Mobile Communications

Mobile Communications:
Wireless Transmission
Babak Seyfe
Shahed University
Tehran, Iran
1
Mobile Communications:
Wireless Transmission
2
Frequencies for communication
3
Frequencies for mobile communication
4
Frequencies and regulations
5
Signals I
6
Fourier representation of periodic signals
7
Signals II
8
Antennas: isotropic radiator
9
Antennas: simple dipoles
10
Antennas: directed and sectorized
11
Antennas: diversity
12
Signal propagation ranges
13
Signal propagation
14
Real world example
15
Multipath propagation
16
Effects of mobility
17
Multiplexing
18
Frequency multiplex
19
Time multiplex
20
Time and frequency multiplex
21
Code multiplex
22
Cell structure
23
Frequency planning
24
Frequency planning
N = i 2 + ij + j 2 , i j
N = 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, ...
25
Frequency planning
Cells Based on a Hexagonal Grid
.G
.F .B .G
A. .F .B
D
. E Cell 1 .C .A D
.D .E
Cell 8 = 3N
.G .D R
.B
26
Frequency planning
27
Propagation environment

2
p (d ) = t k c
4d
d
p (d ) = p (d 0 ) 10 log10 + dB (dBm)
d0
(d 0 ) = E [ p (d 0 )] (dBm)
p
is the average received signal power (in dBm)

at a known reference far distance from transmitter
28
d 0 1km, 100m, 1m
= Path loss exponent
cell size and local charactristics
dB is a zero mean Gaussian random variable

It represents the error of estimation of path loss
29
30
Interference and Noise
Co-channel Interference
It arises when the same carrier frequency is used in different cells.
Adjacent channel Interference

It will be occurred when neighboring cells use carrier frequencies that
are spectrally adjacent to each other.
31
Threshold Effect
= Carrier to Noise Ratio
= Carrier to Interference Ratio
Out N = Pr ( < th ) , Out I = Pr ( < th )
Overall outage :
Out = Pr ( < th , < th )
32
Link Budget
t GT GR
=
kT0 Bw FLRx L p
Ec Bw
=
N0 Rc
33
Link Budget
Interference loading
It is originated from the interference and we add LI dB to maximum
allowable path loss (in CDMA systems we need more LI).
Shadow margin
Area noise outage :
Edge noise outage :
M shadow XY + 2 Y 2
1
M
Out E = Pr ( p ( R) < th ) = Q shadow , Out A = Q e Q( X + Y ),

1 x2
2
M 2 10
Q( x) =
x
e dx X = shadow , Y = , =

2 ln10
Hand off gain
34
Edge noise outage probability- MShadow
35
Link Budget
Hand off
Hard handoff
Soft handoff
36
Handoff- Shadow Margin
37
Coverage
DEFINITION:
The number of base stations or cell sites that are required
to cover or provide service to a given area with an
acceptable grade of service.
IT DEPENDS ON:
- Maximum allowable path loss
- The path loss characteristic
38
Coverage
System 1
System 2
39
Coverage
For and then N1/N2=1.3
40
Spectral Efficiency and Capacity
41
For FDMA
where is the bandwidth per channel.

For TDMA
42
43
44
Spectral Efficiency: Spatial Efficiency
45
Spectral Efficiency: Trunking Efficiency
Trunking efficiency = Offered traffic per channel
Blocking Probability
m=Total number of channels in the trunk
the offered
traffic per channel
46
Spectral Efficiency: Trunking Efficiency
47
Capacity
The capacity of a cellular system is often
measured in terms of two quantities
The cell capacity or sector capacity is equal to
the number of available voice channels per cell
or cell sector.
The cell Erlang capacity is equal to the traffic
carrying capacity of a cell (in Erlangs) for a
specified call blocking probability.
48
Propagation Modeling
49
Frequency Non-Selective (Flat)
Multipath-Fading
50
Multipath-Fading
51
Multipath-Fading
52
Multipath-Fading
53
Received Signal Correlation and
Spectrum
54
Spectrum
55
Spectrum
The phases can be assumed to be uniformly distributed
over since
56
Spectrum
57
Spectrum
58
Spectrum
59
Spectrum
the band-pass Doppler power spectrum
60
Spectrum
2-D Isotropic Scattering
61
Spectrum
62
Received Envelop and Phase
Distribution
RAYLEIGH FADING
Independent identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian random

processes.
63
Distribution
RICEAN FADING
Gaussian random processes with non-zero means.
Microcellular and mobile satellite applications.
64
Distribution
The Rice factor, K, is

defined as the ratio of
the specular power to
scattered power.
The channel exhibits Rayleigh
fading.
The channel does not exhibit

any fading at all.
65
Distribution
66
Distribution
NAKAGAMI FADING
To characterize rapid fading in long distance HF channels
67
Distribution
The Nakagami distribution becomes the Rayleigh distribution.
It becomes a one-sided Gaussian distribution.
The distribution becomes an impulse (no fading).
If
then Nakagami distribution becomes the Ricean Distribution approximately.
68
Distribution
ENVELOPE PHASE
For Rayleigh fading, the phase is uniformly distributed.
For Ricean fading channels, the phase is not uniformly

distributed and takes on a more complicated form.
69
Frequency-Selective Multipath-Fading
If the range in the propagation path delays is large
compared to the inverse signal bandwidth, then the
frequency components in the transmitted signal will
experience different phase shifts along the different
paths.
Under this condition the channel introduces amplitude and

phase distortion into the message waveform. Such a
channel is said to exhibit frequency-selective fading.
70
71
Four possible transmission functions
= The input delay-spread function

= The output Doppler-spread function
= The time-variant transfer function
= The delay Doppler-spread function
72
Input Delay-Spread Function
In physical terms, can be interpreted as

the channel response at time t due to an impulse
applied at time .
73
Output Doppler-Spread Function
This function explicitly shows the effect of Doppler

shift or spectral broadening on the output spectrum.
74
Time-Variant Transfer Function
75
Delay Doppler-Spread Function
It provides a measure of the scattering amplitude

of the channel in terms of the time delay and
Doppler frequency
76
77
Shadowing
Let the mean envelope level,
(Local mean)
(Area mean)
78
Path Loss Models
The received envelope power
79
Okumura-Hata and CCIR Models
80
Okumura-Hata Model
81
Co-Channel Interference
82
Multiple Log-Normal Interferers
83
Fenton-Wilkinson Method
With the Fenton-Wilkinson method, the mean and variance
of are obtained by matching the first two moments of
the sum with the first two moments of the approximation .
84
Schwartz and Yeh Method
The Schwartz-and-Yeh method uses exact expressions for the first
two moments of the sum of two log-normal random variables.
85
Farleys Method
Farley approximated the cdfc of the sum
86
Numerical Analysis
87
Numerical Analysis
88
Numerical Analysis
89
Numerical Analysis
90
Probability of Outage
91
92
Without Hand off
With Hand off
93
Multiple Ricean/Rayleigh Interference
For the case of a single interferer, the probability of outage

reduces to the simple closed form
94
For the case of a multiple interferers
If all the interferers have the same mean power
95
96
97
Multiple Log-Normal Nakagami
Interferences
98
MODULATED SIGNALS
AND THEIR POWER
SPECTRA
99
Modulated Signals and Their Power Spectra
Compact Power Density Spectrum: To minimize the effect of
adjacent channel interference.
Good Bit Error Rate Performance: A low bit error probability

must be achieved in the presence of fading, Doppler spread,
intersymbol interference, adjacent and co-channel interference,
and thermal noise.
Envelope Properties: Portable and mobile applications

typically employ non-linear (Class-C) power amplifiers to
minimize battery drain.
100
Band-Pass Modulated Signals
where A is the amplitude and {xn}is the sequence of complex

data symbols that are chosen from a finite alphabet.
101
Equivalent Shaping Function
(BPSK)
102
Quadrature Form
Envelope-Phase Form
103
Vector Space Representation
104
Vector Space Representation
105
Signal Energy and Correlations
106
107
108
109
110
Nyquiat Pulse Shaping
111
112
113
114
115
116
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
117
118
119
When M is not a power of 4, the signal constellation is not square.
120
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
121
122
123
124
125
Orthogonal Modulation and Variants
Orthogonal FSK modulation
126
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
127
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
128
FFT-Based OFDM System
129
FFT-Based OFDM System
130
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)
Continuous phase modulation (CPM) refers to a broad class of
frequency modulation techniques where the carrier phase varies in a
continuous manner.
131
132
133
134
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
135
136
137
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
138
PSD of QAM
139
PSD of QAM
140
PSD of PSK
PSD OF OQPSK
PSD of 4 -DQPSK
141
PSD of OFDM
142
PSD of OFDM
143
PSD of OFDM
144
PSD of CPFSK
145
Equalization and Interference Cancellation
Symbol-by-Symbol Equalizers
Zero-Forcing (ZF)
LMS equalizer
Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
Recursive Least Square (RLS)
Sequence Estimation
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE)
Reduced-State Sequence Estimation (RSSE)
146
Modeling of ISI Channels
147
148
149
150
151
Vector Presentation of Received Signals
152
Vector Presentation of Received Signals
153
Optimum Receiver for ISI Channels with
AWGN
154
There are two broad categories of symbol-by-symbol equalizers, linear
forward equalizers and nonlinear decision feedback equalizers.
155
156
Perfect equalization means that
Unfortunately, perfect equalization is difficult to achieve and

does not always yield the best performance.
157
Zero-Forcing (ZF)
158
Zero-Forcing (ZF)
159
Zero-Forcing (ZF)
160
Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE)
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
The deleterious effects of noise enhancement that

degrade the performance of linear equalizers can be
mitigated by using a nonlinear decision feedback
equalizer (DFE).
The DFE consists of two sections; a feedforward

section and a feedback section.
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
Comparison of Symbol-by-Symbol
Equalizers
175
Equalizers
176
Equalizers
177
Equalizers
178
SEQUENCE ESTIMATION
179
MLSE and the Viterbi Algorithm
Recall that the overall discrete-time white noise channel with D-
branch diversity reception can be modeled by collection of D
transversal filters that are T-spaced and have (L + l)-taps.
180
181
182
183
184

Mobile Communications

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mobile Communications

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mobile Communications:

is the average received signal power (in dBm)

dB is a zero mean Gaussian random variable

Adjacent channel Interference

Out N = Pr ( < th ) , Out I = Pr ( < th )

Hand off gain

For and then N1/N2=1.3

where is the bandwidth per channel.

the band-pass Doppler power spectrum

Independent identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian random

Gaussian random processes with non-zero means.

Microcellular and mobile satellite applications.

The Rice factor, K, is

The channel does not exhibit

then Nakagami distribution becomes the Ricean Distribution approximately.

For Rayleigh fading, the phase is uniformly distributed.

For Ricean fading channels, the phase is not uniformly

Under this condition the channel introduces amplitude and

= The input delay-spread function

= The delay Doppler-spread function

In physical terms, can be interpreted as

This function explicitly shows the effect of Doppler

It provides a measure of the scattering amplitude

With Hand off

For the case of a single interferer, the probability of outage

If all the interferers have the same mean power

Good Bit Error Rate Performance: A low bit error probability

Envelope Properties: Portable and mobile applications

where A is the amplitude and {xn}is the sequence of complex

Perfect equalization means that

Unfortunately, perfect equalization is difficult to achieve and

The deleterious effects of noise enhancement that

The DFE consists of two sections; a feedforward

You might also like