Virus Endofit

BIOTEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
AT-506
Oleh:
Endang Pudjihartati
MAGISTER ILMU PERTANIAN / AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
2016/2017

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 Physical environment
Endophytic microorganisms depend on the nutrient supplied by host
plants, so parameters affect plant nutrient supplies will consequently
influent endophytic communities. Thus physical factors, such as
temperature, rainfall, edaphic factors and UV radiation will affect
endophytic communities indirectly. Those factors will influence the
microorganisms from rhizophere and phylloplane in a similar way.

In addition, soil physical and chemical factors also have an indirect

effect on the endophytic communities. The factors, including pH, salinity
and soil texture can alter the saprophytic bacteria in rhizosphere,
resulting in preselecting the endophytic bacterial source.
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 Microbial Community - Fungi
Endophytic fungi could be broadly defined as fungi
that live for all, or at least significant part of their life
cycle internally and asymptomically inside plants.
Fungi are the most frequently isolated endophytes.
Endophytic fungi are very common and with high
diversity living within plant tissue. Every plant
species is found to be at least host one fungal
endophytes, but usually asymptomatic and
sometimes systemically (Faeth & Fagan, 2002). As
endophytes, they usually occupy the above
ground plant tissue, which distinguished them
from mycorrhizal symbionts.
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 Microbial Community - Bacteria
Endophytic bacteria are defined as bacteria that are detected from inside
surface-disinfested plants or extracted from inside plants and have no visibly
harmful effects on the plantsextracted from inside plants and have no visibly
harmful effects on the plants(Hallmann, QuadtHallmann, Mahaffee, & Kloepper,
1997).
Endophytic bacteria, along with rhizospheric bacteria contribute to plant growth. And
it is not yet clear which of these two bacteria contributes more to plant. Inside the
plant tissue, the density of endophytic bacteria is less than rhizospheric
bacteria and bacterial pathogens. Endophytic bacteria are originally evolved from
epiphytic bacterial communities in rhizosphere, phyllophane. From a phylogenetic
view, endophytic bacteria are between saprophytic bacteria and plant
pathogens. Overall, both biotic and abiotic effects influence the dynamic patterns of
bacterial endophytes, the influences come especially from the host plants
(Rosenblueth & Martinez-Romero, 2006)Endang-Biotek MAgr 2016/17 4
MICROBIAL COMMUNITY - VIRUS

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 Viruses are obligate symbionts in that
they cannot replicate outside their hosts.
Mutualistic viruses have been described from a number of
different prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts
Jadi, Molekul virus (DNA) dapat tersisip pada genom inangnya :
genom tanaman,
genom fungi endogen atau patogenik
genom bakteri endogen atau patogenik

Bagaimana membedakan sekuen DNA virus atau DNA inang?

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 Marilyn J. Roossinck, 2011,
The good viruses: viral mutualistic symbioses
Nat Rev (9): 99-108
Although viruses are most often studied as
pathogens, many are beneficial to their
hosts, providing essential functions in some
cases and conditionally beneficial functions
in others. Beneficial viruses have been
discovered in many different hosts, including
bacteria, insects, plants, fungi and animals.

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 Microbial Community - Virus
Endophytic viruses that have mutualistic symbiotic
relationships with their hosts. These include viruses that
have a long association with the host, so that the
relationship has become essential for the survival of the
host. Viruses that are useful to their hosts because they kill
competitors; viruses that help their hosts adapt to extreme
environmental changes; and viruses that are involved in
complex multispecies interactions.

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 Microbial Community - Virus
Endogenous retroviruses. Intact and fragmented retroviruses are
found in the genomes of almost all eukaryotes. Approximately 8% of the
human genome is derived from retroviruses, and this percentage
increases dramatically if other mobile elements are included.
Beberapa ahli virus berpikir bahwa genome modern pada dasarnya
merupakan sisa-sisa virus kuno.
In spite of the common perception of viruses as pathogens, many viruses
are in fact beneficial to their hosts in various ways. There is significant
evidence that they have played a major part in the evolution of life on
earth.
In some cases, viruses have been responsible for major evolutionary leaps
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 Microbial Community - Virus
Endogenous pararetroviruses of plants. Plants
harbour numerous endogenous pararetroviruses
(pararetroviruses package DNA rather than RNA), and in
some cases these viruses can still excise from the
genome and become infectious to other plants. This
often occurs after crossing of different plant species.

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 Microbial Community - Virus
A tomato endogenous pararetrovirus sequence (LycePRV) generates
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are important in plant defence
against viruses and are thought to protect the tomato against infection
by exogenous LycePRV and other related viruses. The expression of two
classes of siRNAs, the 21-mers and 22-mers, is increased during
infection by other plant viruses that contain silencing suppressors, such
as potato virus y (for reviews on RNA-based silencing of plant viruses,
The endogenous sequences of the LycePRVs. are highly methylated, but
they are still expressed and have been found in tomato expressed
sequence tag (eST) libraries. LycePRV does not seem to exogenize (that
is, excise from the genome to become an infectious virus),even after
crosses with related species.
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 Microbial Community - Virus
In petunia, the situation is different. An endogenous virus,
petunia vein-clearing virus, is silenced by methylation and
chromatin effects, and very little to no siRNA is detected
unless the endogenous virus is exogenized.
It seems that in this case, siRNA does not contribute to
immunity but may play a part in preventing infectious viruses
from entering the petunia meristem.

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 Microbial Community - Virus
In banana (the genus Musa), the endogenized pararetrovirus
banana streak virus (BSV) can exogenize and establish acute
infections. The endogenous forms of BSV are highly diverged
in different species of Musa, indicating that endogenization
probably occurred several times in this plant genus. To date,
no positive effect of the endogenous virus has been found in
bananas.

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Microbial Community - Virus
In the twentieth century,
striped tulips were found to be
harbouring a virus tulip
breaking virus and plants
cured of the virus lost their
stripes. The mechanism for the
colour breaking involves the
virus interfering with the
synthesis of pigments in the
flowers
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Mutualistic symbiosis is almost certainly not rare, and is likely
a rule, in the multiplex interactions between viruses,
endophytes and plants.

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 Bao X, Roossinck MJ, 2013.
Multiplexed interactions:
viruses of endophytic fungi.
Adv Virus Res. 86:37-58
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236053297_Multiplexed_Interactions_Viruses_of_Endophytic_Fungi

Abstract: Mycoviruses have been detected from all four

classes of fungal endophytes. The virus species richness is
probably extremely high in endophytes. The incidence and
diversity of mycoviruses may be affected by transmission
modes, virus-fungus-plant interactions, and endophyte
population structures. Endophyte viruses are unlikely to be
strong antagonists to their fungal hosts and can clearly play
mutualistic roles in the multiplex symbioses with endophytes
and plants under some environmental conditions. A better
understanding of fungal endophyte viruses will help
prospects of future applications for sustainable agriculture
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 VIRUSES OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES
Viruses of Class 1 endophyte with balanced vertical and
horizontal transmission and mixed asymptomatic and
pathogenic life cycles.
Viruses of Class 2 and Class 3 endophytes. Some of the
Class 2 endophytes confer habitat-adapted benefits.
Viruses of Class 4 endophytes

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ROLES OF VIRUSES IN ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI

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Fig 2.1 Endophyte viruses and adaptation to stress.
(A) A mycovirus may act as an epigenetic element in
beneficial interactions. (I) A successful " symbiosis
triangle " with the three elements of plant, endophyte,
and environment. (II) A change of environment may
cause the beneficial interaction to collapse. (III) A
symbiotic virus modifies the expression profiles of the
endophyte. (IV) A new " symbiosis triangle " with
changed environment, plant, endophyte, and its virus
with epigenetic effects.
(B) Changes in the environment may include biotic stress,
such as invasive plant competitors or pathogen
infections; or abiotic stress, such as heat, drought, high
UV radiation, or salt or heavy metal soil contamination.

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 Hypothetically, mycoviruses are a potential
transportable factor that can provide their partners
more flexibility for rapid adaptation, a favorable trait
during temporal or spatial environmental changes.
The knowledge of fungal endophyte viruses will be
valuable for practicing sustainable agriculture
particularly against the background of global climate
changes.

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