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Article history: Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term behavior of the interlabial gap in
Received 7 July 2013 patients with Class I and Class II malocclusion after orthodontic treatment and to investigate whether
Received in revised form interlabial gap behavior is related to treatment with or without extraction.
25 September 2013
Methods: Lateral head-lms at the pre- and post-treatment and long-term follow-up stages were
Accepted 2 November 2013
Available online 2 December 2013
obtained from 61 patients who initially had Class I or Class II malocclusion and with pre- and post-
treatment lip incompetence, who were treated with or without extraction. Dependent and indepen-
dent Students t tests were used for the intra- and intergroup comparisons.
Keywords:
Cephalometry
Results: There were signicant interlabial gap reductions of 1.64 and 1.72 mm in Class I and II, respec-
Lip tively, but there was no signicant intergroup difference. Nonextraction patients had signicantly greater
Tooth extraction interlabial gap reduction (2.7 mm) than did extraction patients (1.3 mm) in the long-term.
Conclusions: It was concluded that the interlabial gap decreases signicantly and similarly in treated Class
I and Class II malocclusion patients and that nonextraction treatment has greater interlabial gap
reduction than does extraction treatment in the long-term post-treatment period.
2013 World Federation of Orthodontists.
accepted to be normal [7]. When the lips are apart, it is also choice of many researches evaluating the soft tissue prole
considered as lip incompetence [13]. Therefore, a mean of 2 mm of [3e5,28e36].
lip incompetence is accepted as normal. All of the evaluated pa-
tients in this investigation had to present with an interlabial gap at 3.3. Groups compatibility
the post-treatment stage. Both groups at the post-treatment stage
had a mean within the accepted normal range (Table 2). Therefore, The groups were similar regarding the post-treatment and long-
the behavior of the normal interlabial gap in treated patients could term post-treatment ages, and the long-term post-treatment times
be investigated. (Table 1). Some subjects from both groups had to be eliminated to
To our knowledge, this study is unique in that it is the rst match the ages.
attempt to evaluate the long-term behavior of the interlabial gap in
patients who had orthodontic treatment. A number of methods to 3.4. Interlabial gap behavior with time
evaluate lip-sealing ability have been reported: visual examination
[24], facial photography, cephalometric radiography [25], pressure- The interlabial gap signicantly decreased with time in both
distribution sensor [26], and electromyographic activity [27]. groups (Table 2). Comparisons of the results with other studies
Cephalometric radiography was used in this study because it is the should be made with caution because there are no reports on
Table 2 Table 3
Interlabial gap behavior with time in Class I and II malocclusions Relationship between the lip length, facial pattern, and extraction and interlabial gap
behavior*
Parameter Class I Class II P between
(n 30) (n 31) classes* Variable P for interlabial gap behavior
Post-treatment interlabial gap 2.65 (1.66) 3.13 (1.53) 0.246 Upper lip length 0.546
Long-term post-treatment interlabial gap 1.00 (2.21) 1.40 (1.98) 0.183 Lower lip length 0.958
Py between time points 0.001 <0.001 e Facial pattern 0.472
Interlabial gap change 1.64 (2.51) 1.72 (2.12) 0.894 Treatment with or without extraction 0.028y
Groups 0.785
Data are presented as mean (SD) millimeters.
* t Test. * Multiple linear regression; r 0.313; R2 0.0984.
y y
Dependent t test; statistically signicant at P < 0.05. Statistically signicant at P < 0.05.
e178 G. Janson et al. / Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists 2 (2013) e175ee179
Table 4 are no reports that have assessed the relationship between inter-
Comparison of interlabial gap changes between nonextraction and extraction labial gap behavior with time and nonextraction and extraction
treatment
treatment. However, several studies have reported the relationship
Variable Nonextraction (n 16) Extraction (n 45) P between interlabial gap behavior during orthodontic treatment
Interlabial gap change 2.73 (1.53) 1.31 (2.42) 0.024* [30,36,39e42]. Extraction treatment causes greater interlabial gap
Data are presented as mean (SD) millimeters. reduction during treatment than does nonextraction treatment
* Statistically signicant at P < 0.05. [36]. This is probably consequent to the incisor retraction that
usually occurs during extraction mechanics. As the incisors retract,
interlabial gap behavior with time in the literature. However, the lips usually follow and consequently approximate to each other,
different aspects of lip behavior with time have been reported. Lip decreasing the interlabial gap. This mechanism is absent in Class I
retrusion and decrease in lip thickness cause interlabial gap nonextraction treatment and is partially present in Class II non-
reduction [3,4,31]. Long-term observation studies have shown a extraction treatment during correction of the anteroposterior
decrease in lip thickness and greater lip retrusion which are discrepancy. During the long-term post-treatment period, the
explained by the loss of subcutaneous tissue with age [37] or as a amount of interlabial gap decrease is greater in nonextraction
consequence of changes in muscle tonus in the perioral area treatment due to the natural changes with growth and develop-
[3,4,17,31]. Therefore, these factors may partially explain the ment. It seems that the interlabial gap behaves similarly to other
observed interlabial gap reduction. variables when submitted to orthodontic treatment [39e41]. The
greater the changes during treatment, the smaller post-treatment
3.5. Interlabial gap behavior between Class I and Class II changes will be [42].
malocclusions
3.8. Clinical implications
Several studies have assessed the relationship between interla-
bial gap and malocclusion. Among the occlusal conditions most Obtaining an adequate vertical-lip relationship is an objective to
associated to lip incompetence are over jet, mandibular incisor be attained at the end of orthodontic treatment [10,11,43]. Usually,
inclination, and anteroposterior discrepancies [10e12]. This means this required retraction of the incisors and, concurrently, of the lips.
that different occlusal conditions for different types of malocclusion However, long-term post-treatment observational studies later
can be related to interlabial gap. However, no research has assessed showed that for some time, there was excessive retraction of the
the relationship between malocclusion and interlabial gap behavior incisors and consequently of the lips, leading to an excessively at
with time, after orthodontic treatment. Consequently, any com- prole in late adult life [19,28,36,41,42,44e46]. Therefore, accep-
parison to other research is fairly limited. In this study, patients tance of a more protruded prole during adolescence started to
who initially had Class I and Class II malocclusions and pretreat- guide the excellence for a more attractive prole at the end of or-
ment lip incompetence were included. At the end of orthodontic thodontic treatment [47]. As a more protruded prole can be
treatment, these patients still had lip incompetence and showed accepted in adolescence, it is possible that some amount of inter-
the same interlabial gap behavior with time, regardless of the initial labial gap may also be accepted because these features are inter-
malocclusion (Table 2). Therefore, independently of the initial related [10,43]. This can be accepted within a certain range because
malocclusion, one can expect the same changes in interlabial gap this study showed that there is a reduction in interlabial gap with
after orthodontic treatment, with time. In fact, this would be ex- time either in nonextraction and extraction cases. The reduction in
pected because at the end of treatment, both groups nished with a interlabial gap was signicantly greater in the nonextraction than in
normal occlusion and consequently the changes should be similar if the extraction cases. To a certain extent, this reinforces the current
there were no signicant relapses in the groups. Primarily, it would tendency toward nonextraction treatment. Therefore, nowadays, it
be over jet relapse in the Class II malocclusion group that could be is perfectly possible to nish the cases with some lip protrusion
accounted for some intergroup difference. However, because there either associated or not with some interlabial gap in adolescent
were no intergroup differences in interlabial gap behavior with patients because there will be a natural reduction in protrusion and
time, this indirectly suggests that there were no signicant relapses in the interlabial gap in the long-term. One has to be aware of these
in over jet in the Class II group. Therefore, the initial occlusal factors soft tissue changes in the long-term because they will play a very
of the different malocclusions no longer have an effect. important role in a patients future facial esthetics.
Although investigations have shown signicant relationships The decrease over time in interlabial gap was signicant in both
between interlabial gap amount, lip length [3,31], and facial pattern Class I and II, but the change was similar between the two groups.
[38], the present results show that these variables have no inuence Nonextraction treatment had greater interlabial gap reduction than
on interlabial gap behavior with time (Table 3). Therefore, it seems did extraction treatment in the long-term post-treatment period.
that lip lengths and facial pattern are related only to the amount of
interlabial gap; however, there is no inuence on interlabial gap Acknowledgment
behavior with time. The only variable associated with interlabial
gap behavior with time, in the multiple linear regression analysis, The authors would like to acknowledge FAPESP (So Paulo State
was the treatment protocol whether conducted with or without Research Foundation) for its Support. Process #09/06927-3 So
extraction; this topic will be discussed subsequently. Paulo, Brazil.
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