MET 4402-01 Module 07 Heat Transfer

YANBU TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Mechanical Skills Department

Program: Diploma Certificate Instructor: Muhammad Rafique
Subject: MET 4402: Fundamentals of Thermofluid Systems Contact: rafiquem@rcyci.edu.sa
Handout Module 7: Introduction to heat transfer Office : C2B5F3
Module 7: FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER
The flow of heat from one object to the other is called Heat Transfer (HT).
1. It flows when there is temperature difference between the two objects, i.e. one
body is hotter than the other.
2. It flows from hot to cold body.
Heat
Illustration
HT occurs at Boiler, Condenser, and Cooling Tower.
Page: 1/17
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
There are three modes of Heat Transfer:
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction: By touch of atoms
Convection: By motion of fluid particles
Radiation: By light rays
Examples
Page: 2/17
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
It was studied by Fourier. According to him, Conduction HT is
1. Directly proportional to Temperature difference

2. Directly proportional to Area of HT
3. Inversely proportional to Length of conductor
(1 2 )

(1 2 )
=

[/] is called thermal conductivity
Temperature profile is as shown in figure.
Illustrations:
In solids atoms are arranged in a fixed network. Upon heating, they vibrate and transfer heat to
the neighboring atom when get in contact with it.
Page: 3/17
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a

solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in
motion.
It involves the combined effects of
1. conduction and
2. fluid motion
The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be
1. Directly proportional to the temperature difference and

2. Directly proportional to the area
According to Newtons law of cooling
( )
= ( )
[/2 ] is called convection heat transfer coefficient
Temperature profile is shown in figure.
Illustrations:
Page: 4/17
RADITION HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of

electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes
in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface is observed to be
1. Directly proportional to the 4th power of surface temperature and

2. Directly proportional to the area
As stated by the StefanBoltzmann law
= 4
[/2 4 ]: is called StefanBoltzmann constant. Its value is 5.67 108 /

No heat transfer media is required.
Illustrations:
Page: 5/17
HEAT EXCHANGER
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.
APPLICATION
Heat exchangers are used in
1. Oil and petrochemical Industry (upstream and down stream)

2. Sugar industry
3. Power generation industry
4. Air-cooling and refrigeration industry
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

There are two approaches that are normally taken.
1. By the flow configuration
2. By construction.
Page: 6/17
Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration

There are four basic flow configurations:
1. Counter Flow
2. Cocurrent Flow
3. Crossflow
4. Hybrids such as Cross Counterflow and Multi Pass Flow
Counterflow Heat Exchanger:

The two fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite directions. This type of flow arrangement
allows the largest change in temperature of both fluids and is therefore most efficient (where efficiency
is the amount of actual heat transferred compared with the theoretical maximum amount of heat that
can be transferred).
Figure 1. Countercurrent flow.

Cocurrent Flow Heat Exchangers:
The streams flow parallel to each other and in the same direction as shown in Figure 2, This is less
efficient than countercurrent flow but does provide more uniform wall temperatures.
Figure 2. Cocurrent flow.
Page: 7/17
Crossflow Heat Exchangers:

These are intermediate in efficiency between countercurrent flow and parallel flow exchangers. In
these units, the streams flow at right angles to each other as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Crossflow.
Hybrid Heat Exchangers:
In industrial heat exchangers, hybrids of the above flow types are often found. Examples of these are
combined crossflow/counterflow heat exchangers and multi pass flow heat exchangers. (See for
example Figure 4.)
Figure 4. Cross/counter flow.
Page: 8/17
Classification of Heat Exchangers by Construction

By considering construction, Heat Exchangers are classified as shown in fig,
Heat
Exchanger
Recuprative Regenerative
Indirect Direct
Special Static Dynamic
Contact Contact
Cooling Direct Contact

Tubular Scared Surface Reciprocating
Towers Condenser
Steam Wet Surface

Plate Direct Heating Rotary
Injectors Air Coolers
These are explained as under:

1. A Regenerative Heat Exchanger has a single flow path, which the hot and cold fluids
alternately pass through.
In a regenerative heat exchanger, the flow path normally consists of a matrix, which is
heated when the hot fluid passes through it (this is known as the "hot blow"). This heat
is then released to the cold fluid when this flows through the matrix (the "cold blow").
Regenerative Heat Exchangers are sometimes known as Capacitive Heat Exchangers
Regenerators are mainly used in gas/gas heat recovery applications in power stations
and other energy intensive industries.
The two main types of regenerator are Static and Dynamic.
Page: 9/17
Static Regenerative Heat Exchanger
During a heating period of matrix I (the warmer working fluid Gh flows through it) the matrix II
is cooled by a stream Gc of the colder working fluid. The streams of working fluids are changed-
over by means of the valves A, B, C, D and the process of heat transfer is alternated.
Period Process Matrix Open Close

Heating I A, C B, D
1
Cooling II B, D A, C
Heating II B, D A, C
2
Cooling I A, C B, D
Page: 10/17
Rotary Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Page: 11/17
2. A Recuperative Heat Exchanger has separate flow paths for each fluid and fluids flow
simultaneously through the exchanger exchanging heat across the wall separating the
flow paths.
Indirect contact heat exchangers keep the fluids exchanging heat separate by the use of
tubes or plates etc.. Direct contact exchangers do not separate the fluids exchanging
heat and in fact rely on the fluids being in close contact.
Tubular heat exchangers are very popular due to the flexibility the designer has to allow
for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Tubular heat exchangers can be
subdivided into a number of categories, of which the shell and tube exchanger is the most
common.
Page: 12/17
SHELL and TUBE HX
It consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell.

Figure illustrates a typical unit that may be found in a petrochemical plant. Two fluids can
exchange heat, one fluid flows over the outside of the tubes while the second fluid flows through
the tubes. The fluids can be single or two phase and can flow in a parallel or a cross/counter flow
arrangement. The shell and tube exchanger consists of five major parts:
Front endthis is where the fluid enters the tubeside of the exchanger.
Rear endthis is where the tubeside fluid leaves the exchanger or where it is returned to the
front header in exchangers with multiple tubeside passes.
Tube bundlethis comprises of the tubes, tube sheets, baffles and tie rods etc. to hold the
bundle together.
Shellthis contains the tube bundle.
Baffles- These plates make the flow of fluid in the shell
The heat transfer is a combination of convection on the inner and outer sides of the wall plus
conduction through the wall.
Page: 13/17
EXERCISE:
Question 1
Identify the direction of heat transfer.
T/F Hot Body HT Direction Cold Body
Page: 14/17
Question 2
Identify the heat transfer mode:
--------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Question 3
Identify the three modes of heat transfer
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
Question 4
Two radiations are shown in figure. One of them is long wave length (A) whereas the other is
short wave length (B). Which one carries more energy?
Page: 15/17
Question 5
Identify the TYPE and the following parts of a shell and tube HX
Type: ______________________________________________________
_____ Shell Inlet _____ Tube Inlet _____ Baffles

_____ Shell Outlet _____ Tube Outlet
Question 6
The interior wall of a furnace is maintained at a temperature of 900C. The wall is 60
cm thick, 1 m wide, 1.5 m broad of material whose thermal conductivity is 0.4 W/m K. The
temperature of the outside surface of the wall is200C .Determine the heat through the wall.
Page: 16/17
Question 7
Calculate the rate of heat loss by radiation from unit surface area of a perfect radiating body at
1100 C.
Page: 17/17

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YANBU TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Mechanical Skills Department

Module 7: FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER

HT occurs at Boiler, Condenser, and Cooling Tower.

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

There are three modes of Heat Transfer:

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: By touch of atoms

Convection: By motion of fluid particles

Radiation: By light rays

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

It was studied by Fourier. According to him, Conduction HT is

1. Directly proportional to Temperature difference

[/] is called thermal conductivity

Temperature profile is as shown in figure.

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a

It involves the combined effects of

The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be

1. Directly proportional to the temperature difference and

According to Newtons law of cooling

[/2 ] is called convection heat transfer coefficient

Temperature profile is shown in figure.

RADITION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of

1. Directly proportional to the 4th power of surface temperature and

As stated by the StefanBoltzmann law

[/2 4 ]: is called StefanBoltzmann constant. Its value is 5.67 108 /

Heat exchangers are used in

1. Oil and petrochemical Industry (upstream and down stream)

CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration

Counterflow Heat Exchanger:

Figure 1. Countercurrent flow.

Figure 2. Cocurrent flow.

Crossflow Heat Exchangers:

Figure 4. Cross/counter flow.

Classification of Heat Exchangers by Construction

Cooling Direct Contact

Steam Wet Surface

These are explained as under:

The two main types of regenerator are Static and Dynamic.

Static Regenerative Heat Exchanger

Period Process Matrix Open Close

Rotary Regenerative Heat Exchanger

SHELL and TUBE HX

It consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell.

T/F Hot Body HT Direction Cold Body

Identify the heat transfer mode:

--------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

Identify the three modes of heat transfer

_____ Shell Inlet _____ Tube Inlet _____ Baffles

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___ Shell Inlet _ Tube Inlet ___ Baffles