
Precursors of World War 2

Chapter 30: Revolutions in Russia

Czars Resist Change
Alexander III
Succeeded his father, Alexander II
Clung to the principles of autocracy (form of government in which he had total
power)
- Imposed strict censorship codes on published materials and written documents to
wipe out revolutionaries
- Secret police carefully watched secondary schools, universities
- Political prisoners were sent to Siberiaa remote region of eastern Russia
- Oppressed other national groupsmade Russian the official language of the empire;
made Jews the target of persecution
Pogroms
organized violence against Jews
- Nicholas II became czar and continued autocracy
Russia Industrializes
- Russia lagged behind the industrial nations of western Europe
- Sought foreign investors and raised taxes for the growth of heavy industry,
particularly steel
- Around 1900, Russia had become the worlds fourth-ranking producer of steel
(above them was U.S., Germany and Great Britain)
Trans-Siberian Railway
worlds longest continuous rail line; connected European Russia in the west with
Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the east; with the help of British and French
investors
- Rapid industrialization brought new problems:
Grueling working conditions
Miserably low wages
Child labor
A Dictatorship of The Proletariat
 meant that the proletariatthe workerswould rule the country
Mensheviks
more moderate Marxists; wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution
Bolsheviks
more radical Marxists; supported a small number of committed revolutionaries
willing to sacrifice everything for change
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
major leader of the Bolsheviks; Father of the Revolution; fled to Europe to avoid
arrest by the czarist regime
His brother was hanged for plotting to kill the czar; placed his tomb in Red Square in
Moscow
Crises at Home and Abroad
- News of repeated losses from Japan sparked unrest at home and led to a revolt in
the midst of the war
- Worker and families approached the czars Winter Palace to carry petition for better
working conditions, more personal freedom and an elected national legislature
Bloody Sunday
Nicholas II ordered the Russian soldiers to fire on the crowd
Duma
Russias first parliament approved by Nicholas II
Its leaders were moderates who wanted Russia to become a constitutional
monarchy like Britain
- The czar suddenly dissolved the Duma because he was hesitant to share his power
- Russias involvement in World War I revealed the weaknesses of czarist rule and
military leadership
- Moved his headquarters to the war front and appointed the government to his wife,
Czarina Alexandra while he was away
Rasputin
self-described holy man who claimed to have magical healing powers; healed
Alexis, their son and they have shown gratitude by allowing Rasputin to make key
political decisions
Soon killed by the nobles as he gains an increasing roles in government affairs
War front: Russian soldiers mutinied, deserted or ignored orders
Home front: lack of food and fuel supplies
The March Revolution
- General uprising
- Forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne
- The three-century czarist rule of the Romanovs finally collapsed
- Succeeded in bringing down the czar
- Failed to set up a strong government to replace his regime
Provisional Government
- established by the Leaders of Duma
- temporary government
- headed by Alexander Kerensky
Soviets
- local councils consisting of workers, peasants & soldiers
- had more influence than the provisional government in many cities
- Germans believed that Lenin & his Bolshevik supporters would stir unrest in Russia
& hurt Russian
War effort against Germany
- arranged Lenins return to Russia after many years of exile
- reached Petrograd in April 1917
- Lenins slogan : Peace, Land, and Bread
Armed factory workers
- stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd in Nov 1917
- called themselves the Bolshevik Red Guards
- took over government offices & arrested the leaders of the provisional
government
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- Russia surrendered a large part of its territory to Germany & its allies
- its humiliating terms triggered widespread anger among many Russians
White Army
- made up of different groups
- some groups supported the return to rule by the czar
- others wanted democratic government
- socialists who opposed Lenins style of socialism
- the groups barely communicated w/ each other
Leon Trotsky
- revolutionary leader
- expertly commanded the Bolshevik Red Army
Russians civil war
- proved far more deadly than the earlier revolutions
- around 14 million Russians died in the three-year struggle & in the famine that
followed
In the end, the Red Army crushed all opposition.
Russian Revolution
- more like the French Revolution than the American Revolution
American Revolution
- expanded English political ideas into a constitutional government that built on
many existing structures
Lenin
- temporarily put aside his plan for a state-controlled economy
- resorted to a small-scale version of capitalism called the New Economic Policy (NEP)
- reforms under the NEP allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of
turning
them over to the government
- suffered a stroke in 1922
- survived the stroke, but the incident set in motion competition for heading up the
Communist Party
- believed that Stalin was a dangerous man
Government
- kept control of major industries, banks & means of communication
- let some small factories, businesses & farms operate under private ownership
- also encouraged foreign investment
Communist Party
- Bolsheviks renamed their party
- came from the writings of Karl Marx
- used the word communism to describe the classless society that would exist after
workers had seized power
- held all the power
Communists
- created a constitution based on socialist & democratic principles
2 of the most Notable men :
1) Leon Trotsky
- forced into exile in 1929
2) Joseph Stalin
- cold, hard & impersonal
- changed his name to Stalin, which means man of steel in Russian
- began his ruthless climb to the head of the government
- in 1922, he was a general secretary to the Communist Party
- worked behind the scenes to move his supporters into positions of power
- in total command of the Communist Party by 1928
- stood poised to wield absolute power as a dictator
Big Era 8: A Half Century of Crisis
Three Major Events Shook the Modern World:
- The Great Depression
- World War 1
- World War 2
- upset the balance of political and economic forces in the modern world
- Weakened the dominance of the Europeans
- Some countries saw these crises as opportunities to gain new influence or take over
parts of the world
The World Was Tied Together
- Communication networks (telegram, telephone, undersea cable)
- Transportation networks (railway, steamship, airplane)
- Trade and financial networks
- Diplomatic relations and alliances
- Relations between imperial powers and their colonies
European countries dominated the start of Big Era 8
- Industrialization caused western countries to achieve greater economic power than
other countries
- Many European governments and businesses wanted more overseas markets and
raw materials
- Western European military forces had big world leads in military technology
Effects:
Europes leaders competed with each other to dominate the modern world, which
caused World War 1
Workers felt that their political and business leaders treated them poorly
Americans expanded their opportunities
 Japanese government seized an empire in East Asia
European Powers Invade Asia and Africa
Some collaborated with their takeover
Many resisted but failed to defeat European armies
Many people did not like the dominance of the Europeans.
European Dominance Weakens
- Devastated Europe physically and psychologically
- Europeans saw that industrialization made warfare more brutal
- Many felt disillusioned and lost their belief in progress
War in the Middle East
- Caused stress for European colonists
- Colonial soldiers became more confident in their own abilities
- Local leaders in colonies began to call for independence
War and Woman
- Women took on new responsibilities outside their homes as part of Total War effort
Russian Revolution
- Bolshevik Party led a successful Communist revolution in Russia
- Bolsheviks overthrew the monarchy of the Tsar
- Lenin took Russia out of World War 1
Changes in Big Era 8
- The modern world became more closely tied together
- Silent films
- Tango
- Flippers
- Jazz
The Great Depression
- Global economy spread misery
- Unemployment and hunger rippled through society
- Doubts on the system were raised
Some industries in the west kept going
Some workers went on strike when they felt the system was treating them badly
Communists said modern world system had to change
Government planning, communal ownership, and a classless society should replace
free markets and close the divide between rich owners and poor workers
Most of the capital world struggled
Soviet Unions industrial economy grew rapidly
Soviet Union under the Bolsheviks remained impassive and authoritarian
Threeway Struggle
- Communism vs. liberal capitalism vs. fascism
- Stalin vs. Hitler vs. Mussolini
- Fascist leaders used nationalism and state of control of industries and cultural life to
unite people of all classes
- Leaders blamed foreigners and communists for national troubles
- Fascist run countries recovered quickly from the Depression by expanding military
economies
- Italy, South Africa, Germany, Spain, Japan, Bulgaria
- Leaders of capitalist democracies believed that they could meet the challenges of
Communism and Fascism
- By defending democratic values
- By modernizing capitalism through economic and social reform
- Democracies used overseas colonies to help prop up the home economies during
the Depression
World War 2
Allies
US and Britain were liberal democracies
USSR was communist
All three were anti-fascist
Axis
Italy, Germany and Japan were fascist, anti-communist and anti-liberal democracy
- Involved men and women fighting and supporting the battles all over the world
- New tactics and weapons were developed, causing an even more destructive war
- Involved the use of the most dangerous weapon created
- Both sides targeted civilians
- Effect: new powers and political groups competed to reshape the world
The United States
Took over as the worlds leading military and economic power
Supporter of reformed capitalism and liberal democracy
Marshall Plan
Western Europe depended on them for rebuilding
The USSR
Rebuilt its economy without Western aid
Created an empire in Eastern Europe
Spread communist ideas and revolutions
Became USAs main rival for power in the modern world
Asia
Japan lost its empire, swore of militarism and rebuilt with American aid
China became the second major communist country after its revolution in 1949
Colonies
Sought independence from their former European leaders
European Countries
Recovered from the war and went on with new prosperity
No longer dominated the world like in the start of big era 8

Social Science Glossary

Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium

Chapter 28
Guangzhou - The only port where China allowed foreign trade
Opium - A habit-forming narcotic that British merchants smuggled into China
 Opium War - An open clash between the British and Chinese which resulted from
Chinas pleas being unanswered
Treaty of Nanjing - Peace treaty signed because of Chinas defeat which gave Britain
the island of Hong Kong
Extraterritorial rights - Foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou
and four other Chinese ports
Hong Xiuquan - Recruited followers to build a Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace - A kingdom where all Chinese people would
share Chinas vast wealth
Taiping Rebellion - Name of the movement of building the kingdom
Taiping - great peace
Dowager Empress Cixi - In command at the Qing imperial palace and supported the
self-strengthening government
Dowager - A widow who holds a title or property from her deceased husband
Sphere of influence - Area where a foreign nation controlled trade and investment in
China
Open Door Policy - Declared by the US which allowed merchants of all nations to
trade with China
Guangxu - Emperor who was modernizing China but got arrested by Qing officials
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists - Secret organization by poor peasants
and workers
Boxers - People from the secret organization
Boxer Rebellion - Campaign against the Dowager Empresss rule and foreigner
privilege which failed but sparked nationalism in China
Matthew Perry - US Commodore who took four ships into Japan along with a letter
from the US President
Millard Fillmore - US President who sent a letter to Japan asking to allow free trade
between the two countries
Treaty of Kanagawa - Opened two ports for US ships
Mutsuhito - Emperor of Japan during the Meiji Era
Meiji Era - Era when Japan modernized
Meiji - enlightened rule
Hands-off agreement - Japan and China pledged to not send armies into Korea
Sino-Japanese War - War which resulted from China breaking the agreement and
ended with China losing and Japan gaining colonies
Manchuria - Region that Japan and Russia fought over
Russo-Japanese War - Resulted from Japan launching a surprise attack on Russian
ships and ended with Russia losing
Theodore Roosevelt - US President who helped draft the treaty for Japan and Russia
Portsmouth, New Hampshire - Where Japan and Russia signed the treaty
Treaty of Portsmouth - Gave Japan captured territories and forced Russia to
withdraw from Manchuria and to stay out of Korea
Protectorate - A country under the partial control and protection of another nation
which is what Japan made Korea to be
Annexation - Bringing a country under ones control which is what Japan did to
Korea
Caudillo - a military dictator of a Latin American country
 Monroe Doctrine - announced by president James Monroe in 1823; a US policy of
opposition to European interference in Latin America
Jose Marti - A Cuban writer who even in exile in New York worked to raise an army to
battle for Cubas independence
Spanish-American War - conflict between US and Spain which was caused by the
support of the Americans for Cubas fight for independence against Spanish rule
Panama Canal - human-made waterway that connected the Atlantic and Pacific
Ocean and was built in Panama by the Americans
Roosevelt Corollary - President Roosevelts extension to the Monroe Doctrine which
declares that the USA had the right to exercise police power throughout the
Western Hemisphere
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - one of Latin Americas most powerful caudillos who
played a leading role in Mexicos fight for independence from Spain; became
president in 1833
Benito Juarez - Santa Annas complete opposite not only in political beliefs but also
their backgrounds; rallied for Liberty, Order and Progress
La Reforma - A liberal reform movement started by Benito Juarez that had 3 main
goals: redistribution of land, separation of church and state, and increase in
educational opportunities for the poor
Porfirio Diaz - rose to power as a caudillo by ousting Juarez; favored only those who
supported him, wanted only Order and Progress
Francisco Madero - believed in democracy but after being elected as president in
1911, some citizens felt that his policies were either too liberal or too conservative;
ended up resigning from his position when he realized that he could not hold onto
his power
Francisco Poncho Villa - leader of the Mexican Revolution in the north that had a
robin hood policy
Emiliano Zapata - leader of the revolution in the south who was determined to give
farmers their land back and wanted laws to protect their rights; Tierra y Liberdad
or Land and Liberty!!

Chapter 29
Nationalism - deep devotion to ones nation.
Imperialism - extending a country's power and influence through
diplomacy or military force.
Militarism - policy of glorifying military power.
Otto von Bismarck - Prussias blood-and-iron chancellor who freely
used war to unify Germany.
Triple Alliance - secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II - German emperor and king of Prussia.
Triple Entente - alliance between Britain, France, and Russia.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - archduke of Austria-Hungary who was
assassinated on a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
Gavrilo Princip - Serbian and member of The Black Hand who
assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
 The Black Hand - secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of
Austrian rule.
Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and
Bulgaria.
Allies - Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Sir Edward Grey - Britains foreign minister.
Western Front - zone of fighting in Western Europe, in which the
German army engaged the armies to its west.
Schlieffen Plan - attacking and defeating France in the west and then
rushing east to fight Russia.
Alfred Graf von Schlieffen - general who created the Schlieffen Plan.
First Battle of Marne - first major clash on the Western Front that
resulted in an Allied victory against the German army.
Trench Warfare - building of deep, parallel trenches as a defense
against the enemy.
The Dardanelles - a narrow sea strait leading to Constantinople.
Gallipoli Campaign - a strategy of the Allies intending to take
Constantinople by taking the Dardanelles.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - sinking all ships in surrounding
waters without warning.
Lusitania - British passenger ship sunk by Germany, killing 128 U.S.
citizens.
U-boat - a submarine.
Arthur Zimmermann - Germanys foreign secretary.
Zimmermann Note - telegram saying Germany will help Mexico
reconquer its land; made U.S. join the war.
Total War - countries devote all resources to the war effort.
Rationing - system where people can buy only small amounts of certain
items.
Propaganda - designed to keep up morale and encourage support for
war efforts.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - communist leader who forced Czar Nicholas to
step down and ended Russias involvement in the war.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - truce between Germany and Russia that ended
between them.
Second Battle of Marne - the Allies attack on the Germans, weakened
after crossing the Marne River.
Armistice - an agreement to stop fighting.
The Big Four - the 4 people who made the major decisions in the
Versailles meeting.
Woodrow Wilson - U.S. representative; Big Four.
Georges Clemenceau - French representative; Big Four.
David Lloyd George - British representative; Big Four.
Vittorio Orlando - Italian representative; Big Four.
Fourteen Points - peace proposals by President Wilson.
Self-determination - allowing the people to decide for themselves what
government they prefer.
Treaty of Versailles - a compromise to end the war.
 League of Nations - international association meant to keep peace
among the nations.

Chapter 30
Proletariat The working class
Bolsheviks The more radical subgroup of Russian Marxists that supported a small
number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change
Lenin The name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov adopted; has an engaging personality and
was an excellent organizer, qualities that helped him become the commander of the
Bolsheviks
Bloody Sunday The event wherein about 200,000 workers and their families went
to the Czars winter palace carrying a petition for better working conditions
Rasputin A self-proclaimed holy man who was allowed by Czarina Alexandra to
make key political decisions, some of which are opposing reform measures and
obtaining powerful positions for his friends, after healing the hemophilia of Alexis,
the son of the Czarina
Kuomintang The Nationalist Party of China who was pushing for modernization
and nationalization
Sun Yixian The first great leader of the Kuomintang and the first president of
China; hoped to establish a government based on the Three Principles of the
People
1) Nationalism or end to foreign control,
2) Peoples rights or democracy, and
3) Peoples livelihood or economic security for all Chinese
Yuan Shikai A powerful general to whom Sun turned the presidency over to, who
quickly betrayed the democratic ideals of revolution
May Fourth Movement A gathering of 3,000 students in the center of Beijing, along
with workers, shopkeepers, and professionals, on May 4, 1919, due to the effects of
the Treaty of Versailles on the former territories of China that have been conquered
by Germany
Treaty of Versailles Under this treaty, the Allied leaders gave Japan the former
territories of China that have been conquered by Germany
Chinese Communist Party The Communist party of China, founded by Mao Zedong
and others
Mao Zedong One of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party; believes in a
Communism wherein the peasants in a rural country could be the true
revolutionaries
Jiang Jieshi a son of a middle-class merchant who, after Sun died, headed the
Kuomintang and was against the objectives of the Communists; promised
democracy and political rights to the Chinese but eventually governed with a
steadily less democratic and more corrupt hand
The Long March A 6,000-mile journey of some 100,000 Communist forces as they
were surrounded and outnumbered by Jiangs army in their stronghold in the
mountains
 Big Era 8
World War I great war in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November
1918
World War II global war that lasted from 1 Sept 1939 to 2 Sept 1945
Great Depression biggest economic downturn in history
Total War all resources of the country will go to war effort
Bolshevik Party - radical Marxist-Leninist group
Tsar title given to Russian leaders
Tsar Nicholas II last Russian emperor
modern global culture consisted of silent film, tango, flappers, jazz
Communism radical socialism
Fascism government has complete control over everything in the country
Joseph Stalin dictator of USSR from 1920-1953,
Adolf Hitler leader of Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini leader of Italy
Axis Powers WW2 alliance that consisted of Italy, Germany, Japan
Allied Powers WW2 alliance that consisted of US, Great Britain, USSR
Marshall Plan where Americans aided Western Europe with rebuilding

Social Science Timelines

Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium

Chapter 28
Early 17th century
Japan was shut off from nearly all other nations.
Early 19th century
Westerners tried to have the Japanese to open their ports for trading.
1853
Commodore Matthew Perry arrived with a letter from Pres. Millard Fillmore (USA)
requesting free trade between the Americans and Japanese.
1854
The Treaty of Kanagawa opened two ports for American trading.
Japanese were intimidated by American warships.
1860s
Japan became open to trade with other Westerners.
1867
The last Tokugawa shogun stepped down.
Mutsuhito takes power as new emperor. (Beginning of Meiji reign)
1872
The first Japanese railroad line was built.
1875
Coal production was 0.5 million tons.
1913
Coal production exploded to 21 million tons.
 1914
The railroad network grew to over 7000 miles of rail.
Early 20th century
Japans economy was comparable to other modern economies in the world back
then, especially in the West.
1876
Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports to Japanese trade.
1885
Japan and China signed a hands-off agreement for Korea.
1890
Japan had several dozen warships and 500,000 well-armed, well-trained soldiers.
June 1894
China breaks the hands-off agreement from Korea, starts the war between China
and Japan (Sino-Japanese War).

1895
China loses the war, signs a peace treaty with Japan.
1903
Russia starts showing some presence in Manchuria.
Japan offered recognition of Russias rights on Manchuria if the Russians would stay
out of Manchuria.
Russia refused the offer.
February 1904
Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships off the Manchurian coast.
This triggered the Russo-Japanese war.
Japan would defeat the Russians.
1905
The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed after the Russian defeat in the war.
This gave Japan lots of new territories as a result of their victory.
Japan declares hold on Korea as protectorate.
1907
Korean king would give up power over his land.
1909
The Korean Imperial Army disbands completely.
1910
Korea was annexed by Japan.
11th century
China had acquired a quick-growing strain of rice from Southeast Asia
17th-18th Century
Spanish and Portuguese traders brought maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts from
the Americas.
Late 18th Century
British smuggle opium into China for nonmedical use.

1835
 12 million Chinese had become addicted to Opium.
1839
A Qing emperor adviser wrote a letter to Queen Victoria of England about the
addiction problem.
The Opium War between the British and Chinese would begin.
Late 1830s
Hong Xiuquan started recruiting followers for the Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace.
1842
The Treaty of Nanjing was signed, ending the Opium War and giving Hong Kong over
to the British as a sign of their victory.
1844
A separate treaty granted extraterritorial rights to Americans and other foreigners.

1850
Chinas population reached 430 million, a 30% growth in only 60 years
1853
Hong Xiuquan, together with the around 1 million of his followers, captured Nanjing
and declared it as the capital of their government, the Taiping.
1864
The Taiping govt was brought down by internal fighting and outside assaults.
1862-1908
Dowager Empress Cixi held lone rule over China.
She backed the self-strengthening movement in the 1860s.
Late 19th century
Many foreign nations attacked China
June 1898
Young emperor Guangxu introduced measures for the modernization of the nation.
1899
USA proposed and implemented the Open Door Policy on China.
1900
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) descended on Beijing.
DEATH TO THE FOREIGN DEVILS!
1905
A group of government officials were sent by Cixi (who was somehow reinstated as
empress) to go on a world tour to study the structures of foreign governments.
Spring 1906
Touring officials expressed consent to restructure the Chinese govt.
1908
The Chinese court would announce that a full constitutional government would be
instituted by 1917.

Chapter 29
Late 1800s
 Europe was enjoying peace
1870
Franco-Prussian War
1881
Francs signs a treaty with Russia
1882
Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) is formed
1888
Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler
1890
Foreign policy changes begin with the dismissal of Bismarck

1907
Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) is formed
Early 1900s
Many groups in Balkans win independence
1908
Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina
June 1914
Serbian rebel kills Austro-Hungarian royal official, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia comes to aid Serbia
Mid-August 1914
Two sides at war throughout Europe, Central Powers and Allies
1915
Allies move to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait
1916
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
1917
U.S. declares war against Germany, joining the Allies
Civil unrest in Russia causes tsar to step down
1918
Russia signs a treaty with Germany and pulls out of the war
Allies win war, armistice signed in November
1919
Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany

Chapter 30
1881
Alexander II is assassinated by revolutionaries
Alexander III becomes czar, succeeded his father
halts all reforms, reinstitutes autocracy, gains total power over Russia
1891
 start construction of Trans-Siberian Highway, world's longest continuous rail line
1894
Nicholas II succeeds his father
1903
Marxist revolutionaries split into the radical Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, and the
moderate Mensheviks

1900
Russia becomes the 4th-ranking producer of steel
1900s
Lenin flees to Western Europe to avoid arrest by czarist regime
February 1904
Japan retaliates Russia's disregard of their treaty with an attack on Port Arthur,
Manchuria
1905
January 22 - Bloody Sunday - 200,000 workers and their families revolt, asking for
better working conditions. Soldiers are told to open fire, killing and wounding a total
of over 1000 people
October - Nicholas approves the creation of Russia's first parliament, Duma
1906
May - first parliament meeting. It is disbanded 10 weeks later.
1914
August 1 - WWI starts
September 5 - czar becomes Commander-in-Chief
1915
Nicholas moves his headquarters to the war front
1916
Rasputin is murdered by nobles
1917
February 23 -women protest in Petrograd
February 24 - students and workers join protest
March 2 - Nicholas II abdicates
April 16 - Lenin returns from exile
June 18 - June Offensive - unsuccessful war offensive is called by Kerensky
July 3 - July Days - soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous armed
demonstrations against the provisional government
July 8 - Kerensky becomes Prime Minister
August 25 - Kornilov Affair - a coup d'tat is attempted against the provisional
government by the army's Commander-in-Chief, Lavr Kornilov
October 25 - Bolshevik Revolution
October 26 - provisional government is overthrown
November - Petrograd Red Guards take over Winter Palace
1918
March - Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, surrendering a large part of its territory
to Germany and its allies
 July 17 - Nicholas II's family is executed at Yekaterin burg
Civil War starts in Russia
1920
Bolsheviks win Russian Civil War

March 1921
Lenin institutes small-scale version of capitalism called the New Economic Policy
December 30, 1922
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created

Big Era 8
1900s
Big Era 8 begins
1914
World War 1 begins
1917
Successful revolution in Russia by the Bolsheviks
1918
World War 1 ends
Tsar Nicholas is executed
1920s
Silent film, tango, jazz and flappers become popular
1929
The great Depression begins
1930s
Rapid Soviet economy growth
Rise of fascism
1937
Second Sino-Japanese War begins
1939
The Great Depression ends
Germans invade Poland
1941
Germany invades the Soviet Union
Russia joins the Allies
Bombing of Pearl Harbor, US joins the war
1945
World War 2 ends
1949
China becomes 2nd major communist power after the revolution
1950s
End of Big Era 8
Social Science Mind Maps
Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium
 Social Science Maps
Chapters 28, 29, 30 and Big Era 8
9 - Potassium

Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Big Era 8