(c) (i) State the boiling point of pure water.

(ii) Describe a chemical test for water.

test [1]

result [1]

(iii) State one use of water in the home.

[1]

(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three different states of water.
2 Two of the stages in water purification are filtration and chlorination.
The diagram below shows a filter tank.

impure water in

stones

sand

water out

(a) Explain how this filter helps purify the water.

[2]

(b) (i) Why is chlorine added during water purification?

(ii) After chlorination, the water is acidic. A small amount of slaked lime is added to the acidic water.
Explain why slaked lime is added.

(iii) What is the chemical name for slaked lime?

(iv) State one other use of slaked lime.

[4]
 A B C

Which of these diagrams, A, B or C, shows water in a solid state?

[1]

(e) Steam reacts with ethene in the presence of a catalyst. Complete the word equation
for this reaction.

ethene + steam [1]

(f) Potassium reacts violently with water. Complete the word equation for this

reaction. potassium + water +

[2]
1 The diagrams show four methods of purifying substances.

ethanol
vapour

filter paper

ethanol
heat

A B

C D

(a) Which of these methods, A,B,C or D, is best used for

(i) separating the different colours in a sample of ink?

(ii) separating two liquids with different boiling points?

(iii) separating mud from water?

(iv) making crystals of copper sulphate from copper sulphate solution?

[4]
(b) State the name given to the method of separation shown in

(i) diagram A, .................................................................................................................

(ii) diagram B. .................................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Method A can be modified to separate petroleum into useful fractions.

The diagram below shows the different fractions obtained from a fractionating column.

fractions
fuel gas

petrol

paraffin

light gas oil

diesel

lubricating fraction

crude oil

bitumen

(i) Which of these fractions has the lowest boiling point?

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one use for each of the following fractions.

paraffin ......................................................................................................................

bitumen .....................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Petroleum is a mixture of organic compounds.

Which one of the following best describes the compounds found in petroleum?
Put a ring around the correct answer.

acids alcohols carbohydrates hydrocarbons

[1]
(e) Before petroleum is fractionated, it is often heated to remove dissolved natural gas.
Most of this natural gas is methane, CH4.
Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in methane.

show hydrogen electrons as

show carbon electrons as
 [2]

(f) Methane, ethane and propane belong to a particular homologous series of

compounds.
State the name of the homologous series to which these three
compounds belong.
.......................................................................................................................................... [1]

1 Look at the diagrams of common laboratory apparatus.

C
 D

(a) Complete the empty boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [4]

(b) What name is given to the separation method in C?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Which apparatus would be most suitable to obtain crystals from an aqueous solution of copper(II)
sulphate?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

1 An experiment was carried out to find the pH of samples of soil from a farmers field.

water
soil

sample

universal
B
indicator

filtrate

(a) Identify the pieces of apparatus labelled

A,
 B,

C. [3]

(b) Why was the soil crushed?

[2]

(c) Why should soil samples be taken from different parts of the field?

[1]

(d) Suggest why it is important to know the pH of soil.

[1]

2 A sample of orange fruit jam was investigated to check the three colourings present.

Step 1 The jam was boiled with water.

Step 2 The mixture was filtered.

Step 3 The filtrate was concentrated.

Step 4 The concentrate was analysed by chromatography.

(a) What was the purpose of Step 1?

[1]

(b) Why was the mixture filtered?

[1]

(c) How was Step 3 carried out?

(d) Draw
a
diagram
to show
 the possible paper chromatogram obtained in Step 4.
[1]

[2]

1 A mixture of ethanol and water can be separated by fractional distillation. The apparatus below can be
used to carry out such a separation in the laboratory.

heat

(a) Name each piece of apparatus.

C [3]

(b) What is the purpose of D?

[1]

(c) How could the purity of the ethanol collected be checked?

[1]
 [Total: 5]

3 Chromatography can be used to identify amino acids from a sample of protein.

The diagram shows the chromatogram obtained when four samples of amino acids were
analysed. The paper was sprayed with ninhydrin.

solvent front

chromatography
paper

origin

1 2 3 4 level of solvent

original positions of
samples of amino acids

(a) Why is the origin line drawn in pencil?

[1]

(b) Which amino acids could possibly be the same?

[1]

(c) Which amino acid sample contains more than one amino acid? Explain your answer.

sample

explanation

[2]

(d) Suggest why it is necessary to spray the chromatogram with ninhydrin.

 [1]

[Total: 5]
 Gas Reactant A Reactant B Test

ammonium
ammonia
chloride

sulphur dilute
dioxide hydrochloric acid

concentrated
chlorine
hydrochloric acid

Total 6 marks
Q6

5 A precipitate may be formed when two aqueous solutions are mixed. The colour
of these precipitates may be used to identify particular aqueous ions.

(a) Complete the following table.

solution to be added to
ion under test test for the ion colour of precipitate

iron(II)

iodide

chloride

sulphate
 [8]

(b) When a solution of iron(III) chloride is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, a

precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed and sodium chloride remains in solution.

1. Here is a list of eight common separating techniques.

A dissolving, filtering, evaporating
B simple distillation
C fractional distillation
D chromatography
E crystallization
F sublimation
G using a separating funnel
H centrifuging

From A to H, select a suitable separating technique which could be used to separate

the following mixtures of chemicals. Use each technique only once.
i. Mixture of amino acids

ii. Olive oil and vinegar

iii. Sugar from sugar solution

.
 iv. Salt from sand

v. Pure water from ink

vi. Iodine and sodium iodide

vii. Red blood cells from blood plasma

viii. Petrol and kerosene

14.A few drops of the indicator screened methyl orange was placed at the centre of
a piece of filter paper. Drops of water were added to the centre of the filter paper.
Drops of water centre of the were added to the centre of the filter paper. The two
constituent dyes of the
Indicators were separated as shown in the diagram.

a) What is this separation technique called?

b) What was the original colour of the screened methyl orange?
c) The diagram below shows two other methods of the separating the
constituent dyes in screened methyl orange.
 i. On each of these diagrams, put marks to show where you would expect the
separated blue and yellow dyes to appear.
ii. In which of these two methods would the water travel fastest? Give a reason
for your answer.
iii. At the beginning of the experiment, why must the spot of indicator be above
(ascending method) or below (descending method) the water level?

15.The table below gives some information about the properties of three chemicals.
Chemical Effect of heat Cold water Hot water
Potassium nitrate No effect Soluble Very soluble
Barium sulphate No effect Insoluble Insoluble
naphthalene No effect insoluble Insoluble
Using this information, how you obtain pure, dry samples of each chemical, if you
started with a mixture of all three?
16. The table below gives some information about what happens to some items in
household refuse after they are crushed up.
Refuse Addition of water
Copper objects Sink quickly
Glass object Sink slowly
Plastics Sink slowly
Iron objects Float on water
Paper and cardboard Sink quickly
Sink if thoroughly wetted
a) How could glass be distinguished from the metal refuse?
b) How would you separate iron metal form refuse?
c) How would you separate plastic material from the refuse?
d) Which types of refuse can be recycled?