FORCE METHODS

DR. SUSHANTA CHAKRABORTY

NATIONAL MISSION ON EDUCATION THROUGH ICT

(MHRD, GOVT OF INDIA)

I N D I A N I N ST I T U T E O F T EC H N O LO GY
K H A R AG P U R 7 2 1 3 0 2 I N D I A
 STATIC INDETERMINACY
Statically Indeterminate structures are those where
Number of unknown Number of available
forces equilibrium equations

How to assess the degree of indeterminacy of any

structure ?
Type of Structure Degree of Indeterminacy
2D Truss Member m + r 2j
3D Truss Member m + r 3j
2D Frame Structure 3m + r 3j +ec
3D Frame Structure 6m + r 6j +ec

m= Number of member, J = Number of joints,

r = Number of external ec = Internal release,
constraint Forces,
 INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Advantage
The maximum deflection
as well as stresses are
less compared to
determinate structures.
These have the ability to
redistribute the loads in
case of faulty design or
overload conditions.
This redistribution of load
path provides stability
and prevent immediate
collapse.
Aesthetically Superior
Disadvantage
Additional stresses due to
differential settlement,
temperature change and
lack of fit etc. cause
deformations
Fabrication of joints is
complicated , lack of
quality control may
reduce the advantages.
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION
Mechanics, The body remains in equilibrium under
the action of external reaction forces and constraint
forces.

2. COMPATIBILITY CONDITION
Geometry, Solid body remains continuous while
being deformed.

3. FORCE- DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP

Constitutive Relationship, Mostly Linear Isotropic
materials are considered in this course.
 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES

The general requirements are satisfied in two different

approaches
1. Force Method/Flexibility Method/Compatibility Method

2. Displacement Methods/Stiffness Method/Equilibrium

Method
 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES

The comparison of Force Method and Displacement

Method
Coefficients
Method Unknowns Equations Used of the
unknowns
Compatibility and
Flexibility
Force Method Force Force-Displacement
Coefficients
Equations

Equilibrium and
Displacement Stiffness
Displacement Force-Displacement
Method Coefficients
Equations
FORCE METHOD
DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 FORCE METHOD

Since the geometric compatibility equations are the basis

of this method the most popular form is

METHOD OF CONSISTANT DEFORMATION

Redundant forces are chosen first.
These forces are solved using compatibility and force-
displacement equations.
Once redundant forces are determined, rest of the structure
is solved using static equilibrium equations, like determinate
structures.
GENERAL PROCEDURE & SIGN CONVENTION
GENERAL PROCEDURE & SIGN CONVENTION
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION METHOD
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION METHOD
EXAMPLE CONTINUED...
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE CONTINUED....
EXAMPLE CONTINUED....
SOME USEFUL RESULTS...
A FEW MORE EXAMPLES...
A FEW MORE EXAMPLES...
A FEW MORE EXAMPLES...
A FEW MORE EXAMPLES...
A FEW MORE EXAMPLES...
GENERAL FORMULATION OF FORCE METHOD
 FORCE METHOD & DISPLACEMENT METHOD
COMPARED FOR MULTIPLE REDUNDANT FORCES
FORCE METHOD APPROACH
FORCE METHOD APPROACH
DISPLACEMENT METHOD APPROACH
DISPLACEMENT METHOD APPROACH
 MAXWELL'S THEOREM OF RECIPROCAL
DISPLACEMENT
If an unit load applied at one point A of an elastic structure
results in a given deflection at another point B, then the same
unit load applied at B will result in the same deflection at A.
In terms of rotations
If an unit couple applied at one point A of an elastic structure
results in a given rotation at another point B, then the same unit
couple applied at B will result in the same rotation at A.
BETTI'S LAW: GENERALISED MAXWELL THEOREM
BETTI'S LAW: PROOF
BETTI'S LAW: PROOF
THE END