Is a set of equations containing two or more

unknowns having similar solution set.

Linear Systems
Is a set of linear equations containing two or
more unknowns having similar solution set.
Examples:
8x 4 y 3 0
1. 3x 4 y 9 2.
2x 5 y 8 0 x y 7

3. 7 x y 8 z 10 4. 6x 2 y z 6
x 4 x 5z 2 2x 4 y 7z 3 0
5x 2 y 8x 3 x y z 10
1. Independent or consistent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by lines
intersecting at a common point.
Have finite number of solutions represented by the points of
intersection of the lines.
2. Inconsistent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by non-
intersecting curves.
System with no solution
3. Dependent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by curves
coincident with one another.
System with infinite number of solutions.
 xy 8 2x y 6
1. 2x y 1
2.
8x 6y 9

3. y 3 x 5 4. 4x 3y z 15
6 x 2y 10 1
x ( y z) 1
3
2x 2 y z 4
5. x y 2z 2
1
y ( z 2 x) 1
2
1
z (2x y ) 2
4
 Graphical Method of Solving a System of Linear Equations
The graphical method of solving a system of linear equations is a method
that determines the solution in terms of the common point(s) or the
point(s) of intersection among the graphs representing each of the
equations in the system.

The following are the basic steps to be followed:

1. Draw the graphs associated to the equations of the system.

2. Determine the common point or the point of intersection among the graphs.
3. Read the coordinates of the point giving the solution ( x , y ).
 Find the solution to each of the given system by the graphical method.
1. 2. x
2x 3 y 9 EQ1
y

11 x

y

3
3 x 4 y 13 EQ2
3 2 6 4 3 4
EQ1 EQ2
X Y1 Y2
0 3 13/4
1 7/3 5/2
2 5/3 7/4 X Y1 Y2
3 1 1 0 11/3 9/4
1 3 3
2 7/3 15/4
3 5/3 9/2

1. S (3, 1) 2. S (1, 2)
Analytical Methods
Elimination Of a Variable by Addition/Subtraction
This is an analytical method of solving a system of
equations that eliminates a variable addition/subtraction of
multiple equations.

Elimination Of a Variable by Substitution

This is an analytical method of solving a system of
equations that eliminates a variable by replacing one of the
variables in one of the equations by an equal expressions
obtained from the other equation.
At the end of the lesson, the student is
expected to be able to:
Define matrix
Identify different types of matrices.
Perform operations on matrices.
Define determinant of matrix.
Evaluate determinant of a square matrix.
 Matrix is a rectangular array of elements
arranged in m rows and n columns, and is
enclosed by a pair of parenthesis ( ), braces [ ]
or brackets { }. The elements maybe
numbers, variables.
Matrix can be written in the general form:
a11
a
Lower case letter
12
...
a Listed
1n
elements
Uppercase letter
a a ... a

A (a ) 21 22 2n
ij ... ... ... ...

am1 am2 ... a
mn
row column
1. Column Vector or Column Matrix
is a matrix with only one column and m rows
(mx1).
3
4
A
8

0
2. Row Vector or Row Matrix
is a matrix with only one row and n columns
(1xn).

A 2 0 4 6
3. Square Matrix
is a matrix with equal number of rows and
columns.
2 1 0

A 3 0 3
2 2 4
4. Symmetric Matrix
is a matrix with aij = aji.

2 1 3

A 1 0 2
3 2 4
5. Diagonal Matrix
is a square matrix with elements above and
below the main diagonal is zero.
2 0 0

A 0 7 0
0 0 4
6. Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix
is a diagonal matrix with all elements on the
main diagonal is equal to 1.
1 0 0

A 0 1 0
0 0 1
7. Upper Triangular Matrix
is a matrix with all elements below the main
diagonal is equal to 0.
6 3 2

A 0 2 3
0 0 8
8. Lower Triangular Matrix
is a matrix with all elements above the main
diagonal is equal to 0.
6 0 0

A 7 2 0
4 3 8
9. Zero One Matrix
is a matrix consisting of zeros and ones only
as entries.
1 1 0

A 0 0 0
1 1 0
10. Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix , denoted by AT , is
obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of the matrix.
1 1 0 1 0 1

A 0 0 0
A 1 0 1
T
1 1 0 0 0 0
A. Matrix Equality
A matrix of the same dimension (mxn) if all
elements of the first matrix is equal to its
respective element on the second matrix
AB
aij bij
for all is and js
Find the values of a, b, c, and d so that
=
each of the given statements would be true:
a. b.
1 0 1 c
2 2 5 a 2 b 0 2 a 2
1 3 0 1 c 0
7 4 7 d

4 2 b 2
B. Matrix Addition
The sum of matrices of the same dimension
(mxn) is the sum of all elements of the same
position. C A B for all is and js
cij aij bij
1 5 3 4 1 3 5 4 2 9
2 4 2 0 2 2 4 0 4 4

C. Scalar Multiplication
The scalar product of matrix is obtained by
multiplying a constant k to every elemnt of
the matrix
k A (k aij ) for all is and js

1 5 2 10
2
2 4 4 8
Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
If A, B, C and O (zero matrix) are m x n matrices and c and d are scalar
numbers, then the following hold true.
1. A + B = B + A Commutative Property of Addition
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C Associative Property of Addition
3. cdA = c(dA) Associative Property of Scalar
Multiplication
4. IA = A Scalar Identity
5. c(A + B) = cA + cB Distributive Property
6. (c +d) A = cA + dA Distributive Property
7. A + O = A Identity Property of Addition
Note: The difference A B = A + (-B)
C. Matrix Multiplication or Vector Product
A vector product of matrices A and B can be
obtained if the number of columns of the
multiplicand is equal to the number of rows
of the multiplier
C AxB
(mxn) (mxk ) x(kxn)
C. Matrix Multiplication
p
or Vector Product
c ij aik bkj
k 1

1 0 4 7 0 3 7 12 1
2 2 3 x 1 1 2 12 7 5

3 1 0 0 3 1 20 1 7
C. Matrix Multiplication
p
or Vector Product
c ij aik bkj
k 1

1 0 4 7 0 3 7 12 1
2 2 3 x 1 1 2 12 7 5

3 1 0 0 3 1 20 1 7
C. Matrix Multiplication
p
or Vector Product
c ij aik bkj
k 1

1 0 4 7 0 3 7 12 1
2 2 3 x 1 1 2 12 7 5

3 1 0 0 3 1 20 1 7
Let A, B, and C be matrices with sizes so that
the given expressions are all defined, and let c
be a real number.
|1. Multiplication is not commutative.
2. A(BC) = (AB) C
3. c(AB) = (cA)B = A (cB)
4. A(B+C) = AB + AC
5. (B+C) A = BA + CA
Suppose A, B, are mxn matrices, C is an nxp
matrix, c is a real number.

|1. (A+B)T = AT + BT.

2. (AC)T = CT AT
3. (AT) T = A
4. (cA)T = cAT
Given the following matrices, perform
the indicated operations
1 3 3 8
A B
2 5 7 9

a. A *B -2A b. B*AT + 2( B)
A scalar quantity associated with a square
matrix.

A det(A)
The determinant of an order 2 matrix (2 x 2 matrix) can be
obtained by taking the difference of the products of the
diagonal elements.

3 5 1 2
A B
2 1 0 4
|A| = det(A) = 3*1 -2*5 |B| = det(B) = -1*4 -0*2
|A| = -7 |A| = -4
Evaluate the following determinants
2 1 4 2
3 0 8 1
1. A 4. D

3 0 3 5
2. B 5. E
2 1 1 2
3. C 2 3 6. F 10 5
2
1 4 1
For a 3x3 matrix, the determinant is:

a11 a12 a13

| A | a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

| A | a11 (a22 a33 a23a32 ) a12 (a23a31 a21a33 ) a13 (a12 a32 a22 a31 )
The determinant of an order 3 matrix (3 x 3 matrix) can be
obtained by doing the following steps:
1. Copy the first two columns of the given matrix as the
4th and 5th columns.
2. Multiply the downward diagonal elements of the
resulting matrix. Find the sum of these three products.
3. Multiply the upward diagonal elements of the matrix.
Find the sum of these three products.
4. Subtract the result of (2) by the result of (3). This is the
determinant.
Evaluate the following determinant:

2 1 2 2 1

A 3 0 1 3 0
1 2 2 1 2
|A| = det(A) = (2*0*-2+-1*1*1+2*3*2)
(1*0*2+2*1*2+-2*3*-1)
|A| = 1
The minor of a matrix mij about an element aij is a
submatrix of A where the ith row and jth column has
been removed.

The cofactor of a Matrix about the element aij is the

determinant of the minor mij preceded by
(negative) if (i+j) is odd.
For any square matrix of order n>=3, the determinant can be
evaluated using:

a) Co-factor Expansion about a column:

m for all i, for a given j
| A | aij Aij
i 1

b) Co-factor Expansion about a row:

n for all j, for a given i ,
| A | aij Aij
j 1
where: aij is the element in the ith-jth position
Aij is the cofactor of aij.
Evaluate the following determinant:
2 1 2 Selecting row 2

A 3 0 1 Column aij mij Sign Aij aij*Aij

1 3 -(-2) 6
-
1 2 2 1 2
2 2

2 0 2 2 +(-4) 0
1 2
+

3 1 -(5) -5
2 1
1 2
-

TOTAL 1
Evaluate the following determinants using both methods
1 1 2 1 0 3
1. A 1 2 1 3.
D 2 2 4

4 0 2 1 1 1

2. 1 1 1 4. 1 3 0

F 3 2 1
B 2 2 3
0 1 1 4 1 4