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Network Performance Optimization: A Case

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Conference Paper December 2011

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 2011 Frontiers of Information Technology
Network Performance Optimization: A Case Study of
Enterprise Network Simulated in OPNET
Munam Ali Shah Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
Department of Computer Department of Computer
Science and Technology Science and Technology
University of Bedfordshire, University of Bedfordshire,
Luton, UK Luton, UK
Munam.Shah@beds.ac.uk Ghazanfar.Safdar@beds.ac.uk
AbstractDesigning an efficient network to achieve desirable
performance is a challenging task and it becomes more
demanding if the network to be optimized for performance is
already deployed and operational. In this paper, a case study of a
campus network which is operational has been considered to
enhance the network performance. Campus network of
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad,
Pakistan has been analyzed which provides local and internet
connectivity to approximately 1200 nodes; the problems in the
existing network has been identified with the aim to enhance
network performance without incorporating additional hardware
cost. OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator has been used to first
implement the entire network infrastructure and then a new
design for CIIT network has been proposed which provides
better performance. The simulation results of both the existing
and proposed networks have been compared; it could be
observed that the proposed design significantly performs better
especially in terms of aggregated throughput of Wireless Local
Area Network. The proposed network design also outperforms
the existing approach in different parameters such as Ethernet
delay and WLAN load by approximately 26% and 19%
respectively.
Keywords- Enterprise Network, LAN Performance; WLAN
Throughput; OPNET Simulation;
I. INTRODUCTION
Computer networking has enabled the modern world to
exchange information regardless of the locality. Email,
internet, online library, instant messaging, video and voice
conversation are amongst the few benefits that have emerged
as an outcome when different computer devices have been
connected through wires or wirelessly. The computer network
has gone beyond the traditional categorization as local area
network (LAN) and wide area network to personal area
network, metropolitan area network, campus area network,
storage area network etc. However designing an efficient
network to achieve desirable performance is itself a
challenging task, and this task becomes more challenging if the
network to be designed has to offer multiple local network
services such as file sharing, email, printing etc as well as
internet services like e-billing and video conferencing etc. on a
single node. The increase in demand to upload and download
data from the network subsequently increases the demand for
more bandwidth which is the most important parameter of
computer networks or other communication networks. In this
978-0-7695-4625-4/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/FIT.2011.18
Carsten Maple Khurram Sardar
Department of Computer Information Tech. Center
Science and Technology COMSATS Institute of
University of Bedfordshire, Information Technology
Luton, UK Islamabad, Pakistan
Carsten.Maple@beds.ac.uk khurram@comsats.edu.pk
paper, performance aspects of an installed and operational, IP
based network of an educational institute have been
investigated. The computer network of COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology (CIIT) [1] has been considered as a
case study to fully investigate the existing network including
network devices, network topology, user access policies,
routing protocol, wireless LAN, virtual LAN, network traffic
and load balancing. Existing design has been modified that will
not only overcome the problems but will also improve overall
network performance. The existing campus of CIIT is
comprised of 1170 nodes which are placed in different
buildings within CIIT premises. The network is a mixture of
wired and wireless connection which offer both local and
internet services. After a thorough investigation and analysis
adequate solutions have been provided; simulations have
revealed that if these solutions are implemented in real
network, this could yield improvement in the network
performance without incorporating additional hardware cost.
The rest of the paper is organized as follow; section II provides
some of the literature review before a brief description of
simulation modelling is provided in section III; complete
analysis of existing network has been made in section IV,
whereas section V focuses on the evaluation discussion of
results; the paper is concluded in section VI.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Several important components that heavily contribute
towards network performance and optimization have been
discussed in this section.
A. Ethernet Connectivity and Security
A very important aspect in a communication network is
network monitoring, which enables the network administrators
to allow or block the unwanted or suspicious traffic. In [2]
affective solution for switched network management and
monitoring in terms of Address Resolution Protocol spoofing
and LAN monitoring of traditional non-switched networks has
been presented, and new affective approaches for these two
cases have been proposed. A design for network
communication system running under client server mode is
presented in [3]. The network communication part adopts
Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and User
Datagram Protocol based on socket communication. The
proposed system gives LAN users the safety and convenience
to communicate with each other in real time. A connection is
57
made by client to a known port; the server accepts the request
for connection and after the connection is established both
client and server act as peer nodes. Evaluating network service
accesses through appropriate queries is one of the needs of
network administrator. Presently there are constraints in
wired/wireless enterprise networks that demand formal security
policy configurations. A formal security analysis framework
for enterprise LAN has been presented in [4]. The system
include framework for distributed network security policy
management, formal model for presenting network topology
and a query processing module for analyzing access model
with multiple queries.
B. Routing Protocols
Choice of routing protocol in an enterprise network is of
significant importance. A routing protocol must not be
configured if factors like complexity of network, multiple
vendor devices and future expansion in the network are not
thoroughly investigated. Different static and dynamic routing
options are available [5]. Routing Information Protocol (RIP),
Interior Gateway protocol (IGRP), Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) are examples of some of dynamic routing protocols.
Every protocol assigns a parameter value to all available paths
to reach to destination network [6]. Simulation-based routing
protocol performances have been analyzed by [7] which
revealed efficiency of EIGRP over RIP which uses single
routing metric and exchanges periodic copies of entire routing
table which makes the RIP network congested [8]. Another
type of routing is the on demand routing presented in [9] with
the Nix-Vector routing which calculates the best path between
source and destination when needed, the path is calculated
after new packet at source with the destination address is
created. The capability of EIGRP to utilize bandwidth
efficiently and its knowledge about the entire network using
topology table makes EIGRP an efficient routing option in an
enterprise network [10].
C. Wireless LAN
Since the case study under consideration has
approximately 33% of the nodes connected wirelessly, it is
important to discuss the performance of wireless LAN. Much
research has been made on WLAN technology and different
versions of 802.11 WLAN have been standardized by IEEE.
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) uses the Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
mechanism to accomplish the task of transmission between
two nodes using data packet and control frames (Ready-To-
Send/ Clear-To-Send) [11]. The IEEE 802.11e wireless
networking standard is developed to support delay sensitive
applications in campus or home wireless networks. [12]. A
very important aspect of wireless networks is security; since
there are no physical devices so wireless networks are more
prone to security threats and vulnerabilities [13]. Inefficient
bandwidth, large packet delay, high packet loss are some of
the limitations of WLAN [14] also the increased demand of
more bandwidth for voice, video and multimedia streaming,
QoS requirements is becoming more and more challenging in
WLAN [15].
58
III. NETWORK ANALYSIS, PERFORMANCE AND SIMULATION
As previously discussed in [2] it is very important to
monitor the performance of a network. For a deployed and
operational network different tools and techniques such as
NetDoctor [27] are available to analyze network behaviour.
However if the network to be analyzed is yet to be deployed
and to be made operational than simulation modelling is used.
Simulation Modelling is most important method for network
performance analysis; in general, there are two kinds of
network modelling (i) Analytical modelling (ii) Computer
simulation. The first is by mathematical analysis that
characterizes a network as a set of mathematical equations.
The main disadvantage is one-dimensional view of the
network and incapability to simulate the dynamic nature of a
network as nodes join or leave the network. The second type
of computer simulation is broadly classified as continuous
time simulator (CTS) and discrete event simulator (DES).
Therefore, the study of a complex system necessarily requires
a computer simulation package that is capable to compute the
time that is associated with real events in a real-life situation.
A broad classification of simulation modelling is presented in
figure 1 below.
Simulation Modelling
Computer
Mathematical Analysis
Simulation
Continuous Time Discrete Event
Simulator (CTS) Simulator (DES)
NetSim [16] Packet Tracer [17] OPNET [18] REAL [19] Insane [20]
Figure 1. Classification of Simulation Modelling
We briefly reviewed network simulation and simulation
modelling in section above and have provided examples of
different types of simulation software. Since OPNET has been
used in this project for network analysis and performance
issues, we will focus on OPNET in the following section.
OPNET provides a comprehensive development environment
for the specification, simulation and performance analysis of
communication networks. A large range of communication
systems from a single LAN to global satellite networks can be
supported. OPNET Modeler is a powerful tool which evaluates
the network efficiently and accurately and predicts the network
behaviour before implementation in real environment [22].
OPNET is a new and widely used technology which is
equipped with all features to design, model and simulate all
types of networks systematically such as home, corporate and
wide area network. OPNET with its unique approach can
provide objective and reliable quantitative basis for network
planning and design and it could shorten network construction
period, improve the exactitude of decision making on network
building and reduce the risk of network construction
investment [23]. Some of the salient features of OPNET are
Modelling and Simulation: OPNET uses 3 phases build
model, execute simulation and analyze result in a design
circle which assist user to from problem definition to decision
making.
 Hierarchical Modelling: OPNET adopts hierarchical structure linearly, resulting in more Ethernet collisions and more back
to build small and simple to large and complex networks. The off algorithm computational cost. Traffic generated from the
bottom layer is process model which consist of state ground floor to block server room has to be unwantedly
transition diagrams (STD) that specify variety of protocol, broadcasted on first, second and third floors causing severe
algorithm and queuing policy. The middle layer is node media access delays. This major flaw in the design is not only
model which make different modules that have pre-defined in 14 laboratories but almost every floor of all the buildings
characteristics and built-in parameters such as packet has been inefficiently designed in this manner.
generators, radio transmitter and receiver etc. and the top x Wrong choice of routing protocol: RIP has been configured
layer is network model which specify physical topology of as routing protocol; however RIP is a distance vector protocol
the communication network. e.g. specification of Ethernet, which uses only hop count for the best path selection. Also
node type, and switch model will be defined and selected in RIP suffers from many disadvantages such as lost periodic
this layer. updates, and slow convergence [7].
Abundant Communication Network: OPNET provides x No access policies: It has been noticed that there are no user
abundant network models such as, ATM, x.25, WiMAX, access policies enforced which is allowing user to download
WLAN and Ethernet etc. and also have equipment for or upload personal media files during the peak hours, thus
different vendors such as CISCO, 3COM and Sun etc. to causing lack of bandwidth to legitimate user.
allow researchers to either modify existing models or develop x Manual Load Balancing: As mentioned in the description of
new communication models of their own. NOC the backup link is only used when the primary internet
Generation of Statistical Data: OPNET provides the link fails. So a manual switching between the ISP links is
opportunity to user to obtain customized statistical data and performed.
detailed network performance analysis. x No firewall configured: A CISCO firewall has been
purchased to protect the network from malicious activities
IV. INVESTIGATION OF E XISTING NETWORK but the firewall has not been configured or installed to protect
the network from incoming internet traffic.
A thorough investigation of existing network (figure 2)
x Traffic Bottleneck: Another major problem has been
discovered many flaws in the design, some of which have been
identified which causes local and internet network traffic
highlighted below. It is believed that if these problems are
bottleneck i.e. the main Cisco 3500 series switch has been
properly addressed, network performance could be
deployed in NOC is limited to twelve 10/100BaseT Ethernet
significantly improved.
ports using a fast Ethernet connection (100Mbps). Having
x Cascading: It has been observed all the computer labs 100Mbps network interface at this point of network which
in each floor of the buildings forms linear structure or redirects internal and external traffic causes traffic bottleneck.
physical bus topology (Figure 2), which have 3 major x Low Bandwidth Low Throughput: Lastly it has been observed
drawbacks, if one device in the bus topology fails, all other that the bandwidth of internet link is not sufficient to
devices will be disconnected after the point of failure. There accommodate the traffic of 1200 nodes. Both the main link
will be 2 collision domains if 4 switches are connected and back up link are limited to 20Mbps and 14Mbps
bandwidth hence end user is facing delay and congestion.
Physics Block Academic Block I
Academic Block II
Faculty Office
GF Lab 1

GF Lab 1 AP WAP Sw 1F Lab 2 GF Lab 1

1F Lab 2

Block Serer Room PC PC

1F Lab 2
2F Lab 3 3F Lab 4 2F Lab 3

2F Lab 3 Back OAP

N/W Sw up 3F Lab 4 Block Serer Room
Srvr N/W Sw
Back
3F Lab 4 Block Sw up
ISP 1 NOC Srvr Block Sw
Backbone Ethernet
WAP Sw connection 4500
OAP 3500 Main Switch OAP WAP Sw
1GB
ISP 2 X
2500 1GB
S S S S
Faculty Office 1 2 3 9 Backbone Ethernet Faculty Office
connection
AP WAP Sw AP WAP Sw

Network
PC PC S S PC PC
Sw

Backbone Ethernet Faculty Block

PC PC
connection
Backbone Ethernet
connection
1GB
PC PC
1GB AP WAP Sw

AP WAP Sw
Central Library

Library Staff Ground Floor Comp. Lab 1 PC PC

Block Server Room
Block Serer Room Lab 1 Sw AP
WAP Sw AP
AP WAP Sw Back
PC PC N/W Sw up
PC PC
Back Srvr
N/W Sw up
Srvr Block Sw

Block Sw OAP
First Floor 2nd Floor Computer Lab 2 WAP Sw
OAP WAP Sw
WAP Sw AP Lab 2 Sw
AP
PC PC
PC PC PC PC

AP WAP Sw

Figure 2. Block Diagram of CIIT Network Infrastructure

59
 After identifying the problems in the existing network of traffic to block server room hence WLAN load is significantly
CIIT, firstly cascading has been removed in the network by reduced. Figure 3 below shows the average WLAN in bits/ sec
providing direct Ethernet connectivity between each floor and of existing and proposed network of CIIT.
block server room. This would significantly reduce Ethernet
collisions, delay and load on not only network devices but and
also on the wireless access points at each floor. The
optimization achieved after removing cascading can be seen in
figure 3, figure 4 and figure 6 where the WLAN load is been
minimized and throughput has been increased. For the
performance enhancement, the next optimization that has been
achieved in the CIIT network is by reconfiguring EIGRP as a
routing option which has many advantages over RIP such as
fast convergences and efficient utilization of bandwidth in
enterprise networks. The other methods that could be used to
enhance network performance of CIIT is by (i) enforcing
access policies to deny the non prioritized traffic (ii)
configuring firewall to block the potential threats from internet
(iii) using Cisco 4500 series router for both links of ISP to
balance the load of internet traffic and (iv) maximizing ISP link
capacity to enhance network throughput. Due to scope of the
research these methods will be observed in future work. Some Figure 3. Comparison of WLAN load in existing and proposed network
of the important components of a network that can be fine
tuned to optimize the network performance have been B. Global Statistics for WLAN Throughput
discussed. In next section simulation results of both the The graph results provided below shows the average
existing network and proposed network which is free from the throughput between any two wireless nodes in the network. It
design errors has been provided, graph results clearly show is important to mention that the graph provided refer to the
improvement in the network performance. average global throughput which is subject to propagation
delay, transmission delay, computational delay and MAC delay
V. RESULTS DISCUSSION of the communicating nodes in WLAN. Average values of
An enterprise network of an educational institute has been these parameters have been considered in the existing and
considered to optimize the performance. The complete network proposed network. The comparison of existing and proposed
infrastructure (figure 2), which is comprised of approximately network of CIIT in figure 4 below shows significant
1200 nodes spread across 5 buildings, has been simulated in enhancement in global WLAN throughput has been achieved
OPNET first, and after applying appropriate solutions for the i.e. throughput has increased from average 195000bits/sec to
flaws that have been highlighted in section III, new design for 265000bits/sec in the proposed network.
the network has been proposed and simulated. The simulation
results for both the scenarios have been compared to analyze
the global and object statistics of WLAN load, WLAN
throughput, traffic forwarded by network device and Ethernet
delay.

A. Global Statistics for WLAN Load

Since 33% of the network nodes are fixed wireless
therefore it is very important to analyze the statistics and
optimize the performance of wireless network. It is important
to note that the traffic generated for the simulation is IP based
with default values provided by OPNET and no QoS
requirement or classification as video, voice or text data. The
network initialization and convergence phase has also been
taken into account during the simulation, this is the reason
average load remains less than 5000bits/sec for first
100seconds, the traffic burst at approx. 100th second indicates
all wireless nodes communication after obtaining IP address. Figure 4. WLAN throughput in existing and proposed CIIT network
As discussed in section IV every floor is provided direct
Ethernet connectivity with the block server room and EIGRP C. Object Statistics for Network Device Switch
has been configured as routing option in proposed network As described in section III, one of the major flaw in the
design, which has decreased the average WLAN load in the existing network design was linear connectivity of multiple
network from 22000bits/sec to 11500bits/sec. Since some of floors in the campus network (figure 2), which was resulting
the devices in CIIT existing network have been forwarding in high amount of other floors traffic being forwarded by
traffic from other floors, this resulted in higher WLAN load; in switch; after providing the direct connectivity of each floor
the proposed network each floor now directly forwards its with the block server room, it has been observed that there is

60
less processing overhead on the switches and each switch is
now responsible for processing own traffic. There are
currently 57 switches installed in the network. A switch has
been chosen randomly and results are compared. It can be seen
that after removing the cascading between network devices the
switch traffic forwarded has been significantly decreased in
the proposed solution.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper a case study of a university campus network
has been considered. The existing operational network needs
to be tuned for better performance. The network performance
is heavily dependent on factors like network topology,
configuration of network devices and network interface
capacity. To optimize the network performance, problems in
the existing infrastructure have been identified and after
providing appropriate solution new network design has been
proposed which overcomes the flaws in the network and
enhances network performance. Both existing and proposed
network designs have been implemented in OPNET to analyze
the results for different performance parameters which have
been summarized in table 1. It has been shown through graph
results that new design, after reconfiguration of network
devices and modification in the topology, yielded better results
without any additional hardware cost. Significant
improvements in Ethernet delay, WLAN MAC delay,
throughput, load and traffic forwarded by network devices
have been accomplished which are summarized below.

TABLE I. NETWORK PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZAION SUMMARY

Existing Proposed N/W

Average of Network Network Performance
Figure 5. Switch traffic forwarded in existing and proposed network Optimization
D. Ethernet Delay
Ethernet Delay 0.00053s 0.00039s 26%
One of the major flaws that have been identified in CIIT WLAN Media
network is cascading, since wireless access points have been Access Delay 0.060s 0.290s 51%
WLAN
connected through network switches at each floor which was Throughput 195000bps 26500bps 27%
subsequently contributing towards Ethernet delay, WLAN load
and throughput. The proposed network provides more collision WLAN Load 22000bps 18000bps 19%
Traffic forwarded
domains and reduced Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision by Switch 185000bps 90000bps 49%
Detection and back off computational cost, this is the reason
Ethernet delay has dropped from an average value of 0.00053 It is believed that if the existing network of CIIT is modified
seconds to an average of 0.00039 seconds. The average and reconfigured accordingly, considerable optimization in the
Ethernet delay in existing and proposed network of CIIT has network performance would be achieved.
been provided in figure 6 below.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the award of
scholarship by COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology, Islamabad.

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