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PB (TEST) Assignment 1
5 questions, answer all, 1.5 hours
NO formula will be given Chapter 15 : Functions of Several Variables
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
15.2 A Brief Catalogue of the Quadric Surfaces(page 751) (b) The Hyperboloid of One Sheet
(a) The Ellipsoid
+ =1
+ + =1
The surface is unbounded
Centered at the origin
The surface is bounded
Symmetric about the three coordinate planes
Centered at the origin
Intersects the coordinate axes at four points (, 0,0),
Symmetric about the three coordinate axes
Intersects the coordinate axes at six points (six (0, , 0)
vertices) (, 0,0), (0, , 0), (0,0, )
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
+ = 1 + =
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
+ = =
The surface is unbounded above The origin is called a minimax or saddle point
The origin is called vertex Symmetric about the plane and about the
Symmetric about the plane and about the plane
plane
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
= 4
+
=1
The surface is formed by all lines
= 4 that pass
The surface is formed by all lines that pass through the
through the parabola and are perpendicular to the
plane ellipse + = 1 and are perpendicular to the
plane
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
The surface has two parts, each generated by a branch of The set of all points (, , 0) with , = #(, ) is
called the projection of $ onto the plane.
the hyperbola =1
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
The equation is
+ = 2 + 3
+ ( 1) = 4
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
+ , (, )
(, ) = lim
/1
, + (, )
(, ) = lim
/1
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Example (Exercise 15.4, Q14, page 772): A Geometric Interpretation (page 768)
, = + sin( ) A surface = (, ) sliced by a plane = 1 parallel to
the -plane. The plane = 1 intersects the surface in a
4 4 curve, the 1-section of the surface.
= + sin( ) + sin( ) ( + )
4 4
The 1-section of the surface is the graph of the function
= + cos + sin( )
# = (, 1 )
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Functions of Three Variables (page 769) Example (Exercise 15.4, Q8, page 772):
;
Definition 15.4.2 Partial Derivatives (three variables) :=
Let be a function of two variables , , . The partial
derivatives of with respect to , with respect to , and
<: ;
with respect to are the functions , , defined by =
<
setting
+ , , (, , )
(, , ) = lim <: ;
/1 =
, + , (, , ) < 2 =
(, , ) = lim
/1
, , + (, , ) <: ;
(, , ) = lim =
/1 <
provided these limits exist.
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Other Notations (page 770) 2. The subscript notation is not the only one used in
partial differentiation. A variant of Leibnizs double-4
1. There is no need to restrict ourselves to variable , , . notation is also commonly used. In this notation the
Where more convenient, we use other letters. partials , , are denoted by
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
15.5 Open and Closed Sets (page 774) Points in the domain of a function of several variables can
be written in vector notation.
A neighborhood of a real number 1 is by definition a set
of the form : 1 < E where E is a positive (two-variable case) x = (, )
(three-variable case) x = (, , )
number.
Definition 15.5.1 Neighborhood of a Point (page 774)
An open interval centered at 1 is
A neighborhood of a point H 1 is a set of the form
1 E, 1 + E
H: H H 1 < E
If we remove 1 form the set, we obtain the set where E is positive number.
1 E, 1 1 , 1 + E
If we remove H 1 from the set, we have
Such a set is called a deleted neighborhood of 1
H: 0 < H H 1 < E
Such a set is called a deleted neighborhood of H 1
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Definition 15.5.2 The Interior of a Set (page 774) Definition 15.5.4 Open Set (page 775)
A point H 1 is said to be an interior point of the set ! if the A set ! is said to be open if it contains a neighborhood of
set ! contains some neighborhood of H 1. The set of all each of its points.
interior points of ! is called the interior of !
interior point Thus
not interior
Example 1 point, boundary - A set ! is open provided that each of its points is an
(page 775): point interior point
- A set ! is open provided that it contains no boundary
point
Definition 15.5.3 The Boundary of a Set (page 775)
A point H 1 is said to be a boundary point of the set ! if Definition 15.5.5 Closed Set (page 775)
every neighborhood of H 1 contains points that are in ! A set ! is said to be closed if it contains its boundary
and points that are not in !. The set of all boundary points
of ! is called the boundary of !
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Note: = 0 and = are two paths that pass through (i) (H 1 ) is defined
the point (0,0) --- the limit point
(ii) lim (H) exists
HHL
May consider other paths such as = , = 2, =
, etc. (iii) lim (H) = (H 1 )
HHL
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Chapter 15 Chapter 15
Continuity and Partial Differentiability (page 782) Derivatives of Higher Order; Equality of Mixed Partials
(page 782)
For functions of a single variable, the existence of the
derivative guarantees continuity. The first partials ,
Chapter 15
Q R Q R
= = ?; cos ?
QQ QQ
Chapter 16 Chapter 16
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Chapter 16 Chapter 16
Exercise 16.1, Q13, (page 793): 16.3 The Mean-Value Theorem; The Chain Rule (page 805)
Find the gradient of , , = ; O cos( + 1). The Mean Value Theorem (Several variables)
If is differentiable at each point of the line segment [\,
Solution:
then there exists on that line segment a point ] between
< < <
V , , = X+ Y+ Z [ and \ such that
< < < \ [ = V ] (\ [)
V , ,
= ; O cos + 1 X + 2; O cos + 1 Y If V = 0 for all in an open connected set ^, then
2; O sin + 1 Z
is constant on ^
Chapter 16 Chapter 16
The Chain Rule (page 808) Exercise 16.3, Q7, page 815:
If is continuously differentiable on an open set ^ and Find the rate of change of , = with respect to _
' = '(_) is a differentiable curve that lies in ^, then the along the curve a _ = ; b X + ; cb Y.
composition ' is differentiable and
4 Method 1:
(a _ ) = V(a _ ) a(_) Q Q
4_ V = Q X + Q Y = 2X + Y
V a _ = 2X + ; b Y
aS _ = ; b X ; cb Y
4
(a _ ) = V a _ a S _
4_
= 2, ; b ; b , ; cb
= ;b
Chapter 16 Chapter 16
By chain rule,
df Qf Q Qf Q Qf Q
= + +
db Q Qb Q Qb Q Qb
= 2_ + + 1 2_ + + (2_ 2)( + )
= 4_ = + 6_ 4_ + 1
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Chapter 16 Chapter 16
Chapter 16 Chapter 16
16.4 The Gradient as a Normal; Tangent Lines and Tangent Equation for the tangent line:
Planes (page 818) QR QR
1 , 1 1 + 1 , 1 1 = 0
Q Q
Functions of two variables:
Consider a curve in the plane Equation for the normal line:
$: , = QR QR
1 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 = 0
where $ is the level curve of . Q Q
Normal vector:
QR QR
V 1 , 1 = 1 , 1 X + 1 , 1 Y
Q Q
Tangent vector:
QR QR
h 1 , 1 = 1 , 1 X 1 , 1 Y
Q Q
Chapter 16 Chapter 16
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