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The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and
may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the
OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)
Trademarks
ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. All other brand or
product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders.
Warranty
Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or
product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties.
All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must
satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable, including
that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied with. In
particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/or product failure
would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to
personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity
applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure that
all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.
This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be
completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to
notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no
event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use
of this manual or the application of the equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equipment for
use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC). This
conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product
standard EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN
60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The product is designed in
accordance with the international standards of the IEC 60255 series.
Table of contents
Table of contents
Section 1 Introduction.....................................................................45
This manual...................................................................................... 45
Intended audience............................................................................ 45
Product documentation.....................................................................46
Product documentation set..........................................................46
Document revision history........................................................... 47
Related documents......................................................................48
Document symbols and conventions................................................48
Symbols.......................................................................................48
Document conventions................................................................ 49
IEC 61850 edition 1 / edition 2 mapping......................................50
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Identification................................................................................ 85
Function block............................................................................. 85
Signals.........................................................................................86
Basic part for LED indication module............................................... 86
Identification................................................................................ 86
Function block............................................................................. 87
Signals.........................................................................................87
Settings........................................................................................88
Monitored data.............................................................................88
LCD part for HMI function keys control module................................88
Identification................................................................................ 88
Function block............................................................................. 89
Signals.........................................................................................89
Settings........................................................................................89
Operation principle........................................................................... 90
Local HMI.................................................................................... 90
Display....................................................................................91
LEDs.......................................................................................93
Keypad................................................................................... 94
LED..............................................................................................96
Functionality .......................................................................... 96
Status LEDs........................................................................... 96
Indication LEDs...................................................................... 97
Function keys............................................................................ 105
Functionality ........................................................................ 105
Operation principle............................................................... 105
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Monitored data...........................................................................116
Operation principle.................................................................... 117
Fundamental principles of the restricted earth-fault
protection..............................................................................117
Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance
differential protection............................................................ 119
Calculation of differential current and bias current............... 120
Detection of external earth faults..........................................121
Algorithm of the restricted earth-fault protection.................. 123
Technical data........................................................................... 124
Line differential protection.............................................................. 125
Identification.............................................................................. 125
Functionality.............................................................................. 125
Line differential protection, 3 or 6 CT sets L3CPDIF,
L6CPDIF...............................................................................125
Line differential protection 3 or 6 CT sets, with in-zone
transformers LT3CPDIF, LT6CPDIF.................................... 127
Analog signal transfer for line differential protection............ 127
Function block........................................................................... 129
Signals.......................................................................................132
Settings......................................................................................138
Monitored data...........................................................................148
Operation principle.................................................................... 150
Algorithm and logic...............................................................150
Time synchronization........................................................... 158
Analog signal communication for line differential protection 159
Open CT detection feature................................................... 162
Binary signal transfer............................................................164
Line differential coordination function LDLPSCH ................ 164
Technical data........................................................................... 168
Additional security logic for differential protection LDRGFC ..........169
Identification.............................................................................. 169
Functionality.............................................................................. 169
Function block........................................................................... 170
Signals.......................................................................................170
Settings......................................................................................171
Monitored data...........................................................................172
Operation principle.................................................................... 172
Technical data........................................................................... 176
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Functionality.............................................................................. 179
Function block........................................................................... 180
Signals.......................................................................................181
Settings......................................................................................183
Monitored data...........................................................................185
Operation principle.................................................................... 186
Full scheme measurement................................................... 186
Impedance characteristic..................................................... 186
Minimum operating current...................................................190
Measuring principles............................................................ 190
Directional impedance element for quadrilateral
characteristics...................................................................... 193
Simplified logic diagrams......................................................196
Technical data........................................................................... 199
Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with fixed angle
FDPSPDIS......................................................................................200
Identification.............................................................................. 200
Identification......................................................................... 200
Functionality.............................................................................. 200
Function block........................................................................... 201
Signals.......................................................................................201
Settings......................................................................................202
Operation principle.................................................................... 203
Phase-to-earth fault..............................................................205
Phase-to-phase fault............................................................ 207
Three-phase faults............................................................... 209
Load encroachment..............................................................209
Minimum operate currents....................................................214
Simplified logic diagrams......................................................214
Technical data........................................................................... 220
Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series
compensated lines ZMCPDIS, ZMCAPDIS, ZDSRDIR.................. 220
Identification.............................................................................. 220
Functionality.............................................................................. 221
Function block........................................................................... 222
Signals.......................................................................................222
Settings......................................................................................224
Monitored data...........................................................................228
Operation principle.................................................................... 228
Full scheme measurement................................................... 228
Impedance characteristic..................................................... 229
Minimum operating current...................................................232
Measuring principles............................................................ 232
Directionality for series compensation..................................235
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Load encroachment..............................................................332
Minimum operate currents....................................................337
Simplified logic diagrams......................................................338
Technical data........................................................................... 343
High speed distance protection ZMFPDIS..................................... 343
Identification.............................................................................. 343
Functionality.............................................................................. 343
Function block........................................................................... 345
Signals.......................................................................................345
Settings......................................................................................348
Monitored data...........................................................................352
Operation principle.................................................................... 352
Filtering.................................................................................352
Distance measuring zones................................................... 353
Phase-selection criteria........................................................ 354
Directional criteria.................................................................355
Fuse failure...........................................................................356
Power swings....................................................................... 356
Measuring principles............................................................ 356
Load encroachment..............................................................359
Simplified logic schemes...................................................... 360
Technical data........................................................................... 366
High speed distance protection ZMFCPDIS ..................................366
Identification.............................................................................. 366
Functionality.............................................................................. 366
Function block........................................................................... 368
Signals.......................................................................................369
Settings......................................................................................371
Monitored data...........................................................................377
Operation principle.................................................................... 377
Filtering.................................................................................377
Distance measuring zones................................................... 378
Phase-selection element...................................................... 379
Directional element...............................................................380
Fuse failure...........................................................................381
Power swings....................................................................... 381
Measuring principles............................................................ 381
Simplified logic schemes...................................................... 384
Technical data........................................................................... 391
Power swing detection ZMRPSB ...................................................391
Identification.............................................................................. 391
Functionality.............................................................................. 391
Function block........................................................................... 392
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Signals.......................................................................................392
Settings......................................................................................393
Operation principle.................................................................... 394
Resistive reach in forward direction..................................... 395
Resistive reach in reverse direction..................................... 396
Reactive reach in forward and reverse direction.................. 397
Basic detection logic.............................................................397
Operating and inhibit conditions........................................... 399
Technical data........................................................................... 400
Automatic switch onto fault logic ZCVPSOF ................................. 400
Identification.............................................................................. 400
Functionality.............................................................................. 401
Function block........................................................................... 401
Signals.......................................................................................401
Settings......................................................................................402
Monitored data...........................................................................402
Operation principle.................................................................... 403
Technical data........................................................................... 404
Power swing logic PSLPSCH ........................................................ 404
Identification.............................................................................. 405
Functionality.............................................................................. 405
Function block........................................................................... 405
Signals.......................................................................................405
Settings......................................................................................406
Operation principle.................................................................... 406
Communication and tripping logic........................................ 406
Blocking logic....................................................................... 407
Pole slip protection PSPPPAM ......................................................409
Identification.............................................................................. 409
Functionality.............................................................................. 409
Function block........................................................................... 410
Signals.......................................................................................410
Settings......................................................................................411
Monitored data...........................................................................412
Operation principle.................................................................... 412
Technical data........................................................................... 416
Out-of-step protection OOSPPAM..................................................416
Identification.............................................................................. 416
Functionality.............................................................................. 416
Function block........................................................................... 417
Signals.......................................................................................417
Settings......................................................................................418
Monitored data...........................................................................419
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Base quantities.....................................................................549
Overcurrent protection..........................................................549
Logic diagram.......................................................................551
Undervoltage protection....................................................... 551
Technical data........................................................................... 552
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Design.................................................................................. 592
Technical data........................................................................... 593
Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH ............................................ 594
Identification.............................................................................. 594
Functionality.............................................................................. 594
Function block........................................................................... 594
Signals.......................................................................................595
Settings......................................................................................595
Monitored data...........................................................................596
Operation principle.................................................................... 596
Measured voltage.................................................................599
Operate time of the overexcitation protection.......................600
Cooling................................................................................. 603
Overexcitation protection function measurands................... 603
Overexcitation alarm............................................................ 604
Logic diagram.......................................................................605
Technical data........................................................................... 605
Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV ......................................606
Identification.............................................................................. 606
Functionality.............................................................................. 606
Function block........................................................................... 606
Signals.......................................................................................606
Settings......................................................................................607
Monitored data...........................................................................608
Operation principle.................................................................... 608
Technical data........................................................................... 609
Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV .................................................. 610
Identification.............................................................................. 610
Functionality.............................................................................. 610
Function block........................................................................... 610
Signals.......................................................................................610
Settings......................................................................................611
Operation principle.................................................................... 611
Technical data........................................................................... 613
Radial feeder protection PAPGAPC............................................... 613
Identification.............................................................................. 613
Functionality.............................................................................. 613
Function block........................................................................... 614
Signals.......................................................................................614
Settings......................................................................................615
Monitored data...........................................................................616
Principle of operation.................................................................616
Faulted phase selection....................................................... 616
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Design.................................................................................. 634
Technical data........................................................................... 635
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Signals.......................................................................................678
Settings......................................................................................679
Monitored data...........................................................................680
Operation principle.................................................................... 680
Zero and negative sequence detection................................ 680
Delta current and delta voltage detection.............................682
Dead line detection...............................................................685
Main logic............................................................................. 686
Technical data........................................................................... 689
Fuse failure supervision VDSPVC..................................................689
Identification.............................................................................. 689
Functionality.............................................................................. 689
Function block........................................................................... 690
Signals.......................................................................................690
Settings......................................................................................691
Monitored data...........................................................................691
Operation principle.................................................................... 692
Technical data........................................................................... 693
Section 14 Control..........................................................................695
Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing SESRSYN...695
Identification.............................................................................. 695
Functionality.............................................................................. 695
Function block........................................................................... 696
Signals.......................................................................................696
Settings......................................................................................698
Monitored data...........................................................................701
Operation principle.................................................................... 701
Basic functionality.................................................................701
Logic diagrams..................................................................... 702
Technical data........................................................................... 713
Autorecloser for 1 phase, 2 phase and/or 3 phase operation
SMBRREC .....................................................................................714
Identification.............................................................................. 714
Functionality.............................................................................. 714
Function block........................................................................... 715
Signals.......................................................................................715
Settings......................................................................................717
Operation principle.................................................................... 718
Logic Diagrams.................................................................... 718
Auto-reclosing operation Off and On....................................719
Auto-reclosing mode selection............................................. 719
Start auto-reclosing and conditions for start of a reclosing
cycle..................................................................................... 719
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Settings................................................................................ 805
Operation principle............................................................... 805
Circuit breaker SXCBR..............................................................810
Functionality ........................................................................ 810
Function block...................................................................... 810
Signals..................................................................................811
Settings................................................................................ 812
Operation principle............................................................... 812
Circuit switch SXSWI.................................................................816
Functionality ........................................................................ 816
Function block...................................................................... 816
Signals..................................................................................817
Settings................................................................................ 818
Operation principle............................................................... 818
Bay reserve QCRSV..................................................................822
Functionality......................................................................... 822
Function block...................................................................... 822
Signals..................................................................................823
Settings................................................................................ 824
Operation principle............................................................... 824
Reservation input RESIN...........................................................826
Functionality......................................................................... 826
Function block...................................................................... 826
Signals..................................................................................827
Settings................................................................................ 828
Operation principle............................................................... 828
Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI
presentation SLGAPC.................................................................... 830
Identification.............................................................................. 830
Functionality.............................................................................. 830
Function block........................................................................... 831
Signals.......................................................................................831
Settings......................................................................................832
Monitored data...........................................................................833
Operation principle.................................................................... 833
Graphical display..................................................................833
Selector mini switch VSGAPC........................................................834
Identification.............................................................................. 835
Functionality.............................................................................. 835
Function block........................................................................... 835
Signals.......................................................................................835
Settings......................................................................................836
Operation principle.................................................................... 836
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Settings......................................................................................887
Operation principle.................................................................... 888
Zone extension.....................................................................888
Loss-of-Load acceleration.................................................... 888
Scheme communication logic for residual overcurrent protection
ECPSCH ........................................................................................889
Identification.............................................................................. 889
Functionality.............................................................................. 889
Function block........................................................................... 890
Signals.......................................................................................890
Settings......................................................................................891
Operation principle.................................................................... 891
Blocking scheme.................................................................. 892
Permissive under/overreaching scheme.............................. 893
Unblocking scheme.............................................................. 894
Technical data........................................................................... 895
Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual
overcurrent protection ECRWPSCH...............................................895
Identification.............................................................................. 895
Functionality.............................................................................. 896
Function block........................................................................... 896
Signals.......................................................................................896
Settings......................................................................................897
Operation principle.................................................................... 898
Directional comparison logic function...................................898
Fault current reversal logic................................................... 898
Weak-end infeed logic..........................................................899
Technical data........................................................................... 900
Direct transfer trip logic...................................................................900
Introduction................................................................................901
Low active power and power factor protection LAPPGAPC......902
Identification......................................................................... 902
Functionality......................................................................... 902
Function block...................................................................... 903
Signals..................................................................................903
Settings................................................................................ 904
Monitored data..................................................................... 905
Operation principle............................................................... 905
Technical data...................................................................... 907
Compensated over and undervoltage protection COUVGAPC. 907
Identification......................................................................... 908
Functionality......................................................................... 908
Function block...................................................................... 908
Signals..................................................................................908
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Settings................................................................................ 909
Monitored data..................................................................... 910
Operation principle............................................................... 910
Technical data...................................................................... 912
Sudden change in current variation SCCVPTOC......................913
Identification......................................................................... 913
Functionality......................................................................... 913
Function block...................................................................... 913
Signals..................................................................................914
Settings................................................................................ 914
Operation principle............................................................... 914
Technical data...................................................................... 915
Carrier receive logic LCCRPTRC.............................................. 915
Identification......................................................................... 915
Functionality......................................................................... 916
Function block...................................................................... 916
Signals..................................................................................916
Settings................................................................................ 917
Operation principle............................................................... 917
Technical data...................................................................... 917
Negative sequence overvoltage protection LCNSPTOV........... 918
Identification......................................................................... 918
Functionality......................................................................... 918
Function block...................................................................... 918
Signals..................................................................................918
Settings................................................................................ 919
Monitored data..................................................................... 919
Operation principle............................................................... 919
Technical data...................................................................... 919
Zero sequence overvoltage protection LCZSPTOV.................. 920
Identification......................................................................... 920
Functionality......................................................................... 920
Function block...................................................................... 920
Signals..................................................................................920
Settings................................................................................ 921
Monitored data..................................................................... 921
Operation principle............................................................... 921
Technical data...................................................................... 922
Negative sequence overcurrent protection LCNSPTOC........... 922
Identification......................................................................... 922
Functionality......................................................................... 922
Function block...................................................................... 922
Signals..................................................................................923
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Settings................................................................................ 923
Monitored data..................................................................... 923
Operation principle............................................................... 923
Technical data...................................................................... 924
Zero sequence overcurrent protection LCZSPTOC.................. 924
Identification......................................................................... 924
Functionality......................................................................... 925
Function block...................................................................... 925
Signals..................................................................................925
Settings................................................................................ 925
Monitored data..................................................................... 926
Operation principle............................................................... 926
Technical data...................................................................... 926
Three phase overcurrent LCP3PTOC....................................... 926
Identification......................................................................... 927
Functionality......................................................................... 927
Function block...................................................................... 927
Signals..................................................................................927
Settings................................................................................ 928
Monitored data..................................................................... 928
Operation principle............................................................... 928
Technical data...................................................................... 929
Three phase undercurrent LCP3PTUC..................................... 929
Identification......................................................................... 929
Functionality......................................................................... 929
Function block...................................................................... 930
Signals..................................................................................930
Settings................................................................................ 930
Monitored data..................................................................... 931
Operation principle............................................................... 931
Technical data...................................................................... 931
Section 16 Logic.............................................................................933
Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC .......................933
Identification.............................................................................. 933
Functionality.............................................................................. 933
Function block........................................................................... 933
Signals.......................................................................................934
Settings......................................................................................935
Operation principle.................................................................... 935
Logic diagram.......................................................................936
Technical data........................................................................... 940
Trip matrix logic TMAGAPC........................................................... 940
Identification.............................................................................. 940
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Functionality.............................................................................. 941
Function block........................................................................... 941
Signals.......................................................................................941
Settings......................................................................................943
Operation principle.................................................................... 943
Technical data........................................................................... 944
Logic for group alarm ALMCALH....................................................944
Identification.............................................................................. 944
Functionality.............................................................................. 945
Function block........................................................................... 945
Signals.......................................................................................945
Settings......................................................................................946
Operation principle.................................................................... 946
Technical data........................................................................... 946
Logic for group warning WRNCALH...............................................947
Identification.............................................................................. 947
Functionality.............................................................................. 947
Function block........................................................................... 947
Signals.......................................................................................947
Settings......................................................................................948
Operation principle.................................................................... 948
Technical data........................................................................... 949
Logic for group indication INDCALH...............................................949
Identification.............................................................................. 949
Functionality.............................................................................. 949
Function block........................................................................... 949
Signals.......................................................................................950
Settings......................................................................................950
Operation principle.................................................................... 950
Technical data........................................................................... 951
Basic configurable logic blocks.......................................................951
AND function block AND........................................................... 952
Function block...................................................................... 952
Signals..................................................................................953
Technical data...................................................................... 953
Controllable gate function block GATE......................................953
Function block...................................................................... 953
Signals..................................................................................953
Settings................................................................................ 954
Technical data...................................................................... 954
Inverter function block INV........................................................ 954
Function block...................................................................... 954
Signals..................................................................................954
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Identification.............................................................................. 977
Functionality.............................................................................. 977
Function block........................................................................... 978
Signals.......................................................................................978
Settings......................................................................................978
Operation principle.................................................................... 978
Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I.......................................... 979
Identification.............................................................................. 979
Function block........................................................................... 979
Signals.......................................................................................979
Monitored data...........................................................................980
Settings......................................................................................980
Operation principle.................................................................... 980
Technical data........................................................................... 981
Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation
BTIGAPC........................................................................................981
Identification.............................................................................. 981
Functionality.............................................................................. 982
Function block........................................................................... 982
Signals.......................................................................................982
Settings......................................................................................983
Monitored data...........................................................................983
Operation principle.................................................................... 983
Technical data........................................................................... 984
Integer to boolean 16 conversion IB16...........................................984
Identification.............................................................................. 984
Functionality.............................................................................. 984
Function block........................................................................... 985
Signals.......................................................................................985
Setting parameters.................................................................... 986
Operation principle.................................................................... 986
Technical data........................................................................... 987
Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation
ITBGAPC........................................................................................987
Identification.............................................................................. 987
Functionality.............................................................................. 987
Function block........................................................................... 988
Signals.......................................................................................988
Settings......................................................................................989
Operation principle.................................................................... 989
Technical data........................................................................... 990
Elapsed time integrator with limit transgression and overflow
supervision TEIGAPC.....................................................................990
Identification.............................................................................. 990
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Functionality.............................................................................. 990
Function block........................................................................... 991
Signals.......................................................................................991
Settings......................................................................................992
Operation principle.................................................................... 992
Operation accuracy.............................................................. 994
Memory storage................................................................... 994
Technical data........................................................................... 994
Section 17 Monitoring.....................................................................995
Measurements................................................................................995
Identification.............................................................................. 995
Functionality.............................................................................. 995
Function block........................................................................... 997
Signals.......................................................................................999
Settings....................................................................................1002
Monitored data.........................................................................1013
Operation principle.................................................................. 1016
Measurement supervision.................................................. 1016
Measurements CVMMXN...................................................1020
Phase current measurement CMMXU............................... 1025
Phase-phase and phase-neutral voltage measurements
VMMXU, VNMMXU............................................................ 1026
Voltage and current sequence measurements VMSQI,
CMSQI................................................................................1026
Technical data......................................................................... 1026
Gas medium supervision SSIMG................................................. 1028
Identification............................................................................ 1028
Functionality............................................................................ 1028
Function block......................................................................... 1029
Signals.....................................................................................1029
Settings....................................................................................1030
Operation principle.................................................................. 1030
Technical data......................................................................... 1031
Liquid medium supervision SSIML............................................... 1031
Identification............................................................................ 1031
Functionality............................................................................ 1032
Function block......................................................................... 1032
Signals.....................................................................................1032
Settings....................................................................................1033
Operation principle.................................................................. 1033
Technical data......................................................................... 1034
Breaker monitoring SSCBR..........................................................1034
Identification............................................................................ 1034
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Functionality............................................................................ 1035
Function block......................................................................... 1035
Signals.....................................................................................1035
Settings....................................................................................1036
Monitored data.........................................................................1038
Operation principle.................................................................. 1038
Circuit breaker contact travel time......................................1040
Circuit breaker status......................................................... 1041
Remaining life of circuit breaker......................................... 1042
Accumulated energy...........................................................1043
Circuit breaker operation cycles......................................... 1044
Circuit breaker operation monitoring.................................. 1045
Circuit breaker spring charge monitoring........................... 1046
Circuit breaker gas pressure indication.............................. 1047
Technical data......................................................................... 1047
Event function EVENT..................................................................1048
Identification............................................................................ 1048
Functionality............................................................................ 1048
Function block......................................................................... 1048
Signals.....................................................................................1049
Settings....................................................................................1050
Operation principle.................................................................. 1052
Disturbance report DRPRDRE..................................................... 1053
Identification............................................................................ 1053
Functionality............................................................................ 1053
Function block......................................................................... 1054
Signals.....................................................................................1055
Settings....................................................................................1060
Monitored data.........................................................................1099
Operation principle.................................................................. 1102
Technical data......................................................................... 1109
Logical signal status report BINSTATREP................................... 1110
Identification............................................................................ 1110
Functionality............................................................................ 1110
Function block......................................................................... 1111
Signals.....................................................................................1111
Settings....................................................................................1112
Operation principle.................................................................. 1112
Measured value expander block RANGE_XP.............................. 1113
Identification............................................................................ 1113
Functionality............................................................................ 1113
Function block......................................................................... 1113
Signals.....................................................................................1114
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Signals................................................................................1196
Settings.............................................................................. 1197
IED status for IEC 60870-5-103 I103IED................................ 1197
Functionality....................................................................... 1197
Identification....................................................................... 1198
Function block.................................................................... 1198
Signals................................................................................1198
Settings.............................................................................. 1198
Supervison status for IEC 60870-5-103 I103SUPERV............1199
Functionality....................................................................... 1199
Identification....................................................................... 1199
Function block.................................................................... 1199
Signals................................................................................1199
Settings.............................................................................. 1199
Status for user defined signals for IEC 60870-5-103
I103USRDEF...........................................................................1200
Functionality....................................................................... 1200
Identification....................................................................... 1200
Function block.................................................................... 1200
Signals................................................................................1200
Settings.............................................................................. 1201
Function commands for IEC 60870-5-103 I103CMD.............. 1202
Functionality....................................................................... 1202
Identification....................................................................... 1203
Function block.................................................................... 1203
Signals................................................................................1203
Settings.............................................................................. 1203
IED commands for IEC 60870-5-103 I103IEDCMD................ 1203
Functionality....................................................................... 1203
Identification....................................................................... 1204
Function block.................................................................... 1204
Signals................................................................................1204
Settings.............................................................................. 1204
Function commands user defined for IEC 60870-5-103
I103USRCMD..........................................................................1205
Functionality....................................................................... 1205
Identification....................................................................... 1205
Function block.................................................................... 1205
Signals................................................................................1205
Settings.............................................................................. 1206
Function commands generic for IEC 60870-5-103
I103GENCMD..........................................................................1206
Functionality....................................................................... 1206
Identification....................................................................... 1206
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Functionality............................................................................ 1249
Operation principle ................................................................. 1250
Authorization with Central Account Management enabled
IED..................................................................................... 1252
Authority management AUTHMAN...............................................1255
Identification............................................................................ 1255
AUTHMAN...............................................................................1255
Settings....................................................................................1255
FTP access with password FTPACCS......................................... 1255
Identification............................................................................ 1255
FTP access with TLS, FTPACCS............................................1255
Settings....................................................................................1256
Authority status ATHSTAT........................................................... 1256
Identification............................................................................ 1256
Functionality............................................................................ 1256
Function block......................................................................... 1256
Signals.....................................................................................1257
Settings....................................................................................1257
Operation principle ................................................................. 1257
Self supervision with internal event list INTERRSIG.................... 1257
Functionality............................................................................ 1257
Function block......................................................................... 1257
Signals.....................................................................................1258
Settings....................................................................................1258
Operation principle.................................................................. 1258
Internal signals................................................................... 1260
Supervision of analog inputs.............................................. 1262
Technical data......................................................................... 1262
Time synchronization TIMESYNCHGEN......................................1263
Functionality............................................................................ 1263
Settings....................................................................................1263
Operation principle ................................................................. 1268
General concepts............................................................... 1268
Real-time clock (RTC) operation........................................ 1271
Synchronization alternatives.............................................. 1272
Process bus IEC 61850-9-2LE synchronization.................1275
Technical data......................................................................... 1275
Parameter setting groups............................................................. 1275
Functionality............................................................................ 1275
Function block......................................................................... 1276
Signals.....................................................................................1276
Settings....................................................................................1277
Operation principle.................................................................. 1277
38
Technical manual
Table of contents
39
Technical manual
Table of contents
Settings....................................................................................1294
Primary system values PRIMVAL.................................................1295
Identification............................................................................ 1295
Functionality............................................................................ 1295
Settings....................................................................................1295
Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM............................................ 1295
Functionality............................................................................ 1295
Function block......................................................................... 1296
Signals.....................................................................................1296
Settings....................................................................................1297
Operation principle ................................................................. 1297
Denial of service DOS.................................................................. 1297
Functionality ........................................................................... 1297
Function blocks........................................................................1298
Signals.....................................................................................1298
Settings....................................................................................1299
Monitored data.........................................................................1299
Operation principle.................................................................. 1299
40
Technical manual
Table of contents
Design................................................................................ 1316
Signals................................................................................1319
Settings.............................................................................. 1320
Monitored data................................................................... 1320
Technical data.................................................................... 1320
Binary output modules (BOM)................................................. 1321
Introduction.........................................................................1321
Design................................................................................ 1321
Signals................................................................................1323
Settings.............................................................................. 1324
Monitored data................................................................... 1324
Technical data.................................................................... 1328
Static binary output module (SOM)......................................... 1329
Introduction.........................................................................1329
Design................................................................................ 1329
Signals................................................................................1330
Settings.............................................................................. 1331
Monitored data................................................................... 1331
Technical data.................................................................... 1333
Binary input/output module (IOM)............................................1334
Introduction.........................................................................1334
Design................................................................................ 1334
Signals................................................................................1336
Settings.............................................................................. 1337
Monitored data................................................................... 1337
Technical data.................................................................... 1339
mA input module (MIM)........................................................... 1341
Introduction.........................................................................1341
Design................................................................................ 1341
Signals................................................................................1342
Settings.............................................................................. 1343
Monitored data................................................................... 1344
Technical data.................................................................... 1345
Serial and LON communication module (SLM) ...................... 1345
Introduction.........................................................................1345
Design................................................................................ 1345
Technical data.................................................................... 1346
Galvanic RS485 communication module.................................1347
Introduction.........................................................................1347
Design................................................................................ 1347
Technical data.................................................................... 1348
Optical ethernet module (OEM)...............................................1349
Introduction.........................................................................1349
41
Technical manual
Table of contents
Functionality....................................................................... 1349
Design................................................................................ 1349
Technical data.................................................................... 1350
Line data communication module (LDCM).............................. 1350
Introduction.........................................................................1350
Design................................................................................ 1350
Technical data.................................................................... 1351
Galvanic X.21 line data communication (X.21-LDCM)............ 1352
Introduction.........................................................................1352
Design................................................................................ 1353
Functionality....................................................................... 1354
Technical data.................................................................... 1355
GPS time synchronization module (GTM)............................... 1355
Introduction.........................................................................1355
Design................................................................................ 1355
Monitored data................................................................... 1356
Technical data.................................................................... 1356
GPS antenna........................................................................... 1356
Introduction.........................................................................1356
Design................................................................................ 1356
Technical data.................................................................... 1358
IRIG-B time synchronization module IRIG-B........................... 1358
Introduction.........................................................................1358
Design................................................................................ 1358
Settings.............................................................................. 1359
Technical data.................................................................... 1359
Dimensions...................................................................................1360
Case without rear cover...........................................................1360
Flush mounting dimensions.....................................................1362
Side-by-side flush mounting dimensions................................. 1363
Wall mounting dimensions.......................................................1364
External resistor unit for high impedance differential protection1364
Mounting alternatives................................................................... 1366
Flush mounting........................................................................ 1366
Overview............................................................................ 1366
Mounting procedure for flush mounting..............................1367
19 panel rack mounting.......................................................... 1368
Overview............................................................................ 1368
Mounting procedure for 19 panel rack mounting...............1369
Wall mounting..........................................................................1370
Overview............................................................................ 1370
Mounting procedure for wall mounting............................... 1370
How to reach the rear side of the IED................................ 1371
42
Technical manual
Table of contents
Section 23 Labels.........................................................................1381
Labels on IED............................................................................... 1381
43
Technical manual
44
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
Section 1 Introduction
The technical manual contains application and functionality descriptions and lists
function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and
technical data, sorted per function. The manual can be used as a technical reference
during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during
normal service.
45
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
Decommissioning
Commissioning
Maintenance
Engineering
Operation
Installing
Engineering manual
Installation manual
Commissioning manual
Operation manual
Application manual
Technical manual
Communication
protocol manual
Cyber security
deployment guideline
IEC07000220-4-en.vsd
IEC07000220 V4 EN
The engineering manual contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDs using the
various tools available within the PCM600 software. The manual provides
instructions on how to set up a PCM600 project and insert IEDs to the project
structure. The manual also recommends a sequence for the engineering of protection
and control functions, LHMI functions as well as communication engineering for IEC
60870-5-103, IEC 61850 and DNP3.
The installation manual contains instructions on how to install the IED. The manual
provides procedures for mechanical and electrical installation. The chapters are
organized in the chronological order in which the IED should be installed.
The commissioning manual contains instructions on how to commission the IED. The
manual can also be used by system engineers and maintenance personnel for
assistance during the testing phase. The manual provides procedures for the checking
of external circuitry and energizing the IED, parameter setting and configuration as
46
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
well as verifying settings by secondary injection. The manual describes the process of
testing an IED in a substation which is not in service. The chapters are organized in the
chronological order in which the IED should be commissioned. The relevant
procedures may be followed also during the service and maintenance activities.
The operation manual contains instructions on how to operate the IED once it has been
commissioned. The manual provides instructions for the monitoring, controlling and
setting of the IED. The manual also describes how to identify disturbances and how to
view calculated and measured power grid data to determine the cause of a fault.
The technical manual contains application and functionality descriptions and lists
function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and
technical data, sorted per function. The manual can be used as a technical reference
during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during
normal service.
The point list manual describes the outlook and properties of the data points specific
to the IED. The manual should be used in conjunction with the corresponding
communication protocol manual.
The cyber security deployment guideline describes the process for handling cyber
security when communicating with the IED. Certification, Authorization with role
based access control, and product engineering for cyber security related events are
described and sorted by function. The guideline can be used as a technical reference
during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during
normal service.
47
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
1.4.1 Symbols
48
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your
project or how to use a certain function.
49
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
Signals in frames with a shaded area on their right hand side represent
setting parameter signals that are only settable via the PST or LHMI.
If an internal signal path cannot be drawn with a continuous line, the suffix
-int is added to the signal name to indicate where the signal starts and
continues.
Signal paths that extend beyond the logic diagram and continue in another
diagram have the suffix -cont.
50
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
51
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
52
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
53
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
54
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
55
Technical manual
Section 1 1MRK505308-UEN B
Introduction
56
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 1
Introduction
57
Technical manual
58
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
Differential protection
HZPDIF 87 1Ph high impedance differential 0-3 3-A02 3-A02 3-A02 3-A02
protection
REFPDIF 87N Restricted earth fault protection, 02
low impedance
L3CPDIF 87L Line differential protection, 3 CT 1 1 1
sets, 23 line ends
L6CPDIF 87L Line differential protection, 6 CT 1 1-A04 1 1-A04 1
sets, 35 line ends
LT3CPDIF 87LT Line differential protection, 3 CT 1 1-A05 1-A05
sets, with inzone transformers,
23 line ends
LT6CPDIF 87LT Line differential protection, 6 CT 1 1-A06 1-A06 1-A06 1-A06
sets, with inzone transformers,
35 line ends
LDLPSCH 87L Line differential protection logic 1 1 1 1 1
LDRGFC 11RE Additional security logic for 0-1
L differential protection
Impedance protection
ZMQPDIS, 21 Distance protection zone, 0-5 1-B10 1-B10 1-B10 1-B10
ZMQAPDIS quadrilateral characteristic 3-B11 3-B11 3-B11 3-B11
ZDRDIR 21D Directional impedance 0-2 1-B11 1-B11 1-B11 1-B11
quadrilateral
ZMCAPDIS 21 Additional distance measuring
zone, quadrilateral
characteristic
ZMCPDIS, 21 Distance measuring zone, 0-5 3-B16 3-B16 3-B16 3-B16
ZMCAPDIS quadrilateral characteristic for
series compensated lines
Table continues on next page
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Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
60
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
Current protection
PHPIOC 50 Instantaneous phase 0-3 1 1 1 1
overcurrent protection
OC4PTOC 51_671) Four step phase 0-3 1 1 1 1
overcurrent protection
EFPIOC 50N Instantaneous residual 0-1 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24
overcurrent protection
EF4PTOC 51N Four step residual 0-3 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24
67N2) overcurrent protection
NS4PTOC 46I2 Four step directional 0-2 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24 1-C24
negative phase
sequence overcurrent
protection
SDEPSDE 67N Sensitive directional 0-1 1-C16 1-C16 1-C16 1-C16
residual overcurrent
and power protection
LCPTTR 26 Thermal overload 02 1 1 1 1
protection, one time
constant, Celsius
LFPTTR 26 Thermal overload 02 1 1 1 1
protection, one time
constant, Fahrenheit
CCRBRF 50BF Breaker failure 0-2 1 2 1 2
protection
STBPTOC 50STB Stub protection 0-2 1-B11 1B 1-B11 1B
1-B11 1-B11
CCPDSC 52PD Pole discordance 0-2 1 2 1 2
protection
GUPPDUP 37 Directional underpower 0-2 1-C17 1-C17 1-C17 1-C17
protection
GOPPDOP 32 Directional overpower 0-2 1-C17 1-C17 1-C17 1-C17
protection
BRCPTOC 46 Broken conductor 1 1 1 1 1
check
VRPVOC 51V Voltage restrained 0-3
overcurrent protection
Voltage protection
UV2PTUV 27 Two step undervoltage 0-2 1 1 1 1
protection
OV2PTOV 59 Two step overvoltage 0-2 1 1 1 1
protection
Table continues on next page
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Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
Frequency protection
SAPTUF 81 Underfrequency 0-2 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02
protection
SAPTOF 81 Overfrequency 0-2 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02
protection
SAPFRC 81 Rate-of-change 0-2 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02 2-E02
frequency protection
Multipurpose protection
CVGAPC General current and 0-4 4-F01 4-F01 4-F01 4-F01
voltage protection
General calculation
SMAIHPAC Multipurpose filter 0-6
1) 67 requires voltage
2) 67N requires voltage
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
Control
SESRSYN 25 Synchrocheck, energizing check 0-2 1 2 1 2
and synchronizing
SMBRREC 79 Autorecloser 0-4 1 2 1 2
1-H04 2-H05 1-H04 2-H05
APC8 3 Apparatus control for single bay, 0-1 1-H07 1-H07
max 8 apparatuses (1CB) incl.
interlocking
Table continues on next page
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
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Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
AND, OR, INV, Configurable logic blocks 40-280 40-28 40-28 40-28 40-28
PULSETIMER, 0 0 0 0
GATE,
TIMERSET, XOR,
LLD,
SRMEMORY,
RSMEMORY
ANDQT, ORQT, Configurable logic blocks Q/T 01
INVERTERQT,
XORQT,
SRMEMORYQT,
RSMEMORYQT,
TIMERSETQT,
PULSETIMERQT
, INVALIDQT,
INDCOMBSPQT,
INDEXTSPQT
SLGAPC, Extension logic package 01
VSGAPC, AND,
OR,
PULSETIMER,
GATE,
TIMERSET, XOR,
LLD,
SRMEMORY,
INV
FXDSIGN Fixed signal function block 1 1 1 1 1
B16I Boolean 16 to Integer conversion 18 18 18 18 18
BTIGAPC Boolean 16 to Integer conversion 16 16 16 16 16
with Logic Node representation
IB16 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion 18 18 18 18 18
ITBGAPC Integer to Boolean 16 conversion 16 16 16 16 16
with Logic Node representation
TEIGAPC Elapsed time integrator with limit 12 12 12 12 12
transgression and overflow
supervision
Monitoring
CVMMXN, Measurements 6 6 6 6 6
CMMXU,
VMMXU, CMSQI,
VMSQI,
VNMMXU
AISVBAS Function block for service value 1 1 1 1 1
presentation of secondary analog
inputs
EVENT Event function 20 20 20 20 20
Table continues on next page
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
65
Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
2.4 Communication
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
Station communication
LONSPA, SPA SPA communication 1 1 1 1 1
protocol
ADE LON communication 1 1 1 1 1
protocol
HORZCOMM Network variables via 1 1 1 1 1
LON
PROTOCOL Operation selection 1 1 1 1 1
between SPA and IEC
60870-5-103 for SLM
RS485PROT Operation selection for 1 1 1 1 1
RS485
RS485GEN RS485 1 1 1 1 1
DNPGEN DNP3.0 1 1 1 1 1
communication general
protocol
DNPGENTCP DNP3.0 1 1 1 1 1
communication general
TCP protocol
CHSERRS485 DNP3.0 for EIA-485 1 1 1 1 1
communication
protocol
CH1TCP, DNP3.0 for TCP/IP 1 1 1 1 1
CH2TCP, communication
CH3TCP, protocol
CH4TCP
CHSEROPT DNP3.0 for TCP/IP and 1 1 1 1 1
EIA-485
communication
protocol
MST1TCP, DNP3.0 for serial 1 1 1 1 1
MST2TCP, communication
MST3TCP, protocol
MST4TCP
DNPFREC DNP3.0 fault records 1 1 1 1 1
for TCP/IP and EIA-485
communication
protocol
IEC61850-8-1 Parameter setting 1 1 1 1 1
function for IEC 61850
GOOSEINTLKR Horizontal 59 59 59 59 59
CV communication via
GOOSE for interlocking
GOOSEBINRCV Goose binary receive 16 16 16 16 16
Table continues on next page
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
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Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
RED670 (A31)
RED670 (B31)
RED670 (A32)
RED670 (B32)
RED670
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 2
Available functions
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Technical manual
Section 2 1MRK505308-UEN B
Available functions
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 3
Analog inputs
3.1 Introduction
Analog input channels must be configured and set properly to get correct
measurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring and all
directional and differential functions the directions of the input currents must be
defined properly. Measuring and protection algorithms in the IED use primary system
quantities. Setting values are in primary quantities as well and it is important to set the
data about the connected current and voltage transformers properly.
The IED has the ability to receive analog values from primary
equipment, that are sampled by Merging units (MU) connected to a
process bus, via the IEC 61850-9-2 LE protocol.
The hardware channels appear in the signal matrix tool (SMT) and in
ACT when a TRM is included in the configuration with the hardware
configuration tool. In the SMT or the ACT they can be mapped to the
desired virtual input (SMAI) of the IED and used internally in the
configuration.
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Technical manual
Section 3 1MRK505308-UEN B
Analog inputs
3.3 Signals
72
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 3
Analog inputs
73
Technical manual
Section 3 1MRK505308-UEN B
Analog inputs
3.4 Settings
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Analog inputs
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Section 3 1MRK505308-UEN B
Analog inputs
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Analog inputs
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Technical manual
Section 3 1MRK505308-UEN B
Analog inputs
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 3
Analog inputs
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Technical manual
Section 3 1MRK505308-UEN B
Analog inputs
The direction of a current depends on the connection of the CT. The main CTs are
typically star connected and can be connected with the star point towards the object or
away from the object. This information must be set in the IED.
Positive value of current or power means that the quantity has the direction into
the object.
Negative value of current or power means that the quantity has the direction out
from the object.
For directional functions the directional conventions are defined as follows (see figure
2)
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 3
Analog inputs
en05000456.vsd
IEC05000456 V1 EN
The settings of the IED is performed in primary values. The ratios of the main CTs and
VTs are therefore basic data for the IED. The user has to set the rated secondary and
primary currents and voltages of the CTs and VTs to provide the IED with their rated
ratios.
The CT and VT ratio and the name on respective channel is done under Main menu/
Hardware/Analog modules in the Parameter Settings tool or on the HMI.
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Technical manual
82
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 4
Binary input and output modules
A time counter is used for filtering. The time counter is increased once in a millisecond
when a binary input is high, or decreased when a binary input is low. A new debounced
binary input signal is forwarded when the time counter reaches the set DebounceTime
value and the debounced input value is high or when the time counter reaches 0 and
the debounced input value is low. The default setting of DebounceTime is 1 ms.
The binary input ON-event gets the time stamp of the first rising edge, after which the
counter does not reach 0 again. The same happens when the signal goes down to 0
again.
An oscillation counter counts the debounced signal state changes during 1 s. If the
counter value is greater than the set value OscBlock, the input signal is blocked. The
input signal is ignored until the oscillation counter value during 1 s is below the set
value OscRelease.
4.1.3 Settings
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Section 4 1MRK505308-UEN B
Binary input and output modules
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 5
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
5.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Local HMI screen behaviour SCREEN - -
5.1.2 Settings
Table 22: SCREEN Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
DisplayTimeout 1 - 120 Min 1 10 Local HMI display timeout
ContrastLevel -100 - 100 % 10 0 Contrast level for display
DefaultScreen - 0 Default screen
EvListSrtOrder Latest on top - - Latest on top Sort order of event list
Oldest on top
AutoIndicationDRP Off - - Off Automatic indication of disturbance report
On
SubstIndSLD No - - No Substitute indication on single line
Yes diagram
InterlockIndSLD No - - No Interlock indication on single line diagram
Yes
BypassCommands No - - No Enable bypass of commands
Yes
5.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Local HMI signals LHMICTRL - -
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Technical manual
Section 5 1MRK505308-UEN B
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
LHMICTRL
CLRLEDS HMI-ON
RED-S
YELLOW-S
YELLOW-F
CLRPULSE
LEDSCLRD
IEC09000320-1-en.vsd
IEC09000320 V1 EN
5.2.3 Signals
Table 23: LHMICTRL Input signals
Name Type Default Description
CLRLEDS BOOLEAN 0 Input to clear the LCD-HMI LEDs
5.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Basic part for LED indication module LEDGEN - -
Basic part for LED indication HW GRP1_LED1 - - -
module GRP1_LED15
GRP2_LED1 -
GRP2_LED15
GRP3_LED1 -
GRP3_LED15
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
LEDGEN
BLOCK NEWIND
RESET ACK
IEC09000321-1-en.vsd
IEC09000321 V1 EN
GRP1_LED1
^HM1L01R
^HM1L01Y
^HM1L01G
IEC09000322 V1 EN
The GRP1_LED1 function block is an example. The 15 LEDs in each of the three
groups have a similar function block.
5.3.3 Signals
Table 25: LEDGEN Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Input to block the operation of the LEDs
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Input to acknowledge/reset the indication LEDs
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Section 5 1MRK505308-UEN B
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
5.3.4 Settings
Table 28: LEDGEN Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation Off/On
On
tRestart 0.0 - 100.0 s 0.1 0.0 Defines the disturbance length
tMax 0.1 - 100.0 s 0.1 1.0 Maximum time for the definition of a
disturbance
5.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
LCD part for HMI Function Keys Control FNKEYMD1 - - -
module FNKEYMD5
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 5
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
FNKEYMD1
^LEDCTL1 ^FKEYOUT1
IEC09000327 V1 EN
Only the function block for the first button is shown above. There is a similar block for
every function key button.
5.4.3 Signals
Table 31: FNKEYMD1 Input signals
Name Type Default Description
LEDCTL1 BOOLEAN 0 LED control input for function key
5.4.4 Settings
Table 33: FNKEYMD1 Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Mode Off - - Off Output operation mode
Toggle
Pulsed
PulseTime 0.001 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Pulse time for output controlled by
LCDFn1
LabelOn 0 - 18 - 1 LCD_FN1_ON Label for LED on state
LabelOff 0 - 18 - 1 LCD_FN1_OFF Label for LED off state
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
IEC13000239-2-en.vsd
IEC13000239 V2 EN
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 5
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
5.5.1.1 Display
The LHMI includes a graphical monochrome display with a resolution of 320 x 240
pixels. The character size can vary. The amount of characters and rows fitting the view
depends on the character size and the view that is shown.
1 2
3 4
IEC13000063-2-en.vsd
IEC13000063 V2 EN
1 Path
2 Content
3 Status
4 Scroll bar (appears when needed)
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Section 5 1MRK505308-UEN B
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
The path shows the current location in the menu structure. If the path is too long
to be shown, it is truncated from the beginning, and the truncation is indicated
with three dots.
The content area shows the menu content.
The status area shows the current IED time, the user that is currently logged in and
the object identification string which is settable via the LHMI or with PCM600.
If text, pictures or other items do not fit in the display, a vertical scroll bar appears
on the right. The text in content area is truncated from the beginning if it does not
fit in the display horizontally. Truncation is indicated with three dots.
IEC13000045-2-en.vsd
IEC13000045 V2 EN
The number after the function instance, for example ETHFRNT:1, indicates the
instance number.
The function button panel shows on request what actions are possible with the
function buttons. Each function button has a LED indication that can be used as a
feedback signal for the function button control action. The LED is connected to the
required signal with PCM600.
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IEC13000281-1-en.vsd
GUID-C98D972D-D1D8-4734-B419-161DBC0DC97B V1 EN
The alarm LED panel shows on request the alarm text labels for the alarm LEDs. Three
alarm LED pages are available.
IEC13000240-1-en.vsd
GUID-5157100F-E8C0-4FAB-B979-FD4A971475E3 V1 EN
The function button and alarm LED panels are not visible at the same time. Each panel
is shown by pressing one of the function buttons or the Multipage button. Pressing the
ESC button clears the panel from the display. Both the panels have dynamic width that
depends on the label string length that the panel contains.
5.5.1.2 LEDs
The LHMI includes three protection status LEDs above the display: Ready, Start and
Trip.
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
There are 15 programmable alarm LEDs on the front of the LHMI. Each LED can
indicate three states with the colors: green, yellow and red. The alarm texts related to
each three-color LED are divided into three pages.
5.5.1.3 Keypad
The LHMI keypad contains push-buttons which are used to navigate in different
views or menus. The push-buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset
indications, provide help and switch between local and remote control mode.
The keypad also contains programmable push-buttons that can be configured either as
menu shortcut or control buttons.
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
24
1
23
2
18
3
19
4
6 20
21
7 22
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
IEC15000157-2-en.vsd
IEC15000157 V2 EN
Figure 12: LHMI keypad with object control, navigation and command push-
buttons and RJ-45 communication port
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
19 Menu
20 Clear
21 Help
22 Communication port
23 Programmable indication LEDs
24 IED status LEDs
5.5.2 LED
5.5.2.1 Functionality
Each indication LED on local HMI can be set individually to operate in 6 different
sequences; two as follow type and four as latch type. Two of the latching sequence
types are intended to be used as a protection indication system, either in collecting or
restarting mode, with reset functionality. The other two are intended to be used as
signalling system in collecting mode with acknowledgment functionality.
There are three status LEDs above the LCD in front of the IED: green, yellow and red.
The green LED has a fixed function that presents the healthy status of the IED. The
yellow and red LEDs are user configured. The yellow LED can be used to indicate that
a disturbance report is triggered (steady) or that the IED is in test mode (flashing). The
red LED can be used to indicate a trip command.
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The yellow and red status LEDs are configured in the disturbance recorder function,
DRPRDRE, by connecting a start or trip signal from the actual function to a BxRBDR
binary input function block using the PCM600, and configuring the setting to Off,
Start or Trip for that particular signal.
Operating modes
Collecting mode
LEDs that are used in the collecting mode of operation are accumulated
continuously until the unit is acknowledged manually. This mode is suitable
when the LEDs are used as a simplified alarm system. When all three inputs (red,
yellow and green) are connected to different sources of events for the same
function block, collecting mode shows the highest priority LED color that was
activated since the latest acknowledgment was made. If a number of different
indications were made since the latest acknowledgment, it is not possible to get
a clear view of what triggered the latest event without looking at the sequence of
events list. A condition for getting the sequence of events is that the signals have
been engineered in the disturbance recorder.
Re-starting mode
In the re-starting mode of operation each new start resets all previous active LEDs
and activates only those which appear during one disturbance. Only LEDs
defined for re-starting mode with the latched sequence type 6 (LatchedReset-S)
will initiate a reset and a restart at a new disturbance. A disturbance is defined to
end a settable time after the reset of the activated input signals or when the
maximum time limit has elapsed. In sequence 6, the restarting or reset mode
means that upon occurrence of any new event, all previous indications will be
reset. This facilitates that only the LED indications related to the latest event is
shown.
Acknowledgment/reset
From local HMI
The active LED indications can be acknowledged/reset manually. Manual
acknowledgment and manual reset have the same meaning and is a
common signal for all the operating sequences and LEDs. The function is
positive edge triggered, not level triggered. The acknowledgment/reset is
performed via the button and menus on the LHMI.
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
function button. The function is positive edge triggered, not level triggered.
This means that even if the button is continuously pressed, the
acknowledgment/reset only affects indications active at the moment when
the button is first pressed.
Automatic reset
The automatic reset can only be performed for LED indications defined for
re-starting mode with the latched sequence type 6 (LatchedReset-S). When
the automatic reset of the LEDs has been performed, still persisting
indications will be indicated with a steady light.
Operating sequence
The sequences can be of type Follow or Latched. For the Follow type, the LED follows
the input signal completely. For the Latched type, each LED latches to the
corresponding input signal until it is reset.
The figures below show the function of available sequences selectable for each LED
separately. The following 6 sequences are available:
Sequence 1: Follow-S
Sequence 2: Follow-F
Sequence 3: LatchedAck-F-S
Sequence 4: LatchedAck-S-F
Sequence 5: LatchedColl-S
Sequence 6: LatchedReset-S
For sequence 1 and 2, which are of the Follow type, the acknowledgment (Ack ) /reset
function is not applicable because the indication shown by the LED follows its input
signal. Sequence 3 and 4, which are of the Latched type with acknowledgement, are
only working in collecting (Coll) mode. Sequence 5 is working according to Latched
type and collecting mode while Sequence 6 is working according to Latched type and
re-starting (Reset) mode. The letters S and F in the sequence names have the meaning
S = Steady and F = Flash.
At the activation of the input signal to any LED, the indication on the corresponding
LED obtains a color that corresponds to the activated input, and operates according to
the selected sequence diagrams shown below.
In the sequence diagrams the different statuses of the LEDs are shown using the
following symbols:
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Sequence 1 (Follow-S)
This sequence follows the corresponding input signals all the time with a steady light.
It does not react on acknowledgment or reset. Every LED is independent of the other
LEDs in its operation.
Activating
signal
LED
IEC01000228_2_en.vsd
IEC01000228 V2 EN
If inputs for two or more colors are active at the same time to the same LED, the
priority color it shows is in accordance with the color described above. An example of
the operation when two colors are activated in parallel to the same LED is shown in
figure15.
Activating
signal GREEN
Activating
signal RED
LED G G R G
IEC09000312_1_en.vsd
IEC09000312 V1 EN
Sequence 2 (Follow-F)
This sequence is the same as Sequence 1, Follow-S, but the LEDs are flashing instead
of showing steady light.
Sequence 3 LatchedAck-F-S
This sequence has a latched function and works in collecting mode. Every LED is
independent of the other LEDs in its operation. At the activation of the input signal,
the indication starts flashing. After acknowledgment the indication disappears if the
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Section 5 1MRK505308-UEN B
Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
signal is not present any more. If the signal is still present after acknowledgment it gets
a steady light.
Activating
signal
LED
Acknow.
en01000231.vsd
IEC01000231 V1 EN
The sequence described below is valid only if the same function block
is used for all three colour LEDs.
Activating
signal GREEN
Activating
signal RED
R R G
LED
Acknow
IEC09000313_1_en.vsd
IEC09000313 V1 EN
If all three signals are activated the order of priority is still maintained.
Acknowledgment of indications with higher priority will acknowledge also low
priority indications, which are not visible according to figure 18.
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Activating
signal GREEN
Activating
signal YELLOW
Activating
signal RED
LED G Y R R Y
Acknow.
IEC09000314-1-en.vsd
IEC09000314 V1 EN
Activating
signal GREEN
Activating
signal YELLOW
Activating
signal RED
LED G G R R Y
Acknow.
IEC09000315-1-en.vsd
IEC09000315 V1 EN
Sequence 4 (LatchedAck-S-F)
This sequence has the same functionality as sequence 3, but steady and flashing light
have been alternated.
Sequence 5 LatchedColl-S
This sequence has a latched function and works in collecting mode. At the activation
of the input signal, the indication will light up with a steady light. The difference to
sequence 3 and 4 is that indications that are still activated will not be affected by the
reset that is, immediately after the positive edge of the reset has been executed a new
reading and storing of active signals is performed. Every LED is independent of the
other LEDs in its operation.
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
Activating
signal
LED
Reset
IEC01000235_2_en.vsd
IEC01000235 V2 EN
That means if an indication with higher priority has reset while an indication with
lower priority still is active at the time of reset, the LED will change color according
to figure21.
Activating
signal GREEN
Activating
signal RED
R G
LED
Reset
IEC09000316_1_en.vsd
IEC09000316 V1 EN
Sequence 6 LatchedReset-S
In this mode all activated LEDs, which are set to Sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), are
automatically reset at a new disturbance when activating any input signal for other
LEDs set to Sequence 6 LatchedReset-S. Also in this case indications that are still
activated will not be affected by manual reset, that is, immediately after the positive
edge of that the manual reset has been executed a new reading and storing of active
signals is performed. LEDs set for sequence 6 are completely independent in its
operation of LEDs set for other sequences.
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Disturbance
tRestart
Activating
signal 1
Activating
signal 2
LED 1
LED 2
Automatic
reset
Manual
reset
IEC01000239_2-en.vsd
IEC01000239 V2 EN
Figure 23 shows the timing diagram for a new indication after tRestart time has
elapsed.
Disturbance Disturbance
tRestart tRestart
Activating
signal 1
Activating
signal 2
LED 1
LED 2
Automatic
reset
Manual
reset
IEC01000240_2_en.vsd
IEC01000240 V2 EN
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
Figure 24 shows the timing diagram when a new indication appears after the first one
has reset but before tRestart has elapsed.
Disturbance
tRestart
Activating
signal 1
Activating
signal 2
LED 1
LED 2
Automatic
reset
Manual
reset
IEC01000241_2_en.vsd
IEC01000241 V2 EN
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
Disturbance
tRestart
Activating
signal 1
Activating
signal 2
LED 1
LED 2
Automatic
reset
Manual
reset
IEC01000242_2_en.vsd
IEC01000242 V2 EN
5.5.3.1 Functionality
Local Human-Machine-Interface (LHMI) has five function buttons, directly to the left
of the LCD, that can be configured either as menu shortcut or control buttons. Each
button has an indication LED that can be configured in the application configuration.
When used as a menu shortcut, a function button provides a fast way to navigate
between default nodes in the menu tree. When used as a control, the button can control
a binary signal.
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Operating sequence
The operation mode is set individually for each output, either OFF, TOGGLE or
PULSED.
Setting OFF
Input value
Output value
IEC09000330-2-en.vsd
IEC09000330 V2 EN
Setting TOGGLE
In this mode the output toggles each time the function key has been pressed for more
than 500ms. Note that the input attribute is reset each time the function block executes.
The function block execution is marked with a dotted line below.
Input value
500ms 500ms 500ms
Output value
IEC09000331_1_en.vsd
IEC09000331 V2 EN
Setting PULSED
In this mode the output sets high (1) when the function key has been pressed for more
than 500ms and remains high according to set pulse time. After this time the output
will go back to 0. The input attribute is reset when the function block detects it being
high and there is no output pulse.
Note that the third positive edge on the input attribute does not cause a pulse, since the
edge was applied during pulse output. A new pulse can only begin when the output is
zero; else the trigger edge is lost.
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Local Human-Machine-Interface LHMI
Input value
500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms
IEC09000332_2_en.vsd
IEC09000332 V2 EN
Input function
All function keys work the same way: When the LHMI is configured so that a certain
function button is of type CONTROL, then the corresponding input on this function
block becomes active, and will light the yellow function button LED when high. This
functionality is active even if the function block operation setting is set to off. It has
been implemented this way for safety reasons; the idea is that the function key LEDs
should always reflect the actual status of any primary equipment monitored by these
LEDs.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
6.1.1 Identification
IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
Function description
identification identification device number
SYMBOL-CC V2 EN
6.1.2 Functionality
The 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF functions can be used when
the involved CT cores have the same turns ratio and similar magnetizing
characteristics. It utilizes an external CT secondary current summation by wiring.
Actually all CT secondary circuits which are involved in the differential scheme are
connected in parallel. External series resistor, and a voltage dependent resistor which
are both mounted externally to the IED, are also required.
The external resistor unit shall be ordered under IED accessories in the Product Guide.
IEC05000363-2-en.vsd
IEC05000363 V2 EN
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Differential protection
6.1.4 Signals
Table 35: HZPDIF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
ISI GROUP - Single phase current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
6.1.5 Settings
Table 37: HZPDIF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
U>Alarm 5 - 500 V 1 10 Alarm voltage level in volts on CT
secondary side
tAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Time delay to activate alarm
U>Trip 10 - 900 V 1 100 Operate voltage level in volts on CT
secondary side
SeriesResistor 50 - 20000 Ohm 1 250 Value of series resistor in Ohms
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Differential protection
RS
3 U
I
1
I> (50) 5
2
GUID-5CEAF088-D92B-45E5-B98F-3083894A694C V1 EN
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Differential protection
Due to the parallel CT connections the high impedance differential relay can only
measure one current and that is the relay operating quantity. That means that there is
no any stabilizing quantity (that is, bias) in high-impedance differential protection
schemes. Therefore in order to guaranty the stability of the differential relay during
external faults the operating quantity must not exceed the set pickup value. Thus, for
external faults, even with severe saturation of some of the current transformers, the
voltage across the measuring branch shall not rise above the relay set pickup value. To
achieve that a suitable value for setting resistor RS is selected in such a way that the
saturated CT secondary winding provides a much lower impedance path for the false
differential current than the measuring branch. In case of an external fault causing
current transformer saturation, the non-saturated current transformers drive most of
the spill differential current through the secondary winding of the saturated current
transformer and not through the measuring brunch of the relay. The voltage drop
across the saturated current transformer secondary winding appears also across the
measuring brunch, however it will typically be relatively small. Therefore, the pick-
up value of the relay has to be set above this false operating voltage.
See the application manual for operating voltage and sensitivity calculation.
The logic diagram shows the operation principles for the 1Ph High impedance
differential protection function HZPDIF, see Figure 31.
The function utilizes the raw samples from the single phase current input connected to
it. Thus the twenty samples per fundamental power system cycle are available to the
HZPDIF function. These current samples are first multiplied with the set value for the
used stabilizing resistor in order to get voltage waveform across the measuring branch.
The voltage waveform is then filtered in order to get its RMS value. Note that used
filtering is designed in such a way that it ensures complete removal of the DC current
component which may be present in the primary fault current. The voltage RMS value
is then compared with set Alarm and Trip thresholds. Note that the TRIP signal is
intentionally delayed on drop off for 30 ms within the function. The measured RMS
voltage is available as a service value from the function. The function has block and
trip block inputs available as well.
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Differential protection
IEC05000301 V1 EN
Figure 31: Logic diagram for 1Ph High impedance differential protection
HZPDIF
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Differential protection
6.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Restricted earth-fault protection, low REFPDIF 87N
impedance
IdN/I
SYMBOL-AA V1 EN
6.2.2 Functionality
Restricted earth-fault protection, low-impedance function REFPDIF can be used on
all directly or low-impedance earthed windings. The REFPDIF function provides
high sensitivity and high speed tripping as it protects each winding separately and thus
does not need inrush stabilization.
REFPDIF can also protect autotransformers. Five currents are measured at the most
complicated configuration as shown in Figure 32.
CT CT
YNdx
CT CB CB
Y d
CB CB
Autotransformer
CT
IED
IEC05000058-2-en.vsd
IEC05000058-2 V1 EN
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Differential protection
IEC06000251_2_en.vsd
IEC06000251 V2 EN
6.2.4 Signals
Table 40: REFPDIF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for neutral current input
SIGNAL
I3PW1CT1 GROUP - Group signal for primary CT1 current input
SIGNAL
I3PW1CT2 GROUP - Group signal for primary CT2 current input
SIGNAL
I3PW2CT1 GROUP - Group signal for secondary CT1 current input
SIGNAL
I3PW2CT2 GROUP - Group signal for secondary CT2 current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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Differential protection
6.2.5 Settings
Table 42: REFPDIF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
IdMin 4.0 - 100.0 %IB 0.1 10.0 Maximum sensitivity in % of IBase
CTFactorPri1 1.0 - 10.0 - 0.1 1.0 CT factor for HV side CT1 (CT1rated/
HVrated current)
CTFactorPri2 1.0 - 10.0 - 0.1 1.0 CT factor for HV side CT2 (CT2rated/
HVrated current)
CTFactorSec1 1.0 - 10.0 - 0.1 1.0 CT factor for MV side CT1 (CT1rated/
MVrated current)
CTFactorSec2 1.0 - 10.0 - 0.1 1.0 CT factor for MV side CT2 (CT2rated/
MVrated current)
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Differential protection
The following facts may be observed from Figure 34 and Figure 35, where the three
line CTs are shown as connected together in order to measure the residual 3Io current,
for the sake of simplicity.
Power Izs1
L2 L2
system
Izs1 L3
L3
3Izs1
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
zone of protection
Izs2 Izs1
L1 L1
Power Izs2 Izs1
L2 L2
system
Izs2 Izs1 L3
L3
3Izs1
1. For an external earth fault (Figure 34), the residual current 3Io and the neutral
current IN have equal magnitude, but they are seen within the IED as 180 degrees
out-of-phase if the current transformers are connected as in Figure 34, which is
the ABB recommended connection. The differential current becomes zero as
both CTs ideally measure exactly the same component of the earth- fault current.
2. For an internal fault, the total earth- fault current is composed generally of two
zero sequence currents. One zero sequence current (3IZS1) flows towards the
power transformer neutral point and into the earth, while the other zero sequence
current (3IZS2) flows into the connected power system. These two primary
currents can be expected to have approximately opposite directions (about the
same zero sequence impedance angle is assumed on both sides of the earth fault).
However, on the secondary CT sides of the current transformers, they will be
approximately in phase if the current transformers are oriented as in Figure 32,
which is the orientation recommended by ABB. The magnitudes of the two
currents may be different, dependent on the magnitudes of zero sequence
impedances of both sides. No current can flow towards the power system, if the
only point where the system is earthed, is at the protected power transformer.
Likewise, no current can flow into the power system, if the winding is not
connected to the power system (circuit breaker open and power transformer
energized from the other side).
3. For both internal and external earth faults, the current in the neutral connection IN
always has the same direction, which is towards the earth (except in case of
autotransformers where the direction can vary).
4. The two internally processed zero sequence currents are 3Io and IN. The vectorial
sum is the REFPDIF differential current, which is equal to Idiff = IN +3Io .
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Differential protection
The line zero sequence (residual) current is calculated from 3 line (terminal) currents.
A bias quantity must give stability against false operations due to high through fault
currents. To stabilize REFPDIF at external faults, a fixed bias characteristic is
implemented.
REFPDIF should also be stable against heavy phase-to-phase internal faults, not
including earth. These faults may also give false zero sequence currents due to
saturated line CTs. Such faults, however are without neutral current, and can thus be
eliminated as a source of danger.
REFPDIF has only one operate-bias characteristic, which is described in the table 46
and shown in Figure 36.
Table 46: Data of the operate-bias characteristic of REFPDIF
Default sensitivity Idmin Max. base Min. base sensitivity End of zone First slope Second
(zone 1) sensitivity Idmin Idmin (zone 1) 1 slope
(zone 1)
% IBase % IBase % IBase % IBase % %
30 5 100 125 70 100
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Differential protection
Zero-
sequence
diff. current 5
in per unit Characteristic if
IdMin = 1.0 pu
D I operate
slope = ----------------* 100 % 4
D I restrain Operate
conditionally
3
IdMin range: 0.04 1.00 IBase
Slope 100%
Reset Ratio in all sections: 2
0.95 (a constant) Section 1 Sec. 2 Section 3
1
The characteristic
IdMin Restrain
can be moved Slope 70%
up and down 0
(vertically) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
by changing End Section 1 bias current
the setting IdMin in per unit
End Section 2
IEC98000017-5-en.vsd
IEC98000017-5 V1 EN
Idiff = IN + 3 Io
EQUATION1533 V1 EN (Equation 1)
where:
where the signals are defined in the input and output signal tables for REFPDIF.
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Differential protection
The bias current is the highest current of all separate input currents to REFPDIF, that
is, of current in phase L1, phase L2, phase L3, and the current in the neutral point
(designated as IN in Figure 34 and in Figure 35).
If there are two feeders included in the zone of protection of REFPDIF, as in case of
an auto-transformer with two feeders included on both sides, then the respective bias
current is found as the relatively highest of the following currents:
1
current[1] = max (I3PW1CT1)
CTFactorPri1
EQUATION1526 V1 EN (Equation 2)
1
current[2] = max (I3PW1CT2)
CTFactorPri2
EQUATION1527 V1 EN (Equation 3)
1
current[3] = max (I3PW2CT1)
CTFactorSec1
EQUATION1528 V1 EN (Equation 4)
1
current[4] = max (I3PW2CT2)
CTFactorSec2
EQUATION1529 V1 EN (Equation 5)
current[5] = IN
EQUATION1530 V1 EN (Equation 6)
The bias current is thus generally equal to none of the input currents. If all primary
ratings of the CTs were equal to IBase, then the bias current would be equal to the
highest current in Amperes. IBase shall be set equal to the rated current of the
protected winding where REFPDIF function is applied.
External faults are more common than internal earth faults for which the restricted
earth-fault protection should operate. It is important that the restricted earth-fault
protection remains stable during heavy external earth and phase-to-phase faults, and
also when such a heavy external fault is cleared by some other protection such as
overcurrent, or earth-fault protection. The conditions during a heavy external fault,
and particularly immediately after the clearing of such a fault may be complex. The
circuit breakers poles may not open exactly at the same moment, some of the CTs
may still be highly saturated, and so on.
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Differential protection
The detection of external earth faults is based on the fact that for such a fault a high
neutral current appears first, while a false differential current only appears if one or
more current transformers saturate.
An external earth fault is thus assumed to have occurred when a high neutral current
suddenly appears, while at the same time the differential current Idiff remains low, at
least for a while. This condition must be detected before a trip request is placed within
REFPDIF. Any search for external fault is aborted if a trip request has been placed. A
condition for a successful detection is that it takes not less than 4ms for the first CT to
saturate.
For an internal earth fault, a true differential current develops immediately, while for
an external fault it only develops if a CT saturates. If a trip request comes first, before
an external fault could be positively detected, then it must be an internal fault.
If an external earth fault has been detected, then the REFPDIF is temporarily
desensitized.
Directional criterion
The directional criterion is applied in order to positively distinguish between internal
and external earth faults. This check is an additional criterion, which should prevent
malfunctions at heavy external earth faults, and during the disconnection of such
faults by other protections. Earth faults on lines connecting the power transformer
occur much more often than earth faults on a power transformer winding. It is
important therefore that the Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance
(REFPDIF) must remain stable during an external fault, and immediately after the
fault has been cleared by some other protection.
For an external earth faults with no CT saturation, the residual current in the lines
(3Io) and the neutral current (IN in Figure 34) are theoretically equal in magnitude and
are 180 degrees out-of-phase. The current in the neutral (IN) serves as a directional
reference because it has the same direction for both internal and external earth faults.
The directional criterion in REFPDIF protection makes it a current-polarized
protection.
However, if one or more CTs saturate under external fault conditions, then the
measured currents 3Io and IN may no longer be equal, nor will their positions in the
complex plane be exactly 180 degrees apart. There is a risk that the resulting false
differential current Idiff enters the operate area of the operate-restrain characteristic
under external fault conditions. If this happens, a directional test may prevent a
malfunction.
1. a trip request signal has been issued (REFPDIF function START signal set to 1)
2. the residual current in lines (3Io) is at least 3% of the IBase current.
If a directional check is either unreliable or not possible to do, due to too small
currents, then the direction is cancelled as a condition for an eventual trip.
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1. Check if current in the neutral Ineutral (IN) is less than 50% of the base sensitivity
Idmin. If yes, only service values are calculated, then REFPDIF algorithm is not
used.
2. If current in the Ineutral (IN) is more than 50% of Idmin, then determine the bias
current Ibias.
3. Determine the differential (operate) current Idiff as a phasor, and calculate its
magnitude.
4. Check if the point P(Ibias, Idiff) is above the operate-bias characteristic. If yes,
increment the trip request counter by 1. If the point P(Ibias, Idiff) is found to be
below the operate-bias characteristic, then the trip request counter is reset to zero.
5. If the trip request counter is still zero, search for an eventual heavy external earth
fault. The search is only made if the neutral current is at least 50% of the Idmin
current. If an external earth fault has been detected, a flag is set which remains set
until the external fault has been cleared. The external fault flag is reset to zero
when Ineutral falls below 50% of the base sensitivity Idmin. Any search for an
external fault is aborted if trip request counter is more than zero.
6. As long as the external fault persists, an additional temporary trip condition is
introduced. This means that REFPDIF is temporarily desensitized.
7. If point P(Ibias, Idiff) is found to be above the operate-bias characteristic), so that
trip request counter is more than zero, a directional check can be made. The
directional check is made only if Iresidual (3Io) is more than 3% of the IBase
current. If the result of the check means external fault, then the internal trip
request is reset. If the directional check cannot be executed, then direction is no
longer a condition for a trip.
8. When neutral current, residual current and bias current are within some windows
and some timing criteria are fulfilled, the ratio of 2nd to fundamental harmonic is
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Differential protection
calculated. If it is found to be above 60% the trip request counter is reset and TRIP
remains zero.
9. Finally, a check is made if the trip request counter is equal to, or higher than 2. If
yes, and at the same instance of time tREFtrip, the actual bias current at this instance
of time tREFtrip is at least 50% of the highest bias current Ibiasmax (Ibiasmax is the
highest recording of any of the three phase currents measured during the
disturbance), then REFPDIF sets output TRIP to 1. If the counter is less than 2,
the TRIP signal remains zero.
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6.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
SYMBOL-HH V1 EN
SYMBOL-HH V1 EN
SYMBOL-HH V1 EN
SYMBOL-HH V1 EN
6.3.2 Functionality
Line differential protection applies the Kirchhoff's law and compares the currents
entering and leaving the protected multi-terminal circuit, consisting of overhead
power lines, power transformers and cables. Under the condition that there are no in-
line or tap (shunt) power transformers within the zone of protection, it offers a phase-
segregated fundamental frequency current based differential protection with high
sensitivity and provides phase selection information for single-pole tripping.
The three-terminal version is used for conventional two-terminal lines with or without
a 1 circuit breaker arrangement in one end, as well as three-terminal lines with single
breaker arrangements at all terminals.
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Differential protection
Protected zone
IEC05000039-3-en.vsd
IEC05000039 V3 EN
The six-terminal versions are used for conventional two-terminal lines with 1 circuit
breaker arrangements in both ends, as well as multi-terminal lines with up to five
terminals.
Protected zone
IEC05000040_2_en.vsd
IEC05000040 V2 EN
The current differential algorithm provides high sensitivity for internal faults and it
has excellent stability for external faults. Current samples from all CTs are exchanged
between the IEDs in the line ends (master-master mode) or sent to one IED (master-
slave mode) for evaluation.
A restrained dual biased slope evaluation is made where the bias current is the highest
phase current in any line end, giving a secure through-fault stability even with heavily
saturated CTs. In addition to the restrained evaluation, an unrestrained (instantaneous)
high differential current setting can be used for fast tripping of internal faults with very
high currents.
A special feature with this function is that applications with small power transformers
(rated current less than 50% of the differential current setting IdMin) connected as line
taps (that is, as shunt power transformers), without measurements of currents in the
tap, can be handled. The normal load current is considered to be negligible, and special
measures must be taken in the event of a short circuit on the LV side of the transformer.
In this application, the tripping of the differential protection can be time-delayed for
low differential currents to achieve coordination with downstream overcurrent IEDs.
The local protection of the small tap power transformer is given the time needed to
disconnect the faulty transformer.
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Differential protection
Protected zone
IED
IEC05000042_2_en.vsd
IEC05000042 V2 EN
127
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
Protected zone
IED IED
Comm.
Channels
IEC0500043_2_en.vsd
IEC05000043 V2 EN
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
Comm.
Channels
en05000044.vsd
IEC05000044 V1 EN
Current samples from IEDs located geographically apart from each other, must be
time coordinated so that the current differential algorithm can be executed correctly.
In the IED, it is possible to make this coordination in two different ways. The echo
method of time synchronizing is normally used whereas for applications where
transmit and receive times can differ, the optional built in GPS receivers can be used.
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Differential protection
IEC06000252-3-en.vsd
IEC06000252 V3 EN
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
L6CPDIF
I3P1* TRIP
I3P2* TRL1
I3P3* TRL2
I3P4* TRL3
I3P5* STARTRES
I3P6* STARTUNR
STARTENH
START
STL1
STL2
STL3
INTFAULT
EXTFAULT
BLK2H
BLK2HL1
BLK2HL2
BLK2HL3
BLK5H
BLK5HL1
BLK5HL2
BLK5HL3
ALARM
OPENCT
OPENCTAL
IDL1
IDL2
IDL3
IDL1MAG
IDL2MAG
IDL3MAG
IBIAS
IDNSMAG
IEC06000253-3-en.vsd
IEC06000253 V3 EN
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Differential protection
LT3CPDIF
I3P1* TRIP
I3P2* TRL1
I3P3* TRL2
TRL3
STARTRES
STARTUNR
STARTENH
START
STL1
STL2
STL3
INTFAULT
EXTFAULT
BLK2H
BLK2HL1
BLK2HL2
BLK2HL3
BLK5H
BLK5HL1
BLK5HL2
BLK5HL3
ALARM
OPENCT
OPENCTAL
IDL1
IDL2
IDL3
IDL1MAG
IDL2MAG
IDL3MAG
IBIAS
IDNSMAG
IEC06000254-3-en.vsd
IEC06000254 V3 EN
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Differential protection
LT6CPDIF
I3P1* TRIP
I3P2* TRL1
I3P3* TRL2
I3P4* TRL3
I3P5* STARTRES
I3P6* STARTUNR
STARTENH
START
STL1
STL2
STL3
INTFAULT
EXTFAULT
BLK2H
BLK2HL1
BLK2HL2
BLK2HL3
BLK5H
BLK5HL1
BLK5HL2
BLK5HL3
ALARM
OPENCT
OPENCTAL
IDL1
IDL2
IDL3
IDL1MAG
IDL2MAG
IDL3MAG
IBIAS
IDNSMAG
IEC06000255-3-en.vsd
IEC06000255 V3 EN
LDLPSCH
CTFAIL TRIP
OUTSERV TRL1
BLOCK TRL2
TRL3
TRLOCAL
TRLOCL1
TRLOCL2
TRLOCL3
TRREMOTE
DIFLBLKD
IEC13000302-1-en.vsd
IEC13000302 V1 EN
6.3.4 Signals
Table 48: L3CPDIF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P1 GROUP - Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values
SIGNAL
I3P2 GROUP - Three phase current grp2 samples and DFT values
SIGNAL
I3P3 GROUP - Three phase current grp3 samples and DFT values
SIGNAL
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6.3.5 Settings
Table 58: L3CPDIF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
IdMin 0.20 - 2.00 IB 0.01 0.30 Oper - restr charact., section 1 sensitivity,
multiple IBase
IdMinHigh 0.20 - 10.00 IB 0.01 0.80 Initial lower sensitivity, as multiple of
IBase
tIdMinHigh 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time interval of initial lower sensitivity, in
sec
IdUnre 1.00 - 50.00 IB 0.01 10.00 Unrestrained differential current limit,
multiple of IBase
NegSeqDiffEn Off - - On Off/On selection for internal / external fault
On discriminator
NegSeqROA 30.0 - 120.0 Deg 1.0 60.0 Internal/external fault discriminator
Operate Angle, degrees
IMinNegSeq 0.01 - 0.20 IB 0.01 0.04 Min. value of neg. seq. curr. as multiple of
IBase
CrossBlockEn No - - No Off/On selection of the cross -block logic
Yes
ChargCurEnable Off - - Off Off/On selection for compensation of
On charging currents
AddDelay Off - - Off Off/On selection for delayed diff. trip
On command
IMaxAddDelay 0.20 - 5.00 IB 0.01 1.00 Below limit, extra delay can be applied,
multiple of IBase
tDefTime 0.000 - 6.000 s 0.001 0.000 Definite time additional delay in seconds
tMinInv 0.001 - 6.000 s 0.001 0.010 Inverse Delay Minimum Time. In seconds
Table continues on next page
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Differential protection
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
The Line differential protection function evaluates measured current values from
local and remote line ends in order to distinguish between internal or external faults or
undisturbed conditions.
The local currents are fed to the IED via the analog input modules and then they pass
the analog-to-digital converter, as shown in Figure 47.
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Differential protection
LDCM
Current
samples from
local end
Analog Input A/D
Module Converter Current
Pre-processing
samples from
Block
remote end
LDCM
Trip commands
CH1IL1IM Calculation of Differential 1 TRIP
CH1IL2RE fundamental and bias currents
Start L1
CH1IL2IM frequency Magnitudes of applied to
differential differential operate / bias -, Start L2
currents Output logic: TRL1
currents (3x) and unrestrained Start L3 TRL2
Currents from
all ends as & bias current characteristics TRL3
Bias current St L1 low sens - 2nd harmonic block
phasors STARTRES
- 5th harmonic block
St L2 low sens STARTUNR
CH1IL1SM St L3 low sens STARTENH
- Cross block logic
CH1IL2SM Calculation
CH1IL3SM of [samples] 2nd h. block
- Enhanced trip for START
CH2IL1SM instantaneous internal faults STL1
differential Harmonic STL2
Instantaneous analysis - Decreased STL3
currents
Curr. samples differential 5th h. block sensitivity for
Information
from all ends (3x) ( 2nd and 5th)
currents external faults BLK2H
(samples) BLK2HL1
- BLK2HL2
CH1INSRE Conditional trip for BLK2HL3
CH1INSIM Calculation simultaneous external
of and internal faults BLK5H
CH1INSRE High sensitive Internal fault
negative-- BLK5HL1
CH1INSIM Two to six internal/external fault BLK5HL2
sequence contributions discriminator BLK5HL3
External fault -
differential to neg. seq. Conditional extra time
Neg. seq. current differential delay for trip signals
currents from current as INTFAULT
(1x)
all ends phasors EXTFAULT
as phasors
IEC05000294-4-en.vsd
IEC05000294 V3 EN
Figure 47: A simplified block diagram of the power line differential protection
The IED receives the remote currents as samples via a communication link. When
entering the IED, they are processed in the Line Differential Communication Module
(LDCM) where they are time-coordinated with the local current samples, and
interpolated in order to be comparable with the local samples.
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Differential protection
In the preprocessing block, the real and imaginary parts of the fundamental frequency
phase currents and negative sequence currents are derived by means of fundamental
frequency numerical Fourier filters. Together with the current samples, which are
required to internally estimate the 2nd and the 5th harmonic contents in the
instantaneous differential currents, they are then forwarded to the differential function
block where three kinds of analyses are carried out.
The first analysis is the classical differential and bias current evaluation with the
characteristic as seen in Figure 48. Line differential protection is phase-segregated
where the differential current is the vectorial sum of all measured currents taken
separately for each phase. The bias current, on the other hand, is considered the
greatest phase current in any line end and it is common for all the tree phases. The two
slopes (SlopeSection1, SlopeSection2) and breakpoints (EndSection1, EndSection2)
can be set in PCM600 or via the local human-machine interface (LHMI).
Current values found to be above the characteristic formed by IdMin and the dual
slope will give a start in that phase. The level IdMinHigh is a setting value that is used
to temporarily decrease the sensitivity in situations when the protected line circuit is
just energized, that is, connected to the power system at one end.
There is also an unrestrained high differential current setting that can be used for fast
tripping of internal faults with very high currents. This unrestrained protection is
phase-segregated, that is, it is known which phase(s) require a trip command.
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Differential protection
Operate current
[ in pu of IBase]
Operate
5
unconditionally
UnrestrainedLimit
4
Operate IdMinHigh
3 C
conditionally
A B
2
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
SlopeSection3
1
IdMin
SlopeSection2 Restrain
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
en05000300.vsd
IEC05000300 V1 EN
where:
1. IdMin
2. EndSection1
3. EndSection2
4. SlopeSection2
5. SlopeSection3
The second analysis is the 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis of the three instantaneous
differential currents. Occurrence of these harmonics over a level that is set separately
for each one blocks tripping action from the biased slope evaluation. Harmonics
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Differential protection
blocking based on 2nd and 5th harmonics is used only used if one of the following
conditions are fulfilled:
When a power transformer is included in the protected zone.
When the bias current is less than 125 % Ibase.
When an external fault has been detected by the negative sequence internal/
external fault discriminator and 200 ms after that.
The third analysis is the negative sequence current analysis. Effectively this is a fault
discriminator that distinguishes between internal and external faults. The directional
test is made so that the end with the highest negative sequence current is found. Then,
the sum of the negative sequence currents at all other circuit ends is calculated.
Finally, the relative phase angle between these two negative sequence currents is
determined. The characteristic for this fault discriminator is shown in Figure 49,
where the directional characteristic is defined by the two setting parameters
IminNegSeq and NegSeqRoa.
90 deg
120 deg
If one or the Internal/external
other of fault boundary
currents is too
low, then no
measurement
NegSeqROA
is done, and
(Relay
120 degrees
Operate
is mapped
Angle)
IMinNegSeq
External Internal
fault fault
region region
The reference direction (that is, the positive direction) of currents in a power line is
considered to be towards the line. Thus, when both negative sequence currents to be
compared have this direction, the phase difference between them is ideally zero.
An internal fault can be suspected. In the opposite case, when one negative sequence
current is entering and the other is leaving the protected object, the phase difference
will ideally be 180 degrees. An external fault can be suspected. If either the local or the
sum of the remote negative sequence currents or both is below the set level, the fault
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Differential protection
discriminator does not make any fault classification and the value 120 degrees is set.
This value is an indication that negative sequence directional comparison has not been
possible. In this case, neither internal nor external fault is signalized. When an external
fault is detected, the 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis is activated for 200 ms. This gives
better stability against unwanted trips. Under an external fault condition, the cross
block logic algorithm is active as well.
For all differential functions it is the common trip that shall be used to
initiate a trip of a breaker. The separate trip signals from the different
parts lacks the safety against maloperation. This does in some cases
result in a 6 ms time difference between, for example restrained trip is
issued and common trip is issued. The separate trip signals shall only
be used for information purpose of which part that has caused the trip.
With reference to Figure 47, the outputs from the three analysis blocks are fed to the
output logic. Figure 50 shows a simplified block diagram of this output logic where
only trip commands and no alarm signals are shown for simplicity.
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Differential protection
Trip unrestrained L1
TRIP
Trip unrestrained L2 OR
Trip unrestrained L3
Start L1 TRL1
AND OR
Start L2 OR AND
OR
Start L3 TRL2
AND OR
OR AND
OR
TRL3
AND OR
St L1 IdMinHigh OR AND
OR
St L2 IdMinHigh
St L3 IdMinHigh
Internal fault
AND
NegSeqDiffEn
tIdMinHigh
AND t
External fault
OR
Line energizing
OR
AND
CrossBlockEn
IEC05000295-3-en.vsd
IEC05000295 V3 EN
Remembering that current values plotted above the characteristic formed by IdMin
and the dual slope in Figure 49 are said to give a start, the output logic can be
summarized as follows:
A start in one phase, gives a trip under the condition that the content of the 2nd and
the 5th harmonic is below the set level for these harmonics in the three separate
instantaneous differential currents. Otherwise it is blocked as long as the
harmonic is above the set level. However, when a line is energized the current
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Differential protection
setting value IdMinHigh is used. Effectively this means that the line A-B-C in
Figure 48 forms the characteristic. The harmonic block scheme is generally not
applied if there are no in-line or shunt power transformers within the protection
zone. In other words, if there are no in-line or tap (shunt) power transformers
within the protection zone, then no harmonics can prevent a trip command. This
makes the response of the differential protection faster in approximately 90% of
all cases.
Current values above the unrestrained limit, gives a trip irrespective of any
presence of harmonics.
Classification of a fault as internal by the negative sequence currents based fault
discriminator, gives a trip under the condition that at least one start signal has
been issued, that is, set to 1 (TRUE). The negative sequence current based fault
discriminator itself is not phase-sensitive, and the start signals are required to
determine which phases were affected by the fault. This means that any harmonic
blocking is then overridden. The harmonic block scheme is not applied if there are
no in-line or tap (shunt) power transformers within the protection zone. In other
words, if there are no in-line or tap power transformers within the protection zone,
then harmonics cannot prevent a trip command. This makes the response of the
protection faster in the majority of cases. If there is no power transformer within
the protected circuit, then the 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis is only activated
temporarily under external fault conditions, or when the bias current is lower than
1. 25 IBase.
Classification of a fault as external by the negative sequence fault discriminator
will cause the harmonic logic scheme to be applied under the duration of the
external fault signal, at least for 200 ms. Even the cross block logic scheme is then
active.
Values of the pre-fault differential currents are not updated under disturbance
conditions. The updating process is resumed 50 ms after normal conditions have been
restored. Normal conditions are only assumed if there are no start signals, neither
internal nor external fault is declared, the power system is symmetrical.
The change in the charging current that the fault causes by decreasing the system
voltage is not considered in the algorithm. For more information, see the application
manual.
Note that all small pre-fault differential currents are subtracted, regardless of their
origin. Besides the true charging currents, the following currents are eliminated:
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Differential protection
In Line differential protection, the time coordination is made with the so-called echo
method. The echo method can be complemented with GPS synchronization as an
option.
Each IED has an accurate local clock with a very small time drift. This clock makes
time tagging of telegrams, and the echo method is then used to find out the time
difference between the clocks in two ends of a power line.
Referring to Figure 51, it works such that the transmission time to send a message from
station B to station A (T1 T2) and receive a message from A to B (T3 T4) is
measured. The time instances T2 and T3 are taken with the local clock reference of
station A, and the time instances T1 and T4 are taken with the local clock reference of
station B.
T2 T3
A
B
T1 T4
en05000293.vsd
IEC05000293 V1 EN
Calculation of the delay time one-way Td and the time difference t between the
clocks in A and B is then possible to do with equation 8 and equation 9, which are only
valid under the condition that the send and receive times are equal.
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Differential protection
(T2 - T1 ) + (T4 - T3 )
Td =
2
EQUATION1358 V1 EN (Equation 8)
(T1 + T4 ) - (T2 + T3 )
Dt =
2
EQUATION1359 V1 EN (Equation 9)
t is calculated every time a telegram is received, and the time difference is then used
to adjust and interpolate the current measurements from the remote end before the
current differential algorithm is executed.
When the delay symmetry is lost, the expression for t given above is no longer valid.
Under these conditions GPS synchronization of the local IED clocks must be used.
Including the optional GPS, means that there will be one GPS receiver module in each
IED, synchronizing its local IED clock. As GPS synchronization is very accurate, in
the order of 1 s, all IEDs in the same line differential scheme will have the same clock
reference. It is then possible to detect asymmetric transmission time delay and
compensate for it.
When the IED is equipped with GPS, this hardware is integrated in the IED. Besides
the GPS receiver itself, it also consists of filters and regulators for post processing of
the GPS time synch pulse, which is necessary to achieve a reliable GPS
synchronization. Especially short interruptions and spurious out of synch GPS signals
are handled securely in this way.
Communication principle
For a two-terminal line, the current from the local CT needs to be communicated over
a 64 kbit/s channel to the remote line end, and the remote end current communicated
back on the same channel. If there is, for example, a three terminal line another 64 kbit/
s channel will be needed to exchange the same local current with the third line end
current.
In one-and-a-half breaker arrangements, there are two local currents meaning two 64
kbit/s channels to each remote substation. Alternatively, it is possible to add together
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Differential protection
the two local currents before sending them and in that way reduce the number of
communication channels needed. This is achieved by selecting proper setting for
parameter TransmCurr (CT-SUM, CT-DIFF1 or CT-DIFF2). However, information
about bias currents is reduced if the alternative option is followed. For further
information and discussions on this matter, refer to the Application manual.
Protected zone
IED IED
Comm. Channels
IEC05000292_2_en.vsd
IEC05000292 V2 EN
In the master-slave system, current samples are sent from all slave IEDs to one master
IED where the evaluation is made and trip signals are sent to the remote ends when
needed. In this system, a 64 kbit/s communication channel is only needed between the
master, and each one of the slave IEDs, as shown in figure 53.
Protected zone
IED IED
Comm. Channels
IEC05000291_2_en.vsd
IEC05000291 V2 EN
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Test mode
Line differential protection function in one IED can be set in test mode. This can block
the trip outputs on that IED, and set the remote IEDs in a remote test mode, so that
injected currents can be echoed back phase shifted and with a settable amplitude. The
trip outputs in the remote IEDs can also be blocked automatically. For further
information, refer to the installation and commissioning manual.
Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 (ms)
en05000290.vsd
IEC05000290 V1 EN
where:
x is the current sampling moment
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Differential protection
Telecom. Network
LD LD
CM CM
LD LD
CM CM
Telecom. Network
Primary
channel
Secondary redundant
channel en05000289.vsd
IEC05000289 V1 EN
Figure 55: Direct fibre optical connection between two IEDs with LDOM over
longer distances.
For more details about the remote communication see section "" and the application
manual.
The built-in open CT feature can be enabled or disabled by the setting parameter
OpenCTEnable (Off/On). When enabled, this feature tries to prevent mal-operation
when a loaded main CT connected to Line differential protection is by mistake open
circuited on the secondary side. Note that this feature can only detect interruption of
one CT phase current at a time. If two or even all three-phase currents of one set of CTs
are accidentally interrupted at precisely the same time, this feature cannot operate.
Line differential protection generates a trip signal if the false differential current is
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
sufficiently high. An open CT circuit is typically detected in 1214 ms, and if the load
in the protected circuit is relatively high, about the nominal load, the unwanted trip
cannot always be prevented. Still, the information about what was the cause of the
open CT secondary circuit, is vital.
The open CT function is supposed to detect an open CT under normal conditions, that
is, with the protected multi-terminal circuit under normal load (10...120% of the rated
load). If the load currents are very low or zero, the open CT condition cannot be
detected. In addition to load condition requirement, Open CT function also checks the
differential current on faulty phase. If the differential current is lower than 10% of
IBase, the open CT condition cannot be detected. Therefore, the Open CT algorithm
only detects an open CT if the load on the power transformer protected object is
10...120% of rated load and the differential current is higher than 10% of IBase on that
phase. The search for an open CT starts 60 seconds (50 seconds in 60 Hz systems) after
the bias current has entered the 10...120% range. The Open CT detection feature can
also be explicitly deactivated by setting: OpenCTEnable = 0 (Off).
If an open CT is detected and the output OPENCT set to 1, then all the differential
functions are blocked, except the unrestrained (instantaneous) differential. An alarm
signal is also produced after a settable delay (tOCTAlarmDelay) to report to
operational personnel for quick remedy actions once the open CT is detected. When
the open CT condition is removed (that is, the previously open CT is reconnected), the
functions remain blocked for a specified interval of time, which is also defined by a
setting (tOCTResetDelay). This is to prevent an eventual mal-operation after the
reconnection of the previously open CT secondary circuit.
The open CT algorithm provides detailed information about the location of the
defective CT secondary circuit. The algorithm clearly indicates the IED side, CT input
and phase in which an open CT condition has been detected. These indications are
provided via the following outputs from the Line differential protection function:
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Differential protection
Once the open CT condition is declared, the algorithm stops to search for further open
CT circuits. It waits until the first open CT circuit has been corrected. Note that once
the open CT condition has been detected, it can be reset automatically within the
differential function. It is not possible to externally reset an open CT condition. To
reset the open CT circuit alarm automatically, the following conditions must be
fulfilled:
If an open CT has been detected in a separate group of three CTs, the algorithm is reset
either when the missing current returns to the normal value, or when all three currents
become zero. After the reset, the open CT detection algorithm starts again to search for
open CT circuits within the protected zone.
There is space for eight binary signals integrated in the telegram of the line differential
analog communication.
The function acts as the interface to and from Line differential protection.
The task of LDLPSCH is to transfer the signals via LDCM between IEDs in the
protection zone. Once LDLPSCH receives a block or trip signal from one IED, this
block or trip signal is transferred to other IEDs by LDLPSCH function.
When the line differential protection function in local IED is set to test mode,
LDLPSCH sets the remote IEDs in a remote test mode and block the trip outputs in the
remote IEDs. Figure 56 shows a simplified block diagram which illustrates block
signal handling by LDLPSCH.
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Differential protection
TestModeRemoteTerm1 0
TestModeRemoteTerm2 0
>=1
0
TestModeRemoteTerm3 0
0
>=1 50 ms
TestModeRemoteTerm4 0
0
t
BlockRemoteTerm1 0
>=1 0
BlockRemoteTerm2 0
0
BlockRemoteTerm3 0 0
>=1
BlockRemoteTerm4 0
0 0 LocalDiffBlock
50 ms
0 LOCALDIFFBLOCKED
OPEN CT BLK t
TestModeInput 0
CTFailOCTToRemote
& (signal to LDCM)
0
& 50 ms TestModeToRemote
0 0 t
TestModeSet &
0 0
1 0
>=1
0 0 Block Remote Trip
ReleaseLocal
0 0
>=1
0 Block Remote Trip
TERMINALOUTOFSERVICE 0 0
0
>=1 >=1
0
100 ms 0
BlockToRemote
BLCOK 0
t 0
IEC13000259-2-en.vsd
IEC13000259 V2 EN
When LDLPSCH receives the trip signal from local IED (or remote IED), this trip
signal is transferred to remote IEDs (or local IED) in the protection zone. Figure 57
shows a simplified block diagram which illustrates trip signal handling by LDLPSCH.
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
DiffTripL1
DiffTripL2
DiffTripL3
0 TRIPL1LOCAL
&
0 0
>=1
0 0 TRIPL1
0
0
&
0 TripL1ToRemote
0
TripL1RemoteTerm1 0
>=1
>=1 0 0 TRIP
TripL1RemoteTerm2 0
0 0
TripL1RemoteTerm3 0
& 0
TripL1RemoteTerm4 0 0
0 TRIPL2LOCAL
&
0 0
>=1
0 0 TRIPL2
0
0
&
0
0
0
&
0 TripL2ToRemote
TripL2RemoteTerm1 0 >=1
>=1 TRIPLOCAL
TripL2RemoteTerm2 0
0 0
0
TripL2RemoteTerm3 0
0
TripL2RemoteTerm4 0
TRIPL3LOCAL
0
&
0 0
>=1
BlockLocalTrip 0 0 TRIPL3
1
0
0
&
0 TripL3ToRemote
BlockTripToRemote
1 0
0
>=1
TripL3RemoteTerm1 0 0 0 TRIPREMOTE
TripL3RemoteTerm2 0
>=1
0 0 0
TripL3RemoteTerm3 0
&
TripL3RemoteTerm4 0 0
BlockRemoteTrip 0
1
IEC13000260-2-en.vsd
IEC13000260 V2 EN
Some of the signals in the above block diagrams are used as the internal signals by
LDLPSCH. Table Internal signals describes the source or destination of these internal
signals.
Table 75: Internal signals
Internal signals Source of destination Description
testModeRemoteTerm1 Signal from LDCM Test mode from remote terminal
1
testModeRemoteTerm2 Signal from LDCM Test mode from remote terminal
2
testModeRemoteTerm3 Signal from LDCM Test mode from remote terminal
3
Table continues on next page
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Differential protection
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
SlopeSection2 (10.0-50.0)% -
SlopeSection3 (30.0-100.0)% -
EndSection 1 (20150)% of IBase -
EndSection 2 (1001000)% of IBase -
Unrestrained limit function (1005000)% of IBase 1.0% of Ir at I Ir
1.0% of I at I > Ir
*Inverse characteristics, see table 16 curve types See table 1113, 1114
1113, 1114 and table 1115 and table 1115
Critical impulse time 2ms typically at 0 to 10 x IdMin -
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
6.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Additional security logic for differential LDRGFC - 11
protection
6.4.2 Functionality
Additional security logic for differential protection (LDRGFC) can help the security
of the protection especially when the communication system is in abnormal status or
for example when there is unspecified asymmetry in the communication link. It helps
to reduce the probability for mal-operation of the protection. LDRGFC is more
sensitive than the main protection logic to always release operation for all faults
detected by the differential function. LDRGFC consists of four sub functions:
Phase-to-phase current variation takes the current samples as input and it calculates
the variation using the sampling value based algorithm. Phase-to-phase current
variation function is major one to fulfill the objectives of the startup element.
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
Zero sequence criterion takes the zero sequence current as input. It increases the
security of protection during the high impedance fault conditions.
Low voltage criterion takes the phase voltages and phase-to-phase voltages as inputs.
It increases the security of protection when the three-phase fault occurred on the weak
end side.
Low current criterion takes the phase currents as inputs and it increases the
dependability during the switch onto fault case of unloaded line.
The differential function can be allowed to trip as no load is fed through the line and
protection is not working correctly.
Features:
Startup element is sensitive enough to detect the abnormal status of the protected
system
Startup element does not influence the operation speed of main protection
Startup element would detect the evolving faults, high impedance faults and three
phase fault on weak side
It is possible to block the each sub function of startup element
Startup signal has a settable pulse time
IEC14000015-1-en.vsd
IEC14000015 V1 EN
6.4.4 Signals
Table 77: LDRGFC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKCV BOOLEAN 0 Block of ph to ph current variation criterion
BLKUC BOOLEAN 0 Block of the low current criterion
Table continues on next page
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Differential protection
6.4.5 Settings
Table 79: LDRGFC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
tStUpReset 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 7.000 Reset delay for startup signal
OperationCV Off - - On Operation current variation Off/On
On
ICV> 1 - 100 %IB 1 20 Fixed threshold for ph to ph current
variation criterion
OperationUC Off - - On Operation low current criterion Off/On
On
IUC< 1 - 100 %IB 1 5 Start value for low current operation in %
of IBase
Operation3I0 Off - - On Operation zero sequence current criterion
On Off/On
I3I0> 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Start value for zero sequence current
criterion in % of IBase
OperationUV Off - - On Operation under voltage criterion Off/On
On
UPhN< 1 - 100 %UB 1 60 Start value for phase voltage criterion in %
of UBase
UPhPh< 1 - 100 %UB 1 60 Start value for ph to ph voltage criterion in
% of UBase
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
Startup signal becomes activated when any one of the current variation startup signal,
zero sequence current startup signal, voltage startup signal, and current startup signal
is activated.
Phase-to-phase current variation takes current samples and generates the startup
signal by comparing with the start value.
If the zero sequence current value is greater than the start value of zero sequence
current then the zero sequence current startup signal will be activated.
Voltage startup signal becomes activated when the any of phase voltage and line
voltage is less than the voltage start value and the remote startup signal has to be
activated.
Current startup signal becomes activated when the current value in all phases is less
than current start value.
Phase-to-phase current variation one is main startup element. It covers most of the
abnormal status of the system. The phase-to-phase current variation fails in high
impedance faults, three-phase fault on weak side and switch onto fault on unloaded
line because of low sensitivity in these cases.
Phase-to-phase current variation takes the current samples as input and the signal is
evaluated using the sampling value based algorithm.
Where:
i sampling value of phase-to-phase current variation
IZD setting of fixed threshold, which corresponds to setting ICV>. The default value for the
setting is 0.2IBase, where IBase is the base current.
IT float threshold
1 2T -1
DI T = | DiFF (t - n) |
T n =T
EQUATION2256 V1 EN
Where:
T count of sample values in one cycle
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
Di (k ) = [i ( k ) - i (k - N )] - [i (k - N ) - i (k - 2 N )]
= i ( k ) - 2i ( k - N ) + i (k - 2 N )
EQUATION2257 V1 EN
tCV
STCVL1L2
t
cont
OR STCV
cont
IEC10000295-1-en.vsd
IEC10000295 V1 EN
tCV is the time setting for the change of current criterion. Phase current samples are
included in input signal I3P.
Zero sequence criterion is mainly for detection of remote IED high resistance faults or
some gradual faults. The criterion takes the zero sequence current as input. Zero
sequence current is compared with I3I0> for the t3I0 time to generate the zero
sequence current startup signal.
I3P a
a>b t3I0
I3IO> b ST3I0
AND t
BLK3I0
BLOCK OR
IEC09000778-2-en.vsd
IEC09000778 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
Here I3I0> is the setting of the maximum possible non-faulted zero sequence current
for the protected line. The default value for this setting is 0.1 IBase where IBase is
the rated current of the CT.
t3I0 is the time setting for the zero sequence current criterion.
The zero sequence current criterion can be blocked by activating the BLK3I0 input
signal.
Low voltage criterion is mainly for detection of the three phase faults occurring on
weak side with pre fault no load condition. The low voltage criterion takes the voltage
phase values, voltage phase-to-phase values and remote startup signals as inputs. The
logic for low voltage criterion is shown below:
U3P (UPhN) a
a<b
UPhN< b
OR
U3P (UPhPh) a
a<b
UPhPh< b
tUV STUV
REMSTUP (Recived)
AND t
BLKUV
BLOCK OR
IEC09000779-2-en.vsd
IEC09000779 V2 EN
Voltage phase value is compared with the start value of voltage phase and voltage
phase-to-phase value is compared with the start value of voltage phase-to-phase. If
any of the phase voltage or phase-to-phase voltages is below the set voltage levels for
some time duration (tUV) then the low voltage START signal becomes activated after
receiving the remote startup signal. Low voltage criterion can be blocked by activating
BLKUV input signal.
If there are more than one remote IED, all the startup signals of the remote ends are
logically OR to obtain the REMSTUP signal from the remote side as input.
The current in each phase is compared to the set current level. If all currents are below
setting IUC<, the STUC output is activated after the set delay tUC.
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Section 6 1MRK505308-UEN B
Differential protection
I3P
a
a<b tUC
IUC< b STUC
AND t
BLKUC
BLOCK OR
IEC09000780-2-en.vsd
IEC09000780 V2 EN
The configuration for the additional security logic for differential protection is shown
in Figure 63. The function will release tripping of the line differential protection up to
the end of timer tStUpReset.
Phase-phase STCV
i
current variation
Low current
criterion STUC
I0 <
REMSTUP
IEC10000296-2-en.vsd
IEC10000296 V2 EN
Figure 63: Additional security logic for differential protection. Logic diagram for
start up element.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 6
Differential protection
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178
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Distance protection zone, quadrilateral ZMQPDIS 21
characteristic (zone 1)
S00346 V1 EN
S00346 V1 EN
Z<->
IEC09000167 V1 EN
7.1.2 Functionality
The line distance protection is an up to five (depending on product variant) zone full
scheme protection function with three fault loops for phase-to-phase faults and three
fault loops for phase-to-earth faults for each of the independent zones. Individual
settings for each zone in resistive and reactive reach gives flexibility for use as back-
up protection for transformer connected to overhead lines and cables of different types
and lengths.
ZMQPDIS together with Phase selection with load encroachment FDPSPDIS has
functionality for load encroachment, which increases the possibility to detect high
resistive faults on heavily loaded lines, as shown in figure64.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Forward
operation
Reverse
operation
en05000034.vsd
IEC05000034 V1 EN
Figure 64: Typical quadrilateral distance protection zone with Phase selection
with load encroachment function FDPSPDIS activated
The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a
sensitive and reliable built-in phase selection makes the function suitable in
applications with single-phase autoreclosing.
The distance protection zones can operate independently of each other in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with
different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines.
IEC06000256-2-en.vsd
IEC06000256 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
ZMQAPDIS
I3P* TRIP
U3P* TRL1
BLOCK TRL2
VTSZ TRL3
BLKTR START
STCND STL1
DIRCND STL2
STL3
STND
IEC09000884-1-en.vsd
IEC09000884 V1 EN
The two inputs I3P Three phase group signal for current and U3P
Three phase group signal for voltage, must be connected to non-
adaptive SMAI blocks if ANY OF THE ZONES are set for
directional operation. That is, the parameter DFTReference in used
SMAI must be set to InternalDFTRef. If adaptive SMAI block is used
this might result in a wrong directional and reach evaluation.
ZDRDIR
I3P* STDIRCND
U3P*
IEC10000007-2-en.vsd
IEC10000007 V2 EN
7.1.4 Signals
Table 84: ZMQPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
VTSZ BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all output by fuse failure signal
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all trip outputs
STCND INTEGER 0 External start condition (loop enabler)
DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition
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Impedance protection
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.1.5 Settings
Signals and settings for ZMQPDIS are valid for zone 1 while signals
and settings for ZMQAPDIS are valid for zone 2 - 5
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Impedance protection
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which
means that each fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults for
forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.
IEC05000458-2-en.vsd
IEC05000458 V2 EN
Figure 68: The different measuring loops at phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-
phase fault.
The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched
schemes which mostly uses a start element to select correct voltages and current
depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent
distance protection IED with six measuring elements.
The distance measuring zone includes six impedance measuring loops; three intended
for phase-to-earth faults, and three intended for phase-to-phase as well as, three-phase
faults.
The distance measuring zone will essentially operate according to the non-directional
impedance characteristics presented in figure 69 and figure 70. The phase-to-earth
characteristic is illustrated with the full loop reach while the phase-to-phase
characteristic presents the per phase reach.
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Impedance protection
X (Ohm/loop)
R1+Rn
RFPE RFPE
X0-X1
Xn =
3
X1+Xn R0-R1
Rn =
3
jN jN
R (Ohm/loop)
RFPE RFPE
X1+Xn
RFPE RFPE
IEC11000427-1-en.vsd
R1+Rn
IEC11000427 V1 EN
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X (Ohm/phase)
RFPP R1 RFPP
2 2
X 0 PE - X 1RVPE
XNRV =XX00PEPG--X31XRVPE
1RVPG
XNRV =
XNRV =
33
XX
X00PE
0PE
PG --1X
-X 11FWPE
XFWPE
FWPG
XNFW===
XNFW
XNFW
3
X1 3 3
j j
R (Ohm/phase)
RFPP RFPP
2 2
X1
RFPP R1 RFPP
2 2
IEC11000428-1-en.vsd
IEC11000428 V1 EN
The fault loop reach with respect to each fault type may also be presented as in
figure 71. Note in particular the difference in definition regarding the (fault) resistive
reach for phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IL1 R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
fault in phase L1 RFPE
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 )
IL1 R1 + j X1 Phase-to-phase
UL1 element L1-L2
Phase-to-phase
fault in phase RFPP
L1-L2 IL2
UL2 (Arc resistance)
R1 + j X1
The R1 and jX1 in figure 71 represents the positive sequence impedance from the
measuring point to the fault location. The settings and RFPP are the eventual fault
resistances in the faulty place.
Regarding the illustration of three-phase fault in figure 71, there is of course fault
current flowing also in the third phase during a three-phase fault. The illustration
merely reflects the loop measurement, which is made phase-to-phase.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X X X
R R R
IEC05000182-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000182 V2 EN
For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all
phase-to-earth loops will be blocked when IN < IMinOpIN, regardless of the phase
currents.
ILn is the RMS value of the current in phase Ln. IN is the RMS value of the vector sum
of the three-phase currents, that is, residual current 3I0.
ILmLn is the RMS value of the vector difference between phase currents Lm and Ln.
Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the
current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits. The
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
UL1 UL2
Zapp = -------------------------
I L1 IL2
EQUATION1222 V1 EN (Equation 10)
Here U and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective
phase Ln (n = 1, 2, 3)
U L1
Z app =
I L1 + I N KN
EQUATION1223 V2 EN (Equation 11)
Where:
are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED
U L1
I L1
IN
KN
is defined as:
Z 0 - Z1
KN =
3 Z1
EQUATION-2105 V2 EN
Z 0 = R 0 + jX 0
EQUATION2106 V2 EN
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1
EQUATION2107 V2 EN
Where
R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach
X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach
R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach
X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Here IN is a phasor of the residual current in IED point. This results in the same reach
along the line for all types of faults.
The formula given in equation 11 is only valid for radial feeder application without
load. When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-earth fault, conventional
distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end.
The IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such
applications.
Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter.
The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into
memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of
voltage (U), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from
the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.
The filter provides two orthogonal values for each input. These values are related to
the loop impedance according to equation 12,
X Di
U = R i + ------ -----
w 0 Dt
EQUATION1224 V1 EN (Equation 12)
X D Re ( I )
Re ( U ) = R Re ( I ) + ------ ------------------
w0 Dt
X DIm ( I )
Im ( U ) = R Im ( I ) + ------ -----------------
w0 Dt
with
w0 = 2 p f 0
EQUATION356 V1 EN (Equation 15)
where:
Re designates the real component of current and voltage,
Im designates the imaginary component of current and voltage and
f0 designates the rated system frequency
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Impedance protection
The algorithm calculates Rm measured resistance from the equation for the real value
of the voltage and substitutes it in the equation for the imaginary part. The equation for
the Xm measured reactance can then be solved. The final result is equal to:
Im ( U ) DRe ( I ) Re ( U ) D Im ( I )
R m = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) D Im ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION357 V1 EN (Equation 16)
Re ( U ) Im ( I ) Im ( U ) Re ( I )
Xm = w 0 Dt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) DIm ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION358 V1 EN (Equation 17)
The calculated Rm and Xm values are updated each sample and compared with the set
zone reach. The adaptive tripping counter counts the number of permissive tripping
results. This effectively removes any influence of errors introduced by the capacitive
voltage transformers or by other factors.
The directional evaluations are performed simultaneously in both forward and reverse
directions, and in all six fault loops. Positive sequence voltage and a phase locked
positive sequence memory voltage are used as a reference. This ensures unlimited
directional sensitivity for faults close to the IED point.
For the L1-L2 element, the equation in forward direction is according to.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
where:
ArgDir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 15 (= -15 degrees) and
ArgNegRes is the setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 115 degrees, see figure 73.
is positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1
U 1L1
is positive sequence memorized phase voltage in phase L1
U 1L1M
is phase current in phase L1
I L1
is voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
U 1L1L 2
is memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
U 1L1L 2 M
is current difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
I L1L 2
The setting of ArgDir and ArgNegRes is by default set to 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees
respectively (as shown in figure 73). It should not be changed unless system studies
have shown the necessity.
ZDRDIR gives binary coded directional information per measuring loop on the output
STDIRCND.
STDIR= STFWL1*1+STFWL2*2+STFWL3*4+STFWL1L2*8+
+STFWL2L3*16+STFWL3L1*32+STRVL1*64+STRVL2*128+
+STRVL3*256+STRVL1L2*512+STRVL2L3*1024+STRVL3L1*2048
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Impedance protection
ArgNegRes
ArgDir
R
en05000722.vsd
IEC05000722 V1 EN
Figure 73: Setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault in
Directional impedance quadrilateral function ZDRDIR
The polarizing voltage is available as long as the positive sequence voltage exceeds
5% of the set base voltage UBase. So the directional element can use it for all
unsymmetrical faults including close-in faults.
For close-in three-phase faults, the U1L1M memory voltage, based on the same
positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.
The memory voltage is used for 100 ms or until the positive sequence voltage is
restored.
If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current
(between 10 and 30% of the set IED rated current IBase), the condition seals in.
If the fault has caused tripping, the trip endures.
If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in
the reverse direction remains in operation.
If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets
until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.
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Impedance protection
Phase-to-earth related signals are designated by L1N, L2N and L3N. The phase-to-
phase signals are designated by L1L2, L2L3, and L3L1.
Two types of function block, ZMQPDIS and ZMQAPDIS, are used in the IED.
ZMQPDIS is used for zone 1 and ZMQAPDIS for zone 2 - 5.
The STCND input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from
Phase selection with load encroachment, quadrilateral characteristic function
FDPSPDIS within the IED, which are converted within the zone measuring function
into corresponding boolean expressions for each condition separately. Input signal
STCND is connected to FDPSPDIS or FMPSPDIS function output STCNDZ.
The input signal DIRCND is used to give condition for directionality for the distance
measuring zones. The signal contains binary coded information for both forward and
reverse direction. The zone measurement function filters out the relevant signals
depending on the setting of the parameter OperationDir. It must be configured to the
STDIR output on ZDRDIR function.
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Impedance protection
STZMPP
OR
STCND
AND STNDL1L2
L1L2
STNDL2L3
L2L3 AND
AND STNDL1N
L1N
AND STNDL2N
L2N
STNDL3N
L3N AND
OR STPE
OR
VTSZ STND
OR AND
BLOCK
BLOCFUNC BLK
99000557-2.vsd
IEC99000557-TIFF V3 EN
Figure 74: Conditioning by a group functional input signal STCND, external start
condition
Composition of the phase start signals for a case, when the zone operates in a non-
directional mode, is presented in figure 75.
IEC00000488-TIFF V1 EN
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits, when the zone operates
in directional (forward or reverse) mode, as shown in figure 76.
STNDL1N
AND
DIRL1N
STZMPE.
OR
STNDL2N
DIRL2N AND
STNDL3N 15 ms
OR STL1
AND AND t
DIRL3N
STNDL1L2
DIRL1L2 AND 15 ms
OR STL2
AND t
STNDL2L3
DIRL2L3 AND
15 ms
OR STL3
STNDL3L1 AND t
DIRL3L1 AND
STZMPP
OR
BLK
15 ms
OR START
AND t
IEC09000888-2-en.vsd
IEC09000888 V2 EN
Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in
figure 77.
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Impedance protection
Timer tPP=On
STZMPP AND tPP
AND
t
BLOCFUNC
OR OR
tPE
t
AND
Timer tPE=On AND
STZMPE 15ms
BLKTR AND t
TRIP
BLK OR
IEC09000887-3-en.vsdx
IEC09000887 V3 EN
199
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.2.1 Identification
7.2.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Phase selection with load FDPSPDIS 21
encroachment, quadrilateral
characteristic Z<phs
SYMBOL-DD V1 EN
7.2.2 Functionality
The operation of transmission networks today is in many cases close to the stability
limit. Due to environmental considerations, the rate of expansion and reinforcement
of the power system is reduced, for example, difficulties to get permission to build
new power lines. The ability to accurately and reliably classify the different types of
fault, so that single pole tripping and autoreclosing can be used plays an important role
in this matter. Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with fixed angle
FDPSPDIS is designed to accurately select the proper fault loop in the distance
function dependent on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may make
fault resistance coverage difficult to achieve. Therefore, FDPSPDIS has a built-in
algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the possibility to enlarge the resistive
setting of both the phase selection and the measuring zones without interfering with
the load.
The extensive output signals from the phase selection gives also important
information about faulty phase(s), which can be used for fault analysis.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IEC14000047-1-en.vsd
IEC10000047 V2 EN
7.2.4 Signals
Table 98: FDPSPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.2.5 Settings
Table 100: FDPSPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
INBlockPP 10 - 100 %IPh 1 40 3I0 limit for blocking phase-to-phase
measuring loops
INReleasePE 10 - 100 %IPh 1 20 3I0 limit for releasing phase-to-earth
measuring loops
RLdFw 1.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 80.00 Forward resistive reach within the load
impedance area
RLdRv 1.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 80.00 Reverse resistive reach within the load
impedance area
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 30 Load angle determining the load
impedance area
X1 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 40.00 Positive sequence reactance reach
X0 0.50 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 120.00 Zero sequence reactance reach
RFFwPP 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, forward
RFRvPP 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse
RFFwPE 1.00 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-E, forward
RFRvPE 1.00 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-E, reverse
IMinOpPP 5 - 500 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
Phase loops
IMinOpPE 5 - 500 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
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Impedance protection
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Impedance protection
1. Residual current criteria, that is, separation of faults with and without earth
connection
2. Regular quadrilateral impedance characteristic
3. Load encroachment characteristics is always active but can be switched off by
selecting a high setting.
These directional indications are based on the sector boundaries of the directional
function and the impedance setting of FDPSPDIS function. Their operating
characteristics are illustrated in figure 79.
X X X
R
R R
en08000286.vsd
IEC08000286 V1 EN
The setting of the load encroachment function may influence the total operating
characteristic, (for more information, refer to section "Load encroachment").
The input DIRCND contains binary coded information about the directional coming
from the directional function . It shall be connected to the STDIR output on ZDRDIR,
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Impedance protection
STDIR= STFWL1*1+STFWL2*2+STFWL3*4+STFWL1L2*8+
+STFWL2L3*16+STFWL3L1*32+STRVL1*64+STRVL2*128+
+STRVL3*256+STRVL1L2*512+STRVL2L3*1024+STRVL3L1*2048
If the binary information is 1 then it will be considered that we have start in forward
direction in phase L1. If the binary code is 3 then we have start in forward direction in
phase L1 and L2, binary code 192 means start in reverse direction in phase L1 and
L2A and B etc.
The code built up for release of the measuring fault loops is as follows:
ULn
ZPHSn =
ILn
EQUATION1255 V1 EN (Equation 20)
where:
n corresponds to the particular phase (n=1, 2 or 3)
The resistance RN and reactance XN are the impedance in the earth-return path
defined according to equation 21 and equation 22.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
R0 - R1
RN =
3
EQUATION1256 V1 EN (Equation 21)
X 0 - X1
XN =
3
EQUATION1257 V1 EN (Equation 22)
X (ohm/loop)
Kr(X1+XN)
RFRvPE RFFwPE
X1+XN
60 deg
RFFwPE
RFRvPE R (Ohm/loop)
60 deg
X1+XN
1
Kr =
tan(60deg)
RFRvPE RFFwPE
Kr(X1+XN)
en06000396.vsd
IEC06000396 V2 EN
Besides this, the 3I0 residual current must fulfil the conditions according to
equation 23 and equation 24.
3 I0 0.5 IMinOpPE
EQUATION2108 V1 EN (Equation 23)
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
3 I0 INReleasePE
------------------------------------ Iphmax
100
EQUATION766 V1 EN (Equation 24)
where:
IMinOpPE is the minimum operation current for forward zones
INReleasePE is the setting for the minimum residual current needed to enable operation in the phase-
to-earth fault loops (in %).
Iphmax is the maximum phase current in any of three phases.
ULm - ULn
ZPHS =
-2 ILn
EQUATION1258 V1 EN (Equation 25)
ULm is the leading phase voltage, ULn the lagging phase voltage and ILn the phase
current in the lagging phase n.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X (W / phase)
0.5RFRvPP 0.5RFFwPP
KrX1
X1
0.5RFFwPP
60 deg
R (W / phase)
60 deg
0.5RFRvPP
X1
1
Kr =
tan(60 deg)
KrX1
0.5RFRvPP 0.5RFFwPP
IEC09000047-2-en.vsd
IEC09000047 V2 EN
In the same way as the condition for phase-to-earth fault, there are current conditions
that have to be fulfilled in order to release the phase-to-phase loop. Those are
according to equation 26 or equation 27.
3I 0 < IMinOpPE
EQUATION2109 V1 EN (Equation 26)
INBlockPP
3I 0 < Iph max
100
EQUATION2110 V1 EN (Equation 27)
where:
IMinOpPE is the minimum operation current for earth measuring loops,
INBlockPP is 3I0 limit for blocking phase-to-phase measuring loop and
Iphmax is maximal magnitude of the phase currents.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
The operation conditions for three-phase faults are the same as for phase-to-phase
fault, that is equation 25, equation 26 and equation 27 are used to release the operation
of the function.
X (ohm/phase)
4 X1
3
90 deg
0.5RFFwPPK3
X1K3 4 RFFwPP
6
R (ohm/phase)
0.5RFRvPPK3
2
K3 =
3 30 deg
IEC05000671-5-en.vsd
IEC05000671 V5 EN
Each of the six measuring loops has its own load encroachment characteristic based
on the corresponding loop impedance. The load encroachment functionality is always
active, but can be switched off by selecting a high setting.
The outline of the characteristic is presented in figure 83. As illustrated, the resistive
blinders are set individually in forward and reverse direction while the angle of the
sector is the same in all four quadrants.
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Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
RLdFw
ArgLd ArgLd
R
ArgLd ArgLd
RLdRv
IEC09000042-1-en.vsd
IEC09000042 V1 EN
When output signal STCNDLE is selected, the operation characteristic will be as the
right illustration in figure 84. The reach will in this case be limit by the minimum
operation current and the distance measuring zones.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
X X
R R
STCNDZ STCNDLE
IEC10000099-1-
en.vsd
IEC10000099 V1 EN
When FDPSPDIS is set to operate together with a distance measuring zone the
resultant operate characteristic could look like in figure 85. The figure shows a
distance measuring zone operating in forward direction. Thus, the operating area is
highlighted in black.
211
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
"Phase selection"
"quadrilateral" zone
Load encroachment
characteristic
Directional line
en05000673.vsd
IEC05000673 V1 EN
Figure 85 is valid for phase-to-earth. During a three-phase fault, or load, when the
quadrilateral phase-to-phase characteristic is subject to enlargement and rotation the
operate area is transformed according to figure 86. Notice in particular what happens
with the resistive blinders of the "phase selection" "quadrilateral" zone. Due to the 30-
degree rotation, the angle of the blinder in quadrant one is now 90 degrees instead of
the original 60 degrees. The blinder that is nominally located to quadrant four will at
the same time tilt outwards and increase the resistive reach around the R-axis.
Consequently, it will be more or less necessary to use the load encroachment
characteristic in order to secure a margin to the load impedance.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
X (W / phase)
Phase selection
Quadrilateral zone
R (W / phase)
IEC09000049-1-en.vsd
IEC09000049 V1 EN
Figure 86: Operating characteristic for FDPSPDIS in forward direction for three-
phase fault, ohm/phase domain
The result from rotation of the load characteristic at a fault between two phases is
presented in fig 87. Since the load characteristic is based on the same measurement as
the quadrilateral characteristic, it will rotate with the quadrilateral characteristic
clockwise by 30 degrees when subject to a pure phase-to-phase fault. At the same time
the characteristic will "shrink", divided by 2/3, from the full RLdFw and RLdRv
reach, which is valid at load or three-phase fault.
213
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IEC08000437.vsd
IEC08000437 V1 EN
Figure 87: Rotation of load characteristic for a fault between two phases
There is a gain in selectivity by using the same measurement as for the quadrilateral
characteristic since not all phase-to-phase loops will be fully affected by a fault
between two phases. It should also provide better fault resistive coverage in quadrant
one. The relative loss of fault resistive coverage in quadrant four should not be a
problem even for applications on series compensated lines.
The operation of the Phase selection with load encroachment function (FDPSPDIS) is
blocked if the magnitude of input currents falls below certain threshold values.
The phase-to-earth loop Ln is blocked if ILn<IMinOpPE, where ILn is the RMS value
of the current in phase Ln.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
LDEblock
& 15 ms
t STPE
&
INReleasePE
3I 0 Iphmax
100 STCNDLE
Bool to &
BLOCK integer
15 ms
3I 0 < IMinOpPE & t STPP
10 ms 20 ms
OR & t t
IRELPP
INBlockPP
3I 0 < Iphmax
100
IEC09000149_2_en.vsd
IEC09000149 V2 EN
215
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
INDL1N
INDL2N
INDL3N
15 ms
STNDPE
IRELPE OR t
LDEblockL1N
AND 15 ms
ZML1N STNDL1
OR t
LDEblockL2N
AND
ZML2N
15 ms
LDEblockL3N STNDL2
OR t
AND
ZML3N
LDEblockL1L2 15 ms
STNDL3
AND OR t
ZML1L2
LDEblockL2L3
AND INDL1L2
ZML2L3
LDEblockL3L1 INDL2L3
AND
ZML3L1 INDL3L1
IRELPP 15 ms
STNDPP
OR t
IEC00000545-3-en.vsd
IEC00000545-TIFF V3 EN
216
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
INDL1N
AND
DRVL1N
INDL1L2 15 ms STRVL1
AND OR t
DRVL1L2
INDL3L1
AND
DRVL3L1 15 ms
STRVPE
INDL2N OR t
AND
DRVL2N
INDL1L2 15 ms
STRVL2
AND OR t
INDL2L3 INDL1N
AND INDL2N
DRVL2L3
INDL3N Bool to STCNDZ
INDL3N INDL1L2 integer
AND INDL2L3
DRVL3N INDL3L1
INDL2L3 15 ms
STRVL3
AND OR t
INDL3L1
15 ms
AND STRVPP
OR t
IEC00000546_2_en.vsd
IEC00000546-TIFF V2 EN
217
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
AND
INDL1N
AND 15 ms 15 ms
DFWL1N STFW1PH
AND OR t t
INDL1L2
15 ms STFWL1
AND OR t
DFWL1L2
INDL3L1
AND
AND
DFWL3L1 15 ms
STFWPE
INDL2N OR t
AND
DFWL2N
AND 15 ms
INDL1L2 STFWL2
t
AND OR
15 ms 15 ms
INDL2L3 STFW2PH
AND OR t t
AND
DFWL2L3
INDL3N
AND AND
DFWL3N 15 ms
STFWL3
t
INDL2L3
AND OR
15 ms
INDL3L1 STFW3PH
AND t
AND
15 ms
STFWPP
OR t
IEC05000201_2_en.vsd
IEC05000201 V2 EN
Figure 92 presents the composition of output signals TRIP and START, where
internal signals STNDPP, STFWPP and STRVPP are the equivalent to internal
signals STNDPE, STFWPE and STRVPE, but for the phase-to-phase loops.
218
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
TimerPP=Off
tPP
AND AND
t
TRIP
OR OR
tPE
TimerPE=Off
t
AND AND
STNDPP
STFWPP OR
STRVPP
START
OR
STNDPE
STFWPE OR
STRVPE
IEC08000441_2_en.vsd
IEC08000441-1 V2 EN
219
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral ZMCPDIS 21
characteristic for series compensated
lines (zone 1)
S00346 V1 EN
S00346 V1 EN
IEC09000167 V1 EN
220
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.3.2 Functionality
The line distance protection is a, up to five zone full scheme protection with three fault
loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth fault for each
of the independent zones. Individual settings for each zone resistive and reactive reach
give flexibility for use on overhead lines and cables of different types and lengths.
ZMCPDIS function has functionality for load encroachment which increases the
possibility to detect high resistive faults on heavily loaded lines.
Forward
operation
Reverse
operation
en05000034.vsd
IEC05000034 V1 EN
The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a
sensitive and reliable built in phase selection makes the function suitable in
applications with single phase auto-reclosing.
Built-in adaptive load compensation algorithm for the quadrilateral function prevents
overreaching of zone1 at load exporting end at phase to earth-faults on heavily loaded
power lines.
The distance protection zones can operate, independent of each other, in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with
different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines.
221
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IEC07000036-2-en.vsd
IEC07000036 V2 EN
ZMCAPDIS
I3P* TRIP
U3P* TRL1
BLOCK TRL2
VTSZ TRL3
BLKTR START
STCND STL1
DIRCND STL2
STL3
STND
IEC09000890-1-en.vsd
IEC09000890 V1 EN
ZDSRDIR
I3P* STFW
U3P* STRV
STDIRCND
IEC07000035-2-en.vsd
IEC07000035 V2 EN
7.3.4 Signals
Input and output signals is shown for zone 1, zone 2 - 5 are equal.
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Impedance protection
223
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.3.5 Settings
Settings for ZMCPDIS are valid for zone 1, while settings for
ZMCAPDIS are valid for zone 2 - 5
224
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
225
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
226
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
227
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which
means that earth fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults for
forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.
Figure 97 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for the basic five,
impedance-measuring zones.
IEC05000458-2-en.vsd
IEC05000458 V2 EN
Figure 97: The different measuring loops at phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-
phase fault
228
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched
schemes which mostly uses a start element to select correct voltages and current
depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent
distance protection IED with six measuring elements.
X (Ohm/loop)
R1PE+RNFw
X 0 PE - X 1FwPE
RFRvPE RFFwPE XNFw =
3
PG- -
XX00PE 1RVPG 1RvPE
1XRVPE
X
XNRV XNRv
XNRV == =XXNFw
3
3 X 1FwPE
XX0 PE - X-1X
0 PG FWPE
1FWPG
XNFW==
XNFW
X1FwPE+XNFw 3 3 R0 PE - R1PE
RNFw =
jN jN 3
R (Ohm/loop)
RFRvPE RFFwPE
X1RvPE+XNRv
jN
RFRvPE RFFwPE
IEC09000625-1-en.vsd
IEC09000625 V1 EN
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X (Ohm/phase)
j j
jN R (Ohm/phase)
RFRvPP RFFwPP
2 2
X1RvPP
jN
RFRvPP RFFwPP
2 2
IEC09000632-1-en.vsd
IEC09000632 V1 EN
The fault loop reach with respect to each fault type may also be presented as in
figure 100. Note in particular the difference in definition regarding the (fault) resistive
reach for phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults.
230
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IL1 R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
fault in phase L1 RFPE
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 )
IL1 R1 + j X1 Phase-to-phase
UL1 element L1-L2
Phase-to-phase
fault in phase RFPP
L1-L2 IL2
UL2 (Arc resistance)
R1 + j X1
The R1 and jX1 in figure 100 represents the positive sequence impedance from the
measuring point to the fault location. The RFPE and RFPP is the eventual fault
resistance in the fault place.
Regarding the illustration of three-phase fault in figure 100, there is of course fault
current flowing also in the third phase during a three-phase fault. The illustration
merely reflects the loop measurement, which is made phase-to-phase.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X X X
R R R
IEC05000182-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000182 V2 EN
For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all
phase-to-earth loops will be blocked when IN < IMinOpIN, regardless of the phase
currents.
ILn is the RMS value of the current in phase Ln. IN is the RMS value of the vector sum
of the three phase currents, that is, residual current 3I0.
ILmLn is the RMS value of the vector difference between phase currents Lm and Ln.
Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the
current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits. The
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Impedance protection
UL1 UL2
Zapp = -------------------------
I L1 IL2
EQUATION1222 V1 EN (Equation 28)
Here U and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective
phase.
U L1
Z app =
I L1 + I N KN
EQUATION1223 V2 EN (Equation 29)
Where:
UL1, IL1 and IN are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED
KN is defined as:
Z 0 - Z1
KN =
3 Z1
EQUATION-2105 V2 EN
Z 0 = R 0 + jX 0
EQUATION2106 V2 EN
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1
EQUATION2107 V2 EN
Where
R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach
X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach
R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach
X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach
Here IN is a phasor of the residual current at the IED point. This results in the same
reach along the line for all types of faults.
233
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Impedance protection
The formula given in equation 29 is only valid for no loaded radial feeder applications.
When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-earth fault, conventional
distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end.
IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such
applications.
Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter.
The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into
memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of
voltage (U), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from
the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.
The filter provides two orthogonal values for each input. These values are related to
the loop impedance according to equation 30,
X Di
U = R i + ------ -----
w 0 Dt
EQUATION1224 V1 EN (Equation 30)
X D Re ( I )
Re ( U ) = R Re ( I ) + ------ ------------------
w0 Dt
X DIm ( I )
Im ( U ) = R Im ( I ) + ------ -----------------
w0 Dt
with
w0 = 2 p f 0
EQUATION356 V1 EN (Equation 33)
where:
Re designates the real component of current and voltage,
Im designates the imaginary component of current and voltage and
f0 designates the rated system frequency
The algorithm calculates Rm measured resistance from the equation for the real value
of the voltage and substitute it in the equation for the imaginary part. The equation for
the Xm measured reactance can then be solved. The final result is equal to:
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Impedance protection
Im ( U ) DRe ( I ) Re ( U ) D Im ( I )
R m = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) D Im ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION357 V1 EN (Equation 34)
Re ( U ) Im ( I ) Im ( U ) Re ( I )
Xm = w 0 Dt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) DIm ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION358 V1 EN (Equation 35)
The calculated Rm and Xm values are updated each sample and compared with the set
zone reach. The adaptive tripping counter counts the number of permissive tripping
results. This effectively removes any influence of errors introduced by the capacitive
voltage transformers or by other factors.
The directional evaluations are performed simultaneously in both forward and reverse
directions, and in all six fault loops. Positive sequence voltage and a phase locked
positive sequence memory voltage are used as a reference. This ensures unlimited
directional sensitivity for faults close to the IED point.
In the basic distance protection function, the control of the memory for polarizing
voltage is performed by an undervoltage control. In case of series compensated line,
a voltage reversal can occur with a relatively high voltage also when the memory must
be locked. Thus, a simple undervoltage type of voltage memory control can not be
used in case of voltage reversal. In the option for series compensated network the
polarizing quantity and memory are controlled by an impedance measurement
criterion.
At a three phase fault when no positive sequence voltage remains (all three phases are
disconnected) the memory is used for direction polarization during 100 ms.
The memory predicts the phase of the positive sequence voltage with the pre-fault
frequency. This extrapolation is made with a high accuracy and it is not the accuracy
of the memory that limits the time the memory can be used. The network is at a three
phase fault under way to a new equilibrium and the post-fault condition can only be
predicted accurately for a limited time from the pre-fault condition.
In case of a three phase fault after 100 ms the phase of the memorized voltage can not
be relied upon and the directional measurement has to be blocked. The achieved
direction criteria are sealed-in when the directional measurement is blocked and kept
until the impedance fault criteria is reset (the direction is stored until the fault is
cleared).
235
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
This memory control allows in the time domain unlimited correct directional
measurement for all unsymmetrical faults also at voltage reversal. Only at three phase
fault within the range of the set impedance reach of the criteria for control of the
polarization voltage the memory has to be used and the measurement is limited to 100
ms and thereafter the direction is sealed-in. The special impedance measurement to
control the polarization voltage is set separately and has only to cover (with some
margin) the impedance to fault that can cause the voltage reversal.
U 1L1M
- ArgDir < arg < ArgNeg Re s
I L1
EQUATION2004 V2 EN (Equation 36)
For the L1-L2 element, the equation in forward direction is according to:
U 1L1L 2 M
- ArgDir < arg < ArgNeg Re s
I L1L 2
EQUATION2006 V2 EN (Equation 37)
where:
ArgDir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 15 (= -15 degrees) and
ArgNegRes is the setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 115 degrees, see Figure 102.
U1L1M is positive sequence memorized phase voltage in phase L1
U1L1L2M is memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
The setting of ArgDir and ArgNegRes is by default set to 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees
respectively, see Figure 102, and it should not be changed unless system studies have
shown the necessity.
ZDSRDIR generates a binary coded signal on the output STDIR depending on the
evaluation where STFWL1N=1 adds 1, STRVL1N=1 adds 2, STFWL2N=1 adds 4.
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Impedance protection
ArgNegRes
ArgDir
R
en05000722.vsd
IEC05000722 V1 EN
Figure 102: Setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault
Two types of function block, ZMCPDIS and ZMCAPDIS, are used in the IED.
ZMCPDIS is used for zone 1 and ZMCAPDIS for zone 2 - 5.
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Impedance protection
The STCND input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from
the phase selection function within the IED, which are converted within the zone
measuring function into corresponding boolean expressions for each condition
separately. It is connected to Phase selection with load enchroachment, quadrilateral
characteristic (FDPSPDIS) function output STCNDZ.
STZMPP
OR
STCND
AND STNDL1L2
L1L2
STNDL2L3
L2L3 AND
AND STNDL1N
L1N
AND STNDL2N
L2N
STNDL3N
L3N AND
OR STPE
OR
VTSZ STND
OR AND
BLOCK
BLOCFUNC BLK
99000557-2.vsd
IEC99000557-TIFF V3 EN
Composition of the phase starting signals for a case, when the zone operates in a non-
directional mode, is presented in figure 104.
238
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IEC00000488-TIFF V1 EN
Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits, when the zone operates
in directional (forward or reverse) mode, as shown in figure 105.
STNDL1N
AND
DIRL1N
STZMPE.
OR
STNDL2N
DIRL2N AND
STNDL3N 15 ms
OR STL1
AND AND t
DIRL3N
STNDL1L2
DIRL1L2 AND 15 ms
OR STL2
AND t
STNDL2L3
DIRL2L3 AND
15 ms
OR STL3
STNDL3L1 AND t
DIRL3L1 AND
STZMPP
OR
BLK
15 ms
OR START
AND t
IEC09000888-2-en.vsd
IEC09000888 V2 EN
Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in
figure 106.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Timer tPP=On
STZMPP AND tPP
AND
t
BLOCFUNC
OR OR
tPE
t
AND
Timer tPE=On AND
STZMPE 15ms
BLKTR AND t
TRIP
BLK OR
IEC09000887-3-en.vsdx
IEC09000887 V3 EN
Figure 106: Tripping logic for the distance protection zone one
240
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Impedance protection
7.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE
identification C37.2 device
number
Full-scheme distance protection, mho ZMHPDIS 21
characteristic
S00346 V1 EN
7.4.2 Functionality
The numerical mho line distance protection is a, up to four zone full scheme protection
for back-up detection of short circuit and earth faults.
The four zones have fully independent measuring and settings, which gives high
flexibility for all types of lines.
The IED can be used up to the highest voltage levels. It is suitable for the protection
of heavily loaded lines and multi-terminal lines where the requirement for tripping is
one-, two- and/or three-pole.
The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a
sensitive and reliable phase selection makes the function suitable in applications with
single phase autoreclosing.
241
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
jX
Operation area
IEC07000117-2-en.vsd
IEC07000117 V2 EN
The distance protection zones can operate, independent of each other, in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode (offset). This makes them suitable,
together with different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and
cables in complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines
and so on.
The integrated control and monitoring functions offer effective solutions for operating
and monitoring all types of transmission and sub-transmission lines.
IEC06000423-2-en.vsd
IEC06000423 V3 EN
242
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.4.4 Signals
243
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.4.5 Settings
244
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which
means that each fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults are
executed in parallel for all zones.
The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched
schemes which mostly uses a start element to select correct voltages and current
depending on fault type. So each distance protection zone performs like one
independent distance protection function with six measuring elements.
Each instance can be selected to be either forward or reverse with positive sequence
polarized mho characteristic; alternatively self polarized offset mho characteristics is
also available. One example of the operating characteristic is shown in Figure 109 A)
where zone 5 is selected offset mho.
The directional mho characteristic of Figure 109 B) has a dynamic expansion due to
the source impedance. Instead of mho characteristic crossing origin, which is only
valid where the source impedance is zero, the crossing point is moved to the
coordinates of the negative source impedance giving an expansion of the circle of
Figure 109 B).
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
A B
jx X
Mho, zone4
Mho, zone2 R
Mho, zone1
Zs=Z1
Zs=2Z1
R
Offset mho, zone5
IEC09000143-3-en.vsd
IEC09000143 V3 EN
Figure 109: Mho, offset mho characteristic and the source impedance influence on the mho characteristic
The polarization quantities used for the mho circle are 100% memorized positive
sequence voltages. This will give a somewhat less dynamic expansion of the mho
circle during faults than a plain cross polarized characteristic. However, if the source
impedance is high, the dynamic expansion of the mho circle might lower the security
of the function too much with high loading and mild power swing conditions.
The mho distance element has a load encroachment function which cuts off a section
of the characteristic when enabled. The function is enabled by setting the setting
parameter LoadEnchMode to On. Enabling of the load encroachment function
increases the possibility to detect high resistive faults without interfering with the load
impedance. The algorithm for the load encroachment is located in the Faulty phase
identification with load encroachment for mho function FMPSPDIS, where also the
relevant settings can be found. Information about the load encroachment from
FMPSPDIS to the zone measurement is given in binary format to the input signal
LDCND.
Each impedance zone can be switched On and Off by the setting parameter
Operation.
Each zone can be set to Non-directional, Forward or Reverse by setting the parameter
DirMode .
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For critical applications such as for lines with high SIRs as well as CVTs, it is possible
to improve the security by setting the parameter ReachMode to Underreach. In this
mode the reach for faults close to the zone reach is reduced by 20% and the filtering
is also introduced to increase the accuracy in the measuring. If the ReachMode is set to
Overreach no reduction of the reach is introduced and no extra filtering introduced.
The latter setting is recommended for overreaching pilot zone, zone 2 or zone 3
elements and reverse zone where overreaching on transients is not a major issue either
because of less likelihood of overreach with higher settings or the fact that these
elements do not initiate tripping unconditionally.
The zone reach for phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-phase fault is set individually in
polar coordinates.
The impedance is set by the parameters ZPE and ZPP and the corresponding
arguments by the parameters ZAngPE and ZAngPP.
Compensation for earth -return path for faults involving earth is done by setting the
parameter KNMag and KNAng where KNMag is the magnitude of the earth-return
path and KNAng is the difference of angles between KNMag and ZPE .
Z0-Z1
KNMag =
3 Z1
EQUATION1579 V1 EN (Equation 38)
KNAng = arg
( Z 0 - Z1
3 Z1
)
EQUATION1580 V1 EN (Equation 39)
where
Z0 is the complex zero sequence impedance of the line in /phase
Z1 is the complex positive sequence impedance of the line in /phase
247
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
delay, the operation mode for the timers, OpModetPE and OpModetPP, has to be set
to On. This is also the case for instantaneous operation.
The operate timers triggering input depends on the parameter ZnTimerSel setting. The
parameter ZnTimerSel can be set to:
The activation of input signal BLKZ can be made by external fuse failure function or
from the loss of voltage check in the Mho supervision logic (ZSMGAPC). In both
cases the output BLKZ in the Mho supervision logic shall be connected to the input
BLKZ in the Mho distance function block (ZMHPDIS)
The input signal BLKZMTD is activated during some ms after fault has been detected
by ZSMGAPC to avoid unwanted operations due to transients. It shall be connected
to the BLKZMTD output signal of ZSMGAPC function.
At SIR values >10, the use of electronic CVT might cause overreach due to the built-
in resonance circuit in the CVT, which reduce the secondary voltage for a while. The
input BLKHSIR is connected to the output signal HSIR on ZSMGAPC for increasing
248
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
of the filtering and high SIR values. This is valid only when permissive underreach
scheme is selected by setting ReachMode=Underreach.
The mho algorithm is based on the phase comparison of an operating phasor and a
polarizing phasor. When the operating phasor leads the reference polarizing phasor by
90 degrees or more, the function operates and gives a trip output.
Phase-to-phase fault
Mho
The plain Mho circle has the characteristic as in Figure 110. The condition for deriving
the angle is according to equation 40.
where
249
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IL1L2X
Ucomp = UL1L2 - IL1L2 ZPP
IL1L2 ZPP
Upol
UL1L2
IL1L2R
en07000109.vsd
IEC07000109 V1 EN
Figure 110: Simplified mho characteristic and vector diagram for phase L1-to-L2
fault
Offset Mho
The characteristic for offset mho is a circle where two points on the circle are the
setting parameters ZPP and ZRevPP. The vector ZPP in the impedance plane has the
settable angle AngZPP and the angle for ZRevPP is AngZPP+180.
The condition for operation at phase-to-phase fault is that the angle between the two
compensated voltages Ucomp1 and Ucomp2 is greater than or equal to 90 (figure
111). The angle will be 90 for fault location on the boundary of the circle.
The angle for L1-to-L2 fault can be defined according to equation 41.
U -IL1L2 ZPP
b = arg
U-(-IL1L2 ZRevPP)
EQUATION1792 V1 EN (Equation 41)
where
ZRevPP is the positive sequence impedance setting for phase-to-phase fault in reverse direction
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IL1L2jX
U
Ucomp2 = U = IFZF=UL1L2
IL1L2R
- IL1L2 Z RevPP
en07000110.vsd
IEC07000110 V1 EN
Figure 111: Simplified offset mho characteristic and voltage vectors for phase L1-
to-L2 fault.
where
ArgDir is the setting parameter for directional line in fourth quadrant in the directional element,
ZDMRDIR.
ArgNegRes is the setting parameter for directional line in second quadrant in the directional element,
ZDMRDIR.
is calculated according to equation 41
The directional information is brought to the mho distance measurement from the mho
directional element as binary coded information to the input DIRCND. See
Directional impedance element for mho characteristic (ZDMRDIR) for information
about the mho directional element.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IL1L2jX
ZPP
UL1L2
ArgNegRes f
IL1L2
ArgDir
en07000111.vsd
IEC07000111 V1 EN
Figure 112: Simplified offset mho characteristic in forward direction for phase L1-
to-L2 fault
The is derived according to equation 41 for the mho circle and is the angle between
the voltage and current.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
ZPP
ArgNegRes
IL1L2
ArgDir R
UL1L2
ZRevPP
en06000469.eps
IEC06000469 V1 EN
Phase-to-earth fault
Mho
The measuring of earth faults uses earth-return compensation applied in a
conventional way. The compensation voltage is derived by considering the influence
from the earth-return path.
For an earth fault in phase L1, the compensation voltage Ucomp can be derived, as
shown in Figure 114.
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Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
where
Upol is the polarizing voltage (memorized UL1 for Phase L1-to- earth fault)
(
Z1+ZN = Z 1 1 + KN )
where
Z1 is the positive sequence impedance of the line (Ohm/phase)
The angle between the Ucomp and the polarize voltage Upol for a L1-to-earth fault
is
where
UL1 is the phase voltage in faulty phase L1
KN Z0-Z1
3 Z1
the setting parameter for the zero sequence
compensation consisting of the magnitude KN and
the angle KNAng.
Upol is the 100% of positive sequence memorized voltage
UL1
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IL1X
IL1ZN
Ucomp
IL1 Zloop
IL1ZPE
Upol
f
IL1 (Ref) IL1R
en06000472_2.vsd
IEC06000472 V2 EN
Figure 114: Simplified offset mho characteristic and vector diagram for phase L1-
to-earth fault
Offset mho
The characteristic for offset mho at earth fault is a circle containing the two vectors
from the origin ZPE and ZRevPE where ZPE and ZrevPE are the setting reach for the
positive sequence impedance in forward respective reverse direction. The vector ZPE
in the impedance plane has the settable angle AngZPE and the angle for ZRevPP is
AngZPE+180.
The condition for operation at phase-to-earth fault is that the angle between the two
compensated voltages Ucomp1 and Ucomp2 is greater or equal to 90 see figure 115.
The angle will be 90 for fault location on the boundary of the circle.
255
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IL1L 2 jX
UL1
U comp2 = UL1 - (-IL1 ZRevPE)
IL1L2 R
- I L1 Z Re vPe
en 06000465.vsd
IEC06000465 V1 EN
Figure 115: Simplified offset mho characteristic and voltage vector for phase L1-
to-earth fault
where
ArgDir is the setting parameter for directional line in fourth quadrant in the directional element,
ZDMRDIR.
ArgNegRes is the setting parameter for directional line in second quadrant in the directional element,
ZDMRDIR.
is calculated according to equation 44
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
IL1 jX
UL1
ArgNegRes f
IL1 IL1R
ArgDir
en 06000466.vsd
IEC06000466 V1 EN
Figure 116: Simplified characteristic for offset mho in forward direction for L1-to-
earth fault
The conditions for operation of offset mho in reverse direction for L1-to-earth fault is
90270 and 180-ArgdirArgNegRes+180.
The is derived according to equation 44 for the offset mho circle and is the angle
between the voltage and current.
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Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
ZPE
ArgNegRes
IL
1
ArgDir R
UL1
ZRevPE
en06000470.eps
IEC06000470 V1 EN
Figure 117: Simplified characteristic for offset mho in reverse direction for L1-to-
earth fault
Phase-to-earth related signals are designated by L1N, L2N and L3N. The phase-to-
phase signals are designated by L1L2, L2L3, and L3L1.
The ZMHPDIS function block is used in the IED for each zone.
The STCND input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from
Phase selection with load encroachment function FMPSPDIS within the IED, which
258
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
are converted within the zone measuring function into corresponding boolean
expressions for each condition separately. Input signal STCND is connected from
FMPSPDIS function output signal STCNDPHS.
The input signal DIRCND is used to give condition for directionality for the distance
measuring zones. The signal contains binary coded information for both forward and
reverse direction. The zone measurement function filters out the relevant signals
depending on the setting of the parameter DirMode. Input signal DIRCND must be
configured to the STDIRCND output signal on ZDMRDIR function.
OffsetMhoDir=
Non-directional
AND AND
DirMode=Offset
STCND T
AND F
AND
LoadEnchMode=
On/Off
LDCND
T
True F
AND Release
DIRCND
OffsetMhoDir=
Forward/Reverse
AND
DirMode=
Forward/Reverse
BLKZ
BLOCK OR
IEC11000216-1-en.vsd
IEC11000216 V1 EN
Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits when the zone operates
in directional (forward or reverse) mode, as shown in figure 118.
259
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Release STPE
OR
AND
STL1N STL1
OR
AND
STL2N
AND
STL3N
STL2
OR
AND
STL1L2
AND
STL2L3
STL3
OR
AND
STL3L1
START
OR
STPP
OR
IEC11000217-1-en.vsd
IEC11000217 V1 EN
Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in
figure 77.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
15ms
BLKTRIP AND t
TRIP
AND TRL2
STL2
IEC11000218-1-en.vsd
IEC11000218 V1 EN
Zone timer logic for the distance protection is symbolically presented in figure 121.
STPE
BLOCK
TRPE
&
tON
& 1 t
a
Internal a=b
start b STTIMER
&
Internal
a
a<b
start b
tON
1 t && TRPP
&
STPP
ZnTimerSel
FALSE 1 timers seperated
1 2 timers linked
internalCommonStart
3 internal start
phSelStart 4 start from phSel
externalCommonStart
5 external start
IEC12000463-3-en.vsd
IEC12000463 V2 EN
261
Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fullscheme distance protection, ZMMPDIS 21
quadrilateral for earth faults (zone 1)
S00346 V1 EN
S00346 V1 EN
262
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.5.2 Functionality
The line distance protection is an up to five (depending on product variant) zone full
scheme protection function with three fault loops for phase-to-earth fault for each of
the independent zones. Individual settings for each zone resistive and reactive reach
give flexibility for use on overhead lines and cables of different types and lengths.
The Full-scheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earth fault functions have
functionality for load encroachment, which increases the possibility to detect high
resistive faults on heavily loaded lines , see Figure 64.
Forward
operation
Reverse
operation
en05000034.vsd
IEC05000034 V1 EN
Figure 122: Typical quadrilateral distance protection zone with Phase selection,
quadrilateral characteristic with settable angle function FRPSPDIS
activated
The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a
sensitive and reliable built in phase selection makes the function suitable in
applications with single phase auto-reclosing.
The distance protection zones can operate, independent of each other, in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with
different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
IEC06000454-2-en.vsd
IEC06000454 V2 EN
ZMMAPDIS
I3P* TRIP
U3P* TRL1
BLOCK TRL2
BLKZ TRL3
BLKTR START
STCND STL1
DIRCND STL2
STL3
STND
IEC09000947-1-en.vsd
IEC09000947 V1 EN
7.5.4 Signals
Table 124: ZMMPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKZ BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all output by fuse failure signal
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all trip outputs
STCND INTEGER 0 External start condition (loop enabler)
DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition
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265
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Impedance protection
7.5.5 Settings
Table 128: ZMMPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationDir Non-directional - - Forward Operation mode of directionality NonDir /
Forward Forw / Rev
Reverse
X1 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach
R1 0.10 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistance for zone
characteristic angle
X0 0.50 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 100.00 Zero sequence reactance reach
R0 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero seq. resistance for zone
characteristic angle
RFPE 1.00 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-E
OpModetPE Off - - On Operation mode Off / On of Zone timer,
On Ph-E
tPE 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-E
IMinOpPE 10 - 30 %IB 1 20 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
IMinOpIN 5 - 30 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate residual current for
Phase-Earth loops
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Impedance protection
The different fault loops within the IED are operating in parallel in the same principle
as a full scheme measurement.
Figure 125 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for the basic five,
impedance-measuring zones l.
en07000080.vsd
IEC07000080 V1 EN
Figure 125: The different measuring loops at line-earth fault and phase-phase
fault.
The distance measuring zone include three impedance measuring loops; one fault loop
for each phase.
The distance measuring zone will essentially operate according to the non-directional
impedance characteristics presented in Figure 126. The characteristic is illustrated
with the full loop reach.
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Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X (Ohm/loop)
R1PE+Rn
RFPE RFPE
X0PE-X1PE
Xn =
3
X1PE+Xn R0PE-R1PE
Rn =
3
jN jN
R (Ohm/loop)
RFPE RFPE
X1PE+Xn
RFPE RFPE
en08000280-2-en.vsd
R1PE+Rn
IEC08000280 V1 EN
ILn R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
fault in phase L1 RFPE
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 ) en06000412.vsd
IEC06000412 V1 EN
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The R1 and jX1 in Figure 127 represent the positive sequence impedance from the
measuring point to the fault location. The RFPE is presented in order to convey the
fault resistance reach.
The zone may be set to operate in Non-directional, Forward, Off or Reverse direction
through the setting OperationDir. The result from respective set value is illustrated in
Figure 128. The impedance reach is symmetric, in the sense that it is conform for
forward and reverse direction. Therefore, all reach settings apply to both directions.
X X X
R R R
IEC05000182-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000182 V2 EN
The operation of the distance measuring zone is blocked if the magnitude of input
currents fall below certain threshold values.
For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all
phase-to-earth loops will be blocked when IN < IMinOpIN, regardless of the phase
currents.
ILn is the RMS value of the current in phase Ln. IN is the RMS value of the vector sum
of the three phase currents, that is, residual current 3I0.
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Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the
current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits.
Here U and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective
phase Ln (n = 1, 2, 3).
U L1
Z app =
I L1 + I N KN
EQUATION1223 V2 EN (Equation 45)
Where:
UL1, IL1 and IN are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED
KN is defined as:
Z 0 - Z1
KN =
3 Z1
EQUATION-2105 V2 EN
Z 0 = R 0 + jX 0
EQUATION2106 V2 EN
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1
EQUATION2107 V2 EN
Where
R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach
X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach
R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach
X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach
Here IN is a phasor of the residual current in IED point. This results in the same reach
along the line for all types of faults.
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The formula given in equation 45 is only valid for no loaded radial feeder applications.
When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-earth fault, conventional
distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end.
IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such
applications.
Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter.
The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into
memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of
voltage (U), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from
the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.
The filter provides two orthogonal values for each input. These values are related to
the loop impedance according to equation 46,
X Di
U = R i + ------ -----
w 0 Dt
EQUATION1224 V1 EN (Equation 46)
X D Re ( I )
Re ( U ) = R Re ( I ) + ------ ------------------
w0 Dt
X DIm ( I )
Im ( U ) = R Im ( I ) + ------ -----------------
w0 Dt
with
w0 = 2 p f 0
EQUATION356 V1 EN (Equation 49)
where:
Re designates the real component of current and voltage,
Im designates the imaginary component of current and voltage and
f0 designates the rated system frequency
The algorithm calculates Rm measured resistance from the equation for the real value
of the voltage and substitute it in the equation for the imaginary part. The equation for
the Xm measured reactance can then be solved. The final result is equal to:
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Im ( U ) DRe ( I ) Re ( U ) D Im ( I )
R m = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) D Im ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION357 V1 EN (Equation 50)
Re ( U ) Im ( I ) Im ( U ) Re ( I )
Xm = w 0 Dt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) DIm ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION358 V1 EN (Equation 51)
The calculated Rm and Xm values are updated each sample and compared with the set
zone reach. The adaptive tripping counter counts the number of permissive tripping
results. This effectively removes any influence of errors introduced by the capacitive
voltage transformers or by other factors.
The directional evaluations are performed simultaneously in both forward and reverse
directions, and in all six fault loops. Positive sequence voltage and a phase locked
positive sequence memory voltage are used as a reference. This ensures unlimited
directional sensitivity for faults close to the IED point.
7.5.6.5 Directionality
The evaluation of the directionality takes place in the Directional impedance element
for mho characteristic ZDMRDIR function. Equation 52 is used to classify that the
fault is in forward direction for line-to-earth fault.
where:
ArgDir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 15 (= -15 degrees) and
ArgNegRes is the setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 115 degrees, see figure 129.
U1L1 is positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1
The setting of ArgDir and ArgNegRes is by default set to 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees
respectively (see figure 129) and it should not be changed unless system studies have
shown the necessity.
ZDMRDIR gives a binary coded signal on the output STDIRCND depending on the
evaluation where STFWL1N=1 adds 1, STRVL1N=1 adds 2, STFWL2N=1 adds 4
etc.
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ArgNegRes
ArgDir
R
en05000722.vsd
IEC05000722 V1 EN
Figure 129: Setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault
For close-in three-phase faults, the U1L1M memory voltage, based on the same
positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.
The memory voltage is used for 100 ms or until the positive sequence voltage is
restored.
If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current
(between 10 and 30% of the set IED rated current IBase), the condition seals in.
If the fault has caused tripping, the trip endures.
If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in
the reverse direction remains in operation.
If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets
until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.
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The STCND input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from
the phase selection function within the IED, which are converted within the zone
measuring function into corresponding boolean expressions for each condition
separately. It is connected to the Phase selection with load enchroachment,
quadrilateral characteristic (FDPSPDIS) function output STCNDZ.
The input signal DIRCND is used to give condition for directionality for the distance
measuring zones. The signal contains binary coded information for both forward and
reverse direction. The zone measurement function filter out the relevant signals on the
DIRCND input depending on the setting of the parameter OperationDir. It shall be
configured to the DIRCND output on the Directional impedance element for mho
characteristic (ZDMRDIR) function.
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STCND
AND STNDL1N
L1N
AND STNDL2N
L2N
STNDL3N
L3N AND
OR STNDPE
OR
BLKZ STND
OR AND
BLOCK
BLK
en06000408-2.vsd
IEC06000408 V2 EN
Composition of the phase starting signals for a case, when the zone operates in a non-
directional mode, is presented in figure 131.
STNDL1N 15 ms
AND t STL1
STNDL2N 15 ms
AND t STL2
STNDL3N 15 ms
AND t STL3
15 ms
AND t START
OR
BLK
en06000409.vsd
IEC06000409 V1 EN
Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits, when the zone operates
in directional (forward or reverse) mode, see figure 132.
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STNDL1N
DIRL1N AND
OR STZMPE.
&
STNDL2N
DIRL2N AND
STNDL3N 15 ms
STL1
& t
DIRL3N AND
15 ms
STL2
& t
15 ms
STL3
& t
BLK
15 ms
OR START
& t
en07000081.vsd
IEC07000081 V1 EN
Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in
figure 133.
en07000082.vsd
IEC07000082 V1 EN
Figure 133: Tripping logic for the distance protection zone one
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7.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Directional impedance element for mho ZDMRDIR 21D
characteristic
S00346 V1 EN
S00346 V1 EN
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7.6.2 Functionality
The phase-to-earth impedance elements can be supervised by a phase unselective
directional function based on symmetrical components (option).
IEC06000422_2_en.vsd
IEC06000422 V2 EN
ZDARDIR
I3P* STFWPE
U3P* STRVPE
I3PPOL* DIREFCND
DIRCND
IEC06000425-2-en.vsd
IEC06000425 V2 EN
7.6.4 Signals
Table 133: ZDMRDIR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
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7.6.5 Settings
Table 137: ZDMRDIR Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
DirEvalType Impedance - - Comparator Directional evaluation mode Impedance /
Comparator Comparator
Imp/Comp
ArgNegRes 90 - 175 Deg 1 115 Angle of blinder in second quadrant for
forward direction
ArgDir 5 - 45 Deg 1 15 Angle of blinder in fourth quadrant for
forward direction
IMinOpPE 5 - 30 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
IMinOpPP 5 - 30 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate phase-phase current
for Phase-Phase loops
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The evaluation of the directionality takes place in Directional impedance element for
mho characteristic (ZDMRDIR). Equation 53 and equation 54 are used to classify that
the fault is in the forward direction for phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-phase fault
respectively.
Where:
ArgDir Setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set to 15
(= -15 degrees)
ArgNegRes Setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set to
115 degrees, see figure 136 for mho characteristics.
U1L1 Positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1
U1L1L2M Memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
The default settings for ArgDir and ArgNegRes are 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees
respectively (see figure 136) and they should not be changed unless system studies
show the necessity.
If one sets DirEvalType to Comparator (which is recommended when using the mho
characteristic) then the directional lines are computed by means of a comparator-type
calculation, meaning that the directional lines are based on mho-circles (of infinite
radius). The default setting value Impedance otherwise means that the directional
lines are implemented based on an impedance calculation equivalent to the one used
for the quadrilateral impedance characteristics.
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X
Zset reach point
ArgNegRes
-ArgDir R
-Zs
en06000416.vsd
IEC06000416 V1 EN
The code built up for release of the measuring fault loops is as follows: STDIRCND
= L1N*1 + L2N*2 + L3N*4 + L1L2*8 + L2L3*16 + L3L1*32
Example: If only L1Nstart, the value is 1, if start in L1N and L3N are detected, the
value is 1+4=5.
For close-in three-phase faults, the U1L1M memory voltage, based on the same
positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.
The memory voltage is used for 100ms or until the positive sequence voltage is
restored. After 100ms, the following occurs:
If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current the
condition seals in.
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The Directional impedance element for mho characteristic (ZDMRDIR) function has
the following output signals:
The STDIRCND output provides an integer signal that depends on the evaluation and
is derived from a binary coded signal as follows:
There are however some situations that can cause security problems like reverse phase
to phase faults and double phase-to-earth faults during high load periods. To solve
these, additional directional element is used.
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For phase-to-earth faults, directional elements using sequence components are very
reliable for directional discrimination. The directional element can be based on one of
following types of polarization:
Zero-sequence voltage
Negative-sequence voltage
Zero-sequence current
Zero-sequence voltage polarization is utilizing the phase relation between the zero-
sequence voltage and the zero-sequence current at the location of the protection. The
measurement principle is illustrated in figure 137.
- 3U 0
AngleOp
AngleRCA
3I 0
en06000417.vsd
IEC06000417 V1 EN
Zero-sequence current polarization is utilizing the phase relation between the zero-
sequence current at the location of the protection and some reference zero-sequence
current, for example, the current in the neutral of a power transformer.
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Z0 SA I0 I0
Z0 Line Z0 SB
Charac te ris tic
ang le
U0 U0
K*I0
U0 + K*I0
IF
en06000418.vsd
IEC06000418 V1 EN
Note that the sequence based additional directional element cannot give per phase
information about direction to fault. This is why it is an AND-function with the normal
directional element that works on a per phase base. The enable signals are per phase
and to enable the measuring element in a specific phase, both the additional directional
element and the normal directional element, for that phase must indicate correct
direction.
These polarization quantities, voltage and current, are stabilized against minimum
polarizing voltage (UPOL>) and current (IPOL>). That means if polarizing voltage is
greater than UPOL> setting, and if polarizing current is greater than IPol>, then only
they are used for direction determination.
Normal
directional Release of distance
element measuring element
L1N, L2N, L3N L1N, L2N, L3N
AND
Additional
directional AND per
element phase
en06000419.vsd
IEC06000419 V1 EN
7.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Mho Impedance supervision logic ZSMGAPC - -
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7.7.2 Functionality
The Mho impedance supervision logic (ZSMGAPC) includes features for fault
inception detection and high SIR detection. It also includes the functionality for loss
of potential logic as well as for the pilot channel blocking scheme.
IEC06000426-2-en.vsd
IEC06000426 V2 EN
7.7.4 Signals
Table 143: ZSMGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase current samples and DFT magnitude
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Three phase phase-neutral voltage samples and
SIGNAL DFT magnitude
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of the function
REVSTART BOOLEAN 0 Indication of reverse start
BLOCKCS BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the blocking carrier signal to remote end
CBOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Indicates that the breaker is open
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7.7.5 Settings
Table 145: ZSMGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
PilotMode Off - - Off Pilot mode Off/On
On
Zreach 0.1 - 3000.0 Ohm 0.1 38.0 Line impedance
IMinOp 10 - 30 %IB 1 20 Minimum operating current for SIR
measurement
The aim for the fault inception detector is to quickly detect that a fault has occurred in
the system. The fault detector detects a fault when there is a sufficient change in at
least one current and at the same time there is a sufficient change in at least one
voltage. A change is defined roughly by the difference between the present
instantaneous value and the one from one power system cycle before. The change is
sufficient if it exceeds the related threshold value. DeltaI and DeltaU for phase
currents and voltages. Delta3I0 and Delta3U0 for residual current and voltage.
If the setting PilotMode is set to On in blocking scheme and the fault inception
function has detected a system fault, a block signal BLKCHST is issued and send to
remote end in order to block the overreaching zones. Different criteria has to be
fulfilled for sending the BLKCHST signal:
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If it is later detected that it was an internal fault that made the function issue the
BLKCHST signal, the function issues a CHSTOP signal to unblock the remote end. The
criteria that have to be fulfilled for this are:
1. The function has to be in pilot mode, that is, the setting PilotMode has to be set to
On
2. The carrier send signal should be blocked, that is, input signal BLOCKCS is On
and,
3. A reverse fault should not have been detected while the carrier send signal was
not blocked, that is, input REVSTART should not have been activated before
BLOCKCS.
If loss of voltage is detected, but not a fault inception, the distance protection function
is blocked. This is also the case if a fuse failure is detected by the external fuse failure
function and activate the input FUSEFAIL. Those blocks are generated by activating
the output BLKZ, which are connected to the input BLKZ on the distance Mho function
block.
During fault inception a lot of transients are developed which in turn might cause the
distance function to overreach. The Mho supervision logic (ZSMGAPC) increases the
filtering during the most transient period of the fault. This is done by activating the
output BLKZMTD, which is connected to the input BLKZMTD on mho distance
function block.
The SIR function calculates the SIR value as the source impedance divided by the
setting Zreach and activates the output signal HSIR if the calculated value for any of
the six basic shunt faults exceed the setting SIRLevel. The HSIR signal is intended to
block the delta based mho impedance function.
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7.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Faulty phase identification with load FMPSPDIS 21
encroachment for mho
S00346 V1 EN
7.8.2 Functionality
The ability to accurately and reliably classify different types of fault so that single
phase tripping and autoreclosing can be used plays an important roll in today's power
systems.
The phase selection function is design to accurately select the proper fault loop(s) in
the distance function dependent on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some
cases interfere with the distance protection zone reach and cause unwanted operation.
Therefore the function has a built in algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the
possibility to enlarge the resistive setting of the measuring zones without interfering
with the load.
The output signals from the phase selection function produce important information
about faulty phase(s), which can be used for fault analysis as well.
IEC06000429-2-en.vsd
IEC06000429 V2 EN
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7.8.4 Signals
Table 148: FMPSPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
ZSTART BOOLEAN 0 Start from underimpdeance function
TR3PH BOOLEAN 0 Three phase tripping initiated
1POLEAR BOOLEAN 0 Single pole autoreclosing in progress
7.8.5 Settings
Table 150: FMPSPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
IMaxLoad 10 - 5000 %IB 1 200 Maximum load for identification of three
phase fault in % of IBase
RLd 1.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 80.00 Load encroachment resistive reach in
ohm/phase
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 20 Load encroachment inclination of load
angular sector
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Faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho (FMPSPDIS) function
can be decomposed into six different parts:
The aim of the delta based phase selector is to provide very fast and reliable phase
selection for releasing of tripping from the high speed Mho measuring element and is
essential to Directional Comparison Blocking scheme (DCB), which uses Power Line
Carrier (PLC) communication system along the protected line.
The current and voltage samples for each phase passes through a notch filter that filters
out the fundamental components. Under steady state load conditions or when no fault
is present, the output of the filter is zero or close to zero. When a fault occurs, currents
and voltages change resulting in sudden changes in the currents and voltages resulting
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in non-fundamental waveforms being introduced on the line. At this point the notch
filter produces significant non-zero output. The filter output is processed by the delta
function. The algorithm uses an adaptive relationship between phases to determine if
a fault has occurred, and determines the faulty phases.
The current and voltage delta based phase selector gives a real output signal if the
following criterion is fulfilled (only phase L1 shown):
Max(UL1,UL2,UL3)>DeltaUMinOp
Max(IL1,IL2,IL3)>DeltaIMinOp
where:
UL1, UL2 and UL3 are the voltage change between sample t and sample t-1
DeltaUMinOp and DeltaIMinOp are the minimum harmonic level settings for the voltage and current filters
to decide that a fault has occurred. A slow evolving fault may not produce
sufficient harmonics to detect the fault; however, in such a case speed is
no longer the issue and the sequence components phase selector will
operate.
The delta voltages ULn and delta current ILn (n index for phase order) are the
voltage and current between sample t and sample t-1.
The delta phase selector employs adaptive techniques to determine the fault type. The
logic determines the fault type by summing up all phase values and dividing by the
largest value. Both voltages and currents are filtered out and evaluated. The condition
for fault type classification for the voltages and currents can be expressed as:
FaulType =
( UL1, UL2, UL3)
MAX ( UL1, UL 2, UL3)
EQUATION1621 V2 EN (Equation 55)
FaulType =
( IL1, IL2, IL3)
MAX ( IL1, IL 2, IL3)
EQUATION1622 V2 EN (Equation 56)
The output signal is 1 for single phase-to-earth fault, 2 for phase-to-phase fault and 3
for three-phase fault. At this point the filter does not know if earth was involved or not.
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Typically there are induced harmonics in the non-faulted lines that will affect the
result. This method allows for a significant tolerance in the evaluation of FaultType
over its entire range.
When a single phase-to-earth fault has been detected, the logic determines the largest
quantity, and asserts that phase. If phase-to-phase fault is detected, the two largest
phase quantities will be detected and asserted as outputs.
The faults detected by the delta based phase selector are coordinated in a separate
block. Different phases of faults may be detected at slightly different times due to
differences in the angles of incidence of fault on the wave shape. Therefore the output
is forced to wait a certain time by means of a timer. If the timer expires, and a fault is
detected in one phase only, the fault is deemed as phase-to-earth. This way a
premature single phase-to-earth fault detection is not released for a phase-to-phase
fault. If, however, earth current is detected before the timer expires, the phase-to-earth
fault is released sooner.
If another phase picks up during the time delay, the wait time is reduced by a certain
amount. Each detection of either phase-to-earth or additional phases further reduce the
initial time delay and allow the delta phase selector output to be faster. There is no time
delay if all three phases are faulty.
The delta function is released if the input DELTAREL is activated at the same time as
input DELTABLK is not activated. Activating the DELTABLK input blocks the delta
function. The release signal has an internal pulse timer of 100 ms. When the
DELTAREL signal has disappeared the delta logic is reset. In order not to get too
abrupt change, the reset is decayed in pre-defined steps.
C A phase-to-earth component based on patent US5390067 where the angle relationships between
U2/I0 and U2/U1 is evaluated to determine earth fault or phase- to-phase to earth fault
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The output from this detection is used to release the earth-fault loop.
|3I0|>maxIph INRelPE
where:
|3I0| is the magnitude of the zero sequence current 3I0
The earth-fault loop is also released if the evaluation of the zero sequence current by
the main sequence function meets the following conditions:
|3I0|>IBase 0.5
|3I0|>maxIph INRelPE
where:
maxIph is the maximal current magnitude found in any of the three phases
INRelPE is the setting of 3I0 limit for release of phase-to-earth measuring loop in % of IBase
IBase is the global setting of the base current (A)
In systems where the source impedance for zero sequence is high the change of zero
sequence current may not be significant and the above detection may fail. In those
cases the detection enters the second level, with evaluation of zero and negative
sequence voltage. The release of the earth-fault loops can then be achieved if all of the
following conditions are fulfilled:
|3U0|>|U2| 0.5
|3U0|>|U1| 0.2
and
3I0<0.1 IBase
or
3I0<maxIph INRelPE
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where:
3U0 is the magnitude of the zero sequence voltage
U2 is the magnitude of the negative sequence voltage at the relay measuring point
k5 is design parameter
ILmax is the maximal phase current
IMinOp is the setting of minimum operate phase current in % of IBase
IEC06000383-2-en.vsd
IEC06000383 V2 EN
The phase-to-phase loop for the faulty phases will be determined if the angle between
the sequence voltages U2 and U1 lies within the sector defined according to figure 142
and the following conditions are fulfilled:
|U1|>U1MinOP
|U2|>U2MinOp
where:
U1MinOP and U2MinOp are the setting parameters for positive sequence and negative sequence
minimum operate voltages
If there is a three-phase fault, there will not be any release of the individual phase
signals, even if the general conditions for U2 and U1 are fulfilled.
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80
200
L1-E sector
320
IEC06000384_2_en.vsd
IEC06000384 V3 EN
The angle is calculated in a directional function block and gives the angle in radians
as input to the U2 and I0 function block. The input angle is released only if the fault is
in forward direction. This is done by the directional element. The fault is classified as
forward direction if the angle between U0 and I0 lies between 20 to 200 degrees, see
figure 144.
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Forward 20
200 Reverse
en06000385.vsd
IEC06000385 V1 EN
Figure 144: Directional element used to release the measured angle between Uo
and I0
The input radians are summarized with an offset angle and the result evaluated. If the
angle is within the boundaries for a specific sector, the phase indication for that sector
will be active see figure 143. Only one sector signal is allowed to be activated at the
same time.
The sector function for condition 1 has an internal release signal which is active if the
main sequence function has classified the angle between U0 and I0 as valid. The
following conditions must be fulfilled for activating the release signals:
|U2|>U2MinOp
|3I0|>maxIph INRelPE
where:
U2 and IN are the magnitude of the negative sequence voltage and zero-
sequence current (3I0)
The angle difference is phase shifted by 180 degrees if the fault is in reverse direction.
The condition 2 looks at the angle relationship between the negative sequence voltage
U2 and the positive sequence voltage U1. Since this is a phase-to-phase voltage
relationship, there is no need for shifting phases if the fault is in reverse direction. A
phase shift is introduced so that the fault sectors will have the same angle boarders as
for condition 1. If the calculated angle between U2 and U1 lies within one sector, the
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Impedance protection
corresponding phase for that sector will be activated. The condition 2 is released if
both the following conditions are fulfilled:
|U2|>U2MinOp
|U1|>U1MinOP
where:
|U1| and |U2| are the magnitude of the positive and negative sequence voltages.
U1MinOP and U2MinOp are the setting parameters for positive sequence and negative sequence
minimum operating voltages.
140
L3-E sector
20
U1L1
(Ref)
L1-E sector
L2-E sector
260 IEC06000413_2_en.vsd
IEC06000413 V2 EN
If both conditions are true and there is sector match, the fault is deemed as single
phase-to-earth. If the sectors, however, do not match the fault is determined to be the
complement of the second condition, that is, a phase-to-phase-to- earth fault.
The sequence phase selector is blocked when earth is not involved or if a three-phase
fault is detected.
|U1|<U1Level
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and
|I1|>I1LowLevel
or
|I1|>IMaxLoad
where:
|U1| and |I1| are the positive sequence voltage and current magnitude
U1Level , are the setting of limits for positive sequence voltage and current
I1LowLevel
IMaxLoad is the setting of the maximum load current
The output signal for detection of three-phase fault is only released if not earth fault
and phase-to-phase fault in the main sequence function is detected.
The conditions for not detecting earth fault are the inverse of equation 5 to 10.
1:
earth fault is detected
or
|3I0|> 0.05 IBase
and
|3I0|>maxIph INRelPE
2:
phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase faults are not fulfilled
and
maxIph<0.1 IBase
and
|I2|<0.1 maxIph
3:
|3I0|>maxIph INBlockPP
or
|I2|<maxIph I2ILmax
where:
maxIph is the maximum of the phase currents IL1, IL2 and IL3
INRelPE is the setting parameter for 3I0 limit for release of phase-to-earth fault loops
Table continues on next page
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Impedance protection
I2ILmax is the setting parameter for the relation between negative sequence current to
the maximum phase current in percent of IBase
INBlockPP is the setting parameter for 3I0 limit for blocking phase to phase measuring
loops
a a>b FaultPriority
DeltaIL1 then c=a c Adaptive release
b else c=b dependent on result
from Delta logic
DeltaUL1
Sequence based
function a<b
a
L1L2 fault
then c=b c
OR b else c=a OR
L1N fault
3 Phase fault
STL1
IL1Valid &
BLOCK
IEC06000386-2-en.vsd
IEC06000386 V2 EN
The outline of the characteristic is presented in figure 147. As illustrated, the resistive
reach in forward and reverse direction and the angle of the sector is the same in all four
quadrants. The reach for the phase selector will be reduced by the load encroachment
function, as shown in figure 147.
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Impedance protection
Blinder
Blinder provides a mean to discriminate high load from a fault. The operating
characteristic is illustrated in figure 147. There are six individual measuring loops
with the blinder functionality. Three phase-to-earth loops which estimate the
impedance according to
Zn = Uph / Iph
The start operations from respective loop are binary coded into one word and provides
an output signal STCNDPLE.
X jX
RLd
ArgLd ArgLd
R
ArgLd R
ArgLd
RLd
Operation area
en06000414.vsd
IEC06000414 V1 EN
Outputs
The output of the sequence components based phase selector and the delta logic phase
selector activates the output signals STL1, STL2 and STL3. If an earth fault is detected
the signal STPE gets activated.
The phase selector also gives binary coded signals that are connected to the zone
measuring element for opening the correct measuring loop(s). This is done by the
signal STCNDPHS. If only one phase is started (L1, L2 or L3), the corresponding
phase-to-earth element is enabled. STPE is expected to be made available for two-
phase and three-phase faults for the correct output to be selected. The fault loop is
indicated by one of the decimal numbers below.
The output STCNDPHS provides release information from the phase selection part
only. STCNDLE provides release information from the load encroachment part only.
STCNDPLE provides release information from the phase selection part and the load
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Impedance protection
encroachment part combined, that is, both parts have to issue a release at the same time
(this signal is normally not used in the zone measuring element). In these signals, each
fault type has an associated value, which represents the corresponding zone measuring
loop to be released. The values are presented in table 152.
0= no faulted phases
1= L1E
2= L2E
3= L3E
4= -L1L2E
5= -L2L3E
6= -L3L1E
7= -L1L2L3E
8= -L1L2
9= -L2L3
10= -L3L1
11= L1L2L3
An additional logic is applied to handle the cases when phase-to-earth outputs are to
be asserted when the earth input G is not asserted.
The output signal STCNDPLE is activated when the load encroachment is operating.
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7.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Distance protection zone, quadrilateral ZMRPDIS 21
characteristic, separate settings (zone
1)
S00346 V1 EN
S00346 V1 EN
7.9.2 Functionality
The line distance protection is up to five zone full scheme protection with three fault
loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth fault for each
of the independent zones. Individual settings for each zone in resistive and reactive
reach gives flexibility for use as back-up protection for transformer connected to
overhead lines and cables of different types and lengths.
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Impedance protection
Forward
operation
Reverse
operation
en05000034.vsd
IEC05000034 V1 EN
Figure 148: Typical quadrilateral distance protection zone with Phase selection,
quadrilateral characteristic with settable angle function FRPSPDIS
activated
The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a
sensitive and reliable built-in phase selection makes the function suitable in
applications with single pole tripping and autoreclosing.
The distance protection zones can operate, independent of each other, in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with
different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines and so
on.
IEC08000248-1-en.vsd
IEC08000248 V1 EN
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Impedance protection
ZMRAPDIS
I3P* TRIP
U3P* TRL1
BLOCK TRL2
BLKZ TRL3
BLKTR START
STCND STL1
DIRCND STL2
STL3
STND
IEC08000290_1_en.vsd
IEC08000290 V1 EN
ZDRDIR
I3P* STDIRCND
U3P*
IEC10000007-2-en.vsd
IEC10000007 V2 EN
7.9.4 Signals
Table 154: ZMRPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKZ BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all output by fuse failure signal
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all trip outputs
STCND INTEGER 0 External start condition (loop enabler)
DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition
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7.9.5 Settings
Table 160: ZMRPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationDir Non-directional - - Forward Operation mode of directionality NonDir /
Forward Forw / Rev
Reverse
X1PP 0.10 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach Ph-
Ph
R1PP 0.01 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistance for characteristic
angle, Ph-Ph
X1PE 0.10 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach Ph-E
R1PE 0.01 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistance for characteristic
angle, Ph-E
RFPP 0.10 - 3000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-Ph
X0PE 0.10 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 100.00 Zero sequence reactance reach, Ph-E
RFPE 0.10 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-E
R0PE 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero seq. resistance for zone
characteristic angle, Ph-E
OperationPP Off - - On Operation mode Off / On of Phase-Phase
On loops
OpModetPP Off - - On Operation mode Off / On of Zone timer,
On Ph-Ph
tPP 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-Ph
OperationPE Off - - On Operation mode Off / On of Phase-Earth
On loops
OpModetPE Off - - On Operation mode Off / On of Zone timer,
On Ph-E
tPE 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-E
IMinOpPP 10 - 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
Phase loops
IMinOpPE 10 - 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
IMinOpIN 5 - 1000 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate residual current for
Phase-Earth loops
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Impedance protection
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which
means that each fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults for
forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.
IEC05000458-2-en.vsd
IEC05000458 V2 EN
Figure 151: The different measuring loops at phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-
phase fault.
The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched
schemes which mostly uses a start element to select correct voltages and current
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent
distance protection IED with six measuring elements.
The distance measuring zone includes six impedance measuring loops; three intended
for phase-to-earth faults, and three intended for phase-to-phase as well as, three-phase
faults.
The distance measuring zone will essentially operate according to the non-directional
impedance characteristics presented in figure 69 and figure 70. The phase-to-earth
characteristic is illustrated with the full loop reach while the phase-to-phase
characteristic presents the per phase reach.
X (Ohm/loop)
R1PE+Rn
RFPE RFPE
X0PE-X1PE
Xn =
3
X1PE+Xn R0PE-R1PE
Rn =
3
jN jN
R (Ohm/loop)
RFPE RFPE
X1PE+Xn
RFPE RFPE
en08000280-2-en.vsd
R1PE+Rn
IEC08000280 V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
X (Ohm/phase)
j j
R (Ohm/phase)
RFPP RFPP
2 2
X1PP
The fault loop reach with respect to each fault type may also be presented as in
figure 71. Note in particular the difference in definition regarding the (fault) resistive
reach for phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults.
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Impedance protection
IL1 R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
fault in phase L1 RFPE
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 )
IL1 R1 + j X1 Phase-to-phase
UL1 element L1-L2
Phase-to-phase
fault in phase RFPP
L1-L2 IL2
UL2 (Arc resistance)
R1 + j X1
The R1 and jX1 in figure 71 represents the positive sequence impedance from the
measuring point to the fault location. The settings RFPE and RFPP are the eventual
fault resistances in the faulty place.
Regarding the illustration of three-phase fault in figure 71, there is of course fault
current flowing also in the third phase during a three-phase fault. The illustration
merely reflects the loop measurement, which is made phase-to-phase.
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Impedance protection
X X X
R R R
IEC05000182-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000182 V2 EN
For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all
phase-to-earth loops can be blocked when IN < IMinOpIN, regardless of the phase
currents.
ILn is the RMS value of the current in phase Ln. IN is the RMS value of the vector sum
of the three-phase currents, that is residual current 3I0.
ILmLn is the RMS value of the vector difference between phase currents Lm and Ln.
Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the
current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits. The
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Impedance protection
UL1 UL2
Zapp = -------------------------
I L1 IL2
EQUATION1222 V1 EN (Equation 57)
Here U and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective
phase Ln (n = 1, 2, 3)
U L1
Z app =
I L1 + I N KN
EQUATION1223 V2 EN (Equation 58)
Where:
are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED
U L1
I L1
IN
KN
is defined as:
Z 0 - Z1
KN =
3 Z1
EQUATION-2105 V2 EN
Z 0 = R 0 + jX 0
EQUATION2106 V2 EN
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1
EQUATION2107 V2 EN
Where
R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach
X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach
R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach
X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach
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Here IN is a phasor of the residual current in IED point. This results in the same reach
along the line for all types of faults.
The formula given in equation 11 is only valid for radial feeder application without
load. When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-earth fault, conventional
distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end.
The IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such
applications.
Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter.
The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into
memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of
voltage (U), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from
the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.
The filter provides two orthogonal values for each input. These values are related to
the loop impedance according to equation 12,
X Di
U = R i + ------ -----
w 0 Dt
EQUATION1224 V1 EN (Equation 59)
X D Re ( I )
Re ( U ) = R Re ( I ) + ------ ------------------
w0 Dt
X DIm ( I )
Im ( U ) = R Im ( I ) + ------ -----------------
w0 Dt
with
w0 = 2 p f 0
EQUATION356 V1 EN (Equation 62)
where:
Re designates the real component of current and voltage,
Im designates the imaginary component of current and voltage and
f0 designates the rated system frequency
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Impedance protection
The algorithm calculates Rm measured resistance from the equation for the real value
of the voltage and substitutes it in the equation for the imaginary part. The equation for
the Xm measured reactance can then be solved. The final result is equal to:
Im ( U ) DRe ( I ) Re ( U ) D Im ( I )
R m = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) D Im ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION357 V1 EN (Equation 63)
Re ( U ) Im ( I ) Im ( U ) Re ( I )
Xm = w 0 Dt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DRe ( I ) Im ( I ) DIm ( I ) Re ( I )
EQUATION358 V1 EN (Equation 64)
The calculated Rm and Xm values are updated each sample and compared with the set
zone reach. The adaptive tripping counter counts the number of permissive tripping
results. This effectively removes any influence of errors introduced by the capacitive
voltage transformers or by other factors.
The directional evaluations are performed simultaneously in both forward and reverse
directions, and in all six fault loops. Positive sequence voltage and a phase locked
positive sequence memory voltage are used as a reference. This ensures unlimited
directional sensitivity for faults close to the IED point.
For the L1-L2 element, the equation in forward direction is according to.
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Impedance protection
where:
ArgDir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 15 (= -15 degrees) and
ArgNegRes is the setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set
to 115 degrees, see figure 73.
is positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1
U 1L1
is positive sequence memorized phase voltage in phase L1
U 1L1M
is phase current in phase L1
I L1
is voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
U 1L1L 2
is memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
U 1L1L 2 M
is current difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1)
I L1L 2
The setting of ArgDir and ArgNegRes is by default set to 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees
respectively (as shown in figure 73). It should not be changed unless system studies
have shown the necessity.
ZDRDIR gives binary coded directional information per measuring loop on the output
STDIRCND.
STDIR= STFWL1*1+STFWL2*2+STFWL3*4+STFWL1L2*8+
+STFWL2L3*16+STFWL3L1*32+STRVL1*64+STRVL2*128+
+STRVL3*256+STRVL1L2*512+STRVL2L3*1024+STRVL3L1*2048
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Impedance protection
ArgNegRes
ArgDir
R
en05000722.vsd
IEC05000722 V1 EN
Figure 156: Setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault in
Directional impedance quadrilateral function ZDRDIR
The polarizing voltage is available as long as the positive sequence voltage exceeds
5% of the set base voltage UBase. So the directional element can use it for all
unsymmetrical faults including close-in faults.
For close-in three-phase faults, the U1L1M memory voltage, based on the same
positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.
The memory voltage is used for 100 ms or until the positive sequence voltage is
restored.
If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current
(between 10 and 30% of the set IED rated current IBase), the condition seals in.
If the fault has caused tripping, the trip endures.
If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in
the reverse direction remains in operation.
If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets
until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.
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Phase-to-earth related signals are designated by L1N, L2N and L3N.. The phase-to-
phase signals are designated by L1L2, L2L3, and L3L1.
The STCND input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from
Phase selection with load encroachment, quadrilateral characteristic function
FRPSPDIS within the IED, which are converted within the zone measuring function
into corresponding boolean expressions for each condition separately. Input signal
STCND is connected to FRPSPDISfunction output STCNDZ.
The input signal DIRCND is used to give condition for directionality for the distance
measuring zones. The signal contains binary coded information for both forward and
reverse direction. The zone measurement function filter out the relevant signals
depending on the setting of the parameter OperationDir. It must be configured to the
STDIRCND output on directional function ZDRDIR function.
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Impedance protection
STZMPP
OR
STCND
AND STNDL1L2
L1L2
STNDL2L3
L2L3 AND
AND STNDL1N
L1N
AND STNDL2N
L2N
STNDL3N
L3N AND
OR STPE
OR
VTSZ STND
OR AND
BLOCK
BLOCFUNC BLK
99000557-2.vsd
IEC99000557-TIFF V3 EN
Figure 157: Conditioning by a group functional input signal STCND, external start
condition
Composition of the phase start signals for a case, when the zone operates in a non-
directional mode, is presented in figure 75.
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Impedance protection
STNDL1N
OR
STNDL2N 15 ms
AND t STL1
STNDL3N
STNDL1L2 OR 15 ms
AND t STL2
STNDL2L3
15 ms
STNDL3L1 AND t STL3
OR
15 ms
AND t START
OR
BLK
IEC09000889-1-en.vsd
IEC09000889 V1 EN
Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits, when the zone operates
in directional (forward or reverse) mode, as shown in figure 76.
STNDL1N
AND
DIRL1N
STZMPE.
OR
STNDL2N
DIRL2N AND
STNDL3N 15 ms
OR STL1
AND AND t
DIRL3N
STNDL1L2
DIRL1L2 AND 15 ms
OR STL2
AND t
STNDL2L3
DIRL2L3 AND
15 ms
OR STL3
STNDL3L1 AND t
DIRL3L1 AND
STZMPP
OR
BLK
15 ms
OR START
AND t
IEC09000888-2-en.vsd
IEC09000888 V2 EN
Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in
figure 77.
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Impedance protection
Timer tPP=On
STZMPP AND tPP
AND
t
BLOCFUNC
OR OR
tPE
t
AND
Timer tPE=On AND
STZMPE 15ms
BLKTR AND t
TRIP
BLK OR
IEC09000887-3-en.vsdx
IEC09000887 V3 EN
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7.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Phase selection, quadrilateral FRPSPDIS 21
characteristic with settable angle
Z<phs
SYMBOL-DD V1 EN
7.10.2 Functionality
The ability to accurately and reliably classify the different types of fault, so that single
pole tripping and autoreclosing can be used plays an important role in today's power
systems. Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with settable angle FRPSPDIS is
designed to accurately select the proper fault loop in the distance function dependent
on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may make
fault resistance coverage difficult to achieve. Therefore, FRPSPDIS has a built-in
algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the possibility to enlarge the resistive
setting of both the phase selection and the measuring zones without interfering with
the load.
The extensive output signals from the phase selection gives also important
information about faulty phase(s) which can be used for fault analysis.
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IEC08000430-2-en.vsd
IEC08000430 V2 EN
7.10.4 Signals
Table 167: FRPSPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition
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7.10.5 Settings
Table 169: FRPSPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
INBlockPP 10 - 100 %IPh 1 40 3I0 limit for blocking phase-to-phase
measuring loops
INReleasePE 10 - 100 %IPh 1 20 3I0 limit for releasing phase-to-earth
measuring loops
RLdFw 1.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 80.00 Forward resistive reach within the load
impedance area
RLdRv 1.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 80.00 Reverse resistive reach within the load
impedance area
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 30 Load angle determining the load
impedance area
X1 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 40.00 Positive sequence reactance reach
R1PP 0.10 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Positive seq. resistance for characteristic
angle, Ph-Ph
R1PE 0.10 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 1.50 Positive seq. resistance for characteristic
angle, Ph-E
X0 0.50 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 120.00 Zero sequence reactance reach
R0PE 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Zero seq. resistance for zone
characteristic angle, Ph-E
RFFwPP 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, forward
RFRvPP 0.50 - 3000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse
RFFwPE 1.00 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-E, forward
RFRvPE 1.00 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-E, reverse
IMinOpPP 5 - 500 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate delta current for Phase-
Phase loops
IMinOpPE 5 - 500 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
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Impedance protection
Residual current criteria, that is, separation of faults with and without earth
connection
Regular quadrilateral impedance characteristic
Load encroachment characteristics is always active but can be switched off by
selecting a high setting.
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There are output from FRPSPDIS that indicate whether a start is in forward or reverse
direction or non-directional, for example STFWL1, STRVL1 and STNDL1.
These directional indications are based on the sector boundaries of the directional
function and the impedance setting of FRPSPDIS function. Their operating
characteristics are illustrated in figure 79.
X X X
R
R R
en08000286.vsd
IEC08000286 V1 EN
The setting of the load encroachment function may influence the total operating
characteristic, for more information, refer to section "Load encroachment".
The input DIRCND contains binary coded information about the directional coming
from the directional function ZDRDIR. It shall be connected to the STDIR output on
ZDRDIR. This information is also transferred to the input DIRCND on the distance
measuring zones, that is, the ZMRPDIS block.
STDIR= STFWL1*1+STFWL2*2+STFWL3*4+STFWL1L2*8+
+STFWL2L3*16+STFWL3L1*32+STRVL1*64+STRVL2*128+
+STRVL3*256+STRVL1L2*512+STRVL2L3*1024+STRVL3L1*2048
If the binary information is 1 then it will be considered that we have start in forward
direction in phase L1. If the binary code is 3 then we have start in forward direction in
phase L1 and L2 etc.
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Impedance protection
The code built up for release of the measuring fault loops is as follows:
ULn
ZPHSn =
ILn
EQUATION1255 V1 EN (Equation 67)
where:
n corresponds to the particular phase (n=1, 2 or 3)
The resistance RN and reactance XN are the impedance in the earth-return path
defined according to equation 23 and equation 24.
R 0 PE - R1PE
RN =
3
EQUATION-2125 V1 EN (Equation 68)
R0 - R1
RN =
3
EQUATION1256 V1 EN (Equation 68)
X 0 - X1
XN =
3
EQUATION1257 V1 EN (Equation 69)
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Impedance protection
X (ohm/loop)
R1PE+RN
RFRvPE RFFwPE
X1+XN
RFFwPE
RFRvPE R (Ohm/loop)
X1+XN
RFRvPE RFFwPE
R1PE+RN
IEC09000633-1-en.vsd
IEC09000633 V1 EN
Figure 163: Characteristic of FRPSPDIS for phase to earth fault (directional lines
are drawn as "line-dot-dot-line")
Besides this, the 3I0 residual current must fulfil the conditions according to
equation 23 and equation 24.
3 I0 0.5 IMinOpPE
EQUATION2108 V1 EN (Equation 70)
3 I0 INReleasePE
------------------------------------ Iphmax
100
EQUATION766 V1 EN (Equation 71)
where:
IMinOpPE is the minimum operation current for forward zones
INReleasePE is the setting for the minimum residual current needed to enable operation in the phase-
to-earth fault loops (in %).
Iphmax is the maximum phase current in any of three phases.
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Impedance protection
ULm - ULn
ZPHS =
-2 ILn
EQUATION1258 V1 EN (Equation 72)
ULm is the leading phase voltage, ULn the lagging phase voltage and ILn the phase
current in the lagging phase n.
X (ohm/phase)
0.5FRvPP
R1PP 0.5RFFwPP
X1
0.5RFFwPP
R (ohm/phase)
0.5RFRvPP
X1
R1PP
0.5RFRvPP 0.5RFFwPP
IEC09000634-1-en.vsd
IEC09000634 V1 EN
In the same way as the condition for phase-to-earth fault, there are current conditions
that have to be fulfilled in order to release the phase-to-phase loop. Those are
according to equation 26 or equation 27.
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Impedance protection
3I 0 < IMinOpPE
EQUATION2109 V1 EN (Equation 73)
INBlockPP
3I 0 < Iph max
100
EQUATION2110 V1 EN (Equation 74)
where:
IMinOpPE is the minimum operation current for forward earth measuring loops,
INBlockPP is 3I0 limit for blocking phase-to-phase measuring loop and
Iphmax is maximal magnitude of the phase currents.
The operation conditions for three-phase faults are the same as for phase-to-phase
fault, that is equation 25, equation 26 and equation 27 are used to release the operation
of the function.
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Impedance protection
X (ohm/phase)
4 X1PP
3
0.5RFFwPPK3
X1K3 30 deg 2
RFwPP
3
R (ohm/phase)
0.5RFRvPPK3
K3 = 2 / sqrt(3)
30 deg
IEC09000635-1-en.vsd
IEC09000635 V2 EN
Figure 165: The characteristic of FRPSPDIS for three-phase fault (set angle 70)
Each of the six measuring loops has its own load encroachment characteristic based
on the corresponding loop impedance. The load encroachment functionality is always
active, but can be switched off by selecting a high setting.
The outline of the characteristic is presented in figure 84. As illustrated, the resistive
blinders are set individually in forward and reverse direction while the angle of the
sector is the same in all four quadrants.
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Impedance protection
RLdFw
ArgLd ArgLd
R
ArgLd ArgLd
RLdRv
IEC09000042-1-en.vsd
IEC09000042 V1 EN
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
X X
R R
STCNDZ STCNDLE
IEC10000099-1-
en.vsd
IEC10000099 V1 EN
When FRPSPDIS is set to operate together with a distance measuring zone the
resultant operate characteristic could look like in figure 85. The figure shows a
distance measuring zone operating in forward direction. Thus, the operating area of
the zone together with the load encroachment is highlighted in black.
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Impedance protection
"Phase selection"
"quadrilateral" zone
Load encroachment
characteristic
Directional line
en05000673.vsd
IEC05000673 V1 EN
Figure 85 is valid for phase-to-earth. During a three-phase fault, or load, when the
quadrilateral phase-to-phase characteristic is subject to enlargement and rotation the
operate area is transformed according to figure 86. Notice in particular what happens
with the resistive blinders of the "phase selection" "quadrilateral" zone. Due to the 30-
degree rotation, the angle of the blinder in quadrant one is now 100 degrees instead of
the original 70 degrees (if the angle setting is 70 degrees). The blinder that is
nominally located to quadrant four will at the same time tilt outwards and increase the
resistive reach around the R-axis. Consequently, it will be more or less necessary to
use the load encroachment characteristic in order to secure a margin to the load
impedance.
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Impedance protection
X (W / phase)
Phase selection
Quadrilateral zone
R (W / phase)
IEC09000049-1-en.vsd
IEC09000049 V1 EN
Figure 169: Operating characteristic for FRPSPDIS in forward direction for three-
phase fault, ohm/phase domain
The result from rotation of the load characteristic at a fault between two phases is
presented in fig 87. Since the load characteristic is based on the same measurement as
the quadrilateral characteristic, it will rotate with the quadrilateral characteristic
clockwise by 30 degrees when subject to a pure phase-to-phase fault. At the same time
the characteristic will "shrink" by 2/3, from the full RLdFw and RLdRv reach, which
is valid at load or three-phase fault.
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Impedance protection
IEC08000437.vsd
IEC08000437 V1 EN
Figure 170: Rotation of load characteristic for a fault between two phases
There is a gain in selectivity by using the same measurement as for the quadrilateral
characteristic since not all phase-to-phase loops will be fully affected by a fault
between two phases. It should also provide better fault resistive coverage in quadrant
one. The relative loss of fault resistive coverage in quadrant four should not be a
problem even for applications on series compensated lines.
The phase-to-earth loop Ln is blocked if ILn<IMinOpPE, where ILn is the RMS value
of the current in phase Ln.
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Impedance protection
LDEblock
& 15 ms
t STPE
&
INReleasePE
3I 0 Iphmax
100 STCNDLE
Bool to &
BLOCK integer
15 ms
3I 0 < IMinOpPE & t STPP
10 ms 20 ms
OR & t t
IRELPP
INBlockPP
3I 0 < Iphmax
100
IEC09000149_2_en.vsd
IEC09000149 V2 EN
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Impedance protection
INDL1N
INDL2N
INDL3N
15 ms
STNDPE
IRELPE OR t
LDEblockL1N
AND 15 ms
ZML1N STNDL1
OR t
LDEblockL2N
AND
ZML2N
15 ms
LDEblockL3N STNDL2
OR t
AND
ZML3N
LDEblockL1L2 15 ms
STNDL3
AND OR t
ZML1L2
LDEblockL2L3
AND INDL1L2
ZML2L3
LDEblockL3L1 INDL2L3
AND
ZML3L1 INDL3L1
IRELPP 15 ms
STNDPP
OR t
IEC00000545-3-en.vsd
IEC00000545-TIFF V3 EN
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Impedance protection
INDL1N
AND
DRVL1N
INDL1L2 15 ms STRVL1
AND OR t
DRVL1L2
INDL3L1
AND
DRVL3L1 15 ms
STRVPE
INDL2N OR t
AND
DRVL2N
INDL1L2 15 ms
STRVL2
AND OR t
INDL2L3 INDL1N
AND INDL2N
DRVL2L3
INDL3N Bool to STCNDZ
INDL3N INDL1L2 integer
AND INDL2L3
DRVL3N INDL3L1
INDL2L3 15 ms
STRVL3
AND OR t
INDL3L1
15 ms
AND STRVPP
OR t
IEC00000546_2_en.vsd
IEC00000546-TIFF V2 EN
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AND
INDL1N
AND 15 ms 15 ms
DFWL1N STFW1PH
AND OR t t
INDL1L2
15 ms STFWL1
AND OR t
DFWL1L2
INDL3L1
AND
AND
DFWL3L1 15 ms
STFWPE
INDL2N OR t
AND
DFWL2N
AND 15 ms
INDL1L2 STFWL2
t
AND OR
15 ms 15 ms
INDL2L3 STFW2PH
AND OR t t
AND
DFWL2L3
INDL3N
AND AND
DFWL3N 15 ms
STFWL3
t
INDL2L3
AND OR
15 ms
INDL3L1 STFW3PH
AND t
AND
15 ms
STFWPP
OR t
IEC05000201_2_en.vsd
IEC05000201 V2 EN
Figure92 presents the composition of output signals TRIP and START, where internal
signals STNDPP, STFWPP and STRVPP are the equivalent to internal signals
STNDPE, STFWPE and STRVPE, but for the phase-to-phase loops.
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Impedance protection
TimerPP=Off
tPP
AND AND
t
TRIP
OR OR
tPE
TimerPE=Off
t
AND AND
STNDPP
STFWPP OR
STRVPP
START
OR
STNDPE
STFWPE OR
STRVPE
IEC08000441_2_en.vsd
IEC08000441-1 V2 EN
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Impedance protection
7.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
High speed distance protection zone ZMFPDIS 21
(zone 1)
S00346 V1 EN
7.11.2 Functionality
The High speed distance protection (ZMFPDIS) is providing sub-cycle, down
towards half-cycle, operate time for basic faults within 60% of the line length and up
to around SIR 5. At the same time, it is specifically designed for extra care during
difficult conditions in high voltage transmission networks, like faults on long heavily
loaded lines and faults generating heavily distorted signals. These faults are handled
with outmost security and dependability, although sometimes with reduced operating
speed.
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The ZMFPDIS function is a six zone full scheme protection with three fault loops for
phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth faults for each of the
independent zones, which makes the function suitable in applications with single-
phase autoreclosing.
The zones can operate independently of each other in directional (forward or reverse)
or non-directional mode. However, zone1 and zone2 is designed to measure in
forward direction only, while one zone (ZRV) is designed to measure in the reverse
direction. This makes them suitable, together with a communication scheme, for
protection of power lines and cables in complex network configurations, such as
parallel lines, multi-terminal lines, and so on.
The directional element utilizes a set of well-established quantities to provide fast and
correct directional decision during various power system operating conditions,
including close-in three-phase faults, simultaneous faults and faults with only zero-
sequence in-feed.
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IEC11000433-1-en.vsd
IEC11000433 V1 EN
7.11.4 Signals
Table 173: ZMFPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of entire
function
VTSZ BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of entire
function
Table continues on next page
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7.11.5 Settings
Table 175: ZMFPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Mode Off / On
On
RLdFw 0.01 - 5000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 60.00 Resistance determining the load
impedance area - forward
RLdRv 0.01 - 5000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 60.00 Resistance determining the load
impedance area - reverse
XLd 0.01 - 10000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 400.00 Reactance determining the load
impedance area
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 30 Angle determining the load impedance
area
CVTtype Any - - Passive type CVT selection determining filtering of the
Passive type function
None (Magnetic)
OpModeZ1 Disable-Zone - - Enable Ph-E PhPh On/Off setting for Ph-Ph and Ph-E loops,
Enable Ph-E zone 1
Enable PhPh
Enable Ph-E PhPh
X1PPZ1 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach, Ph-
Ph, zone 1
R1PPZ1 0.00 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive sequence resistive reach, Ph-Ph,
zone 1
X1PEZ1 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach, Ph-
E, zone 1
R1PEZ1 0.00 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive sequence resistive reach, Ph-E,
zone 1
X0Z1 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 100.00 Zero sequence reactance reach, zone 1
R0Z1 0.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero sequence resistive reach, zone 1
RFPPZ1 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, zone 1
RFPEZ1 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-E, zone 1
tPPZ1 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay to trip, Phase-Phase, zone 1
tPEZ1 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay to trip, Phase-Earth, zone 1
IMinOpPPZ1 5 - 6000 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate ph-ph current for
Phase-Phase loops, zone 1
IMinOpPEZ1 5 - 6000 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate phase current for
Phase-Earth loops, zone 1
OpModeZ2 Disable-Zone - - Enable Ph-E PhPh On/Off setting for Ph-Ph and Ph-E loops,
Enable Ph-E zone 2
Enable PhPh
Enable Ph-E PhPh
X1Z2 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 40.00 Positive sequence reactance reach, zone
2
R1Z2 0.00 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive sequence resistive reach, zone 2
X0Z2 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 120.00 Zero sequence reactance reach, zone 2
R0Z2 0.00 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero sequence resistive reach, zone 2
Table continues on next page
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Impedance protection
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Impedance protection
7.11.7.1 Filtering
Practically all voltage, current and impedance quantities used within the ZMFPDIS
function are derived from fundamental frequency phasors filtered by a half cycle
filter.
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The phasor filter is frequency adaptive in the sense that its coefficients are changed
based on the estimated power system frequency.
A half cycle filter will not be able to reject both even and odd harmonics. So, while odd
harmonics will be completely attenuated, accuracy will be affected by even
harmonics. Even harmonics will not cause the distance zones to overreach however;
instead there will be a slightly variable underreach, on average in the same order as the
magnitude ratio between the harmonic and fundamental component.
Th different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which means that earth
fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults for forward and reverse
faults are executed in parallel.
Figure 97 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for the six distance
zones.
IEC05000458-2-en.vsd
IEC05000458 V2 EN
Figure 177: The different measuring loops at phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-
phase fault
Each distance protection zone performs like one independent distance protection
function with six measuring elements.
Tansients from CVTs may have a significant impact on the transient overreach of a
distance protection. At the same time these transients can be very diverse in nature
from one type to the other; in fact, more diverse than can be distinguished by the
algorithm itself in the course of a few milliseconds. So, a setting (CVTtype) is
introduced in order to inform the algorithm about the type of CVT applied and thus
providing the advantage of knowing how performance should be optimized, even
during the first turbulent milliseconds of the fault period.
There are basically two types of CVTs from the function point of view, the passive and
the active type, which refers to the type of ferro-resonance suppression device that is
employed. The active type requires more rigorous filtering which will have a negative
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Impedance protection
impact on operate times. However, this will be evident primarily at higher source
impedance ratios (SIRs), SIR 5 and above, or close to the reach limit.
For avoiding overreach and at the same time achieving fast operate times, a
supplementary circular characteristic that includes some alternative processing is
implemented. One such circular characteristic exists for every measuring loop and
quadrilateral characteristic. There are no specific reach settings for this circular zone.
It uses the normal quadrilateral zone settings to determine a reach that will be
appropriate. This implies that the circular characteristic will always have somewhat
shorter reach than the quadrilateral zone.
The phase-selection element can, owing to the current change criteria, distinguish
faults with minimum influence from load and fault impedance. In other words, it is not
restricted by a load encroachment characteristic during the current change phase. This
significantly improves performance for remote phase-to-earth faults on heavily
loaded lines. One exception however is three-phase faults, for which the load
encroachment characteristic always has to be applied, in order to distinguish fault
from load.
The continuous criteria will in the vast majority of cases operate in parallel and carry
on the fault indication after the current change phase has ended. Only in some
particularly difficult faults on heavily loaded lines the continuous criteria might not be
sufficient, for example, when the estimated fault impedance resides within the load
area defined by the load encroachment characteristic. In this case, the indication will
be restricted to a pulse lasting for one or two power system cycles.
Phase-to-phase-earth faults (also called double earth faults) will practically always
activate phase-to-phase zone measurements. Measurement in two phase-to-earth
loops at the same time is associated with so-called simultaneous faults: two earth
faults at the same time, one each on the two circuits of a double line, or when the zero
sequence current is relatively high due to a source with low Z0/Z1 ratio. In fact, in
these situations zone measurement will be released both for the related phase-to-earth
loops and the phase-to-phase loop simultaneously. On the other hand, simultaneous
faults closer to the remote bus will gradually take on the properties of a phase-to-
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Impedance protection
phase-earth fault and the function will eventually use phase-to-phase zone
measurements also here.
In cases where the fault current infeed is more or less completely of zero sequence
nature (all phase currents in phase), the measurement will be performed in the phase-
to-earth loops only for a phase-to-phase-earth fault.
Several criteria are employed when making the directional decision. The basis is
provided by comparing a sum of positive sequence voltage and memory voltage with
phase currents. For extra security, especially in making a very fast decision, this
method is complemented with an equivalent comparison where, instead of the phase
current, the change in phase current is used. Moreover, a basic negative sequence
directional evaluation is taken into account as a reliable reference during high load
condition. Finally, a zero sequence directional evaluation is used whenever there is
more or less exclusive zero sequence in-feed.
The directional sectors that represent forward direction, one per measuring loop, are
defined by the following equations.
15 < arg
( (1 k ) U1 L1 + k U 1L1M )
< 120
I L1
EQUATION2546 V2 EN (Equation 75)
15 < arg
( (1 k ) U1 L1L 2 + k U 1L1L 2 M )
< 120
I L1L 2
EQUATION2547 V2 EN (Equation 76)
Where:
U1L1 is the positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1.
U1L1L2 is the voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
U1L1L2M is the memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
IL1L2 is the current difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
The corresponding reverse directional sectors range from 165 to -60 degrees. The
value of the k factor determining the amount of memory voltage used is normally 0.8.
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Impedance protection
The ZMFPDIS function has to be blocked by an additional function like the Fuse
failure supervision (FUFSPVC) or an equivalent external device. Typically, the
binary input VTSZ is used for this purpose.
There is need for external blocking of the ZMFPDIS function during power swings,
either from the Power Swing Blocking function (ZMRPSB) or an external device.
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Impedance protection
X (Ohm/loop)
R1PE+Rn
RFPE RFPE
X0PE-X1PE
Xn =
3
X1PE+Xn R0PE-R1PE
Rn =
3
jN jN
R (Ohm/loop)
RFPE RFPE
X1PE+Xn
RFPE RFPE
IEC11000415-1-en.vsd
R1PE+Rn
IEC11000415 V1 EN
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Impedance protection
X (Ohm/phase)
j j
R (Ohm/phase)
RFPP RFPP
2 2
X1PP
The faulty loop in relation to the fault type can be presented as in Figure 180. The main
intention with this illustration is to make clear how the fault resistive reach should be
interpreted and set. Note in particular that the setting RFPP always represents the total
fault resistance of the loop, regardless the fact that the fault resistance (arc) may be
divided into parts like for three-phase or phase-to-phase faults. The R1 + jX1 represent
the positive sequence impedance from the measuring point to the fault location.
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Impedance protection
IL1 R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
RFPE
fault in phase L1
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 )
IL1 R1 + j X1 Phase-to-phase
UL1 element L1-L2
Phase-to-phase
fault in phase RFPP
L1-L2 IL2
UL2 (Arc resistance)
R1 + j X1
In some cases the measured load impedance might enter the set zone characteristic
without any fault on the protected line. The phenomenon is called load encroachment
and it might occur when an external fault is cleared and high emergency load is
transferred on the protected line. The effect of load encroachment is illustrated to the
left in Figure 181. A load impedance within the characteristic would cause an
unwanted trip. The traditional way of avoiding this situation is to set the distance zone
resistive reach with a security margin to the minimum load impedance. The drawback
with this approach is that the sensitivity of the protection to detect resistive faults is
reduced.
The IED has a built in feature which shapes the characteristic according to the
characteristic shown in Figure 181. The load encroachment algorithm will increase
the possibility to detect high fault resistances, especially for phase-to-earth faults at
remote line end. For example, for a given setting of the load angle ArgLd, the resistive
blinder for the zone measurement can be set according to Figure 181 affording higher
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Technical manual
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Impedance protection
fault resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load
encroachment. Separate resistive blinder setting is available in forward and reverse
direction.
The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavily loaded lines,
where there might be a conflict between the necessary emergency load transfer and
necessary sensitivity of the distance protection. The function can also preferably be
used on heavy loaded, medium long lines. For short lines, the major concern is to get
sufficient fault resistance coverage. Load encroachment is not a major problem. See
section "".
X X
Z1 Z1
Load impedance
area in forward ArgLd
R
direction R
RLdRv RLdFw
IEC09000248-2-en.vsd
IEC09000248 V2 EN
PHSL1, PHSL2,...PHSL3L1 are internal binary logical signals from the Phase-
selection element. They correspond directly to the six loops of the distance zones and
determine which loops should be released to operate.
The internal input 'IN present' is activated if the residual current (3I0) exceeds 10% of
the maximum phase current magnitude and at the same time is above 5% of IBase.
However, if current transformer saturation is detected, this criterion is changed to
residual voltage (3U0) exceeding 5% of UBase/sqrt(3) instead.
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DirModeZ3-5
TRUE (1) Non-directional
FW(Ln & LmLn) Forward DIR(Ln & LmLn)Z3-5
RV(Ln & LmLn) Reverse
IEC12000137-2-en.vsd
IEC12000137 V2 EN
PEZx
OR
ZML1Zx
PHSL1 AND
DIRL1Zx AND
ZML2Zx
PHSL2 AND
DIRL2Zx AND
ZML3Zx L1Zx
OR
PHSL3 AND
DIRL3Zx AND
ZML1L2Zx L2Zx
OR
PHSL1L2 AND
DIRL1L2Zx AND
ZML2L3Zx L3Zx
PHSL2L3 AND OR
DIRL2L3Zx AND
ZML3L1Zx
PHSL3L1 AND
DIRL3L1Zx AND
PPZx
OR
NDZx
OR
IEC12000140-1-en.vsd
IEC12000140 V1 EN
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TimerModeZx =
Enable Ph-Ph,
Ph-E
BLOCK
VTSZ
BLKZx OR
BLKTRZx
OR TimerLinksZx
LoopLink (tPP-tPE)
ZoneLinkStart LoopLink & ZoneLink
OR
STPHS Phase Selection No Links
1st starting zone
LNKZ1 FALSE (0)
LNKZ2
LNKZRV LNKZx
AND
LNKZ3 OR
TimerLinksZx =
LNKZ4 LoopLink & ZoneLink
LNKZ5
IEC12000139-3-en.vsdx
IEC12000139 V3 EN
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15 ms
TZx
t TRIPZx
AND
BLKTRZx
TRL1Zx
OR AND
BLOCK
VTSZ TRL2Zx
OR AND
BLKZx
TRL3Zx
AND
15 ms
L1Zx
t STL1Zx
AND
15 ms
L2Zx
t STL2Zx
AND
15 ms
L3Zx
t STL3Zx
AND
PPZx 15 ms
PEZx OR t STARTZx
AND
15 ms
NDZx
t STNDZx
AND
IEC12000138-1-en.vsd
IEC12000138 V1 EN
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15 ms
OR t STPE
AND
PHSL1
15 ms
PHSL2 OR t
AND
PHSL3
15 ms
OR t
PHSL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
OR t
AND
PHSL3L1
15 ms
OR t STPP
AND
BLOCK STARTND
OR
VTSZ OR
STPHS
IEC12000133-1-en.vsd
IEC12000133 V1 EN
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PHSL1
FWL1 AND
PHSL2 15 ms
FWL2 AND OR t STFWL1
AND
PHSL3
FWL3 AND 15 ms
PHSL1L2 OR t STFWL2
AND
FWL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
FWL2L3 AND OR t STFWL3
PHSL3L1 AND
FWL3L1 AND
OR
STFWPE
IN present AND
STFW1PH
=1
BLOCK
VTSZ OR
STFW2PH
=2
STFW3PH
=3
IEC12000134-1-en.vsd
IEC12000134 V1 EN
PHSL1
RVL1 AND
PHSL2 15 ms
RVL2 AND OR t STRVL1
AND
PHSL3
RVL3 AND 15 ms
PHSL1L2 OR t STRVL2
AND
RVL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
RVL2L3 AND OR t STRVL3
PHSL3L1 AND
RVL3L1 AND
OR
STRVPE
IN present AND
BLOCK
VTSZ OR
IEC12000141-1-en.vsd
IEC12000141 V1 EN
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7.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
High speed distance protection zone ZMFCPDIS 21
(zone 1-6)
S00346 V1 EN
7.12.2 Functionality
High speed distance protection (ZMFCPDIS) provides sub-cycle, down towards half-
cycle, operate time for basic faults within 60% of the line length and up to around SIR
5. At the same time, it is specifically designed for extra care during difficult conditions
in high voltage transmission networks, like faults on long heavily loaded lines and
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faults generating heavily distorted signals. These faults are handled with outmost
security and dependability, although sometimes with reduced operating speed.
The ZMFCPDIS function is a six-zone full scheme protection with three fault loops
for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth faults for each of the
independent zones, which makes the function suitable in applications with single-
phase autoreclosing.
The zones can operate independently of each other in directional (forward or reverse)
or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with a communication
scheme, for protection of power lines and cables in complex network configurations,
such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines, and so on.
The directional element utilizes a set of well-established quantities to provide fast and
correct directional evaluation during various conditions, including close-in three-
phase faults, simultaneous faults and faults with only zero-sequence in-feed.
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ZMFCPDIS
I3P* TRIPZ
U3P* TRIPZ1
BLOCK TRL1Z1
VTSZ TRL2Z1
BLKZ1 TRL3Z1
BLKZ2 TRIPZ2
BLKZ3 TRL1Z2
BLKZ4 TRL2Z2
BLKZ5 TRL3Z2
BLKZRV TRIPZ3
BLKTRZ1 TRIPZ4
BLKTRZ2 TRIPZ5
BLKTRZ3 TRIPZRV
BLKTRZ4 STARTZ
BLKTRZ5 STARTZ1
BLKTRZRV STNDZ1
STARTZ2
STL1Z2
STL2Z2
STL3Z2
STNDZ2
STARTZ3
STNDZ3
STARTZ4
STNDZ4
STARTZ5
STNDZ5
STARTZRV
STL1ZRV
STL2ZRV
STL3ZRV
STNDZRV
STARTND
STNDL1
STNDL2
STNDL3
STFWL1
STFWL2
STFWL3
STFWPE
STRVL1
STRVL2
STRVL3
STRVPE
STFW1PH
STFW2PH
STFW3PH
STPE
STPP
ZL1
ZL1RANG
ZL1ANGL
ZL2
ZL2RANG
ZL2ANGL
ZL3
ZL3RANG
ZL3ANGL
IEC11000422.vsdx
IEC11000422 V2 EN
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7.12.4 Signals
Table 180: ZMFCPDIS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of entire
function
VTSZ BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of entire
function
BLKZ1 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of zone 1
BLKZ2 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of zone 2
BLKZ3 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of zone 3
BLKZ4 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of zone 4
BLKZ5 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of zone 5
BLKZRV BOOLEAN 0 Resets all outputs and internal timers of reverse
zone
BLKTRZ1 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of zone 1
BLKTRZ2 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of zone 2
BLKTRZ3 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of zone 3
BLKTRZ4 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of zone 4
BLKTRZ5 BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of zone 5
BLKTRZRV BOOLEAN 0 Resets all trip outputs and internal timers of reverse
zone
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7.12.5 Settings
Table 182: ZMFCPDIS Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Mode Off / On
On
OperationSC NoSeriesComp - - NoSeriesComp Selection of series compensation
SeriesComp operation Off / On
RLdFw 0.01 - 5000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 60.00 Resistance determining the load
impedance area - forward
RLdRv 0.01 - 5000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 60.00 Resistance determining the load
impedance area - reverse
XLd 0.01 - 10000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 400.00 Reactance determining the load
impedance area
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 30 Angle determining the load impedance
area
CVTtype Any - - Passive type CVT selection determining the filtering of
Passive type the function
None (Magnetic)
OpModeZ1 Disable-Zone - - Enable Ph-E PhPh On/Off setting for Ph-Ph and Ph-E loops,
Enable Ph-E zone 1
Enable PhPh
Enable Ph-E PhPh
X1FwPPZ1 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive seq. reactance reach, Ph-Ph,
zone 1, forward dir.
R1FwPPZ1 0.00 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistive reach, Ph-Ph, zone
1, forward dir.
RFPPZ1 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, zone 1,
forw & rev dir.
X1RvPPZ1 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Pos. seq. react. reach, Ph-Ph, zone 1,
reverse direction
X1FwPEZ1 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive seq. reactance reach, Ph-E, zone
1, forward dir.
R1FwPEZ1 0.00 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistive reach, Ph-E, zone
1, forward dir.
X0FwPEZ1 0.01 - 9000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 100.00 Zero seq. reactance reach, Ph-E, zone 1,
forward direction
Table continues on next page
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7.12.7.1 Filtering
Practically all voltage, current and impedance quantities used within the ZMFCPDIS
function are derived from fundamental frequency phasors filtered by a half-cycle
filter.
The phasor filter is frequency adaptive in the sense that its coefficients are changed
based on the estimated power system frequency.
A half-cycle filter will not be able to reject both even and odd harmonics. So, while
odd harmonics will be completely attenuated, accuracy will be affected by even
harmonics. Even harmonics will not cause the distance zones to overreach; instead
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there will be a slightly variable underreach, on average in the same order as the
magnitude ratio between the harmonic and the fundamental component.
The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which
means that earth fault loop for phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phase faults for
forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.
Figure 97 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for the six distance
zones.
IEC05000458-2-en.vsd
IEC05000458 V2 EN
Figure 190: The different measuring loops at phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-
phase fault
The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched
schemes which mostly uses a start element to select correct voltages and current
depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent
distance protection function with six measuring elements.
It is well-known that transients from CVTs may have a significant impact on the
transient overreach of a distance protection. At the same time these transients can be
very diverse in nature from one type to the other; in fact, more diverse than can be
distinguished by the algorithm itself in the course of a few milliseconds. So, a setting
is introduced in order to inform the algorithm about the type of CVT applied and thus
providing the advantage of knowing how performance should be optimized, even
during the first turbulent milliseconds of the fault period.
There are basically two types of CVTs from the function point of view, the passive and
the active type, which refers to the type of ferro-resonance suppression device that is
employed. The active type requires more rigorous filtering which will have a negative
impact on operate times. However, this will be evident primarily at higher source
impedance ratios (SIRs), SIR 5 and above, or close to the reach limit.
It is worth mentioning here that the IEC 60044-5 transient classification is of little or
no use in this connection. It is not primarily the damping of transients that is important;
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it is the frequency content of the transients that is decisive, i.e. how difficult it is to
filter out the specific frequency. So, even if two CVTs, one passive and the other active
type, comply with the same transient class, the active type requires more extensive
filtering in order to avoid transient overreach.
For avoiding overreach and at the same time achieving fast operate times, a
supplementary circular characteristic that includes some alternative processing
(retained from REL 531) is implemented. One such circular characteristic exists for
every measuring loop and quadrilateral characteristic. There are no specific reach
settings for this circular zone. It uses the normal quadrilateral zone settings to
determine a reach that will be appropriate. This implies that the circular characteristic
will always have somewhat shorter reach than the quadrilateral zone.
The phase-selection element can, owing to the current change criteria, distinguish
faults with minimum influence from load and fault impedance. In other words, it is not
restricted by a load encroachment characteristic during the current change phase. This
significantly improves performance for remote phase-to-earth faults on heavily
loaded lines. One exception, however, is three-phase faults, for which the load
encroachment characteristic always has to be applied, in order to distinguish fault
from load.
The continuous criteria will in the vast majority of cases operate in parallel and carry
on the fault indication after the current change phase has ended. Only in some
particularly difficult faults on heavily loaded lines the continuous criteria might not be
sufficient, for example, when the estimated fault impedance resides within the load
area defined by the load encroachment characteristic. In this case, the indication will
be restricted to a pulse lasting for one or two power system cycles.
Phase-to-phase-earth faults (also called double earth faults) will practically always
activate phase-to-phase zone measurements. This is a substantial difference compared
to the previous phase selection function in the 500- and 600-series (that is,
FDPSPDIS). Measurement in two phase-to-earth loops at the same time is associated
with so-called simultaneous faults: two earth faults at the same time, one each on the
two circuits of a double line, or when the zero sequence current is relatively high due
to a source with low Z0/Z1 ratio.In fact, in these situations zone measurement will be
released both for the related phase-to-earth loops and the phase-to-phase loop
simultaneously. On the other hand, simultaneous faults closer to the remote bus will
gradually take on the properties of a phase-to-phase-earth fault and the function will
eventually use phase-to-phase zone measurements also here.
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In cases where the fault current infeed is more or less completely lack of zero sequence
nature (all phase currents in phase), the measurement will be performed in the phase-
to-earth loops only for a phase-to-phase-earth fault.
Several criteria are employed when making the directional decision. The basis is
provided by comparing a sum of positive sequence voltage and memory voltage with
phase currents. This has been the standard method up to now in the 600-series
(ZDRDIR). For extra security, especially in making a very fast decision, this method
is complemented with an equivalent comparison where, instead of the phase current,
the change in phase current is used. Moreover, a basic negative sequence directional
evaluation is taken into account as a reliable reference during high load condition.
Finally, zero sequence directional evaluation is used whenever there is more or less
exclusive zero sequence in-feed.
Fundamentally, the directional sectors that represent forward direction, one per
measuring loop, are defined by the following equations (examples for L1and L1L2
only):
15 < arg
( (1 k ) U1 L1 + k U 1L1M )
< 120
I L1
EQUATION2546 V2 EN (Equation 77)
15 < arg
( (1 k ) U1 L1L 2 + k U 1L1L 2 M )
< 120
I L1L 2
EQUATION2547 V2 EN (Equation 78)
Where:
U1L1 is the positive sequence phase voltage in phase L1.
U1L1L2 is the voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
U1L1L2M is the memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
IL1L2 is the current difference between phase L1 and L2 (L2 lagging L1).
The corresponding reverse directional sectors range from 165 to -60 degrees. The
value of the k factor determining the amount of memory voltage used is normally 0.8.
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However, if the SeriesComp option is chosen (only available in ZMFCPDIS) the value
is changed to 0.95.
The ZMFCPDIS function has to be blocked by an additional function like the Fuse
failure supervision (FUFSPVC) or an equivalent external device. Typically, the
binary input VTSZ is used for this purpose.
However, to guarantee that also very fast operation is blocked in a fuse failure
situation, there is a built-in supervision based on change in current that will delay
operation before the FUFSPVC blocking signal is received. The delay will be
introduced if no (vector) magnitude change greater than 5% of IBase has been
detected in any of the phase currents.
There is need for external blocking of the ZMFCPDIS function during power swings,
either from the Power Swing Blocking function (ZMRPSB) or an external device.
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X (Ohm/loop)
R1PE+RNFw
X 0 PE - X 1FwPE
RFRvPE RFFwPE XNFw =
3
PG- -
XX00PE 1RVPGX 1RvPE
X 1XRVPE
XNRVXNRv
XNRV == = XNFw
33 X 1FwPE
XX0 PE - X-1X
0 PG FWPE
1FWPG
XNFW==
XNFW
X1FwPE+XNFw 3 3R0 PE - R1PE
RNFw =
jN jN 3
R (Ohm/loop)
RFRvPE RFFwPE
X1RvPE+XNRv
jN
RFRvPE RFFwPE
R1PE+RNRv IEC11000417-1-en.vsd
IEC11000417 V1 EN
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X (Ohm/phase)
j j
jN R (Ohm/phase)
RFRvPP RFFwPP
2 2
X1RvPP
jN
RFRvPP RFFwPP
2 2
IEC11000418-1-en.vsd
IEC11000418 V1 EN
Note that for ZMFCPDIS, the reverse zone ZRV, as well as any of
zones 3-5, that are set to DirMode=Reverse will get their operating
impedances inverted (rotated 180 degrees) internally in order to make
use of the main settings, which are the settings designated Fw.
Therefore, a reverse zone will have its Fw-settings (RFFwPPZRV,
X1FwPEZ3, and so on) applied in the third quadrant, that is, towards
the busbar instead of the line.
The fault loop reach in relation to each fault type may also be presented as in figure
180. The main intention with this illustration is to make clear how the fault resistive
reach should be interpreted. Note in particular that the setting RFPP always represents
the total fault resistance of the loop, even while the fault resistance (arc) may be
divided into parts like for three-phase or phase-to-phase-to-earth faults. The R1 and
jX1 represent the positive sequence impedance from the measuring point to the fault
location.
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IL1 R1 + j X1
Phase-to-earth
UL1
element
Phase-to-earth
RFPE
fault in phase L1
(Arc + tower
resistance)
0
IN (R0-R1)/3 +
j (X0-X1)/3 )
IL1 R1 + j X1 Phase-to-phase
UL1 element L1-L2
Phase-to-phase
fault in phase RFPP
L1-L2 IL2
UL2 (Arc resistance)
R1 + j X1
PHSL1, PHSL2,...PHSL3L1 are internal binary logical signals from the Phase-
selection element. They correspond directly to the six loops of the distance zones and
determine which loops should be released to possibly issue a start or a trip.
The internal input 'IN present' is true if the residual current (3I0) exceeds 7% of IBase.
However, if current transformer saturation is detected, this criterion is changed to
residual voltage (3U0) exceeding 5% of UBase/sqrt(3) instead.
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15 ms
OR t STPE
AND
PHSL1
15 ms
PHSL2 OR t
AND
PHSL3
15 ms
OR t
PHSL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
OR t
AND
PHSL3L1
15 ms
OR t STPP
AND
BLOCK STARTND
OR
VTSZ OR
STPHS
IEC12000133-1-en.vsd
IEC12000133 V1 EN
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PHSL1
FWL1 AND
PHSL2 15 ms
FWL2 AND OR t STFWL1
AND
PHSL3
FWL3 AND 15 ms
PHSL1L2 OR t STFWL2
AND
FWL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
FWL2L3 AND OR t STFWL3
PHSL3L1 AND
FWL3L1 AND
OR
STFWPE
IN present AND
STFW1PH
=1
BLOCK
VTSZ OR
STFW2PH
=2
STFW3PH
=3
IEC12000134-1-en.vsd
IEC12000134 V1 EN
DirModeZ3-5
TRUE (1) Non-directional
FW(Ln & LmLn) Forward DIR(Ln & LmLn)Z3-5
RV(Ln & LmLn) Reverse
IEC12000137-2-en.vsd
IEC12000137 V2 EN
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15 ms
TZx
t TRIPZx
AND
BLKTRZx
TRL1Zx
OR AND
BLOCK
VTSZ TRL2Zx
OR AND
BLKZx
TRL3Zx
AND
15 ms
L1Zx
t STL1Zx
AND
15 ms
L2Zx
t STL2Zx
AND
15 ms
L3Zx
t STL3Zx
AND
PPZx 15 ms
PEZx OR t STARTZx
AND
15 ms
NDZx
t STNDZx
AND
IEC12000138-1-en.vsd
IEC12000138 V1 EN
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TimerModeZx =
Enable Ph-Ph,
Ph-E
BLOCK
VTSZ
BLKZx OR
BLKTRZx
OR TimerLinksZx
LoopLink (tPP-tPE)
ZoneLinkStart LoopLink & ZoneLink
OR
STPHS Phase Selection No Links
1st starting zone
LNKZ1 FALSE (0)
LNKZ2
LNKZRV LNKZx
AND
LNKZ3 OR
TimerLinksZx =
LNKZ4 LoopLink & ZoneLink
LNKZ5
IEC12000139-3-en.vsdx
IEC12000139 V3 EN
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PHSL1
RVL1 AND
PHSL2 15 ms
RVL2 AND OR t STRVL1
AND
PHSL3
RVL3 AND 15 ms
PHSL1L2 OR t STRVL2
AND
RVL1L2 AND
PHSL2L3 15 ms
RVL2L3 AND OR t STRVL3
PHSL3L1 AND
RVL3L1 AND
OR
STRVPE
IN present AND
BLOCK
VTSZ OR
IEC12000141-1-en.vsd
IEC12000141 V1 EN
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PEZx
OR
ZML1Zx
PHSL1 AND
DIRL1Zx AND
ZML2Zx
PHSL2 AND
DIRL2Zx AND
ZML3Zx L1Zx
OR
PHSL3 AND
DIRL3Zx AND
ZML1L2Zx L2Zx
OR
PHSL1L2 AND
DIRL1L2Zx AND
ZML2L3Zx L3Zx
PHSL2L3 AND OR
DIRL2L3Zx AND
ZML3L1Zx
PHSL3L1 AND
DIRL3L1Zx AND
PPZx
OR
NDZx
OR
IEC12000140-1-en.vsd
IEC12000140 V1 EN
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7.13.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Power swing detection ZMRPSB 68
Zpsb
SYMBOL-EE V1 EN
7.13.2 Functionality
Power swings may occur after disconnection of heavy loads or trip of big generation
plants.
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Power swing detection function ZMRPSB is used to detect power swings and initiate
block of all distance protection zones. Occurrence of earth-fault currents during a
power swing inhibits the ZMRPSB function, to allow fault clearance.
IEC06000264-2-en.vsd
IEC06000264 V2 EN
7.13.4 Signals
Table 187: ZMRPSB Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKI01 BOOLEAN 0 Block inhibit of start output for slow swing condition
BLKI02 BOOLEAN 0 Block inhibit of start output for subsequent residual
current detection
BLK1PH BOOLEAN 0 Block one-out-of-three-phase operating mode
REL1PH BOOLEAN 0 Release one-out-of-three-phase operating mode
BLK2PH BOOLEAN 0 Block two-out-of-three-phase operating mode
REL2PH BOOLEAN 0 Release two-out-of-three-phase operating mode
I0CHECK BOOLEAN 0 Residual current (3I0) detection used to inhibit start
output
TRSP BOOLEAN 0 Single-pole tripping command issued by tripping
function
EXTERNAL BOOLEAN 0 Input for external detection of power swing
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7.13.5 Settings
Table 189: ZMRPSB Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Mode On / Off
On
X1InFw 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Inner reactive boundary, forward
R1LIn 0.01 - 1000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Line resistance for inner characteristic
angle
R1FInFw 0.01 - 1000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance coverage to inner
resistive line, forward
X1InRv 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Inner reactive boundary, reverse
R1FInRv 0.01 - 1000.00 Ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance line to inner resistive
boundary, reverse
OperationLdCh Off - - On Operation of load discrimination
On characteristic
RLdOutFw 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Outer resistive load boundary, forward
ArgLd 5 - 70 Deg 1 25 Load angle determining load impedance
area
RLdOutRv 0.01 - 3000.00 Ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Outer resistive load boundary, reverse
kLdRFw 0.50 - 0.90 Mult 0.01 0.75 Multiplication factor for inner resistive load
boundary, forward
kLdRRv 0.50 - 0.90 Mult 0.01 0.75 Multiplication factor for inner resistive load
boundary, reverse
tEF 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 3.000 Timer for overcoming single-pole
reclosing dead time
IMinOpPE 5 - 30 %IB 1 10 Minimum operate current in % of IBase
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
Its principle of operation is based on the measurement of the time it takes for a power
swing transient impedance to pass through the impedance area between the outer and
the inner characteristics. Power swings are identified by transition times longer than
a transition time set on corresponding timers. The impedance measuring principle is
the same as that used for the distance protection zones. The impedance and the
characteristic passing times are measured in all three phases separately.
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Impedance protection
X1OutFw jX ZL R1LIn
X1InFw DFw
j
DRv
R1FInRv R1FInFw
DFw
ArgLd j
ArgLd
DRv
DFw
DFw
R
DFw
DRv
RLdInRv RLdInFw
DFw
DRv
RLdOutRv RLdOutFw
j DRv X1InRv
X1OutRv
IEC09000222_1_en.vsd
IEC09000222 V1 EN
ULn
Re Rset
I Ln
EQUATION1183 V2 EN (Equation 79)
ULn
Im Xset
ILn
EQUATION1184 V2 EN (Equation 80)
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Impedance protection
RLdInFw = kLdRFwRLdOutFw
EQUATION1185 V2 EN (Equation 81)
where:
kLdRFw is a settable multiplication factor less than 1
The slope of the load encroachment inner and outer boundary is defined by setting the
parameter ArgLd.
The load encroachment in the fourth quadrant uses the same settings as in the first
quadrant (same ArgLd and RLdOutFw and calculated value RLdInFw).
The quadrilateral characteristic in the first quadrant is tilted to get a better adaptation
to the distance measuring zones. The angle is the same as the line angle and derived
from the setting of the reactive reach inner boundary X1InFw and the line resistance
for the inner boundary R1LIn. The fault resistance coverage for the inner boundary is
set by the parameter R1FInFw.
From the setting parameter RLdOutFw and the calculated value RLdInFw a distance
between the inner and outer boundary, DFw, is calculated. This value is valid for R
direction in first and fourth quadrant and for X direction in first and second quadrant.
RLdInRv = kLdRRvRLdOutRv
EQUATION1187 V2 EN (Equation 82)
where:
kLdRRv is a settable multiplication factor less than 1
From the setting parameter RLdOutRv and the calculated value RLdInRv, a distance
between the inner and outer boundary, DRv, is calculated. This value is valid for R
direction in second and third quadrant and for X direction in third and fourth quadrant.
The inner resistive characteristic in the second quadrant outside the load
encroachment part corresponds to the setting parameter R1FInRv for the inner
boundary. The outer boundary is internally calculated as the sum of DRv+R1FInRv.
The inner resistive characteristic in the third quadrant outside the load encroachment
zone consist of the sum of the settings R1FInRv and the line resistance R1LIn. The
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Impedance protection
argument of the tilted lines outside the load encroachment is the same as the tilted lines
in the first quadrant. The distance between the inner and outer boundary is the same
as for the load encroachment in reverse direction, that is DRv.
The inner characteristic for the reactive reach in forward direction correspond to the
setting parameter X1InFw and the outer boundary is defined as X1InFw + DFw,
where:
DFw = RLdOutFw - KLdRFw RLdOutFw
The inner characteristic for the reactive reach in reverse direction correspond to the
setting parameter X1InRv for the inner boundary and the outer boundary is defined as
X1InRv + DRv.
where:
DRv = RLdOutRv - KLdRRv RLdOutRv
The operation of the Power swing detection ZMRPSB is only released if the
magnitude of the current is above the setting of the min operating current, IMinOpPE.
The 1 out of 3 operating mode is based on detection of power swing in any of the
three phases. Figure 203 presents a composition of an internal detection signal
DET-L1 in this particular phase.
The 2 out of 3 operating mode is based on detection of power swing in at least two
out of three phases. Figure 204 presents a composition of the detection signals
DET1of3 and DET2of3.
Signals ZOUTLn (outer boundary) and ZINLn (inner boundary) in figure 203 are
related to the operation of the impedance measuring elements in each phase separately
(n represents the corresponding L1, L2 and L3). They are internal signals, calculated
by ZMRPSB function.
The tP1 timer in figure 203 serve as detection of initial power swings, which are
usually not as fast as the later swings are. The tP2 timer become activated for the
detection of the consecutive swings, if the measured impedance exit the operate area
and returns within the time delay, set on the tW waiting timer. The upper part of
figure 203 (internal input signal ZOUTL1, ZINL1, AND-gates and tP-timers) are
duplicated for phase L2 and L3. All tP1 and tP2 timers in the figure have the same
settings.
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Impedance protection
ZOUTL1 AND
0-tP1
ZINL1 0 OR
-loop
0-tP2
-loop
AND
0
OR DET-L1
AND AND
ZOUTL2 OR
ZOUTL3
detected 0
0-tW
IEC05000113-2-en.vsd
IEC05000113 V2 EN
DET-L1
DET-L2 DET1of3 - int.
>1
DET-L3
&
DET2of3 - int.
& >1
&
IEC01000057-2-en.vsd
IEC01000057-TIFF V2 EN
Figure 204: Detection of power swing for 1-of-3 and 2-of-3 operating mode
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Impedance protection
ZOUTL1 ZOUT
OR
ZOUTL2 ZINL1
ZIN
ZOUTL3 AND ZINL2 OR
ZINL3
tEF
TRSP
t AND
I0CHECK
10 ms
AND t
BLKI02 OR
tR1
AND t INHIBIT
OR
-loop
tR2
BLKI01 AND t
BLOCK
-loop
DET1of3 - int.
REL1PH
AND
BLK1PH
tH
DET2of3 - int. OR t
REL2PH
AND
BLK2PH OR START
AND
EXTERNAL
en05000114.vsd
IEC05000114 V1 EN
Figure 205 presents a simplified logic diagram for the Power swing detection function
ZMRPSB. The internal signals DET1of3 and DET2of3 relate to the detailed logic
diagrams in figure 203 and figure 204 respectively.
The load encroachment characteristic can be switched off by setting the parameter
OperationLdCh = Off, but notice that the DFw and DRv will still be calculated from
RLdOutFw and RLdOutRv. The characteristic will in this case be only quadrilateral.
There are four different ways to form the internal INHIBIT signal:
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.14.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Automatic switch onto fault logic ZCVPSOF - -
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Impedance protection
7.14.2 Functionality
Automatic switch onto fault logic ZCVPSOF is a function that gives an instantaneous
trip at the closing of breaker onto a fault. A dead-line detection check is provided to
activate ZCVPSOF when the line is dead.
Mho distance protections cannot operate for switch onto fault condition when the
phase voltages are close to zero. An additional logic based on UI Level is used for this
purpose.
IEC06000459 V3 EN
7.14.4 Signals
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Impedance protection
7.14.5 Settings
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When the setting AutoInitMode is set to either Voltage, Current or Current & Voltage
modes, ZCVPSOF is activated by the dead-line detection.
The activation from the dead-line detection function is released if the internal signal
DeadLine from the UlLevel Detector function is activated at the same time as the
inputs ZACC and START_DLYD are not activated at least for the duration of tDLD.
The internal signal DeadLine from the UlLevel Detector function is activated under
any of the following conditions:
If all three-phase currents are below the setting IPh< and the AutoInitMode
setting is set to Current
If all three-phase voltages are below the setting UPh< and the AutoInitMode
setting is set to Voltage
If all three-phase currents and voltages are below the settings IPh< and UPh< and
the AutoInitMode setting is set to Current & Voltage
To get the TRIP signal, one of the different operate modes must also be selected with
the Mode parameter.
Mode = Impedance; TRIP is released if the input ZACC is activated (connected
normally to the nondirectional distance protection zone) or the START_DLYD
input is activated with a set time delay of tOperate
Mode = UlLevel; TRIP is released if UlLevel detector is activated
Mode = UlLvl&Imp; TRIP is released based either on the impedance-measured
criteria or UlLevel detection
The SOTF UlLevel Detector logic is based on current and voltage levels. The internal
signal SOTFUILevel is activated if the phase voltage is below the set UPh< and the
corresponding phase current is above the set IPh< for a time longer than the duration
set by tDuration.
The measured phase voltages and currents are provided as service values.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
BLOCK
15ms
BC TRIP
& t
ZACC tSOTF
tDLD t
START_DLYD 1
& t
1
tOperate
t
I3P
U3P
DeadLine
IPh< UILevel tDuration
Detector t
UPh<
AutoInitMode
&
Mode = Impedance
SOTFUILevel
& 1
Mode = UILevel
1
&
Mode = UILvl&Imp
IEC07000084 V3 EN
Figure 207: Simplified logic diagram for Automatic switch onto fault logic
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
7.15.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Power swing logic PSLPSCH - -
7.15.2 Functionality
Power Swing Logic (PSLPSCH) is a complementary function to Power Swing
Detection (ZMRPSB) function. It provides possibility for selective tripping of faults
on power lines during system oscillations (power swings or pole slips), when the
distance protection function should normally be blocked. The complete logic consists
of two different parts:
IEC07000026-3-en.vsd
IEC07000026 V3 EN
7.15.4 Signals
Table 199: PSLPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
STZMUR BOOLEAN 0 Start of the underreaching zone
STZMOR BOOLEAN 0 Start of the overreaching zone
STPSD BOOLEAN 0 Power swing detected
STDEF BOOLEAN 0 Start from Earth Fault Protection in forward or
reverse direction
Table continues on next page
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Impedance protection
7.15.5 Settings
Table 201: PSLPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
tDZ 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.050 Permitted max oper time diff between
higher and lower zone
tDZMUR 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Delay for oper of underreach zone with
detected diff in oper time
tCS 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Conditional timer for sending the CS at
power swings
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Conditional timer for tripping at power
swings
tBlkTr 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.300 Timer for blocking the overreaching zones
trip
Communication and tripping logic as used by the power swing distance protection
zones is schematically presented in figure 209.
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Impedance protection
STDEF
AR1P1 &
STPSD tCS
CS
BLOCK & t &
CSUR
BLKZMPS
tBlkTr &
tTrip t
t
CACC TRIP
>1
CR &
en06000236.vsd
IEC06000236 V1 EN
Figure 209: Simplified logic diagram power swing communication and tripping
logic
The complete logic remains blocked as long as there is a logical one on the BLOCK
functional input signal. Presence of the logical one on the STDEF functional input
signal also blocks the logic as long as this block is not released by the logical one on
the AR1P1 functional input signal. The functional output signal BLKZMPS remains
logical one as long as the function is not blocked externally (BLOCK is logical zero)
and the earth-fault is detected on protected line (STDEF is logical one), which is
connected in three-phase mode (AR1P1 is logical zero). Timer tBlkTr prolongs the
duration of this blocking condition, if the measured impedance remains within the
operate area of the Power Swing Detection (ZMRPSB) function (STPSD input
active). The BLKZMPS can be used to block the operation of the power-swing zones.
Logical one on functional input CSUR, which is normally connected to the TRIP
functional output of a power swing carrier sending zone, activates functional output
CS, if the function is not blocked by one of the above conditions. It also activates the
TRIP functional output.
Initiation of the CS functional output is possible only, if the STPSD input has been
active longer than the time delay set on the security timer tCS.
Simultaneous presence of the functional input signals PLTR_CRD and CR (local trip
condition) also activates the TRIP functional output, if the function is not blocked by
one of the above conditions and the STPSD signal has been present longer then the
time delay set on the trip timer tTrip.
Figure 210 presents the logical circuits, which control the operation of the
underreaching zone (zone 1) at power swings, caused by the faults and their clearance
on the remote power lines.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
&
BLKZMH
&
STZML tZL
STZMLL
BLOCK & t >1
&
STMZH tDZ
STZMPSD & t
>1
STPSD
&
-loop
en06000237.vsd
IEC06000237 V1 EN
The logic is disabled by a logical one on functional input BLOCK. It can start only if
the following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled:
STPSD functional input signal must be a logical zero. This means, that Power
swing detection (ZMRPSB) function must not detect power swinging over the
protected power line.
STZMPSD functional input must be a logical one. This means that the impedance
must be detected within the external boundary of ZMRPSB function.
STZMOR functional input must be a logical one. This means that the fault must
be detected by the overreaching distance protection zone, for example zone 2.
The STZMURPS functional output, which can be used in complete terminal logic
instead of a normal distance protection zone 1, becomes active under the following
conditions:
If the STZMUR signal appears at the same time as the STZMOR or if it appears
with a time delay, which is shorter than the time delay set on timer tDZ.
If the STZMUR signal appears after the STZMOR signal with a time delay longer
than the delay set on the tDZ timer, and remains active longer than the time delay
set on the tZL timer.
The BLKZMOR functional output signal can be used to block the operation of the
higher distance protection zone, if the fault has moved into the zone 1 operate area
after tDZ time delay.
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7.16.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Pole slip protection PSPPPAM Ucos 78
7.16.2 Functionality
Sudden events in an electric power system such as large changes in load, fault
occurrence or fault clearance, can cause power oscillations referred to as power
swings. In a non-recoverable situation, the power swings become so severe that the
synchronism is lost, a condition referred to as pole slipping. The main purpose of the
pole slip protection (PSPPPAM) is to detect, evaluate, and take the required action for
pole slipping occurrences in the power system.
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Impedance protection
IEC10000045-1-en.vsd
IEC10000045 V1 EN
7.16.4 Signals
Table 203: PSPPPAM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current group connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage group connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKGEN BOOLEAN 0 Block operation in generating direction
BLKMOTOR BOOLEAN 0 Block operation in motor direction
EXTZONE1 BOOLEAN 0 Extension of zone1 with zone2 region
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7.16.5 Settings
Table 205: PSPPPAM Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation On / Off
On
OperationZ1 Off - - On Operation Zone1 On / Off
On
OperationZ2 Off - - On Operation Zone2 On / Off
On
ImpedanceZA 0.00 - 1000.00 % 0.01 10.00 Forward impedance in % of Zbase
ImpedanceZB 0.00 - 1000.00 % 0.01 10.00 Reverse impedance in % of Zbase
ImpedanceZC 0.00 - 1000.00 % 0.01 10.00 Impedance of zone1 limit in % of Zbase
AnglePhi 72.00 - 90.00 Deg 0.01 85.00 Angle of the slip impedance line
StartAngle 0.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 110.0 Rotor angle for the start signal
TripAngle 0.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 90.0 Rotor angle for the trip1 and trip2 signals
N1Limit 1 - 20 - 1 1 Count limit for the trip1 signal
N2Limit 1 - 20 - 1 3 Count limit for the trip2 signal
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Impedance protection
The movements in the impedance plane can be seen in Figure 212. The transient
behavior is described by the transient EMF's EA and EB, and by X'd, XT and the
transient system impedance ZS.
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Impedance protection
Zone 1 Zone 2
EB Xd XT XS EA
IED
B A
jX
XS
Pole slip
impedance XT
d Apparent generator
movement impedance R
Xd
IEC06000437_2_en.vsd
IEC06000437 V2 EN
where:
X'd = transient reactance of the generator
the minimum current exceeds 0.10 IN (IN is IBase parameter set under general
setting).
the maximum voltage falls below 0.92 UBase
the voltage Ucos (the voltage in phase with the generator current) has an angular
velocity of 0.2...8 Hz and
the corresponding direction is not blocked.
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
en07000004.vsd
IEC07000004 V1 EN
Figure 213: Different generator quantities as function of the angle between the
equivalent generators
An alarm is given when movement of the rotor is detected and the rotor angle exceeds
the angle set for 'WarnAngle'.
When the impedance crosses the slip line between ZB and ZC it counts as being in zone
1 and between ZC and ZA in zone 2. The entire distance ZA-ZB becomes zone 1 when
signal EXTZONE1 is high (external device detects the direction of the centre of
slipping).
After the first slip, the signals ZONE1 or ZONE2 and depending on the direction of
slip - either GEN or MOTOR are issued.
Every time pole slipping is detected, the impedance of the point where the slip line is
crossed and the instantaneous slip frequency are displayed as measurements.
Further slips are only detected, if they are in the same direction and if the rate of rotor
movement has reduced in relation to the preceding slip or the slip line is crossed in the
opposite direction outside ZA-ZB. A further slip in the opposite direction within ZA-
ZB resets all the signals and is then signalled itself as a first slip.
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Impedance protection
The TRIP1 tripping command and signal are generated after N1 slips in zone 1,
providing the rotor angle is less than TripAngle. The TRIP2 signal is generated after
N2 slips in zone 2, providing the rotor angle is less than TripAngle.
START
AND
0.2 Slip.Freq. 8 Hz
startAngle
ZONE1
AND
Z cross line ZC - ZB
ZONE2
AND
Z cross line ZA - ZC
Counter
a
ab
N1Limit b TRIP1
AND
tripAngle OR
TRIP
Counter
a
ab
N2Limit b TRIP2
AND
IEC07000005.vsd
IEC07000005 V2 EN
Figure 214: Simplified logic diagram for pole slip protection PSPPPAM
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Technical manual
Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.17.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Out-of-step protection OOSPPAM 78
<
7.17.2 Functionality
The out-of-step protection OOSPPAM function in the IED can be used for both
generator protection and as well for line protection applications.
The main purpose of the OOSPPAM function is to detect, evaluate, and take the
required action during pole slipping occurrences in the power system.
The OOSPPAM function detects pole slip conditions and trips the generator as fast as
possible, after the first pole-slip if the center of oscillation is found to be in zone 1,
which normally includes the generator and its step-up power transformer. If the center
of oscillation is found to be further out in the power system, in zone 2, more than one
pole-slip is usually allowed before the generator-transformer unit is disconnected. A
parameter setting is available to take into account the circuit breaker opening time. If
there are several out-of-step relays in the power system, then the one which finds the
center of oscillation in its zone 1 should operate first.
Two current channels I3P1 and I3P2 are available in OOSPPAM function to allow the
direct connection of two groups of three-phase currents; that may be needed for very
powerful generators, with stator windings split into two groups per phase, when each
group is equipped with current transformers. The protection function performs a
simple summation of the currents of the two channels I3P1 and I3P2.
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Impedance protection
IEC12000188-3-en.vsd
IEC12000188 V3 EN
7.17.4 Signals
Table 210: OOSPPAM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P1 GROUP - Group connection for three-phase current input 1
SIGNAL
I3P2 GROUP - Group connection for three-phase current input 2
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group connection for three-phase voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKGEN BOOLEAN 0 Block operation in generating direction
BLKMOT BOOLEAN 0 Block operation in motor direction
EXTZ1 BOOLEAN 0 Extension of zone1 reach to zone2 settings
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
7.17.5 Settings
Table 212: OOSPPAM Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationZ1 Off - - On Operation Zone1 Off / On
On
ReachZ1 1.00 - 100.00 % ZFw 0.01 50.00 Percentage part of total forward
impedance; defines Z1 reach
OperationZ2 Off - - On Operation Zone2 Off / On
On
tBreaker 0.000 - 1.000 s 0.001 0.040 Breaker opening time; use default 0s
value if it is unknown
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Impedance protection
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
1.5 trajectory
of Z(R, X)
to the 3rd
The 2nd pole-slip
-1
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Real part (R) of Z in Ohms
IEC10000109-1-en.vsd
IEC10000109 V1 EN
Figure 216: Loci of the complex impedance Z(R, X) for a typical case of generator
losing step after a short circuit that was not cleared fast enough
Under typical, normal load conditions, when the protected generator supplies the
active and the reactive power to the power system, the complex impedance Z(R, X) is
in the 1st quadrant, point 0 in Figure 216. One can see that under a three-phase fault
conditions, the centre of oscillation is at the point of fault, point 1, which is logical, as
all three voltages are zero or near zero at that point. Under the fault conditions the
generator accelerated and when the fault was finally cleared, the complex impedance
Z(R, X) jumped to the point 2. By that time, the generator has already lost its step, Z(R,
X) continues its way from the right-hand side to the left-hand side, and the 1st pole-
slip cannot be avoided. If the generator is not immediately disconnected, it will
continue pole-slipping see Figure 216, where two pole-slips (two pole-slip cycles)
are shown. Under out-of-step conditions, the centre of oscillation is where the locus of
the complex impedance Z(R, X) crosses the (impedance) line connecting the points
SE (Sending End), and RE (Receiving End). The point on the SE RE line where the
trajectory of Z(R, X) crosses the impedance line can change with time and is mainly
a function of the internal induced voltages at both ends of the equivalent two-machine
system, that is, at points SE and RE.
Rotor (power) angle can be thought of as the angle between the two lines, connecting
point 0 in Figure 216, that is, Z(R, X) under normal load, with the points SE and RE,
respectively. These two lines are not shown in Figure 216. Normal values of the power
angle, that is, under stable, steady-state, load conditions, are from 30 to 60 electrical
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
degrees. It can be observed in Figure 217 that the angle reaches 180 degrees when the
complex impedance Z(R, X) crosses the impedance line SE RE. It then changes the
sign, and continues from -180 degrees to 0 degrees, and so on. Figure 217 shows the
rotor (power) angle and the magnitude of Z(R, X) against time for the case from Figure
216.
4
|Z| in Ohms
rotor (power)
3 normal angle in rad
angle
Impe dance Z in Ohm and rotor a ngle in radian
load
Z(R, X) unde r fa ult lies |Z|
2
on the impe dance line
or nea r (for 3-ph faults )
1
0
0
fault 500 ms
-1 fa ult
occ urrs
Unde r 3-pha s e fa ult
condition rotor a ngle 3
-2
of a pp. 180 de gre e s
is m e a s ure d ...
2
-3 Z(R,X) cros s e d
1 1 the im pe da nce line , Z-line ,
conne cting points S E - RE
-4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time in millis econds
IEC10000110-2-en.vsd
IEC10000110 V2 EN
Figure 217: Rotor (power) angle and magnitude of the complex impedance Z(R,
X) against the time
In order to be able to fully understand the principles of OOSPPAM, a stable case, that
is, a case where the disturbance does not make a generator to go out-of-step, must be
shown.
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Impedance protection
1
SE RE
G X [Ohm]
0.8 Z(R,X) 20 ms
fault
relay after line out
- - - RE - - -
0.6 - - -- -
-- ---- ----- 4 - - pre-fault
Figure 218: A stable case where the disturbance does not make the generator to
go out-of-step
It shall be observed that for a stable case, as shown in Figure 218, where the
disturbance does not cause the generator to lose step, the complex impedance Z(R, X)
exits the lens characteristic on the same side (point 4) it entered it (point 2), and never
re-enters the lens. In a stable case, where the protected generator remains in
synchronism, the complex impedance returns to quadrant 1, and, after the oscillations
fade, it returns to the initial normal load position (point 0), or near.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 7
Impedance protection
X
Position of the OOS
- - - RE- - -
0.6 - - - - relay is the origin of
- - --
- -- ----
- -- -the R - X plane
- - --- Ze --
---
-
- Zone 2 -- -
0.4 X-line - - - - -
ReverseZ
ReverseZ(ReverseR, ReverseX)) ForwardZ(ForwardR, ForwardX)
SE RE
IEC10000113-2-en.vsd
IEC10000113 V2 EN
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Impedance protection
voltage and nominal current. The impedances from the position of the out-of-step
protection in the direction of the normal load flow can be taken as forward.
The out-of-step relay, as in Figure 220 looks into the system and the impedances in
that direction are forward impedances:
ForwardX = Xtr + Xline + Xeq (All values referred to generator voltage)
ForwardR = Rtr + Rline + Req (All values referred to generator voltage)
Resistances are much smaller than reactances, but in general can not be neglected. The
ratio (ForwardX + ReverseX) / (ForwardR + ReverseR) determines the inclination of
the Z-line, connecting the point SE (Sending End) and RE (Receiving End), and is
typically approximately 85 degrees. While the length of the Z-line depends on the
values of ForwardX, ReverseX, ForwardR, and ReverseR, the width of the lens is a
function of the setting StartAngle .The lens is broader for smaller values of the
StartAngle , and becomes a circle for StartAngle = 90 degrees.
When the complex impedance Z(R, X) enters the lens, pole slipping is imminent, and a
start signal is issued. The angle recommended to form the lens is 110 or 120 degrees,
because it is this rotor (power) angle where problems with dynamic stability usually
begin. Rotor (power) angle 120 degrees is sometimes called the angle of no return
because if this angle is reached under generator power swings, the generator is most
likely to lose step.
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Impedance protection
the direction from the right to the left, and exits the lens on the opposite side. When the
complex impedance exits the lens on the side opposite to its entrance, the 1st pole-slip
has already occurred and more pole-slips can be expected if the generator is not
disconnected. Figure 216 shows two pole-slips. Figures like Figure 216 and Figure
218 are always possible to draw by means of the analog output data from the pole-slip
function, and are of great help with eventual investigations of the performance of the
out-of-step function.
A pole-slip may be detected if it has a slip frequency lower than a maximum value
fsMax. The specific value of fsMax depends on the setting (parameter) StartAngle
(which determines the width of the lens characteristic). A parameter in this calculation
routine is the value of the minimum traverse time, traverseTimeMin. The minimum
traverse time is the minimum time that the travel of the complex impedance Z(R, X)
through the lens, from one side to the other, must last in order to recognize that a pole-
slip has occurred. The value of the internal constant traverseTimeMin is a function of
the set StartAngle.For values of StartAngle <= 110, traverseTimeMin = 50 ms. For
values StartAngle > 110, traverseTimeMin = 40 ms. The expression which relates the
maximum slip frequency fsMax and the traverseTimeMin is as follows:
1000 StartAngle []
fsMax [ Hz ] 1.000 -
traverseTimeMin [ ms ] 180 []
IECEQUATION2319 V1 EN (Equation 83)
The minimum value of fsMax is 6.994 Hz. When StartAngle = 110 degrees, fsMax =
7.777 Hz. This implies, that the default StartAngle = 110 degrees covers 90% of cases
as, the typical final slip frequency is between 2 - 5Hz. In practice, however, before the
slip frequency, for example 7.777 Hz, is reached, at least three pole-slips have
occurred. In other words, if we consider a linear increase of frequency from 50 Hz to
57.777 Hz, at least three pole-slips will occur (in fact: (57.777 - 50) / 2 = 3.889). The
exact instantaneous slip-frequency expressed in Hz (corresponding to number of pole
slips per second) is difficult to calculate. The easiest and most exact method is to
measure time between two successive pole slips. This means that, the instantaneous
slip-frequency is measured only after the second pole-slip, if the protected machine is
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Section 7 1MRK505308-UEN B
Impedance protection
not already disconnected after the first pole-slip. The measured value of
slipsPerSecond (SLIPFREQ) is equal to the average slip-frequency of the machine
between the last two successive pole-slips.
Although out-of-step events are relatively rare, the out-of-step protection should take
care of the circuit breaker health. The electromechanical stress to which the breaker is
exposed shall be minimized. The maximum currents flowing under out-of-step
conditions can be even greater that those for a three-phase short circuit on generator
terminals; see Figure 222. The currents flowing are highest at rotor angle 180 degrees,
and smallest at 0 degrees, where relatively small currents flow. To open the circuit
breaker at 180 degrees, when not only the currents are highest, but the two internal
(that is, induced) voltages at both ends are in opposition, could be fatal for the circuit
breaker. There are two methods available in order to minimize the stress; the second
method is more advanced than the first one.
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Impedance protection
X[Ohm]
0.6 trip RE - Receiving End (infinite bus)
region
loci of Z(R, X)
0.4 3
Figure 221: The imaginary offset Mho circle represents loci of the impedance
Z(R, X) for which the rotor angle is 90 degrees
35
very high currents due
Current in kA, trip command to CB, rotor angle in rad
rotor angle
0
angle towards 0
-5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time in milliseconds
IEC10000115-1-en.vsd
IEC10000115 V1 EN
Figure 222: Trip initiation when the break-time of the circuit breaker is known
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Impedance protection
7.17.7.5 Design
At every execution of the function the following is calculated: active power P, reactive
power Q, rotor angle ROTORANG, quantity UCOSPHI, the positive-sequence current
CURRENT and voltage VOLTAGE. All other quantities, that can as well be read as
outputs, are only calculated if the Z(R, X) enters the limit of reach zone, which is a
circle in the complex (R X) plane. When the complex impedance Z(R, X) enters the
limit-of-reach region, the algorithm:
determines in which direction the impedance Z moves, that is, the direction the
lens is traversed
measures the time taken to traverse the lens from one side to the other one
If the traverse time is more than the limit 40 or 50 ms, a pole-slip is declared. If the
complex impedance Z(R, X) exits the lens on the same side it entered, then it is a stable
case and the protected machine is still in synchronism. If a pole-slip has been detected,
then it is determined in which zone the centre of oscillation is located. If the number
of actual pole-slips exceeds the maximum number of allowed pole-slips in either of
the zones, a trip command is issued taking care of the circuit breaker safety.
R R
UPSRE Calculation of X X
UPSIM R and X parts
of the complex Z(R,X)
UPSMAG
positive-
IPSRE
sequence Z(R,X) NO
IPSIM
impedance within limit of Return
Z(R, X) reach?
YES UCOSPHI
Z(R,X) ROTORANG
within lens NO
Function alert
characteristic?
SLIPFREQ
YES GENMODE
Z(R,X) MOTMODE
LEFT Z(R,X) RIGHT NO
exited lens
entered lens
on the left- hand
from?
Motor losing Generator losing side?
step ? step ?
YES
Was
traverse time NO
more than
Calculation of 50 ms?
P
positive- sequence YES (pole- slip!)
active power P, Q TRIP
>= 1
reactive power Q, Number
ZONE 2 NO
rotor angle UCOSPHI
of pole- slips
ROTORANG exceeded in TRIPZ1
a zone? Open
and
ROTORANG circuit
UCOSPHI ZONE 1 TRIPZ2
breaker
safely
IEC10000116-3-en.vsd
IEC10000116 V3 EN
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Impedance protection
7.18.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Phase preference logic PPLPHIZ - -
7.18.2 Functionality
Phase preference logic function PPLPHIZ is intended to be used in isolated or high
impedance earthed networks where there is a requirement to trip only one of the faulty
lines at cross-country fault.
Phase preference logic inhibits tripping for single phase-to-earth faults in isolated and
high impedance earthed networks, where such faults are not to be cleared by distance
protection. For cross-country faults, the logic selects either the leading or the lagging
phase-earth loop for measurement and initiates tripping of the preferred fault based on
the selected phase preference. A number of different phase preference combinations
are available for selection.
IEC07000029-2-en.vsd
IEC07000029 V2 EN
7.18.4 Signals
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Impedance protection
7.18.5 Settings
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The function can be divided into two parts; one labeled voltage and current
discrimination and the second one labeled phase preference evaluation, see
figure 225.
The aim with the voltage and current discrimination part is to discriminate faulty
phases and to determine if there is a cross-country fault. If cross-country fault is
detected, an internal signal Detected cross-country fault is created and sent to the
phase preference part to be used in the evaluation process for determining the
condition for trip.
The voltage and current discrimination part gives phase segregated start signals if the
respective measured phase voltage is below the setting parameter UPN< at the same
time as the zero sequence voltage is above the setting parameter 3U0>. If there is a
start in any phase the START output signal will be activated.
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Impedance protection
1. The magnitude of 3I0 has been above the setting parameter IN> for a time longer
than the setting of pick-up timer tIN.
2. The magnitude of 3I0 has been above the setting parameter IN> at the same time
as the magnitude of 3U0 has been above the setting parameter 3U0> during a time
longer than the setting of pick-up timer tUN.
3. The magnitude of 3I0 has been above the setting parameter IN> at the same time
as one of the following conditions are fulfilled:
the measured phase-to-phase voltage in at least one of the phase
combinations has been below the setting parameter UPP< for more than 20
ms.
At least two of the phase voltages are below the setting parameter UPN< for
more than 20 ms.
The second part, phase preference evaluation, uses the internal signal
DetectCrossCountry from the voltage and current evaluation together with the input
signal STCND together with phase selection start condition (from phase selection
functions) connected to input STCND, and the information from the setting parameter
OperMode are used to determine the condition for trip. To release the Phase
preference logic, at least two out of three phases must be faulty. The fault
classification whether it is a single phase-to-earth, two-phase or cross-country fault
and which phase to be tripped at cross-country fault is converted into a binary coded
signal and sent to the distance protection measuring zone to release the correct
measuring zone according to the setting of OperMode. This is done by activating the
output ZREL and it shall be connected to the input STCND on the distance zone
measuring element.
The code built up for release of the measuring fault loops is as follows: STCND =
L1N*1 + L2N*2 + L3N*4 + L1L2*8 + L2L3*16 + L3L1*32. Example: if only L1N
start the value is 1, if start L1N and L3N are choosen, the value is 1+4=5.
The release signals from phase selection will only be gated with the cross-country
check from IN and UN but without time delay. If no phase selection start has occurred,
the release is based on current and voltage discriminating part only.
The input signal STCND consist of binary information of fault type and is connected
to the output STCND on phase selection function. The fault must be activated in at
least two phases to be classified as a cross-country fault in the phase preference part
of the logic.
The input signals RELLnN (where 1<n<3) are additional fault release signals that can
be connected to external protection functions through binary input.
The output START and trip signals can be blocked by activating the input BLOCK
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Impedance protection
UL1
UL2
UL3
UL1UL2
UL2UL3
UL3UL1
IN Voltage and START
AND
UN Current
Discrimination
UPN<
UPP<
IN>
Detect Cross-
UN0> Country fault
OperMode
RELL1N ZREL
Phase Preference AND
RELL2N Evaluation
RELL3N
STCND
BLOCK
IEC09000220_1_en.vsd
IEC09000220 V2 EN
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Impedance protection
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Current protection
8.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Instantaneous phase overcurrent PHPIOC 50
protection 3-phase output
3I>>
SYMBOL-Z V1 EN
8.1.2 Functionality
The instantaneous three phase overcurrent function has a low transient overreach and
short tripping time to allow use as a high set short-circuit protection function.
IEC04000391-2-en.vsd
IEC04000391 V2 EN
8.1.4 Signals
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Current protection
8.1.5 Settings
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Current protection
output function PHPIOC. In a comparator the RMS values are compared to the set
operation current value of the function (IP>>). If a phase current is larger than the set
operation current a signal from the comparator for this phase is set to true. This signal
will, without delay, activate the output signal TRLn (n=1,2,3) for this phase and the
TRIP signal that is common for all three phases.
There is also a possibility to activate a preset change of the set operation current
(StValMult) via a binary input (ENMULT). In some applications the operation value
needs to be changed, for example due to transformer inrush currents.
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Current protection
8.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC 51/67
3-phase output
TOC-REVA V2 EN
8.2.2 Functionality
The four step three-phase overcurrent protection function OC4PTOC has an inverse
or definite time delay independent for step 1 to 4 separately.
All IEC and ANSI inverse time characteristics are available together with an optional
user defined time characteristic.
The directional function needs voltage as it is voltage polarized with memory. The
function can be set to be directional or non-directional independently for each of the
steps.
Second harmonic blocking level can be set for the function and can be used to block
each step individually
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Current protection
OC4PTOC
I3P* TRIP
U3P* TR1
BLOCK TR2
BLKTR TR3
BLKST1 TR4
BLKST2 TRL1
BLKST3 TRL2
BLKST4 TRL3
ENMULT1 TR1L1
ENMULT2 TR1L2
ENMULT3 TR1L3
ENMULT4 TR2L1
TR2L2
TR2L3
TR3L1
TR3L2
TR3L3
TR4L1
TR4L2
TR4L3
START
ST1
ST2
ST3
ST4
STL1
STL2
STL3
ST1L1
ST1L2
ST1L3
ST2L1
ST2L2
ST2L3
ST3L1
ST3L2
ST3L3
ST4L1
ST4L2
ST4L3
ST2NDHRM
DIRL1
DIRL2
DIRL3
IEC06000187-3-en.vsd
IEC06000187 V3 EN
8.2.4 Signals
Table 231: OC4PTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
BLKST1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of Step1
BLKST2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of Step2
Table continues on next page
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Current protection
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Current protection
8.2.5 Settings
Table 233: OC4PTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
AngleRCA 40 - 65 Deg 1 55 Relay characteristic angle (RCA)
AngleROA 40 - 89 Deg 1 80 Relay operation angle (ROA)
StartPhSel 1 out of 3 - - 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for op (1 of 3,
2 out of 3 2 of 3, 3 of 3)
3 out of 3
DirMode1 Off - - Non-directional Directional mode of step 1 (off, nodir,
Non-directional forward, reverse)
Forward
Reverse
Table continues on next page
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Current protection
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Current protection
U3P
TRIP
Harmonic harmRestrBlock
Restraint
Element
enableDir
Mode Selection
enableStep1-4
DirectionalMode1-4
en05000740-2-en.vsd
IEC05000740 V2 EN
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Current protection
A common setting for all steps, StartPhSel, is used to specify the number of phase
currents to be high to enable operation. The settings can be chosen: 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3
or 3 out of 3.
If DFT option is selected then only the RMS value of the fundamental frequency
components of each phase current is derived. Influence of DC current component and
higher harmonic current components are almost completely suppressed. If RMS
option is selected then the true RMS values is used. The true RMS value in addition
to the fundamental frequency component includes the contribution from the current
DC component as well as from higher current harmonic. The selected current values
are fed to OC4PTOC.
In a comparator, for each phase current, the DFT or RMS values are compared to the
set operation current value of the function (I1>, I2>, I3> or I4>). If a phase current
is larger than the set operation current, outputs START, STx, STL1, STL2 and STL3
are, without delay, activated. Output signals STL1, STL2 and STL3 are common for
all steps. This means that the lowest set step will initiate the activation. The START
signal is common for all three phases and all steps. It shall be noted that the selection
of measured value (DFT or RMS) do not influence the operation of directional part of
OC4PTOC.
Service value for individually measured phase currents are also available on the local
HMI for OC4PTOC function, which simplifies testing, commissioning and in service
operational checking of the function.
A harmonic restrain of the function can be chosen. A set 2nd harmonic current in
relation to the fundamental current is used. The 2nd harmonic current is taken from the
pre-processing of the phase currents and the relation is compared to a set restrain
current level.
The function can be directional. The direction of the fault current is given as current
angle in relation to the voltage angle. The fault current and fault voltage for the
directional function is dependent of the fault type. To enable directional measurement
at close in faults, causing low measured voltage, the polarization voltage is a
combination of the apparent voltage (85%) and a memory voltage (15%). The
following combinations are used.
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Current protection
U refL1L 2 = U L1 - U L 2 I dirL1L 2 = I L1 - I L 2
EQUATION1449 V1 EN (Equation 84)
U refL 2 L 3 = U L 2 - U L 3 I dirL 2 L 3 = I L 2 - I L 3
EQUATION1450 V1 EN (Equation 85)
U refL 3 L1 = U L 3 - U L1 I dirL 3 L1 = I L 3 - I L1
EQUATION1451 V1 EN (Equation 86)
U refL1 = U L1 I dirL1 = I L1
EQUATION1452 V1 EN (Equation 87)
U refL 2 = U L 2 I dirL 2 = I L 2
EQUATION1453 V1 EN (Equation 88)
U refL 3 = U L 3 I dirL 3 = I L 3
EQUATION1454 V1 EN (Equation 89)
For close-in three-phase faults, the U1L1M memory voltage, based on the same
positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.
The memory voltage is used for 100 ms or until the positive sequence voltage is
restored.
If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current
(between 10 and 30% of the set terminal rated current IBase), the condition seals
in.
If the fault has caused tripping, the trip endures.
If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in
the reverse direction remains in operation.
If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets
until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.
The directional setting is given as a characteristic angle AngleRCA for the function and
an angle window AngleROA.
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Current protection
Reverse
Uref
RCA
ROA
ROA Forward
Idir
en05000745.vsd
IEC05000745 V1 EN
The default value of AngleRCA is 65. The parameters AngleROA gives the angle
sector from AngleRCA for directional borders.
A minimum current for directional phase start current signal can be set:
IminOpPhSel.
If no blockings are given the start signals will start the timers of the step. The time
characteristic for each step can be chosen as definite time delay or inverse time
characteristic. A wide range of standardized inverse time characteristics is available.
It is also possible to create a tailor made time characteristic. The possibilities for
inverse time characteristics are described in section "Inverse characteristics".
All four steps in OC4PTOC can be blocked from the binary input BLOCK. The binary
input BLKSTx (x=1, 2, 3 or 4) blocks the operation of respective step.
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Current protection
Characteristx=DefTime
|IOP| AND
tx TRx
a OR
a>b
Ix> b
AND
STx
txmin
BLKSTx AND
BLOCK
Inverse
Characteristx=Inverse
DirModex=Off OR STAGEx_DIR_Int
DirModex=Non-directional
DirModex=Forward
AND OR
FORWARD_Int
DirModex=Reverse
AND
REVERSE_Int
IEC12000008.vsd
IEC12000008.vsd
IEC12000008 V2 EN
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Current protection
BLOCK
a
a>b
0.07*IBase b
a
a>b
b
Extract second AND
IOP
harmonic current a
a>b
component b
2ndH_BLOCK_Int
Extract
fundamental
current component
X
2ndHarmStab
IEC13000014-2-en.vsd
IEC13000014 V2 EN
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Current protection
8.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Instantaneous residual overcurrent EFPIOC 50N
protection
IN>>
IEF V1 EN
8.3.2 Functionality
The Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC has a low transient
overreach and short tripping times to allow the use for instantaneous earth-fault
protection, with the reach limited to less than the typical eighty percent of the line at
minimum source impedance. EFPIOC is configured to measure the residual current
from the three-phase current inputs and can be configured to measure the current from
a separate current input.
IEC06000269-2-en.vsd
IEC06000269 V2 EN
8.3.4 Signals
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Current protection
8.3.5 Settings
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Current protection
There is also a possibility to activate a preset change of the set operation current via
a binary input (enable multiplier MULTEN). In some applications the operation value
needs to be changed, for example due to transformer inrush currents.
EFPIOC function can be blocked from the binary input BLOCK. The trip signals from
the function can be blocked from the binary input BLKAR, that can be activated
during single pole trip and autoreclosing sequences.
8.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Four step residual overcurrent EF4PTOC 51N/67N
4(IN>)
protection
4
alt
4
TEF-REVA V2 EN
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.4.2 Functionality
The four step residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC has an inverse or definite
time delay independent for each step.
All IEC and ANSI time-delayed characteristics are available together with an optional
user defined characteristic.
IDir, UPol and IPol can be independently selected to be either zero sequence or
negative sequence.
EF4PTOC can also be used to provide a system back-up for example, in the case of the
primary protection being out of service due to communication or voltage transformer
circuit failure.
Residual current can be calculated by summing the three phase currents or taking the
input from neutral CT
IEC06000424-4-en.vsdx
IEC06000424 V4 EN
8.4.4 Signals
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8.4.5 Settings
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Current protection
1. I3P, input used for Operating Quantity. Supply the zero-sequence magnitude
measuring functionality.
2. U3P, input used for Voltage Polarizing Quantity. Supply either zero or
negative sequence voltage to the directional functionality
3. I3PPOL, input used for Current Polarizing Quantity. Provide polarizing
current to the directional functionality. This current is normally taken from the
grounding of a power transformer.
4. I3PDIR, input used for Directional detection. Supply either zero or negative
sequence current to the directional functionality.
These inputs are connected from the corresponding pre-processing function blocks in
the Configuration Tool within PCM600.
The function always uses Residual Current (3I0) for its operating quantity. The
residual current can be:
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Current protection
where:
IL1, IL2 and IL3 are fundamental frequency phasors of three individual phase currents.
The residual current is pre-processed by a discrete Fourier filter. Thus the phasor of
the fundamental frequency component of the residual current is derived. The phasor
magnitude is used within the EF4PTOC protection to compare it with the set operation
current value of the four steps (IN1>, IN2>, IN3> or IN4>). If the residual current is
larger than the set operation current and the step is used in non-directional mode a
signal from the comparator for this step is set to true. This signal will, without delay,
activate the output signal STINx (x=step 1-4) for this step and a common START
signal.
A polarizing quantity is used within the protection in order to determine the direction
to the earth fault (Forward/Reverse).
The function can be set to use voltage polarizing, current polarizing or dual polarizing.
Current polarizing
When current polarizing is selected the function will use an external residual current
(3I0) as polarizing quantity IPol. This current can be:
where:
IL1, IL2 and IL3 are fundamental frequency phasors of three individual phase currents.
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
The residual current is pre-processed by a discrete fourier filter. Thus the phasor of the
fundamental frequency component of the polarizing current is derived. This phasor is
then multiplied with pre-set equivalent zero-sequence source Impedance in order to
calculate equivalent polarizing voltage UIPol in accordance with the following
formula:
which will be then used, together with the phasor of the operating current, in order to
determine the direction to the earth fault (Forward/Reverse).
Dual polarizing
When dual polarizing is selected the function will use the vectorial sum of the voltage
based and current based polarizing in accordance with the following formula:
UPol and IPol can be either zero sequence component or negative sequence
component depending upon the user selection.
Then the phasor of the total polarizing voltage UTotPol will be used, together with the
phasor of the operating current, to determine the direction of the earth fault (Forward/
Reverse).
The individual steps within the protection can be set as non-directional. When this
setting is selected it is then possible via function binary input BLKSTx to provide
external directional control (that is, torque control) by for example using one of the
following functions if available in the IED:
Zero sequence components will be used for detecting directionality for earth fault
function. In some cases zero sequence quantities might detect directionality wrong.
Negative sequence quantities will be used in such scenario. The user can select either
zero sequence components or negative sequence components for detecting
directionality with the parameter SeqTypeIPol. I3PDIR input always connected to the
same source as I3P input.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
The base quantities are entered as global settings for all functions in the IED. Base
current (IBase) shall be entered as rated phase current of the protected object in
primary amperes. Base voltage (UBase) shall be entered as rated phase-to-phase
voltage of the protected object in primary kV.
Each overcurrent step uses operating quantity Iop (residual current) as measuring
quantity. Each of the four residual overcurrent steps has the following built-in
facilities:
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Time delay related settings. By these parameter settings the properties like
definite time delay, minimum operating time for inverse curves, reset time delay
and parameters to define user programmable inverse curve are defined.
Supervision by second harmonic blocking feature (On/Off). By this parameter
setting it is possible to prevent operation of the step if the second harmonic
content in the residual current exceeds the preset level.
Multiplier for scaling of the set residual current pickup value by external binary
signal. By this parameter setting it is possible to increase residual current pickup
value when function binary input ENMULTx has logical value 1.
Simplified logic diagram for one residual overcurrent step is shown in figure 234.
BLKTR
EMULTX
IMinx Characteristx=DefTime
X T b
a>b
F a
tx TRINx
AND AND
|IOP|
a OR t
a>b
b
STINx
INxMult AND
X T
INx> F
AND Inverse
BLKSTx
AND
BLOCK Characteristx=Inverse
txmin
2ndHarm_BLOCK_Int
OR t
HarmRestrainx=Off
DirModex=Off OR STEPx_DIR_Int
DirModex=Non-directional
DirModex=Forward
AND OR
FORWARD_Int
DirModex=Reverse
AND
REVERSE_Int
IEC10000008.vsd
IEC10000008 V5 EN
Figure 234: Simplified logic diagram for residual overcurrent step x, where x = step 1, 2, 3 or 4
The protection can be completely blocked from the binary input BLOCK. Output
signals for respective step, and STINx and TRINx, can be blocked from the binary
input BLKSTx. The trip signals from the function can be blocked from the binary
input BLKTR.
It shall be noted that at least one of the four residual overcurrent steps
shall be set as directional in order to enable execution of the
468
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
The protection has integrated directional feature. As the operating quantity current lop
is always used. The polarizing method is determined by the parameter setting
polMethod. The polarizing quantity will be selected by the function in one of the
following three ways:
The operating and polarizing quantity are then used inside the directional element, as
shown in figure 235, in order to determine the direction of the earth fault.
Operating area
STRV
0.6 * IN>DIR
Characteristic for reverse
release of measuring steps
-RCA -85 deg
Characteristic
for STRV 40% of
IN>DIR RCA +85 deg
RCA
65 Upol = -3U 0
STFW
I op = 3I0
Operating area
Characteristic
for STFW IEC11000243-1-en.ai
IEC11000243 V1 EN
Figure 235: Operating characteristic for earth-fault directional element using the
zero sequence components
469
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Directional comparison step, built-in within directional supervision element, will set
EF4PTOC function output binary signals:
470
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
| IopDir |
a
a>b STRV
b AND
REVERSE_Int
0.6
X
a
a>b
AND STFW
I>Dir b
FORWARD_Int
X
0.4
FWD
AND FORWARD_Int
AngleRCA
polMethod=Voltage
OR
UPolMin
Characteristic
Directional
polMethod=Dual UPol IPolMin
T
I3PDIR
polMethod=Current 0.0 F
OR
UTotPol
IPol AND REVERSE_Int
T RVS
0.0 F
UIPol STAGE1_DIR_Int
RNPol Complex X T STAGE2_DIR_Int
XNPol Number 0.0 F STAGE3_DIR_Int OR
STAGE4_DIR_Int
BLOCK AND
IEC07000067-5-en.vsd
IEC07000067 V5 EN
Figure 236: Simplified logic diagram for directional supervision element with integrated directional comparison
step
Blocking from 2nd harmonic element activates if all three criteria are satisfied:
471
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
If all the above three conditions are fulfilled then 2NDHARMD function output signal
is set to logical value one and harmonic restraining feature to the function block is
applicable.
In addition to the basic functionality explained above the 2nd harmonic blocking can
be set in such way to seal-in until residual current disappears. This feature might be
required to stabilize EF4PTOC during switching of parallel transformers in the
station. In case of parallel transformers there is a risk of sympathetic inrush current. If
one of the transformers is in operation, and the parallel transformer is switched in, the
asymmetric inrush current of the switched in transformer will cause partial saturation
of the transformer already in service. This is called transferred saturation. The 2nd
harmonic of the inrush currents of the two transformers is in phase opposition. The
summation of the two currents thus gives a small 2nd harmonic current. The residual
fundamental current is however significant. The inrush current of the transformer in
service before the parallel transformer energizing, is a little delayed compared to the
first transformer. Therefore we have high 2nd harmonic current component initially.
After a short period this current is however small and the normal 2nd harmonic
blocking resets. If the BlkParTransf function is activated the 2nd harmonic restrain
signal is latched as long as the residual current measured by the relay is larger than a
selected step current level by using setting UseStartValue.
This feature has been called Block for Parallel Transformers. This 2nd harmonic seal-
in feature is activated when all of the following three conditions are simultaneously
fulfilled:
Once Block for Parallel Transformers is activated the basic 2nd harmonic blocking
signal is sealed-in until the residual current magnitude falls below a value defined by
parameter setting UseStartValue (see condition 3 above).
Simplified logic diagram for 2nd harmonic blocking feature is shown in figure 237.
472
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
BLOCK
a
a>b
0.07*IBase b
a
a>b
b
Extract second AND
IOP
harmonic current a
a>b
component b
Extract
fundamental
current component
X
2ndHarmStab
q-1
t=70ms OR
t AND OR 2ndH_BLOCK_Int
BlkParTransf=On
a
a>b
b
UseStartValue
IN1>
IN2>
IN3>
IN4>
IEC13000015 V3 EN
Figure 237: Simplified logic diagram for 2nd harmonic blocking feature and Block for Parallel Transformers
feature
Integrated in the four step residual overcurrent protection are Switch on to fault logic
(SOTF) and Under-Time logic. The setting parameter SOTF is set to activate either
SOTF or Under-Time logic or both. When the circuit breaker is closing there is a risk
to close it onto a permanent fault, for example during an autoreclosing sequence. The
SOTF logic will enable fast fault clearance during such situations. The time during
which SOTF and Under-Time logics will be active after activation is defined by the
setting parameter t4U.
The SOTF logic uses the start signal from step 2 or step 3 for its operation, selected by
setting parameter StepForSOTF. The SOTF logic can be activated either from change
in circuit breaker position or from circuit breaker close command pulse. The setting
parameter ActivationSOTF can be set for activation of CB position open change, CB
position closed change or CB close command. In case of a residual current start from
473
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
step 2 or 3 (dependent on setting) the function will give a trip after a set delay tSOTF.
This delay is normally set to a short time (default 200 ms).
The Under-Time logic always uses the start signal from the step 4. The Under-Time
logic will normally be set to operate for a lower current level than the SOTF function.
The Under-Time logic can also be blocked by the 2nd harmonic restraint feature. This
enables high sensitivity even if power transformer inrush currents can occur at breaker
closing. This logic is typically used to detect asymmetry of CB poles immediately
after switching of the circuit breaker. The Under-Time logic is activated either from
change in circuit breaker position or from circuit breaker close and open command
pulses. This selection is done by setting parameter ActUnderTime. In case of a start
from step 4 this logic will give a trip after a set delay tUnderTime. This delay is
normally set to a relatively short time (default 300 ms). Practically the Under-Time
logic acts as circuit breaker pole-discordance protection, but it is only active
immediately after breaker switching. The Under-Time logic can only be used in
solidly or low impedance grounded systems.
SOTF
Open
t4U
Closed
ActivationSOTF
Close command
tSOTF
AND
AND t
STIN2
StepForSOTF
STIN3
OperationMode
BLOCK
OFF
SOTF
UNDERTIME TRIP
UnderTime
tUnderTime
SOTF or
AND
2nd Harmonic
HarmResSOFT t UnderTime
OR
Open
Close OR
t4U
ActUnderTime
Close command AND
STIN4
IEC06000643-4-en.vsd
IEC06000643 V4 EN
Figure 238: Simplified logic diagram for SOTF and Under-Time features
EF4PTOC Logic Diagram Simplified logic diagram for the complete EF4PTOC
function is shown in figure 239:
474
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
signal to
commu nica tion
sche me
Directio nal Che ck
Elemen t
harmRestrB lock
3I0 Harmonic
Restrain t 1
Elemen t
CB
DirMode pos
or cmd
ena bleDir
Mode
Sele ction ena bleStep1-4
Directio nalMode1-4
IEC06000376-2-en.vsd
IEC06000376 V3 EN
Inverse characteristics, see table 18 curve types See table 1113, table 1114 and
1113, table 1114 and table 1115 table 1115
Second harmonic restrain (5100)% of fundamental 2.0% of Ir
operation
Relay characteristic angle (-180 to 180) degrees 2.0 degrees
Minimum polarizing voltage (1100)% of UBase 0.5% of Ur
475
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification device number
Four step negative sequence NS4PTOC 46I2
overcurrent protection I2
4
alt
4
IEC10000053 V1 EN
8.5.2 Functionality
Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection (NS4PTOC) has an inverse or
definite time delay independent for each step separately.
All IEC and ANSI time delayed characteristics are available together with an optional
user defined characteristic.
NS4PTOC can be used as main protection for unsymmetrical fault; phase-phase short
circuits, phase-phase-earth short circuits and single phase earth faults.
NS4PTOC can also be used to provide a system backup for example, in the case of the
primary protection being out of service due to communication or voltage transformer
circuit failure.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
IEC10000054-2-en.vsd
IEC10000054 V2 EN
8.5.4 Signals
Table 252: NS4PTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group connection for operate current
SIGNAL
I3PDIR GROUP - Group connection for directional current
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group connection for polarizing voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 General block
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
BLKST1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 1 (Start and trip)
BLKST2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 2 (Start and trip)
BLKST3 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 3 (Start and trip)
BLKST4 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 4 (Start and trip)
ENMULT1 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
step1
ENMULT2 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
step2
ENMULT3 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
step3
ENMULT4 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
step4
477
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.5.5 Settings
Table 254: NS4PTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
EnDir Disable - - Enable Enabling the Directional calculation
Enable
AngleRCA -180 - 180 Deg 1 65 Relay characteristic angle (RCA)
UPolMin 1 - 100 %UB 1 5 Minimum voltage level for polarization in
% of UBase
I2>Dir 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Residual current level in % of IBase for
Direction release
DirMode1 Off - - Non-directional Directional mode of step 1 (off, nodir,
Non-directional forward, reverse)
Forward
Reverse
Table continues on next page
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Current protection
479
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
480
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
481
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
482
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
These inputs are connected from the corresponding pre-processing function blocks in
the Configuration Tool within PCM600.
Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC function always uses
negative sequence current (I2) for its operating quantity. The negative sequence
current is calculated from three-phase current input within the IED. The pre-
processing block calculates I2 from the first three inputs into the pre-processing block
by using the following formula:
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
1
I2 = (
IL1 + a IL 2 + a IL 3
2
)
3
EQUATION2266 V2 EN (Equation 95)
where:
IL1, IL2 and IL3 are fundamental frequency phasors of three individual phase currents.
a is so called operator which gives a phase shift of 120 deg, that is, a = 1120 deg
a2 similarly gives a phase shift of 240 deg, that is, a2 = 1240 deg
The phasor magnitude is used within the NS4PTOC protection to compare it with the
set operation current value of the four steps (I1>, I2>, I3> or I4>). If the negative
sequence current is larger than the set operation current and the step is used in non-
directional mode a signal from the comparator for this step is set to true. This signal,
without delay, activates the output signal STx (x=1 - 4) for this step and a common
START signal.
A polarizing quantity is used within the protection to determine the direction to the
fault (Forward/Reverse).
Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC function uses the
voltage polarizing method.
NS4PTOC uses the negative sequence voltage -U2 as polarizing quantity U3P. This
voltage is calculated from three phase voltage input within the IED. The pre-
processing block calculates -U2 from the first three inputs into the pre-processing
block by using the following formula:
1
UPol = -U 2 = - (UL1 + a 2 UL 2 + a UL3 )
3
EQUATION2267 V2 EN
where:
UL1, UL2 and UL3 are fundamental frequency phasors of three individual phase voltages.
To use this all three phase-to-earth voltages must be connected to three IED VT inputs.
This phasor is used together with the phasor of the operating current, in order to
determine the direction to the fault (Forward/Reverse).To enable voltage polarizing
484
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
the magnitude of polarizing voltage must be bigger than a minimum level defined by
setting UpolMin.
Note that U2 is used to determine the location of the fault. This ensures the required
inversion of the polarizing voltage within the function.
The individual steps within the protection can be set as non-directional. When this
setting is selected it is then possible via function binary input BLKSTx (where x
indicates the relevant step within the protection) to provide external directional
control (that is, torque control) by for example using one of the following functions if
available in the IED:
485
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Simplified logic diagram for one negative sequence overcurrent stage is shown in the
following figure:
BLKTR
Characteristx=DefTime AND
TRx
|IOP| AND
tx
a OR
a>b
ENMULTx b
STx
IxMult AND
X T
Ix> F
txmin
BLKSTx AND
BLOCK
Inverse
Characteristx=Inverse
DirModex=Off OR STAGEx_DIR_Int
DirModex=Non-directional
DirModex=Forward
AND OR
FORWARD_Int
DirModex=Reverse
AND
REVERSE_Int
IEC09000683.vsd
IEC09000683 V3 EN
Figure 241: Simplified logic diagram for negative sequence overcurrent stage x , where x=1, 2, 3 or 4
NS4PTOC can be completely blocked from the binary input BLOCK. The start
signals from NS4PTOC for each stage can be blocked from the binary input
BLKSTx. The trip signals from NS4PTOC can be blocked from the binary input
BLKTR.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
The operating and polarizing quantity are then used inside the directional element, as
shown in figure 235, to determine the direction of the fault.
Reverse
Area
AngleRCA Upol=-U2
Forward
Area
Iop = I2
IEC10000031-1-en.vsd
IEC10000031 V1 EN
487
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
|Iop|
a a>
STRV
b b REVERSE_Int
AND
0.6
X
a a>
STFW
I>Dir b b FORWARD_Int
AND
X
0.4
FWD
AND FORWARD_Int
AngleRCA
C h a r a c e ri s ti c
D i r e c ti o n a l
UPolMin
IPolMin
t
Iop
UPol
AND REVERSE_Int
RVS
STAGE1_DIR_Int
STAGE2_DIR_Int
STAGE3_DIR_Int OR
STAGE4_DIR_Int
BLOCK AND
IEC07000067-4.vsd
IEC07000067-4 V2 EN
Figure 243: Simplified logic diagram for directional supervision element with integrated directional comparison
step
488
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
Inverse characteristics, see 16 curve types See table 1113, table 1114 and
table 1113, table 1114 and table 1115
table 1115
Minimum operate current for (1.00 - 10000.00)% of IBase 1.0% of Ir at I Ir
steps 1 - 4 1.0% of I at I > Ir
8.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Sensitive directional residual over SDEPSDE - 67N
current and power protection
489
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.6.2 Functionality
In networks with high impedance earthing, the phase-to-earth fault current is
significantly smaller than the short circuit currents. Another difficulty for earth fault
protection is that the magnitude of the phase-to-earth fault current is almost
independent of the fault location in the network.
Directional residual current can be used to detect and give selective trip of phase-to-
earth faults in high impedance earthed networks. The protection uses the residual
current component 3I0 cos , where is the angle between the residual current and
the residual voltage (-3U0), compensated with a characteristic angle. Alternatively,
the function can be set to strict 3I0 level with a check of angle .
Directional residual power can also be used to detect and give selective trip of phase-
to-earth faults in high impedance earthed networks. The protection uses the residual
power component 3I0 3U0 cos , where is the angle between the residual current
and the reference residual voltage, compensated with a characteristic angle.
A normal non-directional residual current function can also be used with definite or
inverse time delay.
A backup neutral point voltage function is also available for non-directional residual
overvoltage protection.
In an isolated network, that is, the network is only coupled to earth via the capacitances
between the phase conductors and earth, the residual current always has -90 phase
shift compared to the residual voltage ( 3U0). The characteristic angle is chosen to -90
in such a network.
In resistance earthed networks or in Petersen coil earthed, with a parallel resistor, the
active residual current component (in phase with the residual voltage) should be used
for the earth fault detection. In such networks, the characteristic angle is chosen to 0.
As the amplitude of the residual current is independent of the fault location, the
selectivity of the earth fault protection is achieved by time selectivity.
When should the sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection be used and
when should the sensitive directional residual power protection be used? Consider the
following:
490
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
Phase
currents
IN
Phase-
ground
voltages
UN
IEC13000013-1-en.vsd
IEC13000013 V1 EN
Overcurrent functionality uses true 3I0, i.e. sum of GRPxL1, GRPxL2 and GRPxL3.
For 3I0 to be calculated, connection is needed to all three phase inputs.
IEC07000032-2-en.vsd
IEC07000032 V2 EN
491
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.6.4 Signals
Table 259: SDEPSDE Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all the outputs of the function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the trip outputs of the function
BLKTRDIR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the directional operate outputs of the
function
BLKNDN BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the Non directional current residual outputs
BLKUN BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the Non directional voltage residual outputs
492
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.6.5 Settings
Table 261: SDEPSDE Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OpMode 3I0Cosfi - - 3I0Cosfi Selection of operation mode for protection
3I03U0Cosfi
3I0 and fi
DirMode Forward - - Forward Direction of operation forward or reverse
Reverse
RCADir -179 - 180 Deg 1 -90 Relay characteristic angle RCA, in deg
RCAComp -10.0 - 10.0 Deg 0.1 0.0 Relay characteristic angle compensation
ROADir 0 - 90 Deg 1 90 Relay open angle ROA used as release in
phase mode, in deg
INCosPhi> 0.25 - 200.00 %IB 0.01 1.00 Set level for 3I0cosFi, directional res over
current in % of IBase
SN> 0.25 - 200.00 %SB 0.01 10.00 Set level for 3I03U0cosFi, starting inv time
count in % of SBase
INDir> 0.25 - 200.00 %IB 0.01 5.00 Set level for directional residual over
current prot in % of IBase
tDef 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Definite time delay directional residual
overcurrent, in sec
SRef 0.03 - 200.00 %SB 0.01 10.00 Reference value of res power for inverse
time count in % of SBase
kSN 0.00 - 2.00 - 0.01 0.10 Time multiplier setting for directional
residual power mode
OpINNonDir> Off - - Off Operation of non-directional residual
On overcurrent protection
INNonDir> 1.00 - 400.00 %IB 0.01 10.00 Set level for non directional residual over
current in % of IBase
tINNonDir 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time delay for non-directional residual
over current, in sec
TimeChar ANSI Ext. inv. - - IEC Norm. inv. Operation curve selection for IDMT
ANSI Very inv. operation
ANSI Norm. inv.
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
Table continues on next page
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
The function is using phasors of the residual current and voltage. Group signals I3P
and U3P containing phasors of residual current and voltage are taken from pre-
processor blocks.
The sensitive directional earth fault protection has the following sub-functions
included:
495
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
3I0
j = ang(3I0 ) - ang(3Uref )
-3U0 = Uref
3I0 cosj
IEC06000648-4-en.vsd
IEC06000648 V4 EN
Uref
RCADir = 90 , ROADir = 90
3I0
3I0 cos
3U0
IEC06000649_3_en.vsd
IEC06000649 V3 EN
For trip, the operating quantity 3I0 cos , the residual current 3I0, and the residual
voltage 3U0 must be larger than the set levels : INCosPhi>, INRel> and UNRel>.
Refer to the simplified logical diagram in Figure 251.
Trip from this function can be blocked from the binary input BLKTRDIR.
When the function picks up, binary output signals START and STDIRIN are
activated. If the output signals START and STDIRIN remain active for the set delay
tDef the binary output signals TRIP and TRDIRIN get activated. The trip from this
sub-function has definite time delay.
496
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
RCADir = 0o
3I0
Operate area
j
-3U0 = Uref
3I0 cos j
ROADir
IEC06000650_2_en.vsd
IEC06000650 V2 EN
It is also possible to tilt the characteristic to compensate for current transformer angle
error with a setting RCAComp as shown in the Figure 249:
497
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
RCADir = 0
Operate area
-3U0 =Uref
Instrument
transformer
angle error
RCAcomp
Characteristic after
angle compensation
IEC06000651-3-en.vsd
IEC06000651 V3 EN
For trip, the residual power 3I0 3U0 cos , the residual current 3I0 and the release
voltage 3U0, shall be larger than the set levels (SN>, INRel> and UNRel>).
Trip from this function can be blocked from the binary input BLKTRDIR.
When the function picks up, binary output signals START and STDIRIN are
activated. If the output signals START and STDIRIN remain active for the set delay
tDef or after the inverse time delay (setting kSN) the binary output signals TRIP and
TRDIRIN get activated.
The function shall indicate forward/reverse direction to the fault. Reverse direction is
defined as 3I0 3U0cos ( + 180) the set value.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
This variant has the possibility of choice between definite time delay and inverse time
delay.
RCADir = 0
ROADir = 80
Operate area
3I0
-3U0
IEC06000652-3-en.vsd
IEC06000652 V3 EN
For trip, Residual current 3I0 shall be larger than both INRel> and INDir>, and
residual voltage 3U0 shall be larger than the UNRel>. In addition, the angle shall be
in the set area defined by ROADir and RCADir. Refer to the simplified logical diagram
in Figure 251.
Trip from this function can be blocked from the binary input BLKTRDIR.
When the function picks up, binary output signals START and STDIRIN are
activated. If the output signals START and STDIRIN remain active for the set delay
tDef the binary output signals TRIP and TRDIRIN get activated.
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Directional functions
For all the directional functions there are directional start signals STFW: fault in the
forward direction, and STRV: fault in the reverse direction. Even if the directional
function is set to operate for faults in the forward direction, a fault in the reverse
direction will give the start signal STRV. Also if the directional function is set to
operate for faults in the reverse direction, a fault in the forward direction will give the
start signal STFW.
The non-directional function is using the calculated residual current, derived as sum
of the phase currents. This will give a better ability to detect cross-country faults with
high residual current, also when dedicated core balance CT for the sensitive earth fault
protection will saturate.
This variant has the possibility of choice between definite time delay and inverse time
delay (TimeChar parameter). The inverse time delay shall be according to IEC
60255-3.
For trip, the residual current 3I0 shall be larger than the set level (INNonDir>).
Trip from this function can be blocked from the binary input BLKNDN.
When the function picks up, binary output signal STNDIN is activated. If the output
signal STNDIN remains active for the set delay tINNonDir or after the inverse time
delay the binary output signals TRIP and TRNDIN get activated.
For trip, the residual voltage 3U0 shall be larger than the set level (UN>).
Trip from this function can be blocked from the binary input BLKUN.
When the function picks up, binary output signal STUN is activated. If the output
signal STUN is active for the set delay tUNNonDir, the binary output signals TRIP
and TRUN get activated. A simplified logical diagram of the total function is shown
in Figure 251.
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Current protection
OpINNonDir> = On
STNDIN
&
INNonDir>
t
TRNDIN
TimeChar IN
OpUN> = On
STUN
&
UN>
tUN TRUN
t
OpMode = 3I0Cosfi
INRel>
tDef TRDIRIN
t 1
OpMode = 3I03U0Cosfi
& &
SN>
t
S
1 N
STFW
RCADir Direction &
Detection
RCAComp Logic STRV
&
ROADir
DirMode = Forward
DirMode = Reverse
IEC06000653.vsd
IEC06000653 V4 EN
Figure 251: Simplified logical diagram of the sensitive earth fault current protection
501
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
502
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Thermal overload protection, one time LCPTTR 26
constant, Celsius
8.7.2 Functionality
The increasing utilization of the power system closer to the thermal limits has
generated a need of a thermal overload protection for power lines.
A thermal overload will often not be detected by other protection functions and the
introduction of the thermal overload protection can allow the protected circuit to
operate closer to the thermal limits.
The three-phase current measuring protection has an I2t characteristic with settable
time constant and a thermal memory. The temperature is displayed in either Celsius or
Fahrenheit, depending on whether the function used is LCPTTR (Celsius) or LFPTTR
(Fahrenheit).
An alarm level gives early warning to allow operators to take action well before the
line is tripped.
Estimated time to trip before operation, and estimated time to reclose after operation
are presented.
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
IEC13000199-1-en.vsd
IEC13000199 V1 EN
LFPTTR
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR ALARM
ENMULT LOCKOUT
AMBTEMP
SENSFLT
RESET
IEC13000301-1-en.vsd
IEC13000301 V1 EN
8.7.4 Signals
Table 267: LCPTTR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
ENMULT BOOLEAN 0 Current multiplyer used when THOL is for two or
more lines
AMBTEMP REAL 0 Ambient temperature from external temperature
sensor
SENSFLT BOOLEAN 0 Validity status of ambient temperature sensor
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Reset of internal thermal load counter
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Current protection
8.7.5 Settings
Table 271: LCPTTR Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
TRef 0 - 300 Deg C 1 90 End temperature rise above ambient of
the line when loaded with IRef
IRef 0 - 400 %IB 1 100 The load current (in % of IBase) leading to
TRef temperature
IMult 1-5 - 1 1 Current multiplier when function is used
for two or more lines
Tau 1 - 1000 Min 1 45 Time constant of the line in minutes.
AlarmTemp 0 - 200 Deg C 1 80 Temperature level for start (alarm)
TripTemp 0 - 300 Deg C 1 90 Temperature level for trip
ReclTemp 0 - 300 Deg C 1 75 Temperature for reset of lockout after trip
tPulse 0.05 - 0.30 s 0.01 0.10 Operate pulse length. Minimum one
execution cycle
AmbiSens Off - - Off External temperature sensor available
On
DefaultAmbTemp -50 - 100 Deg C 1 20 Ambient temperature used when
AmbiSens is set to Off.
DefaultTemp -50 - 300 Deg C 1 50 Temperature raise above ambient
temperature at startup
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
From the largest of the three-phase currents a final temperature is calculated according
to the expression:
2
I
Q final = Tref
I ref
EQUATION1167 V1 EN (Equation 97)
where:
I is the largest phase current,
Iref is a given reference current and
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Dt
Qn = Qn -1 + ( Q final - Q n-1 ) 1 - e t
-
EQUATION1168 V1 EN (Equation 98)
where:
Qn is the calculated present temperature,
When the component temperature reaches the set alarm level AlarmTemp the output
signal ALARM is set. When the component temperature reaches the set trip level
TripTemp the output signal TRIP is set.
There is also a calculation of the present time to operate with the present current. This
calculation is only performed if the final temperature is calculated to be above the
operation temperature:
Q - Qoperate
toperate = -t ln final
Q final - Q n
EQUATION1169 V1 EN (Equation 99)
After a trip, caused by the thermal overload protection, there can be a lockout to
reconnect the tripped circuit. The output lockout signal LOCKOUT is activated when
the device temperature is above the set lockout release temperature setting ReclTemp.
The time to lockout release is calculated by the following cooling time calculation.
The thermal content of the function can be reset with input RESET.
Q - Qlockout _ release
tlockout _ release = -t ln final
Q final - Q n
EQUATION1170 V1 EN (Equation 100)
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Current protection
In the above equation, the final temperature is equal to the set or measured ambient
temperature. The calculated time to reset of lockout is available as a real figure signal,
TENRECL. This signal is enabled when the LOCKOUT output is activated.
In some applications the measured current can involve a number of parallel lines. This
is often used where one bay connects several parallel cables. By setting the parameter
IMult to the number of parallel lines (cables) the actual current on one line is used in
the protection algorithm by dividing the measured current by the total number of
cables. To activate this option the input ENMULT must be activated.
The protection has a reset input: RESET. By activating this input the calculated
temperature is reset to its default initial value. This is useful during testing when
secondary injected current has given a calculated false temperature level.
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
START
Final Temp > Trip Temp
TEMP
Calculation of actual
temperature
AMBTEMP ALARM
Actual Temp > Alarm Temp
I3P
Calculation of final
temperature
ENMULT
TRIP
LOCKOUT
Lockout logic
TTRIP
Calculation of time to trip
BLKTR
TENRECL
Calculation of time to reset
of lockout
IEC09000637-2-en.vsd
IEC09000637 V2 EN
510
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Breaker failure protection, 3-phase CCRBRF 50BF
activation and output
3I>BF
SYMBOL-U V1 EN
8.8.2 Functionality
Breaker failure protection (CCRBRF) ensures a fast backup tripping of surrounding
breakers in case the own breaker fails to open. CCRBRF can be current-based,
contact-based or an adaptive combination of these two conditions.
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Current check with extremely short reset time is used as check criterion to achieve
high security against inadvertent operation.
Contact check criteria can be used where the fault current through the breaker is small.
CCRBRF can be single- or three-phase initiated to allow use with single phase
tripping applications. For the three-phase version of CCRBRF the current criteria can
be set to operate only if two out of four for example, two phases or one phase plus the
residual current start. This gives a higher security to the back-up trip command.
IEC06000188-2-en.vsd
IEC06000188 V2 EN
8.8.4 Signals
Table 278: CCRBRF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
START BOOLEAN 0 Three phase start of breaker failure protection
function
STL1 BOOLEAN 0 Start signal of phase L1
STL2 BOOLEAN 0 Start signal of phase L2
STL3 BOOLEAN 0 Start signal of phase L3
CBCLDL1 BOOLEAN 0 Circuit breaker closed in phase L1
CBCLDL2 BOOLEAN 0 Circuit breaker closed in phase L2
CBCLDL3 BOOLEAN 0 Circuit breaker closed in phase L3
CBFLT BOOLEAN 0 CB faulty, unable to trip. Back-up trip
instantaneously
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Current protection
8.8.5 Settings
Table 280: CCRBRF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
FunctionMode Current - - Current Detection for trip based on Current/
Contact Contact/Current&Contact
Current/Contact
BuTripMode 2 out of 4 - - 1 out of 3 Back-up trip modes: 2 out of 4 or 1 out of 3
1 out of 3 or 1 out of 4
1 out of 4
RetripMode Retrip Off - - Retrip Off Oper mode of re-trip logic: OFF/CB Pos
CB Pos Check Check/No CB Pos Check
No CBPos Check
IP> 5 - 200 %IB 1 10 Operate phase current level in % of IBase
IN> 2 - 200 %IB 1 10 Operate residual current level in % of
IBase
t1 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of re-trip
t2 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.150 Time delay of back-up trip
t2MPh 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.150 Time delay of back-up trip at multi-phase
start
tPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Trip pulse duration
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Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
The start signal can be phase selective or general (for all three phases). Phase selective
start signals enable single pole re-trip function. This means that a second attempt to
open the breaker is done. The re-trip attempt can be made after a set time delay. For
transmission lines single pole trip and autoreclosing is often used. The re-trip function
can be phase selective if it is initiated from phase selective line protection. The re-trip
function can be done with or without current check. With the current check the re-trip
is only performed if the current through the circuit breaker is larger than the operate
current level.
The start signal can be an internal or external protection trip signal. This signal will
start the back-up trip timer. If the opening of the breaker is successful this is detected
by the function, by detection of either low current through RMS evaluation and a
special adapted current algorithm or by open contact indication. The special algorithm
enables a very fast detection of successful breaker opening, that is, fast resetting of the
current measurement. If the current and/or contact detection has not detected breaker
opening before the back-up timer has run its time a back-up trip is initiated.
The minimum length of the re-trip pulse, the back-up trip pulse and the back-up
trip pulse 2 are settable. The re-trip pulse, the back-up trip pulse and the back-up
trip pulse 2 will however sustain as long as there is an indication of closed
breaker.
In the current detection it is possible to use three different options: 1 out of 3
where it is sufficient to detect failure to open (high current) in one pole, 1 out of 4
514
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
where it is sufficient to detect failure to open (high current) in one pole or high
residual current and 2 out of 4 where at least two current (phase current and/or
residual current) shall be high for breaker failure detection.
The current detection level for the residual current can be set different from the
setting of phase current detection.
It is possible to have different back-up time delays for single-phase faults and for
multi-phase faults.
The back-up trip can be made without current check. It is possible to have this
option activated for small load currents only.
It is possible to have instantaneous back-up trip function if a signal is high if the
circuit breaker is insufficient to clear faults, for example at low gas pressure.
START 30 ms
IEC09000976-1-en.vsd
IEC09000976 V1 EN
IP>
a
a>b
b
FunctionMode Current
OR AND Reset L1
OR
Contact
1 Time out L1
Current and Contact OR
AND
Current High L1
IL1 CB Closed L1
AND
OR
BFP Started L1
a AND AND
a>b OR AND
I>BlkCont b
IEC09000977-1-en.vsd
IEC09000977 V1 EN
515
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
t1 TRRETL3
BFP Started L1 From other
t Retrip Time Out L1 TRRETL2 TRRET
phases OR
tPulse
RetripMode No CBPos Check AND
OR TRRETL1
OR
1
OR AND
CB Pos Check
AND
CB Closed L1
CBFLT
IEC09000978-3-en.vsd
IEC09000978 V3 EN
BFP Started L1
BFP Started L2 AND
BFP Started L3
AND
IN
a
a>b
IN> b
CBFLT
AND
t2
BFP Started L1 Backup Trip L1
t AND
OR
t2MPh
AND t
AND
OR OR
tPulse
From other Backup Trip L2 OR TRBU
OR
phases Backup Trip L3
From other BFP Started L2 2 of 3
phases BFP Started L3 tPulse
t3
OR
TRBU2
S Q t
R SR
AND
IEC09000979-3-en.vsd
IEC09000979 V3 EN
Figure 258: Simplified logic scheme of the back-up trip logic function
Internal logical signals Current High L1, Current High L2, Current High L3 have
logical value 1 when current in respective phase has magnitude larger than setting
parameter IP>.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Stub protection STBPTOC 50STB
3I>STUB
SYMBOL-T V1 EN
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.9.2 Functionality
When a power line is taken out of service for maintenance and the line disconnector
is opened in multi-breaker arrangements the voltage transformers will mostly be
outside on the disconnected part. The primary line distance protection will thus not be
able to operate and must be blocked.
The stub protection STBPTOC covers the zone between the current transformers and
the open disconnector. The three-phase instantaneous overcurrent function is released
from a normally open, NO (b) auxiliary contact on the line disconnector.
IEC05000678-2-en.vsd
IEC05000678 V2 EN
8.9.4 Signals
Table 285: STBPTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase currents
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
RELEASE BOOLEAN 0 Release of stub protection
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Current protection
8.9.5 Settings
Table 287: STBPTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
ReleaseMode Release - - Release Release of stub protection
Continuous
I> 5 - 2500 %IB 1 200 Operate current level in % of IBase
If a phase current is larger than the set operating current the signal from the comparator
for this phase is activated. This signal will, in combination with the release signal from
line disconnection (RELEASE input), activate the timer for the TRIP signal. If the
fault current remains during the timer delay t, the TRIP output signal is activated. The
function can be blocked by activation of the BLOCK input.
519
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
BLOCK
TRIP
STIL1 AND
STIL2 OR
STIL3
RELEASE
en05000731.vsd
IEC05000731 V1 EN
520
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Pole discordance protection CCPDSC 52PD
PD
SYMBOL-S V1 EN
8.10.2 Functionality
An open phase can cause negative and zero sequence currents which cause thermal
stress on rotating machines and can cause unwanted operation of zero sequence or
negative sequence current functions.
Normally the own breaker is tripped to correct such a situation. If the situation persists
the surrounding breakers should be tripped to clear the unsymmetrical load situation.
IEC13000305-1-en.vsd
IEC13000305 V1 EN
8.10.4 Signals
Table 292: CCPDSC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase currents
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKDBYAR BOOLEAN 0 Block of function at CB single phase auto re-closing
cycle
Table continues on next page
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.10.5 Settings
Table 294: CCPDSC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.300 Time delay between trip condition and trip
signal
ContSel Off - - Off Contact function selection
PD signal from CB
Pole pos aux cont.
CurrSel Off - - Off Current function selection
CB oper monitor
Continuous monitor
CurrUnsymLevel 0 - 100 % 1 80 Unsym magn of lowest phase current
compared to the highest.
CurrRelLevel 0 - 100 %IB 1 10 Current magnitude for release of the
function in % of IBase
522
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
en05000287.vsd
IEC05000287 V2 EN
This binary signal is connected to a binary input of the IED. The appearance of this
signal will start a timer that will give a trip signal after the set time delay.
There is also a possibility to connect all phase selective auxiliary contacts (phase
contact open and phase contact closed) to binary inputs of the IED, see figure 263.
523
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
C.B.
+
poleOneOpened from C.B.
en05000288.vsd
IEC05000288 V1 EN
In this case the logic is realized within the function. If the inputs are indicating pole
discordance the trip timer is started. This timer will give a trip signal after the set delay.
The function also has a binary input that can be configured from the autoreclosing
function, so that the pole discordance function can be blocked during sequences with
a single pole open if single pole autoreclosing is used.
The simplified block diagram of the current and contact based Pole discordance
protection function CCPDSC is shown in figure 264.
524
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
BLOCK
OR
BLKDBYAR
PolPosAuxCont
AND
POLE1OPN
POLE1CL
POLE2OPN
Discordance
POLE2CL
detection
POLE3OPN
POLE3CL t 150 ms
t TRIP
AND
OR
PD Signal from CB
AND
EXTPDIND
CLOSECMD t+200 ms
OR
OPENCMD
AND
Unsymmetry current
detection
en05000747.vsd
IEC05000747 V1 EN
The IED is in TEST mode and CCPDSC has been blocked from the local HMI
The input signal BLOCK is high
The input signal BLKDBYAR is high
The BLOCK signal is a general purpose blocking signal of the pole discordance
protection. It can be connected to a binary input in the IED in order to receive a block
command from external devices or can be software connected to other internal
functions in the IED itself in order to receive a block command from internal
functions. Through OR gate it can be connected to both binary inputs and internal
function outputs.
The BLKDBYAR signal blocks the pole discordance operation when a single phase
autoreclosing cycle is in progress. It can be connected to the output signal 1PT1 on
SMBRRECfunction block. If the autoreclosing function is an external device, then
BLKDBYAR has to be connected to a binary input in the IED and this binary input is
connected to a signalization 1phase autoreclosing in progress from the external
autoreclosing device.
If the pole discordance protection is enabled, then two different criteria can generate
a trip signal TRIP:
525
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
If one or two poles of the circuit breaker have failed to open or to close the pole
discordance status, then the function input EXTPDIND is activated from the pole
discordance signal derived from the circuit breaker auxiliary contacts (one NO contact
for each phase connected in parallel, and in series with one NC contact for each phase
connected in parallel) and, after a settable time interval tTrip (0-60 s), a 150 ms trip
pulse command TRIP is generated by the Polediscordance function.
any phase current is lower than CurrUnsymLevel of the highest current in the
three phases.
the highest phase current is greater than CurrRelLevel of IBase.
If these conditions are true, an unsymmetrical condition is detected and the internal
signal INPS is turned high. This detection is enabled to generate a trip after a set time
delay tTrip if the detection occurs in the next 200 ms after the circuit breaker has
received a command to open trip or close and if the unbalance persists. The 200 ms
limitation is for avoiding unwanted operation during unsymmetrical load conditions.
The pole discordance protection is informed that a trip or close command has been
given to the circuit breaker through the inputs CLOSECMD (for closing command
information) and OPENCMD (for opening command information). These inputs can
be connected to terminal binary inputs if the information are generated from the field
(that is from auxiliary contacts of the close and open push buttons) or may be software
connected to the outputs of other integrated functions (that is close command from a
control function or a general trip from integrated protections).
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP 37
P<
2
SYMBOL-LL V2 EN
8.11.2 Functionality
The task of a generator in a power plant is to convert mechanical energy available as
a torque on a rotating shaft to electric energy.
Sometimes, the mechanical power from a prime mover may decrease so much that it
does not cover bearing losses and ventilation losses. Then, the synchronous generator
becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the rest of the
power system. This operating state, where individual synchronous machines operate
as motors, implies no risk for the machine itself. If the generator under consideration
is very large and if it consumes lots of electric power, it may be desirable to disconnect
it to ease the task for the rest of the power system.
Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state.
The task of the low forward power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect
the generator itself.
Figure 265 illustrates the low forward power and reverse power protection with
underpower and overpower functions respectively. The underpower IED gives a
higher margin and should provide better dependability. On the other hand, the risk for
unwanted operation immediately after synchronization may be higher. One should set
the underpower IED to trip if the active power from the generator is less than about
2%. One should set the overpower IED to trip if the power flow from the network to
the generator is higher than 1% depending on the type of turbine.
When IED with a metering class input CTs is used pickup can be set to more sensitive
value (e.g.0,5% or even to 0,2%).
527
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Operate
Q Q
Operate
Line Line
Margin Margin
P P
IEC06000315-2-en.vsd
IEC06000315 V2 EN
IEC07000027-2-en.vsd
IEC07000027 V2 EN
8.11.4 Signals
Table 298: GUPPDUP Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current group connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage group connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLOCK1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of stage 1
BLOCK2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of stage 2
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.11.5 Settings
Table 300: GUPPDUP Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OpMode1 Off - - UnderPower Operation mode for stage 1 Off / On
UnderPower
Power1 0.0 - 500.0 %SB 0.1 1.0 Stage 1 underpower setting in Angle1
direction in % of SBase
Angle1 -180.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 0.0 Characteristic angle for max power
senistivity stage 1
TripDelay1 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 1.00 Trip delay for stage 1
DropDelay1 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.06 Drop-off delay for stage 1
OpMode2 Off - - UnderPower Operation mode for stage 2 Off / On
UnderPower
Power2 0.0 - 500.0 %SB 0.1 1.0 Power setting for stage 2 in % of SBase
Angle2 -180.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 0.0 Characteristic angle for max power
senistivity stage 2
TripDelay2 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 1.00 Trip delay for stage 2
DropDelay2 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.06 Drop-off delay for stage 2
529
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Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
530
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
Chosen current
phasors P
P = POWRE
Q = POWIM
IEC09000018-2-en.vsd
IEC09000018 V2 EN
The function will use voltage and current phasors calculated in the pre-processing
blocks. The apparent complex power is calculated according to chosen formula as
shown in table 304.
Table 304: Complex power calculation
Set value: Mode Formula used for complex power calculation
L1, L2, L3
S = U L1 I L1* + U L 2 I L 2* + U L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1697 V1 EN (Equation 102)
Arone
S = U L1L 2 I L1* - U L 2 L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1698 V1 EN (Equation 103)
PosSeq
S = 3 U PosSeq I PosSeq*
EQUATION1699 V1 EN (Equation 104)
L1L2
S = U L1L 2 ( I L1* - I L 2* )
EQUATION1700 V1 EN (Equation 105)
L2L3
S = U L 2 L 3 ( I L 2* - I L 3* )
EQUATION1701 V1 EN (Equation 106)
L3L1
S = U L 3 L1 ( I L 3* - I L1* )
EQUATION1702 V1 EN (Equation 107)
Table continues on next page
531
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
The active and reactive power is available from the function and can be used for
monitoring and fault recording.
To avoid instability there is a settable hysteresis in the power function. The absolute
hysteresis of the stage1(2) is Hysteresis1(2) = abs (Power1(2) + drop-power1(2)). For
generator low forward power protection the power setting is very low, normally down
to 0.02 p.u. of rated generator power. The hysteresis should therefore be set to a
smaller value. The drop-power value of stage1 can be calculated with the Power1(2),
Hysteresis1(2): drop-power1(2) = Power1(2) + Hysteresis1(2)
For small power1 values the hysteresis1 may not be too big, because the drop-
power1(2) would be too small. In such cases, the hysteresis1 greater than (0.5
Power1(2)) is corrected to the minimal value.
If the measured power drops under the drop-power1(2) value, the function will reset
after a set time DropDelay1(2). The reset means that the start signal will drop out and
that the timer of the stage will reset.
In order to minimize the influence of the noise signal on the measurement it is possible
to introduce the recursive, low pass filtering of the measured values for S (P, Q). This
will make slower measurement response to the step changes in the measured quantity.
Filtering is performed in accordance with the following recursive formula:
532
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
S = k SOld + (1 - k ) SCalculated
EQUATION1959 V1 EN (Equation 111)
Where
S is a new measured value to be used for the protection function
Sold is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle
k is settable parameter by the end user which influence the filter properties
TD
Default value for parameter k is 0.00. With this value the new calculated value is
immediately given out without any filtering (that is without any additional delay).
When k is set to value bigger than 0, the filtering is enabled. A typical value for k=0.92
in case of slow operating functions.
Measured currents and voltages used in the Power function can be calibrated to get
class 0.5 measuring accuracy. This is achieved by amplitude and angle compensation
at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and voltage. The compensation below 5% and
above 100% is constant and linear in between, see example in figure 268.
533
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
IEC05000652 V2 EN
The first current and voltage phase in the group signals will be used as reference and
the amplitude and angle compensation will be used for related input signals.
Analog outputs (Monitored data) from the function can be used for service values or
in the disturbance report. The active power is provided as MW value: P, or in percent
of base power: PPERCENT. The reactive power is provided as Mvar value: Q, or in
percent of base power: QPERCENT.
S r = 1.732 U r I r
534
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP 32
P>
2
DOCUMENT172362-IMG158942
V2 EN
8.12.2 Functionality
The task of a generator in a power plant is to convert mechanical energy available as
a torque on a rotating shaft to electric energy.
Sometimes, the mechanical power from a prime mover may decrease so much that it
does not cover bearing losses and ventilation losses. Then, the synchronous generator
becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the rest of the
power system. This operating state, where individual synchronous machines operate
as motors, implies no risk for the machine itself. If the generator under consideration
is very large and if it consumes lots of electric power, it may be desirable to disconnect
it to ease the task for the rest of the power system.
Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state.
The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the
generator itself.
Figure 269 illustrates the low forward power and reverse power protection with
underpower and overpower functions respectively. The underpower IED gives a
higher margin and should provide better dependability. On the other hand, the risk for
unwanted operation immediately after synchronization may be higher. One should set
the underpower IED to trip if the active power from the generator is less than about
2%. One should set the overpower IED to trip if the power flow from the network to
the generator is higher than 1%.
When IED with a metering class input CTs is used pickup can be set to more sensitive
value (e.g.0,5% or even to 0,2%).
535
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
Operate
Q Q
Operate
Line Line
Margin Margin
P P
IEC06000315-2-en.vsd
IEC06000315 V2 EN
Figure 269: Reverse power protection with underpower IED and overpower IED
IEC07000028-2-en.vsd
IEC07000028 V2 EN
8.12.4 Signals
Table 306: GOPPDOP Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current group connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage group connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLOCK1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of stage 1
BLOCK2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of stage 2
536
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.12.5 Settings
Table 308: GOPPDOP Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OpMode1 Off - - OverPower Operation mode for stage 1 Off / On
OverPower
Power1 0.0 - 500.0 %SB 0.1 120.0 Stage 1 overpower setting in Angle1
direction in % of SBase
Angle1 -180.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 0.0 Characteristic angle for max power
senistivity stage 1
TripDelay1 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 1.00 Trip delay for stage 1
DropDelay1 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.06 Drop-off delay for stage 1
OpMode2 Off - - OverPower Operation mode for stage 2 Off / On
OverPower
Power2 0.0 - 500.0 %SB 0.1 120.0 Stage 2 overpower setting in Angle2
direction in % of SBase
Angle2 -180.0 - 180.0 Deg 0.1 0.0 Characteristic angle for max power
senistivity stage 2
TripDelay2 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 1.00 Trip delay for stage 2
DropDelay2 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.06 Drop-off delay for stage 2
537
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
538
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
Chosen current
phasors P
P = POWRE
Q = POWIM
IEC06000567-2-en.vsd
IEC06000567 V2 EN
The function will use voltage and current phasors calculated in the pre-processing
blocks. The apparent complex power is calculated according to chosen formula as
shown in table 312.
539
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
The active and reactive power is available from the function and can be used for
monitoring and fault recording.
To avoid instability there is a settable hysteresis in the power function. The absolute
hysteresis of the stage1(2) is Hysteresis1(2) = abs (Power1(2) drop-power1(2)). For
generator reverse power protection the power setting is very low, normally down to
0.02 p.u. of rated generator power. The hysteresis should therefore be set to a smaller
540
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
value. The drop-power value of stage1 can be calculated with the Power1(2),
Hysteresis1(2): drop-power1(2) = Power1(2) Hysteresis1(2)
For small power1 values the hysteresis1 may not be too big, because the drop-
power1(2) would be too small. In such cases, the hysteresis1 greater than (0.5
Power1(2)) is corrected to the minimal value.
If the measured power drops under the drop-power1(2) value the function will reset
after a set time DropDelay1(2). The reset means that the start signal will drop out ant
that the timer of the stage will reset.
In order to minimize the influence of the noise signal on the measurement it is possible
to introduce the recursive, low pass filtering of the measured values for S (P, Q). This
will make slower measurement response to the step changes in the measured quantity.
Filtering is performed in accordance with the following recursive formula:
S = k SOld + (1 - k ) SCalculated
EQUATION1959 V1 EN (Equation 121)
Where
S is a new measured value to be used for the protection function
Sold is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle
k is settable parameter by the end user which influence the filter properties
Default value for parameter k is 0.00. With this value the new calculated value is
immediately given out without any filtering (that is, without any additional delay).
When k is set to value bigger than 0, the filtering is enabled. A typical value for k =
0.92 in case of slow operating functions.
Measured currents and voltages used in the Power function can be calibrated to get
class 0.5 measuring accuracy. This is achieved by amplitude and angle compensation
at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and voltage. The compensation below 5% and
above 100% is constant and linear in between, see example in figure 272.
541
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
IEC05000652 V2 EN
The first current and voltage phase in the group signals will be used as reference and
the amplitude and angle compensation will be used for related input signals.
Analog outputs from the function can be used for service values or in the disturbance
report. The active power is provided as MW value: P, or in percent of base power:
PPERCENT. The reactive power is provided as Mvar value: Q, or in percent of base
power: QPERCENT.
542
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
8.13.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Broken conductor check BRCPTOC - 46
8.13.2 Functionality
Conventional protection functions cannot detect the broken conductor condition.
Broken conductor check BRCPTOC function, consisting of continuous phase
selective current unsymmetrical check on the line where the IED is connected, gives
an alarm or trip at detecting broken conductors.
IEC07000034-2-en.vsd
IEC07000034 V2 EN
8.13.4 Signals
Table 314: BRCPTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip
543
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.13.5 Settings
Table 316: BRCPTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
Iub> 50 - 90 %IM 1 50 Highest and lowest phase currents
difference in % of highest phase current
IP> 5 - 100 %IB 1 20 Minimum phase current for operation of
Iub> in % of IBase
tOper 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Operate time delay
The difference in currents between the phase with the lowest current and the
phase with the highest current is greater than set percentage Iub> of the highest
phase current
The highest phase current is greater than the minimum setting value IP>.
The lowest phase current is below 50% of the minimum setting value IP>
544
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
The third condition is included to avoid problems in systems involving parallel lines.
If a conductor breaks in one phase on one line, the parallel line will experience an
increase in current in the same phase. This might result in the first two conditions
being satisfied. If the unsymmetrical detection lasts for a period longer than the set
time tOper the TRIP output is activated.
The simplified logic diagram of the broken conductor check function is shown in
figure 274
The IED is in TEST status and the function has been blocked from the local HMI
test menu (BlockBRC=Yes).
The input signal BLOCK is high.
The BLOCK input can be connected to a binary input of the IED in order to receive a
block command from external devices, or can be software connected to other internal
functions of the IED itself to receive a block command from internal functions.
The output trip signal TRIP is a three-phase trip. It can be used to command a trip to
the circuit breaker or for alarm purpose only.
TEST
TEST-ACTIVE
and
Block BRCPTOC=Yes
START
Function Enable
BLOCK or
tOper
TRIP
and t
Unsymmetrical
Current Detection
STI
IL1<50%IP>
IL2<50%IP> or
IL3<50%IP>
IEC09000158-3-en.vsd
IEC09000158 V3 EN
Figure 274: Simplified logic diagram for Broken conductor check BRCPTOC
545
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.14.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Voltage-restrained time overcurrent VRPVOC I>/U< 51V
protection
8.14.2 Functionality
Voltage-restrained time overcurrent protection (VRPVOC) function can be used as
generator backup protection against short-circuits.
The overcurrent protection feature has a settable current level that can be used either
with definite time or inverse time characteristic. Additionally, it can be voltage
controlled/restrained.
One undervoltage step with definite time characteristic is also available within the
function in order to provide functionality for overcurrent protection with undervoltage
seal-in.
546
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
IEC12000184-1-en.vsd
IEC12000184 V1 EN
8.14.4 Signals
Table 321: VRPVOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function both stages
BLKOC BOOLEAN 0 Block of voltage restraint overcurrent stage (ANSI
51V)
BLKUV BOOLEAN 0 Block of under voltage function
547
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
8.14.5 Settings
Table 323: VRPVOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
StartCurr 2.0 - 5000.0 %IB 1.0 120.0 Start current level in % of IBase
Characterist ANSI Ext. inv. - - IEC Norm. inv. Time delay curve type for 51V Voltage
ANSI Very inv. restrained overcurrent
ANSI Norm. inv.
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
tDef_OC 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.50 Definite time delay for Over Current
k 0.05 - 999.00 - 0.01 1.00 Time multiplier for Inverse Definite
Minimum Time curves
tMin 0.00 - 60.00 s 0.01 0.05 Minimum operate time for Inverse Definite
Minimum Time curve
Operation_UV Off - - Off Operation of under-voltage stage (ANSI
On 27) Off / On
StartVolt 2.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 50.0 Voltage for start of under-voltage stage in
% of UBase
tDef_UV 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 1.00 Definite time time delay when used for
Under-Voltage
EnBlkLowV Off - - Off Enable internal low voltage level blocking
On for Under-Voltage
BlkLowVolt 0.0 - 5.0 %UB 0.1 3.0 Internal low voltage level for blocking of
UV in % of UBase
548
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
GlobalBaseSel defines the particular Global Base Values Group where the base
quantities of the function are set. In that Global Base Values Group:
IBase shall be entered as rated phase current of the protected object in primary
amperes.
The overcurrent step simply compares the magnitude of the measured current quantity
with the set start level. The overcurrent step starts if the magnitude of the measured
current quantity is higher than the set level.
549
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
StartCurr
VDepFact * StartCurr
0,25 UHighLimit
UBase
IEC10000123-2-en.vsd
IEC10000123 V2 EN
Figure 276: Example for start level of the current variation as function of
measured voltage magnitude in Slope mode of operation
StartCurr
VDepFact * StartCurr
UHighLimit UBase
IEC10000124-2-en.vsd
IEC10000124 V2 EN
Figure 277: Example for start level of the current variation as function of
measured voltage magnitude in Step mode of operation
550
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
DEF time
selected
TROC
OR
MaxPhCurr
a STOC
a>b
b
StartCurr
X Inverse
Inverse
Voltage time
control or selected
restraint
feature
MinPh-PhVoltage
IEC10000214-1-en.vsd
IEC10000214 V1 EN
DEF time
selected TRUV
MinPh-phVoltage a
b>a
b STUV
AND
StartVolt
Operation_UV=On
BLKUV
IEC10000213-1-en.vsd
IEC10000213 V1 EN
The undervoltage step simply compares the magnitude of the lowest measured phase-
phase voltage quantity with the set start level. The undervoltage step starts if the
magnitude of the measured voltage quantity is lower than the set level.
551
Technical manual
Section 8 1MRK505308-UEN B
Current protection
The start signal starts a definite time delay. If the value of the start signal is logical
TRUE for longer than the set time delay, the undervoltage step sets its trip signal to
logical TRUE.
This undervoltage functionality together with additional ACT logic can be used to
provide functionality for overcurrent protection with undervoltage seal-in.
552
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 8
Current protection
553
Technical manual
554
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV 27
3U<
SYMBOL-R-2U-GREATER-THAN
V2 EN
9.1.2 Functionality
Undervoltages can occur in the power system during faults or abnormal conditions.
Two step undervoltage protection (UV2PTUV) function can be used to open circuit
breakers to prepare for system restoration at power outages or as long-time delayed
back-up to primary protection.
UV2PTUV has two voltage steps, each with inverse or definite time delay.
UV2PTUV has a high reset ratio to allow settings close to system service voltage.
555
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
IEC06000276-2-en.vsd
IEC06000276 V2 EN
9.1.4 Signals
Table 328: UV2PTUV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase voltages
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of operate signal, step 1
BLKST1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 1
BLKTR2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of operate signal, step 2
BLKST2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 2
556
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.1.5 Settings
Table 330: UV2PTUV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationStep1 Off - - On Enable execution of step 1
On
Characterist1 Definite time - - Definite time Selection of time delay curve type for step
Inverse curve A 1
Inverse curve B
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode1 1 out of 3 - - 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for op (1 of 3,
2 out of 3 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 1
3 out of 3
U1< 1.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 70.0 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in %
of UBase, step 1
t1 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 5.00 Definitive time delay of step 1
t1Min 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Minimum operate time for inverse curves
for step 1
k1 0.05 - 1.10 - 0.01 0.05 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay
for step 1
IntBlkSel1 Off - - Off Internal (low level) blocking mode, step 1
Block of trip
Block all
IntBlkStVal1 1 - 50 %UB 1 20 Voltage setting for internal blocking in % of
UBase, step 1
tBlkUV1 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of internal (low level) blocking
for step 1
HystAbs1 0.0 - 50.0 %UB 0.1 0.5 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1
OperationStep2 Off - - On Enable execution of step 2
On
Characterist2 Definite time - - Definite time Selection of time delay curve type for step
Inverse curve A 2
Inverse curve B
Prog. inv. curve
Table continues on next page
557
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
558
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
559
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
To avoid oscillations of the output START signal, a hysteresis has been included.
The time delay for the two steps can be either definite time delay (DT) or inverse time
delay (IDMT). For the inverse time delay three different modes are available:
inverse curve A
inverse curve B
customer programmable inverse curve
k
t=
Un < -U
Un <
EQUATION1431 V2 EN (Equation 124)
560
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
where:
Un< Set value for step 1 and step 2
U Measured voltage
k 480
t= 2.0
+ 0.055
Un < - U
32 - 0.5
Un <
EQUATION1432 V2 EN (Equation 125)
kA
t= p
+D
Un < - U
B -C
Un <
EQUATION1433 V2 EN (Equation 126)
When the denominator in the expression is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity.
There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set
to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval Un< down to Un< (1.0
CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: Un< (1.0 CrvSatn/100). If the
programmable curve is used this parameter must be calculated so that:
CrvSatn
B -C > 0
100
EQUATION1435 V1 EN (Equation 127)
The lowest voltage is always used for the inverse time delay integration. The details
of the different inverse time characteristics are shown in section 25.3 "Inverse
characteristics".
561
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Voltage
UL1
UL2
UL3
IDMT Voltage
Time
IEC12000186-1-en.vsd
IEC12000186 V1 EN
Figure 281: Voltage used for the inverse time characteristic integration
Trip signal issuing requires that the undervoltage condition continues for at least the
user set time delay. This time delay is set by the parameter t1 and t2 for definite time
mode (DT) and by some special voltage level dependent time curves for the inverse
time mode (IDMT). If the start condition, with respect to the measured voltage ceases
during the delay time, and is not fulfilled again within a user defined reset time
(tReset1 and tReset2 for the definite time and tIReset1 and tIReset2pickup for the
inverse time) the corresponding start output is reset. Here it should be noted that after
leaving the hysteresis area, the start condition must be fulfilled again and it is not
sufficient for the signal to only return back to the hysteresis area. Note that for the
undervoltage function the IDMT reset time is constant and does not depend on the
voltage fluctuations during the drop-off period. However, there are three ways to reset
the timer, either the timer is reset instantaneously, or the timer value is frozen during
the reset time, or the timer value is linearly decreased during the reset time. See
figure 282 and figure 283.
562
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
tIReset1
Voltage
tIReset1
Measured
START Voltage
HystAbs1
TRIP
U1<
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Frozen Timer
Time
Linearly
Instantaneous
decreased IEC05000010-4-en.vsd
IEC05000010 V4 EN
Figure 282: Voltage profile not causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay at
different reset types
563
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
tIReset1
Voltage
tIReset1
START
START
HystAbs1 Measured Voltage
TRIP
U1<
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Frozen Timer
Time
Instantaneous Linearly decreased
IEC05000011-en-3.vsd
IEC05000011 V3 EN
Figure 283: Voltage profile causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay at different
reset types
When definite time delay is selected the function will operate as shown in figure 284.
Detailed information about individual stage reset/operation behavior is shown in
figure 285 and figure 286 respectively. Note that by setting tResetn = 0.0s,
instantaneous reset of the definite time delayed stage is ensured.
564
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
ST1
U t1
a tReset1
TR1
t
a<b t
U1< R
b
AND
IEC09000785-3-en.vsd
IEC09000785 V3 EN
U1<
ST1
TR1
tReset1
t1
IEC10000039-3-en.vsd
IEC10000039 V3 EN
565
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
U1<
ST1
TR1
tReset1
t1
IEC10000040-3-en.vsd
IEC10000040 V3 EN
9.1.7.3 Blocking
If the measured voltage level decreases below the setting of IntBlkStVal1, either the
trip output of step 1, or both the trip and the START outputs of step 1, are blocked. The
characteristic of the blocking is set by the IntBlkSel1 parameter. This internal blocking
can also be set to Off resulting in no voltage based blocking. Corresponding settings
and functionality are valid also for step 2.
In case of disconnection of the high voltage component the measured voltage will get
very low. The event will START both the under voltage function and the blocking
function, as seen in figure 287. The delay of the blocking function must be set less than
the time delay of under voltage function.
566
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
U Disconnection
Normal voltage
U1<
U2<
tBlkUV1 <
t1,t1Min
IntBlkStVal1
tBlkUV2 <
t2,t2Min
IntBlkStVal2
Time
Block step 1
Block step 2
en05000466.vsd
IEC05000466 V1 EN
9.1.7.4 Design
567
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Step 1 TR1L2
Time integrator TRIP
MinVoltSelector tIReset1
ResetTypeCrv1 TR1L3
TR1
OR
Comparator ST2L1
UL1 < U2< Voltage Phase Phase 1
Selector
OpMode2 ST2L2
Comparator Phase 2
UL2 < U2< 1 out of 3
2 out of 3 Start t2 ST2L3
3 out of 3 Phase 3 t2Reset
Comparator IntBlkStVal2 &
UL3 < U2< Trip ST2
Output OR
Logic
START TR2L1
Step 2
TR2L2
Time integrator TRIP
MinVoltSelector tIReset2
ResetTypeCrv2 TR2L3
TR2
OR
START
OR
TRIP
OR
IEC05000834-2-en.vsd
IEC05000834 V2 EN
568
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification device number
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV 59
3U>
SYMBOL-C-2U-SMALLER-THAN V2 EN
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
9.2.2 Functionality
Overvoltages may occur in the power system during abnormal conditions such as
sudden power loss, tap changer regulating failures, and open line ends on long lines.
OV2PTOV has two voltage steps, each of them with inverse or definite time delayed.
OV2PTOV has a high reset ratio to allow settings close to system service voltage.
IEC06000277-2-en.vsd
IEC06000277 V2 EN
9.2.4 Signals
Table 335: OV2PTOV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Group signal for three phase voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of operate signal, step 1
BLKST1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 1
BLKTR2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of operate signal, step 2
BLKST2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of step 2
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.2.5 Settings
Table 337: OV2PTOV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationStep1 Off - - On Enable execution of step 1
On
Characterist1 Definite time - - Definite time Selection of time delay curve type for step
Inverse curve A 1
Inverse curve B
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode1 1 out of 3 - - 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for op (1 of 3,
2 out of 3 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 1
3 out of 3
U1> 1.0 - 200.0 %UB 0.1 120.0 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in %
of UBase, step 1
t1 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 5.00 Definitive time delay of step 1
t1Min 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Minimum operate time for inverse curves
for step 1
k1 0.05 - 1.10 - 0.01 0.05 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay
for step 1
HystAbs1 0.0 - 50.0 %UB 0.1 0.5 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1
OperationStep2 Off - - On Enable execution of step 2
On
Table continues on next page
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
572
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
The time delay characteristic is individually chosen for the two steps and can be either,
definite time delay or inverse time delay.
The voltage related settings are made in percent of the global set base voltage UBase,
which is set in kV, phase-to-phase.
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
The setting of the analog inputs are given as primary phase-to-earth or phase-to-phase
voltage. OV2PTOV will operate if the voltage gets higher than the set percentage of
the set base voltage UBase. This means operation for phase-to-earth voltage over:
All the three voltages are measured continuously, and compared with the set values,
U1> for Step 1 and U2> for Step 2. The parameters OpMode1 and OpMode2
influence the requirements to activate the START outputs. Either 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3
or 3 out of 3 measured voltages have to be higher than the corresponding set point to
issue the corresponding START signal.
The time delay for the two steps can be either definite time delay (DT) or inverse time
delay (IDMT). For the inverse time delay four different modes are available:
inverse curve A
inverse curve B
inverse curve C
customer programmable inverse curve
k
t=
U - Un >
Un >
IECEQUATION2422 V1 EN (Equation 130)
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
where:
Un> Set value for step 1 and step 2
U Measured voltage
k 480
t 2.0
0.035
U Un
32 0.5
Un
k 480
t= 3.0
+ 0.035
U - Un >
32 - 0.5
U n >
IECEQUATION2425 V1 EN (Equation 132)
kA
t= p
+D
U -Un >
B -C
Un >
EQUATION1439 V2 EN (Equation 133)
When the denominator in the expression is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity.
There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore, a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set
to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval Un> up to Un> (1.0 +
CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: Un> (1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the
programmable curve is used this parameter must be calculated so that:
CrvSatn
B -C > 0
100
EQUATION1435 V1 EN (Equation 134)
The highest phase (or phase-to-phase) voltage is always used for the inverse time
delay integration, see figure 290. The details of the different inverse time
characteristics are shown in section "Inverse characteristics".
575
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Voltage
IDMT Voltage
UL1
UL2
UL3
Time
IEC05000016-2-en.vsd
IEC05000016 V2 EN
Figure 290: Voltage used for the inverse time characteristic integration
Operation of the trip signal requires that the overvoltage condition continues for at
least the user set time delay. This time delay is set by the parameter t1 and t2 for
definite time mode (DT) and by selected voltage level dependent time curves for the
inverse time mode (IDMT). If the START condition, with respect to the measured
voltage ceases during the delay time, and is not fulfilled again within a user defined
reset time (tReset1 and tReset2 for the definite time and tIReset1 and tIReset2 for the
inverse time) the corresponding START output is reset, after that the defined reset
time has elapsed. Here it should be noted that after leaving the hysteresis area, the
START condition must be fulfilled again and it is not sufficient for the signal to only
return back to the hysteresis area. The hysteresis value for each step is settable
HystAbsn (where n means either 1 or 2 respectively) to allow a high and accurate reset
of the function. For OV2PTOV the IDMT reset time is constant and does not depend
on the voltage fluctuations during the drop-off period. However, there are three ways
to reset the timer: either the timer is reset instantaneously, or the timer value is frozen
during the reset time, or the timer value is linearly decreased during the reset time.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
tIReset1
tIReset1
Voltage
START
TRIP
U1>
HystAbs1 Measured
Voltage
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Linearly decreased
Frozen Timer
t
Instantaneous Time
IEC09000055-2-en.vsd
IEC09000055 V2 EN
Figure 291: Voltage profile not causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay at
different reset types
577
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
tIReset1
Voltage tIReset1
START TRIP
START HystAbs1
U1>
Measured
Voltage
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Frozen Timer
Time
Linearly
Instantaneous decreased IEC05000020-3-en.vsd
IEC05000020 V3 EN
Figure 292: Voltage profile causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay at different
reset types
When definite time delay is selected, the function will operate as shown in figure 293.
Detailed information about individual stage reset/operation behavior is shown in
figure 285 and figure 286 respectively. Note that by setting tResetn = 0.0s (where n
means either 1 or 2 respectively), instantaneous reset of the definite time delayed stage
is ensured.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
ST1
U tReset1 t1
a
a>b t t
TR1
U1>
b AND
OFF ON
Delay Delay
IEC10000100-2-en.vsd
IEC10000100 V2 EN
Figure 293: Detailed logic diagram for step 1, definite time delay, DT operation
U1>
START
TRIP
tReset1
t1
IEC10000037-2-en.vsd
IEC10000037 V2 EN
Figure 294: Example for step 1, Definite Time Delay stage 1 reset
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
U1>
START
TRIP
tReset1
t1
IEC10000038-2-en.vsd
IEC10000038 V2 EN
9.2.7.3 Blocking
9.2.7.4 Design
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
OR TR1
Comparator ST2L1
UL1 > U2> Phase 1
Voltage Phase
Selector ST2L2
Comparator OpMode2 Phase 2
UL2 > U2> 1 out of 3
Start ST2L3
2 out of 3
Phase 3 t2
3 out of 3
Comparator t2Reset
UL3 > U2> & ST2
OR
Trip
START Output TR2L1
Logic
TR2
OR
START
OR
TRIP
OR
IEC05000013-2-en.vsd
IEC05000013-WMF V2 EN
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Two step residual overvoltage ROV2PTOV 59N
protection
3U0
TRV V1 EN
9.3.2 Functionality
Residual voltages may occur in the power system during earth faults.
ROV2PTOV has two voltage steps, each with inverse or definite time delay.
IEC06000278-2-en.vsd
IEC06000278 V2 EN
9.3.4 Signals
Table 342: ROV2PTOV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase voltages
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of operate signal, step 1
Table continues on next page
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
9.3.5 Settings
Table 344: ROV2PTOV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationStep1 Off - - On Enable execution of step 1
On
Characterist1 Definite time - - Definite time Selection of time delay curve type for step
Inverse curve A 1
Inverse curve B
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
U1> 1.0 - 200.0 %UB 0.1 30.0 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT), step
1 in % of UBase
t1 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 5.00 Definitive time delay of step 1
t1Min 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Minimum operate time for inverse curves
for step 1
k1 0.05 - 1.10 - 0.01 0.05 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay
for step 1
HystAbs1 0.0 - 50.0 %UB 0.1 0.5 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1
OperationStep2 Off - - On Enable execution of step 2
On
Characterist2 Definite time - - Definite time Selection of time delay curve type for step
Inverse curve A 2
Inverse curve B
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
U2> 1.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 45.0 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT), step
2 in % of UBase
t2 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Definitive time delay of step 2
Table continues on next page
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
The time delay characteristic is individually chosen for the two steps and can be either,
definite time delay or inverse time delay.
The voltage related settings are made in percent of the base voltage, which is set in kV,
phase-phase.
The residual voltage is measured continuously, and compared with the set values,
U1> and U2>.
To avoid oscillations of the output START signal, a hysteresis has been included.
The time delay for the two steps can be either definite time delay (DT) or inverse time
delay (IDMT). For the inverse time delay four different modes are available:
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
inverse curve A
inverse curve B
inverse curve C
customer programmable inverse curve
k
t=
U - Un >
Un >
IECEQUATION2422 V1 EN (Equation 135)
where:
Un> Set value for step 1 and step 2
U Measured voltage
k 480
t 2.0
0.035
U Un
32 0.5
Un
k 480
t= 3.0
+ 0.035
U - Un >
32 - 0.5
U>
IECEQUATION2421 V1 EN (Equation 137)
kA
t= p
+D
U -Un >
B -C
Un >
EQUATION1439 V2 EN (Equation 138)
When the denominator in the expression is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity.
There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set
to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval Un> up to Un> (1.0 +
CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: Un> (1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the
programmable curve is used this parameter must be calculated so that:
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
CrvSatn
B -C > 0
100
EQUATION1440 V1 EN (Equation 139)
The details of the different inverse time characteristics are shown in section "Inverse
characteristics".
TRIP signal issuing requires that the residual overvoltage condition continues for at
least the user set time delay. This time delay is set by the parameter t1 and t2 for
definite time mode (DT) and by some special voltage level dependent time curves for
the inverse time mode (IDMT).
If the START condition, with respect to the measured voltage ceases during the delay
time, and is not fulfilled again within a user defined reset time (tReset1 and tReset2 for
the definite time and tIReset1 and tIReset2 for the inverse time) the corresponding
START output is reset, after that the defined reset time has elapsed.
Here it should be noted that after leaving the hysteresis area, the START condition
must be fulfilled again and it is not sufficient for the signal to only return back to the
hysteresis area. Also notice that for the overvoltage function IDMT reset time is
constant and does not depend on the voltage fluctuations during the drop-off period.
However, there are three ways to reset the timer, either the timer is reset
instantaneously, or the timer value is frozen during the reset time, or the timer value
is linearly decreased during the reset time. See figure 291 and figure 292.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
tIReset1
tIReset1
Voltage
START
TRIP
U1>
HystAbs1 Measured
Voltage
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Linearly decreased
Frozen Timer
t
Instantaneous Time
IEC09000055-2-en.vsd
IEC09000055 V2 EN
Figure 298: Voltage profile not causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay
589
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
tIReset1
Voltage tIReset1
START TRIP
START HystAbs1
U1>
Measured
Voltage
Time
START t
TRIP
Time
Integrator Frozen Timer
Time
Linearly
Instantaneous decreased IEC05000020-3-en.vsd
IEC05000020 V3 EN
Figure 299: Voltage profile causing a reset of the START signal for step 1, and inverse time delay
When definite time delay is selected, the function will operate as shown in figure 300.
Detailed information about individual stage reset/operation behavior is shown in
figure 285 and figure 286 respectively. Note that by setting tResetn = 0.0s,
instantaneous reset of the definite time delayed stage is ensured.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
ST1
U tReset1 t1
a
a>b t t
TR1
U1>
b AND
OFF ON
Delay Delay
IEC10000100-2-en.vsd
IEC10000100 V2 EN
Figure 300: Detailed logic diagram for step 1, Definite time delay, DT operation
U1<
ST1
TR1
tReset1
t1
IEC10000039-3-en.vsd
IEC10000039 V3 EN
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
U1<
ST1
TR1
tReset1
t1
IEC10000040-3-en.vsd
IEC10000040 V3 EN
9.3.7.3 Blocking
9.3.7.4 Design
592
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
ST2
Comparator Phase 1
UN > U2> TR2
Start
t2
START tReset2
& START
Trip OR
Time integrator Output
TRIP Logic
tIReset2
ResetTypeCrv2 TRIP
Step 2 OR
IEC05000748_2_en.vsd
IEC05000748 V2 EN
593
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
9.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH 24
U/f >
SYMBOL-Q V1 EN
9.4.2 Functionality
When the laminated core of a power transformer or generator is subjected to a
magnetic flux density beyond its design limits, stray flux will flow into non-laminated
components that are not designed to carry flux. This will cause eddy currents to flow.
These eddy currents can cause excessive heating and severe damage to insulation and
adjacent parts in a relatively short time. The function has settable inverse operating
curves and independent alarm stages.
IEC05000329-2-en.vsd
IEC05000329 V3 EN
594
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
9.4.4 Signals
Table 349: OEXPVPH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Reset operation
9.4.5 Settings
Table 351: OEXPVPH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
V/Hz> 100.0 - 180.0 %UB/f 0.1 110.0 Operate level of V/Hz at no load and rated
freq in % of (UBase/frated)
V/Hz>> 100.0 - 200.0 %UB/f 0.1 140.0 High level of V/Hz above which tMin is
used, in % of (UBase/frated)
XLeak 0.000 - 200.000 Ohm 0.001 0.000 Winding leakage reactance in primary
ohms
TrPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Length of the pulse for trip signal (in sec)
tMin 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 7.000 Minimum trip delay for V/Hz inverse curve,
in sec
tMax 0.00 - 9000.00 s 0.01 1800.00 Maximum trip delay for V/Hz inverse
curve, in sec
tCooling 0.10 - 9000.00 s 0.01 1200.00 Transformer magnetic core cooling time
constant, in sec
CurveType IEEE - - IEEE Inverse time curve selection, IEEE/Tailor
Tailor made made
kForIEEE 1 - 60 - 1 1 Time multiplier for IEEE inverse type
curve
AlarmLevel 50.0 - 120.0 % 0.1 100.0 Alarm operate level as % of operate level
tAlarm 0.00 - 9000.00 s 0.01 5.00 Alarm time delay, in sec
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Modern design transformers are more sensitive to overexcitation than earlier types.
This is a result of the more efficient designs and designs which rely on the
improvement in the uniformity of the excitation level of modern systems. If an
emergency that causes overexcitation does occur, transformers may be damaged
596
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
E = 4.44 f n B max A
EQUATION898 V2 EN (Equation 140)
E f
M ( p.u.) =
( Ur ) ( fr )
IECEQUATION2296 V1 EN (Equation 141)
Protection against overexcitation is based on calculation of the relative volt per hertz
(V/Hz) ratio. Protection initiates a reduction of excitation, and if this fails, or if this is
not possible, the TRIP signal will disconnect the transformer from the source after a
delay ranging from seconds to minutes, typically 5-10 seconds.
The IEC 60076 - 1 standard requires that transformers operate continuously at not
more than 10% above rated voltage at no load, and rated frequency. At no load, the
597
Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
ratio of the actual generator terminal voltage to the actual frequency should not exceed
1.1 times the ratio of transformer rated voltage to the rated frequency on a sustained
basis, see equation 142.
E
---- 1.1 Ur
------
f fr
EQUATION900 V1 EN (Equation 142)
E V Hz >
f fr
IECEQUATION2297 V2 EN (Equation 143)
where:
V/Hz> is the maximum continuously allowed voltage at no load, and rated frequency.
V/Hz> is a setting parameter. The setting range is 100% to 180%. If the user does not
know exactly what to set, then the default value for V/Hz> = 110 % given by the IEC
60076-1 standard shall be used.
E f
M ( p.u.) =
Ur fr
IECEQUATION2299 V1 EN (Equation 144)
It is clear from the above formula that, for an unloaded power transformer, M = 1 for
any E and f, where the ratio E/f is equal to Ur/fr. A power transformer is not
overexcited as long as the relative excitation is M V/Hz>, V/Hz> expressed in % of
Ur/fr.
As an example, at a transformer with a 15% short circuit impedance Xsc, the full load,
0.8 power factor, 105% voltage on the load side, the actual flux level in the transformer
core, will not be significantly different from that at the 110% voltage, no load, rated
frequency, provided that the short circuit impedance X can be equally divided
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
between the primary and the secondary winding: Xleak = Xleak1 = Xleak2 = Xsc / 2
= 0.075 pu.
OEXPVPH calculates the internal induced voltage E if Xleak (meaning the leakage
reactance of the winding where OEXPVPH is connected) is known to the user. The
assumption taken for two-winding power transformers that Xleak = Xsc / 2 is
unfortunately most often not true. For a two-winding power transformer the leakage
reactances of the two windings depend on how the windings are located on the core
with respect to each other. In the case of three-winding power transformers the
situation is still more complex. If a user has the knowledge on the leakage reactance,
then it should applied. If a user has no idea about it, Xleak can be set to Xc/2.
OEXPVPH protection will then take the given measured voltage U, as the induced
voltage E.
If, for example, voltage UL1L2 is fed to OEXPVPH, then currents IL1, and IL2 must
be applied. From these two input currents, current IL1L2 = IL1 - IL2 is calculated
internally by the OEXPVPH algorithm. The phase-to-phase voltage must be higher
than 70% of the rated value, otherwise the protection algorithm exits without
calculating the excitation. ERROR output is set to 1, and the displayed value of
relative excitation V/Hz shows 0.000.
If three phase-to-earth voltages are available from the side where overexcitation is
connected, then OEXPVPH shall be set to measure positive sequence voltage and
current. In this case the positive sequence voltage and the positive sequence current
are used by OEXPVPH. A check is made if the positive sequence voltage is higher
than 70% of rated phase-to-earth voltage, when below this value, OEXPVPH exits
immediately, and no excitation is calculated. ERROR output is set to 1, and the
displayed value of relative excitation V/Hz shows 0.000.
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Basically there are two different delay laws available to choose between:
The so called IEEE law approximates a square law and has been chosen based on
analysis of the various transformers overexcitation capability characteristics. They
can match the transformer core capability well.
0.18 k 0.18 k
top = 2
= 2
M overexcitation
V Hz> - 1
IECEQUATION2298 V2 EN (Equation 145)
where:
M the relative excitation
V/Hz> is maximum continuously allowed voltage at no load, and rated frequency, in pu and
k is time multiplier for inverse time functions, see figure 306.
Parameter k (time multiplier setting) selects one delay curve from the family of curves.
Umeasured
Umeasured frated
=
fmeasured
M =
UBase UBase fmeasured
frated
IECEQUATION2404 V1 EN (Equation 146)
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
top
A digital, numerical relay will instead look for the lowest j (that is, j = n) where it
becomes true that:
n
2
Dt ( M(j) V/Hz> ) 0.18 k
j=k
EQUATION906 V1 EN (Equation 148)
where:
Dt is the time interval between two successive executions of OEXPVPH and
M(j) - V/Hz> is the relative excitation at (time j) in excess of the normal (rated) excitation which is given
as Ur/fr.
As long as M > V/Hz> (that is, overexcitation condition), the above sum can only be
larger with time, and if the overexcitation persists, the protected transformer will be
tripped at j = n.
Inverse delays as per figure 306, can be modified (limited) by two special definite
delay settings, namely tMax and tMin, see figure 305.
delay in s
tMax
overexcitation
tMin
0 Mmax - V/Hz> Overexcitation M-V/Hz>
99001067.vsd
IEC99001067 V1 EN
A definite maximum time, tMax, can be used to limit the operate time at low degrees
of overexcitation. Inverse delays longer than tMax will not be allowed. In case the
inverse delay is longer than tMax, OEXPVPH trips after tMax seconds.
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
A definite minimum time, tMin, can be used to limit the operate time at high degrees
of overexcitation. In case the inverse delay is shorter than tMin, OEXPVPH function
trips after tMin seconds. The inverse delay law is not valid for values exceeding
Mmax. The delay will be tMin, irrespective of the overexcitation level, when values
exceed Mmax (that is, M>V/Hz>).
1000
100
k = 60
k = 20
k = 10
10 k=9
k=8
k=7
k=6
k=5
k=4
k=3
k=2
k=1
1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40
OVEREXCITATION IN % (M-Emaxcont)*100)
en01000373.vsd
IEC01000373 V1 EN
(V Hz>> ) / f
M= = 1.40
Ur/fr
IECEQUATION2286 V1 EN (Equation 149)
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
The Tailor-Made law allows a user to design an arbitrary delay characteristic. In this
case the interval between M = V/Hz>, and M = Mmax is automatically divided into
five equal subintervals, with six delays. (settings t1, t2, t3, t4, t5 and t6) as shown in
figure 307. These times should be set so that t1 => t2 => t3 => t4 => t5 => t6.
delay in s
tMax
under- tMin
excitation Overexcitation M-Emaxcont
0 Mmax - Emaxcont Excitation M
Emaxcont Mmax
99001068.vsd
IEC99001068 V1 EN
Delays between two consecutive points, for example t3 and t4, are obtained by linear
interpolation.
Should it happen that tMax be lower than, for example, delays t1, and t2, the actual
delay would be tMax. Above Mmax, the delay can only be tMin.
9.4.7.3 Cooling
A monitored data value, TMTOTRIP, is available on the local HMI and in PCM600.
This value is an estimation of the remaining time to trip (in seconds), if the
overexcitation remained on the level it had when the estimation was done. This
information can be useful during small or moderate overexcitation situations.
If the overexcitation is so low that the valid delay is tMax, then the estimation of the
remaining time to trip is done against tMax.
The relative excitation M, shown on the local HMI and in PCM600 has a monitored
data value VPERHZ and is calculated from the expression:
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
E f
M ( p.u.) =
Ur fr
IECEQUATION2299 V1 EN (Equation 150)
If VPERHZ value is less than setting V/Hz> (in %), the power transformer is
underexcited. If VPERHZ is equal to V/Hz> (in %), the excitation is exactly equal to
the power transformer continuous capability. If VPERHZ is higher than V/Hz>, the
protected power transformer is overexcited. For example, if VPERHZ = 1.100, while
V/Hz> = 110 %, then the power transformer is exactly on its maximum continuous
excitation limit.
The monitored data value THERMSTA shows the thermal status of the protected
power transformer iron core. THERMSTA gives the thermal status in % of the trip
value which corresponds to 100%. THERMSTA should reach 100% at the same time,
as TMTOTRIP reaches 0 seconds. If the protected power transformer is then for some
reason not switched off, THERMSTA shall go over 100%.
If the delay as per IEEE law, or Tailor-made Law, is limited by tMax, and/or tMin, then
the Thermal status will generally not reach 100% at the same time, when tTRIP
reaches 0 seconds. For example, if, at low degrees of overexcitation, the very long
delay is limited by tMax, then the OEXPVPH TRIP output signal will be set to 1 before
the Thermal status reaches 100%.
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Voltage protection
BLOCK
AlarmLevel
tAlarm ALARM
&
t
M>V/Hz>
TRIP
&
V/Hz>
U3P Calculation
Ei k
M
of internal M=
I3P induced (Ei / f) IEEE law &
voltage Ei (Ur / fr) tMax 1
M t
Tailor-made law
M>V/Hz>>
tMin
Xleak
t
V/Hz>>
Simplification of the diagram is in the way the IEEE and Tailor-made delays are
calculated. The cooling process is not shown. It is not shown that voltage and
frequency are separately checked against their respective limit values.
where M = (E/f)/(Ur/fr)
Minimum time delay for inverse (0.00060.000) s 1.0% or 45 ms,
function whichever is greater
Maximum time delay for inverse (0.009000.00) s 1.0% or 45 ms,
function whichever is greater
Alarm time delay (0.009000.00) 1.0% or 45 ms,
whichever is greater
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
9.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV - 60
9.5.2 Functionality
A voltage differential monitoring function is available. It compares the voltages from
two three phase sets of voltage transformers and has one sensitive alarm step and one
trip step.
IEC06000528-2-en.vsd
IEC06000528 V2 EN
9.5.4 Signals
Table 356: VDCPTOV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P1 GROUP - Bus voltage
SIGNAL
U3P2 GROUP - Capacitor voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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Voltage protection
9.5.5 Settings
Table 358: VDCPTOV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
BlkDiffAtULow No - - Yes Block operation at low voltage
Yes
UDTrip 2.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 5.0 Operate level, in % of UBase
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time delay for voltage differential operate,
in seconds
tReset 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for voltage differential reset, in
seconds
UDAlarm 2.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 2.0 Alarm level, in % of UBase
tAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 2.000 Time delay for voltage differential alarm,
in seconds
U1Low 1.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 70.0 Input 1 undervoltage level, in % of UBase
U2Low 1.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 70.0 Input 2 undervoltage level, in % of UBase
tBlock 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time for undervoltage block
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
Loss of all U1 or all U2 voltages will block the differential measurement. This
blocking can be switched off with setting BlkDiffAtULow = No.
VDCPTOV function can be blocked from an external condition with the binary
BLOCK input. It can, for example, be activated from Fuse failure supervision function
FUFSPVC.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
UDTripL1>
AND
UDTripL3>
AND
AND START
UDAlarmL1>
AND
UDAlarmL2> O tAlarm
AND
R t AND ALARM
UDAlarmL3>
AND
U1<L1
tAlarm
U1<L2 AND t U1LOW
AND
U1<L3 AND
OR
BlkDiffAtULow
U2<L1
t1
U2<L2 AND t U2LOW
AND
U2<L3
BLOCK
en06000382-2.vsd
IEC06000382 V3 EN
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
9.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV - 27
9.6.2 Functionality
Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV is suitable for use in networks with an automatic
system restoration function. LOVPTUV issues a three-pole trip command to the
circuit breaker, if all three phase voltages fall below the set value for a time longer than
the set time and the circuit breaker remains closed.
IEC07000039-2-en.vsd
IEC07000039 V2 EN
9.6.4 Signals
Table 363: LOVPTUV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Voltage connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block the all outputs
CBOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Circuit breaker open
VTSU BOOLEAN 0 Block from voltage circuit supervision
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Voltage protection
9.6.5 Settings
Table 365: LOVPTUV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
UPE 1 - 100 %UB 1 70 Operate voltage in % of base voltage
UBase
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 7.000 Operate time delay
LOVPTUV operates again only if the line has been restored to full voltage for at least
tRestore. Operation of the function is also inhibited by fuse failure and open circuit
breaker information signals, by their connection to dedicated inputs of the function
block.
Due to undervoltage conditions being continuous the trip pulse is limited to a length
set by setting tPulse.
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
The BLOCK input can be connected to a binary input of the IED in order to receive a
block command from external devices or can be software connected to other internal
functions of the IED itself in order to receive a block command from internal
functions. LOVPTUV is also blocked when the IED is in TEST status and the function
has been blocked from the HMI test menu. (Blocked=Yes).
TEST
TEST-ACTIVE
&
Blocked = Yes
START
BLOCK >1
Function Enable tTrip tPulse TRIP
STUL1N & t
STUL2N &
only 1 or 2 phases are low for
Latched at least 10 s (not three)
STUL3N Enable
&
tBlock
>1 t
IEC07000089_2_en.vsd
IEC07000089 V2 EN
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Voltage protection
9.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device
number
Radial feeder PAPGAPC U< 27
protection
9.7.2 Functionality
The PAPGAPC function is used to provide protection of radial feeders having passive
loads or weak end in-feed sources. It is possible to achieve fast tripping using
communication system with remote end or delayed tripping not requiring
communication or upon communication system failure. For fast tripping, scheme
communication is required. Delayed tripping does not require scheme
communication.
The PAPGAPC function performs phase selection using measured voltages. Each
phase voltage is compared to the opposite phase-phase voltage. A phase is deemed to
have a fault if its phase voltage drops below a settable percentage of the opposite
phase-phase voltage. The phase - phase voltages include memory. This memory
function has a settable time constant.
The voltage-based phase selection is used for both fast and delayed tripping. To
achieve fast tripping, scheme communication is required. Delayed tripping does not
require scheme communication. It is possible to permit delayed tripping only upon
failure of the communications channel by blocking the delayed tripping logic with a
communications channel healthy input signal.
On receipt of the communications signal, phase selective outputs for fast tripping are
set based on the phase(s) in which the phase selection function has operated.
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Voltage protection
For delayed tripping, single pole and three pole delays are separately and
independently settable. Furthermore, it is possible to enable or disable single pole and
three pole delayed tripping. For single phase faults, it is possible to include a residual
current check in the tripping logic. Three pole tripping is always selected for phase
selection on more than one phase. Three pole tripping will also occur if the residual
current exceeds the set level during fuse failure for a time longer than the three pole
trip delay time.
IEC14000004-1-en.vsd
IEC14000004 V1 EN
9.7.4 Signals
Table 369: PAPGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group parameter for current signals
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group parameter for voltage signals
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip
BLKST BOOLEAN 0 Block Start
BLKDLFLT BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the delayed fault clear functionality
FUSEFAIL BOOLEAN 0 Block from fuse failure function
COMOK BOOLEAN 0 Telecommunication link healthy
CR BOOLEAN 0 Received communication signal
CBCLD BOOLEAN 0 Circuit breaker is closed
POLEDISC BOOLEAN 0 The position of CB poles differs (pole discordance)
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Voltage protection
9.7.5 Settings
Table 371: PAPGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
UPhSel< 30 - 100 % 1 60 Faulted phase voltage in % of
quadrilateral phase-phase voltage divided
by sqrt (3)
Tau 1 - 60 sec 1 5 Time constant for reference voltage
FastOperation Off - - Off Enable fast fault clearing function
On
t3Ph 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time delay for three phase operation
IN> 10 - 150 %IB 1 50 Residual current detection level in % of
IBase
ResCurrCheck Off - - Off Enable residual current check for delayed
On operation at single-phase faults
Del1PhOp 3Ph - - 3Ph Enable delayed operation for single phase
1Ph faults
t1Ph 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time delay for single phase operation
Del3PhOp Off - - Off Enable delayed 3-phase operation
On
ResCurrOper Off - - Off Enabling signal for residual current
On operation
tResCurr 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Time delay for residual current indication
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
The faulted phase selection is based on voltage measurement. Each phase voltage
magnitude (rms) is compared with the quadrature phase phase voltage, which is
obtained by passing full wave rectified signal through an exponential filter.
The filter updates the output if the output magnitude is lower than input voltage.
However, when the input voltage is lower than output magnitude, the output decreases
with a settable time constant of Tau. The desired filter response is depicted in
Figure314.
en01000140.vsd
IEC14000006 V2 EN
Phase Lx is deemed to have faulted if the phase Lx voltage is lower than filtered
quadrature phase phase voltage times UPhSel< set value. The phase selection for
remaining phases can be performed in the similar way. The logic diagram for faulted
phase selection is shown in Figure 315.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 9
Voltage protection
Z-1
U3P* ABS
MAX
-t
EXP
Tau
a PHSLx
a<b
3 b
UPhSel<
IEC14000007-1-en.vsd
IEC14000007 V1 EN
PAPGAPC (27) detects the presence of residual current if the residual current exceeds
the set IN> value and lasts for a period of 600 ms.
The output TRIN is high after a set time of tResCurr if the setting ResCurrOper is
enabled.
I3P* 600 ms
a STIN
a>b t
b
IN> tResCurr
t
TRIN
ResCurrOper &
BLOCK
BLKTR _1
>
IEC14000008-1-en.vsd
IEC14000008 V1 EN
Operation at the remote end of the line with passive loads or weak sources is obtained
as follows. The fault clearing at remote end is initiated by CR signal received from the
other end of the feeder. Fast fault clearing can be enabled by the FastOperation
setting. The function is enabled for 650 ms upon receiving the carrier signal from the
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Technical manual
Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
other end. It generates the start signal STLx depending on the status of the faulty
phase(s). The presence of FUSEFAIL inhibits the operation of fault clearance on
faulty phase(s) and the corresponding logic diagram is depicted in Figure 317. The fast
fault clearance operation is blocked upon failure of the communication channel input
COMOK.
650 ms
CR
&
FUSEFAIL
COMOK
& & STL 1
FastOperation
PHSL1
& STL2
PHSL2
& STL 3
PHSL3
IEC14000009-2-en.vsd
IEC14000009 V2 EN
It is possible to select delayed single- and three pole tripping by choosing the
appropriate settings Del1PhOp and Del3PhOp. Furthermore, time delays for single-
and three pole tripping can independently be set by t1Ph and t3Ph.
For single phase faults, ResCurrCheck is included in the tripping logic. It is also
possible to select either single- or three pole tripping for single phase faults occurring
in the system. Three pole tripping is always selected for phase selection of more than
one phase.
In case of a fuse failure condition, that is FUSEFAIL is high, single- and three pole
tripping are inhibited, however, three pole tripping occurs if the residual current
exceeds the set level during fuse failure for a time longer than the three pole trip delay
time of t3Ph.
The inputs BLKDLFLT and COMOK inhibit the delayed operation for faulty phase(s).
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Voltage protection
Start signal STLx is enabled as soon as the fault is detected in any phase(s).
COMOK
&
FastOperation
BLKDLFLT &
FUSEFAIL
STIN
1 &
ResCurrCheck
Del1PhOp
t1Ph
STL1
PHSL1 & t &
1
t1Ph
STL2
PHSL2 & t &
1
t1Ph STL3
PHSL3 & t &
1
1 &
&
Del3PhOp
t3Ph
2 & 1 t
&
IEC14000010-2-en.vsd
IEC14000010 V2 EN
The start signals for each phase are generated from both the fast fault clearance and
delayed fault clearance. Upon receiving the start signal STLx in phase(s), the
corresponding phase trip signal TRLx is issued. A general trip signal, TRIP is also
generated.
The single or three phase operation of autorecloser depends on the status of CBCLD
and the existence of pole discrepancy, indicated by the input POLEDISC. If
conditions for reclosing are fulfilled, a start signal ARSTLx is issued for the faulty
phase(s).
A general start signal, ARST is also generated. If more than one phase seems to be
detected faulty, three phase autoreclosing signal ARST3PH is issued.
The binary input BLOCK can be used to block the function. The activation of the
BLOCK input deactivates all outputs.
Start output signals ARSTLx, ARST and ARST3PH are blocked by enabling BLKST
input and the activation of the BLKTR input deactivates all trip outputs.
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Section 9 1MRK505308-UEN B
Voltage protection
STL1
TRL1
&
STL2
TRL2
&
STL3
TRL3
&
1 TRIP
&
BLOCK
BLKTR 1
BLKST 1
& ARSTL1
&
& ARSTL2
&
& ARSTL3
&
POLEDISC
100 ms
CBCLD &
t 1
1 ARST
&
1 ARST3PH
&
IEC14000011-2-en.vsd
IEC14000011 V2 EN
Figure 319: Simplified logic diagram for trip and autoreclose logic
620
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 10
Frequency protection
10.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Underfrequency protection SAPTUF 81
f<
SYMBOL-P V1 EN
10.1.2 Functionality
Underfrequency occurs as a result of a lack of generation in the network.
The operation is based on positive sequence voltage measurement and requires two
phase-phase or three phase-neutral voltages to be connected. For information about
how to connect analog inputs, refer to Application manual/IED application/Analog
inputs/Setting guidelines
IEC06000279_2_en.vsd
IEC06000279 V2 EN
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Section 10 1MRK505308-UEN B
Frequency protection
10.1.4 Signals
Table 375: SAPTUF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTRIP BOOLEAN 0 Blocking operate output
BLKREST BOOLEAN 0 Blocking restore output
10.1.5 Settings
Table 377: SAPTUF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
StartFrequency 35.00 - 75.00 Hz 0.01 48.80 Frequency set value
tDelay 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Operate time delay
tReset 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for reset
tRestore 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Restore time delay
RestoreFreq 45.00 - 65.00 Hz 0.01 50.10 Restore frequency value
TimerMode Definite timer - - Definite timer Setting for choosing timer mode
Volt based timer
UNom 50.0 - 150.0 %UB 1.0 100.0 Nominal voltage for voltage based timer in
% of UBase
UMin 50.0 - 150.0 %UB 1.0 90.0 Lower operation limit for voltage based
timer in % of UBase
Exponent 0.0 - 5.0 - 0.1 1.0 For calculation of the curve form for
voltage based timer
tMax 0.010 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Maximum time operation limit for voltage
based timer
tMin 0.010 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Minimum time operation limit for voltage
based timer
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Frequency protection
To avoid oscillations of the output START signal, a hysteresis has been included.
The time delay for underfrequency protection SAPTUF can be either a settable
definite time delay or a voltage magnitude dependent time delay, where the time delay
depends on the voltage level; a high voltage level gives a longer time delay and a low
623
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Frequency protection
voltage level causes a short time delay. For the definite time delay, the setting tDelay
sets the time delay.
For the voltage dependent time delay the measured voltage level and the settings
UNom, UMin, Exponent, tMax and tMin set the time delay according to figure 321 and
equation 152. The setting TimerOperation is used to decide what type of time delay to
apply.
Trip signal issuing requires that the underfrequency condition continues for at least
the user set time delay tDelay. If the START condition, with respect to the measured
frequency ceases during this user set delay time, and is not fulfilled again within a user
defined reset time, tReset, the START output is reset, after that the defined reset time
has elapsed. Here it should be noted that after leaving the hysteresis area, the START
condition must be fulfilled again and it is not sufficient for the signal to only return
back to the hysteresis area.
On the RESTORE output of SAPTUF a 100ms pulse is issued, after a time delay
corresponding to the setting of tRestore, when the measured frequency returns to the
level corresponding to the setting RestoreFreq.
Since the fundamental frequency in a power system is the same all over the system,
except some deviations during power oscillations, another criterion is needed to
decide, where to take actions, based on low frequency. In many applications the
voltage level is very suitable, and in most cases is load shedding preferable in areas
with low voltage. Therefore, a voltage dependent time delay has been introduced, to
make sure that load shedding, or other actions, take place at the right location. At
constant voltage, U, the voltage dependent time delay is calculated according to
equation 152. At non-constant voltage, the actual time delay is integrated in a similar
way as for the inverse time characteristic for the undervoltage and overvoltage
functions.
Exponent
U - UMin
t= ( tMax - tMin ) + tMin
UNom - UMin
EQUATION1182 V1 EN (Equation 152)
where:
t is the voltage dependent time delay (at constant voltage),
U is the measured voltage
Exponent is a setting,
UMin, UNom are voltage settings corresponding to
tMax, tMin are time settings.
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Frequency protection
UMin = 90%
UNom = 100%
tMax = 1.0 s
tMin = 0.0 s
Exponent = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4
1
0
1
Exponenent
TimeDlyOperate [s]
2
3
0.5 4
0
90 95 100
U [% of UBase]
en05000075.vsd
IEC05000075 V1 EN
10.1.7.4 Blocking
If the measured voltage level decreases below the setting of MinValFreqMeas in the
preprocessing function both the START and the TRIP outputs are blocked.
10.1.7.5 Design
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Section 10 1MRK505308-UEN B
Frequency protection
RestoreFreq, the RESTORE output is issued after the time delay tRestore. The design
of underfrequency protection SAPTUF is schematically described in figure 322.
Block
BLOCK BLKDMAGN
OR
Comparator
MinValFreqMeas
tReset TRIP
Comparator RESTORE
tRestore
f > RestoreFreq
IEC05000726-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000726 V2 EN
10.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Overfrequency protection SAPTOF 81
f>
SYMBOL-O V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 10
Frequency protection
10.2.2 Functionality
Overfrequency protection function SAPTOF is applicable in all situations, where
reliable detection of high fundamental power system frequency is needed.
Overfrequency occurs because of sudden load drops or shunt faults in the power
network. Close to the generating plant, generator governor problems can also cause
over frequency.
SAPTOF measures frequency with high accuracy, and is used mainly for generation
shedding and remedial action schemes. It is also used as a frequency stage initiating
load restoring. A definite time delay is provided for operate.
The operation is based on positive sequence voltage measurement and requires two
phase-phase or three phase-neutral voltages to be connected. For information about
how to connect analog inputs, refer to Application manual/IED application/Analog
inputs/Setting guidelines
IEC06000280_2_en.vsd
IEC06000280 V2 EN
10.2.4 Signals
Table 380: SAPTOF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTRIP BOOLEAN 0 Blocking operate output
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Section 10 1MRK505308-UEN B
Frequency protection
10.2.5 Settings
Table 382: SAPTOF Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
StartFrequency 35.00 - 90.00 Hz 0.01 51.20 Frequency set value
tDelay 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Operate time delay
tReset 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for reset
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 10
Frequency protection
The time delay for Overfrequency protection SAPTOF is a settable definite time
delay, specified by the setting tDelay.
TRIP signal issuing requires that the overfrequency condition continues for at least the
user set time delay, tReset. If the START condition, with respect to the measured
frequency ceases during this user set delay time, and is not fulfilled again within a user
defined reset time, tReset, the START output is reset, after that the defined reset time
has elapsed. It is to be noted that after leaving the hysteresis area, the START
condition must be fulfilled again and it is not sufficient for the signal to only return
back to the hysteresis area.
The total time delay consists of the set value for time delay plus
minimum operate time of the start function (80 - 90 ms).
10.2.7.3 Blocking
If the measured voltage level decreases below the setting of MinValFreqMeas in the
preprocessing function both the START and the TRIP outputs are blocked.
10.2.7.4 Design
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Frequency protection
BLOCK
BLKTRIP BLOCK
OR BLKDMAGN
Comparator
MinValFreqMeas
Start
&
Trip
Voltage Time integrator Output
Logic
Definite Time Delay START START
Frequency Comparator
f > StartFrequency tDelay
TRIP
tReset
TRIP
IEC05000735-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000735 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 10
Frequency protection
10.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC 81
df/dt >
<
SYMBOL-N V1 EN
10.3.2 Functionality
The rate-of-change frequency protection function SAPFRC gives an early indication
of a main disturbance in the system. SAPFRC measures frequency with high
accuracy, and can be used for generation shedding, load shedding and remedial action
schemes. SAPFRC can discriminate between a positive or negative change of
frequency. A definite time delay is provided for operate.
IEC06000281-2-en.vsd
IEC06000281 V2 EN
10.3.4 Signals
Table 386: SAPFRC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTRIP BOOLEAN 0 Blocking operate output
BLKREST BOOLEAN 0 Blocking restore output
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Frequency protection
10.3.5 Settings
Table 388: SAPFRC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
StartFreqGrad -10.00 - 10.00 Hz/s 0.01 0.50 Frequency gradient start value, the sign
defines direction
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Operate time delay in positive / negative
frequency gradient mode
RestoreFreq 45.00 - 65.00 Hz 0.01 49.90 Restore frequency value
tRestore 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Restore time delay
tReset 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for reset
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Frequency protection
To avoid oscillations of the output START signal, a hysteresis has been included.
Trip signal issuing requires that the rate-of-change of frequency condition continues
for at least the user set time delay, tTrip. If the START condition, with respect to the
measured frequency ceases during the delay time, and is not fulfilled again within a
user defined reset time, tReset, the START output is reset, after that the defined reset
time has elapsed. Here it should be noted that after leaving the hysteresis area, the
START condition must be fulfilled again and it is not sufficient for the signal to only
return back into the hysteresis area.
The RESTORE output of SAPFRC is set, after a time delay equal to the setting of
tRestore, when the measured frequency has returned to the level corresponding to
RestoreFreq, after an issue of the TRIP output signal. If tRestore is set to 0.000 s the
restore functionality is disabled, and no output will be given. The restore functionality
is only active for lowering frequency conditions and the restore sequence is disabled
if a new negative frequency gradient is detected during the restore period, defined by
the settings RestoreFreq and tRestore.
10.3.7.3 Blocking
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Frequency protection
If the measured voltage level decreases below the setting of MinValFreqMeas in the
preprocessing function, both the START and the TRIP outputs are blocked.
10.3.7.4 Design
BLOCK
BLKTRIP
BLKRESET BLOCK
OR
Start
Rate-of-Change Time integrator &
Comparator
of Frequency Trip
If
Definite Time Delay Output
[StartFreqGrad<0 START START
Logic
AND
tDelay
df/dt < StartFreqGrad]
OR
tReset
[StartFreqGrad>0
AND
TRIP
df/dt > StartFreqGrad]
Then
START
IEC05000835-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000835 V2 EN
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Frequency protection
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Multipurpose protection
11.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
General current and voltage protection CVGAPC 2(I>/U<) -
11.1.2 Functionality
The General current and voltage protection (CVGAPC) can be utilized as a negative
sequence current protection detecting unsymmetrical conditions such as open phase
or unsymmetrical faults.
CVGAPC can also be used to improve phase selection for high resistive earth faults,
outside the distance protection reach, for the transmission line. Three functions are
used, which measures the neutral current and each of the three phase voltages. This
will give an independence from load currents and this phase selection will be used in
conjunction with the detection of the earth fault from the directional earth fault
protection function.
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IEC05000372-2-en.vsd
IEC05000372 V2 EN
11.1.4 Signals
Table 391: CVGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKOC1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of over current function OC1
BLKOC1TR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip for over current function OC1
ENMLTOC1 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
OC1
BLKOC2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of over current function OC2
BLKOC2TR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip for over current function OC2
ENMLTOC2 BOOLEAN 0 When activated, the current multiplier is in use for
OC2
BLKUC1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of under current function UC1
BLKUC1TR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip for under current function UC1
BLKUC2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of under current function UC2
BLKUC2TR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip for under current function UC2
BLKOV1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of over voltage function OV1
Table continues on next page
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11.1.5 Settings
Table 393: CVGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
CurrentInput phase1 - - MaxPh Select current signal which will be
phase2 measured inside function
phase3
PosSeq
NegSeq
3*ZeroSeq
MaxPh
MinPh
UnbalancePh
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
MaxPh-Ph
MinPh-Ph
UnbalancePh-Ph
VoltageInput phase1 - - MaxPh Select voltage signal which will be
phase2 measured inside function
phase3
PosSeq
-NegSeq
-3*ZeroSeq
MaxPh
MinPh
UnbalancePh
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
MaxPh-Ph
MinPh-Ph
UnbalancePh-Ph
OperHarmRestr Off - - Off Operation of 2nd harmonic restrain Off /
On On
l_2nd/l_fund 10.0 - 50.0 % 1.0 20.0 Ratio of second to fundamental current
harmonic in %
BlkLevel2nd 10 - 5000 %IB 1 5000 Harm analyse disabled above this current
level in % of fundamental current
EnRestrainCurr Off - - Off Enable current restrain function On / Off
On
RestrCurrInput PosSeq - - PosSeq Select current signal which will be used for
NegSeq curr restrain
3*ZeroSeq
Max
RestrCurrCoeff 0.00 - 5.00 - 0.01 0.00 Restraining current coefficient
RCADir -180 - 180 Deg 1 -75 Relay Characteristic Angle
ROADir 1 - 90 Deg 1 75 Relay Operate Angle
LowVolt_VM 0.0 - 5.0 %UB 0.1 0.5 Below this level in % of UBase setting
ActLowVolt takes over
Operation_OC1 Off - - Off Operation OC1 Off / On
On
Table continues on next page
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The user can select to measure one of the current quantities shown in table 397.
Table 397: Current selection for CVGAPC function
Set value for the
parameter Comment
CurrentInput
1 Phase1 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L1 current phasor
2 Phase2 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L2 current phasor
3 Phase3 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L3 current phasor
4 PosSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated positive sequence
current phasor
5 NegSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated negative sequence
current phasor
Table continues on next page
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Multipurpose protection
11 Phase2-Phase3 CVGAPC function will measure the current phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L2 current phasor and phase
L3 current phasor (IL2-IL3)
12 Phase3-Phase1 CVGAPC function will measure the current phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L3 current phasor and phase
L1 current phasor ( IL3-IL1)
13 MaxPh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the maximum
magnitude
14 MinPh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the minimum
magnitude
15 UnbalancePh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance current, which
is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between
the ph-ph current phasor with maximum magnitude and ph-ph current
phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the
time
The user can select to measure one of the voltage quantities shown in table 398:
Table 398: Voltage selection for CVGAPC function
Set value for the
parameter Comment
VoltageInput
1 Phase1 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L1 voltage phasor
2 Phase2 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L2 voltage phasor
3 Phase3 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L3 voltage phasor
4 PosSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated positive sequence
voltage phasor
5 -NegSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated negative sequence
voltage phasor. This voltage phasor will be intentionally rotated for 180
in order to enable easier settings for the directional feature when used.
6 -3ZeroSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated zero sequence
voltage phasor multiplied by factor 3. This voltage phasor will be
intentionally rotated for 180 in order to enable easier settings for the
directional feature when used.
Table continues on next page
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Multipurpose protection
11 Phase2-Phase3 CVGAPC function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L2 voltage phasor and phase
L3 voltage phasor (UL2-UL3)
12 Phase3-Phase1 CVGAPC function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L3 voltage phasor and phase
L1 voltage phasor ( UL3-UL1)
13 MaxPh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the maximum
magnitude
14 MinPh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the minimum
magnitude
15 UnbalancePh-Ph CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance voltage, which
is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between
the ph-ph voltage phasor with maximum magnitude and ph-ph voltage
phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the
time
It is important to notice that the voltage selection from table 398 is always applicable
regardless the actual external VT connections. The three-phase VT inputs can be
connected to IED as either three phase-to-ground voltages UL1, UL2 & UL3 or three
phase-to-phase voltages UL1L2, UL2L3 & UL3L1). This information about actual VT
connection is entered as a setting parameter for the pre-processing block, which will
then take automatic care about it.
The user can select one of the current quantities shown in table 399 for built-in current
restraint feature:
Table 399: Restraint current selection for CVGAPC function
Set value for the
parameter RestrCurr Comment
1 PosSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated positive sequence
current phasor
2 NegSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated negative sequence
current phasor
3 3ZeroSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated zero sequence
current phasor multiplied by factor 3
4 MaxPh CVGAPC function will measure current phasor of the phase with
maximum magnitude
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The parameter settings for the base quantities, which represent the base (100%) for
pickup levels of all measuring stages, shall be entered as setting parameters for every
CVGAPC function.
1. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes, when the
measured Current Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 397.
2. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes multiplied by 3
(1.732*Iphase), when the measured Current Quantity is selected from 10 to 15, as
shown in table 397.
1. rated phase-to-earth voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the
measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 398.
2. rated phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the
measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 10 to 15, as shown in table 398.
Two overcurrent protection steps are available. They are absolutely identical and
therefore only one will be explained here.
Overcurrent step simply compares the magnitude of the measured current quantity
(see table 397) with the set pickup level. Non-directional overcurrent step will pickup
if the magnitude of the measured current quantity is bigger than this set level.
However depending on other enabled built-in features this overcurrent pickup might
not cause the overcurrent step start signal. Start signal will only come if all of the
enabled built-in features in the overcurrent step are fulfilled at the same time.
This feature will simple prevent overcurrent step start if the second-to-first harmonic
ratio in the measured current exceeds the set level.
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Directional feature
The overcurrent protection step operation can be made dependent on the relevant
phase angle between measured current phasor (see table 397) and measured voltage
phasor (see table 398). In protection terminology it means that the General currrent
and voltage protection (CVGAPC) function can be made directional by enabling this
built-in feature. In that case overcurrent protection step will only operate if the current
flow is in accordance with the set direction (Forward, which means towards the
protected object, or Reverse, which means from the protected object). For this feature
it is of the outmost importance to understand that the measured voltage phasor (see
table 398) and measured current phasor (see table 397) will be used for directional
decision. Therefore it is the sole responsibility of the end user to select the appropriate
current and voltage signals in order to get a proper directional decision. CVGAPC
function will NOT do this automatically. It will simply use the current and voltage
phasors selected by the end user to check for the directional criteria.
Table 400 gives an overview of the typical choices (but not the only possible ones) for
these two quantities from traditional directional relays.
Table 400: Typical current and voltage choices for directional feature
Set value for the Set value for the
parameter parameter Comment
CurrentInput VoltageInput
PosSeq PosSeq Directional positive sequence overcurrent function is
obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is from -45 to
-90 depending on the power system voltage level (X/
R ratio)
NegSeq -NegSeq Directional negative sequence overcurrent function is
obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is from -45 to
-90 depending on the power system voltage level (X/
R ratio)
3ZeroSeq -3ZeroSeq Directional zero sequence overcurrent function is
obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is from 0 to -90
depending on the power system earthing (that is,
solidly earthed, earthed via resistor)
Phase1 Phase2-Phase3 Directional overcurrent function for the first phase is
obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is +30 or +45
Phase2 Phase3-Phase1 Directional overcurrent function for the second phase
is obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is +30 or +45
Phase3 Phase1-Phase2 Directional overcurrent function for the third phase is
obtained. Typical setting for RCADir is +30 or +45
Unbalance current or voltage measurement shall not be used when the directional
feature is enabled.
Two types of directional measurement principles are available, I & U and IcosPhi&U.
The first principle, referred to as "I & U" in the parameter setting tool, checks that:
the magnitude of the measured current is bigger than the set pick-up level
the phasor of the measured current is within the operating region (defined by the
relay operate angle, ROADir parameter setting; see figure 328).
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Multipurpose protection
U=-3U0
RCADir
Operate region
mta line
en05000252.vsd
IEC05000252 V1 EN
where:
RCADir is -75
ROADir is 50
The second principle, referred to as "IcosPhi&U" in the parameter setting tool, checks
that:
that the product Icos() is bigger than the set pick-up level, where is angle
between the current phasor and the mta line
that the phasor of the measured current is within the operating region (defined by
the Icos() straight line and the relay operate angle, ROADir parameter setting;
see figure 328).
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Multipurpose protection
U=-3U0
RCADir
Operate region
mta line
en05000253.vsd
IEC05000253 V1 EN
where:
RCADir is -75
ROADir is 50
Note that it is possible to decide by a parameter setting how the directional feature
shall behave when the magnitude of the measured voltage phasor falls below the pre-
set value. User can select one of the following three options:
It shall also be noted that the memory duration is limited in the algorithm to 100 ms.
After that time the current direction will be locked to the one determined during
memory time and it will re-set only if the current fails below set pickup level or voltage
goes above set voltage memory limit.
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Multipurpose protection
StartCurr_OC1
VDepFact_OC1 * StartCurr_OC1
ULowLimit_OC1 UHighLimit_OC1
Selected Voltage
Magnitude
en05000324.vsd
IEC05000324 V1 EN
Figure 330: Example for OC1 step current pickup level variation as function of
measured voltage magnitude in Slope mode of operation
StartCurr_OC1
VDepFact_OC1 * StartCurr_OC1
en05000323.vsd
IEC05000323 V1 EN
Figure 331: Example for OC1 step current pickup level variation as function of
measured voltage magnitude in Step mode of operation
This feature will simply change the set overcurrent pickup level in accordance with
magnitude variations of the measured voltage. It shall be noted that this feature will as
well affect the pickup current value for calculation of operate times for IDMT curves
(overcurrent with IDMT curve will operate faster during low voltage conditions).
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Multipurpose protection
IMeasured
ea ain
ar tr
te es
e ra ff *Ir
Op oe
s trC
e
I>R
IsetHigh
IsetLow
atan(RestrCoeff)
Restraint
en05000255.vsd
IEC05000255 V1 EN
This feature will simply prevent overcurrent step to start if the magnitude of the
measured current quantity is smaller than the set percentage of the restrain current
magnitude. However this feature will not affect the pickup current value for
calculation of operate times for IDMT curves. This means that the IDMT curve
operate time will not be influenced by the restrain current magnitude.
When set, the start signal will start definite time delay or inverse (IDMT) time delay
in accordance with the end user setting. If the start signal has value one for longer time
than the set time delay, the overcurrent step will set its trip signal to one. Reset of the
start and trip signal can be instantaneous or time delay in accordance with the end user
setting.
Two undercurrent protection steps are available. They are absolutely identical and
therefore only one will be explained here. Undercurrent step simply compares the
magnitude of the measured current quantity (see table 397) with the set pickup level.
The undercurrent step will pickup and set its start signal to one if the magnitude of the
measured current quantity is smaller than this set level. The start signal will start
definite time delay with set time delay. If the start signal has value one for longer time
than the set time delay the undercurrent step will set its trip signal to one. Reset of the
start and trip signal can be instantaneous or time delay in accordance with the setting.
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Multipurpose protection
Two overvoltage protection steps are available. They are absolutely identical and
therefore only one will be explained here.
Overvoltage step simply compares the magnitude of the measured voltage quantity
(see table 398) with the set pickup level. The overvoltage step will pickup if the
magnitude of the measured voltage quantity is bigger than this set level.
The start signal will start definite time delay or inverse (IDMT) time delay in
accordance with the end user setting. If the start signal has value one for longer time
than the set time delay, the overvoltage step will set its trip signal to one. Reset of the
start and trip signal can be instantaneous or time delay in accordance with the end user
setting.
Two undervoltage protection steps are available. They are absolutely identical and
therefore only one will be explained here.
Undervoltage step simply compares the magnitude of the measured voltage quantity
(see table 398) with the set pickup level. The undervoltage step will pickup if the
magnitude of the measured voltage quantity is smaller than this set level.
The start signal will start definite time delay or inverse (IDMT) time delay in
accordance with the end user setting. If the start signal has value one for longer time
than the set time delay, the undervoltage step will set its trip signal to one. Reset of the
start and trip signal can be instantaneous or time delay in accordance with the end user
setting.
The simplified internal logics, for CVGAPC function are shown in the following
figures.
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IED
ADM CVGAPC function
Phasor calculation of
scaling with CT ratio
individual currents
A/D conversion
Selection of which current Selected current
and voltage shall be given to
Phasors &
samples
the built-in protection Selected voltage
elements
Phasors &
samples
IEC05000169_2_en.vsd
IEC05000169 V2 EN
Figure 333: Treatment of measured currents and voltages within IED for CVGAPC function
Figure 333 shows how internal treatment of measured currents is done for
multipurpose protection function
The following currents and voltages are inputs to the multipurpose protection
function. They must all be expressed in true power system (primary) Amperes and
kilovolts.
1. Selects one current from the three-phase input system (see table 397) for
internally measured current.
2. Selects one voltage from the three-phase input system (see table 398) for
internally measured voltage.
3. Selects one current from the three-phase input system (see table 399) for
internally measured restraint current.
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Multipurpose protection
CURRENT
UC1
nd TRUC1
2 Harmonic
Selected current restraint
STUC2
UC2
TRUC2
2nd Harmonic
restraint
STOC1
OC1 TROC1
STOC2
OC2 TROC2
2nd Harmonic
restraint
Current restraint 1
UDIRLOW
Directionality DIROC2
Voltage control /
restraint
STOV1
OV1 TROV1
STOV2
OV2 TROV2
STUV1
Selected voltage
UV1 TRUV1
STUV2
UV2 TRUV2
VOLTAGE
en05000170.vsd
IEC05000170 V1 EN
Figure 334: CVGAPC function main logic diagram for built-in protection elements
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Multipurpose protection
1. The selected currents and voltage are given to built-in protection elements. Each
protection element and step makes independent decision about status of its
START and TRIP output signals.
2. More detailed internal logic for every protection element is given in the following
four figures.
3. Common START and TRIP signals from all built-in protection elements & steps
(internal OR logic) are available from multipurpose function as well.
a
a>b AND
BlkLevel2nd b
Enable
second Second harmonic
harmonic check DEF time BLKTRO C1 TROC1
selected DEF AND
OR
a
a>b
b
OC1=On STOC1
AND
StartCurr_OC1 BLKOC1
X
Inverse
Selected v oltage
Curren t
Restrai nt
Feature
Selected restrain current Imea sure d > k Irestra int
IEC05000831-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000831 V2 EN
Figure 335: Simplified internal logic diagram for built-in first overcurrent step that is, OC1 (step OC2 has the
same internal logic)
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Operation_UC1=On
STUC1
en05000750.vsd
IEC05000750 V1 EN
Figure 336: Simplified internal logic diagram for built-in first undercurrent step that is, UC1 (step UC2 has the
same internal logic)
Inverse
Operation_OV1=On
Inverse time
BLKOV1 selected
en05000751.vsd
IEC05000751 V1 EN
Figure 337: Simplified internal logic diagram for built-in first overvoltage step OV1 (step OV2 has the same
internal logic)
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Inverse
Operation_UV1=On
Inverse time
BLKUV1 selected
en05000752.vsd
IEC05000752 V1 EN
Figure 338: Simplified internal logic diagram for built-in first undervoltage step UV1 (step UV2 has the same
internal logic)
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Undercurrent:
Start time at 2 to 0 x Min. = 15 ms -
Iset Max. = 30 ms
Overcurrent:
Inverse time 16 curve types See table 1113, 1114 and table
characteristics, see ""
table 1113, 1114 and
table ""
Overcurrent:
Minimum operate (0.00 - 6000.00) s 0.2% or 35 ms whichever is
time for inverse greater
curves, step 1 - 2
Voltage level where (0.0 - 5.0)% of UBase 0.5% of Ur
voltage memory
takes over
Start overvoltage, (2.0 - 200.0)% of UBase 0.5% of Ur at U Ur
step 1 - 2 0.5% of U at U > Ur
Undervoltage:
Start time at 1.2 to 0.8 Min. = 15 ms -
x Uset Max. = 30 ms
Overvoltage:
Inverse time 4 curve types See table 1124
characteristics, see
table 1124
Undervoltage:
Table continues on next page
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System protection and control
12.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Multipurpose filter SMAIHPAC - -
12.1.2 Functionality
The multi-purpose filter function block, SMAIHPAC, is arranged as a three-phase
filter. It has very much the same user interface (e.g. inputs and outputs) as the standard
pre-processing function block SMAI. However the main difference is that it can be
used to extract any frequency component from the input signal. Thus it can, for
example, be used to build sub-synchronous resonance protection for synchronous
generator.
IEC13000180-1-en.vsd
IEC13000180 V1 EN
12.1.4 Signals
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12.1.5 Settings
Note that the special filtering algorithm is used to extract these phasors. This
algorithm is different from the standard one-cycle Digital Fourier Filter typically used
by the numerical IEDs. This filter provides extremely good accuracy of measurement
and excellent noise rejection, but at the same time it has much slower response time.
It is capable to extract phasor (i.e. magnitude, phase angle and actual frequency) of
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any signal (e.g. 37,2Hz) present in the waveforms of the connected CTs and/or VTs.
The magnitude and the phase angle of this phasor are calculated with very high
precision. For example the magnitude and phase angle of the phasor can be estimated
even if it has magnitude of one per mille (i.e. 1 ) in comparison to the dominating
signal (e.g. the fundamental frequency component). Several instances of this function
block are provided. These instances are fully synchronized between each-other in
respect of phase angle calculation. Thus if two multi-purpose filters are used for some
application, one for current and the second one for the voltage signals, the power
values (i.e. P & Q) at the set frequency can be calculated from them by the over-/under-
power function or CVMMXN measurement function block.
In addition to these phasors the following quantities are internally calculated as well:
Phasors for the individual phases as well as phase-to-phase phasors
True RMS value of the input signal over all samples available in the memory
Positive sequence phasor
Negative sequence phasor
Zero sequence phasor
etc.
Thus when this filter is used in conjunction with multi-purpose protection function or
overcurrent function or over-voltage function or over-power function many different
protection applications can be arranged. For example the following protection,
monitoring or measurement features can be realized:
Sub-synchronous resonance protection for turbo generators
Sub-synchronous protection for wind turbines/wind farms
Detection of sub-synchronous oscillation between HVDC links and synchronous
generators
Super-synchronous protection
Detection of presence of the geo-magnetic induced currents
Overcurrent or overvoltage protection at specific frequency harmonic, sub-
harmonic, inter-harmonic etc.
Presence of special railway frequencies (e.g. 16.7Hz or 25Hz) in the three-phase
power system
Sensitive reverse power protection
Stator or rotor earth fault protection for special injection frequencies (e.g. 25Hz)
etc.
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The filter output can also be connected to the measurement function blocks such as
CVMMXN (Measurements), CMMXU (Phase current measurement), VMMXU
(Phase-phase voltage measurement), etc.
The filter has as well additional capability to report the exact frequency of the
extracted signal. Thus the user can check the actual frequency of some phenomenon
in the power system (e.g. frequency of the sub-synchronous currents) and compare it
with expected value obtained previously by either calculation or simulation. For the
whole three-phase filter group the frequency of the signal connected to the first input
(i.e. phase L1) is reported. This value can be then used either by over-/under-
frequency protections or reported to the built-in HMI or any other external client via
the measurement blocks such is the CVMMXN.
How many samples in the memory are used for the phasor calculation depends on the
setting parameter FilterLength. Table 405 gives overview of the used number of
samples for phasor calculation by the filter. Note that the used number of samples is
always a power of number two.
Table 405: Length of the filtering window
Value for parameter Used No of samples for Corresponding length of Corresponding length of
FilterLength calculation (fixed, the input waveform in the input waveform in
independent from rated miliseconds for 50Hz miliseconds for 60Hz
frequency) power system power system
0.1 s 128 = 27 128 ms 107 ms
Note that the selected value for the parameter FilterLength automatically defines
certain filter properties as described below:
First in order to secure proper filter operation the selected length of the filter shall
always be longer than three complete periods of the signal which shall be extracted.
Actually the best results are obtained if at least five complete periods are available
within the filtering window. Thus, this filter feature will limit which filter lengths can
be used to extract low frequency signals. For example if 16,7 Hz signal shall be
extracted the minimum filter length in milliseconds shall be:
1000
3 = 180ms
16.7
EQUATION000028 V1 EN (Equation 153)
Thus based on the data from Table 405 the minimum acceptable value for this
parameter would be FilterLength = 0.2 s but more accurate results will be obtained
by using FilterLength = 0.5 s
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System protection and control
Second feature which is determined by the selected value for parameter FilterLength
is the capability of the filter to separate the desired signal from the other disturbing
signals which may have similar frequency value. Note that the filter output will be the
phasor with the highest magnitude within certain pass frequency band around the
SetFrequency. Table 406 defines the natural size of this pass frequency band for the
filter, depending on the selected value for parameter FilterLength.
Table 406: Pass frequency band due to FilterLength
Value for parameter FilterLength For 50Hz power system For 60Hz power system
0.1 s 22.5 Hz 27.0 Hz
0.2 s 11.5 Hz 14.0 Hz
0.5 s 6.0 Hz 7.2 Hz
1.0 s 3.0 Hz 3.6 Hz
2.0 s 1.5 Hz 1.8 Hz
4.0 s 0.8 Hz 1.0 Hz
Thus the longer length of the filter the better capability it has to reject the disturbing
signals close to the required frequency component and any other noise present in the
input signal waveform. For example if 46 Hz signal wants to be extracted in 50Hz
power system, then from Table 406 it can be concluded that FilterLength=1,0 s shall
be selected as a minimum value. However if frequency deviation of the fundamental
frequency signal in the power system are taken into account it may be advisable to
select FilterLength=2,0 s for such application.
Note that in case when no clear magnitude peak exist in the set pass frequency band
the filter will return zero values for the phasor magnitude and angle while the signal
frequency will have value minus one. Finally the set value for parameter FilterLength
also defines the response time of the filter after a step change of the measured signal.
The filter will correctly estimate the new signal magnitude once 75% of the filter
length has been filed with the new signal value (i.e. after the change).
If for any reason this natural frequency band shall be extended (e.g. to get accurate but
wider filter) it is possible to increase the pass band by entering the value different from
zero for parameter FreqBandWidth. In such case the total filter pass band can be
defined as:
Example if in 60Hz system the selected values are FilterLength =1.0 s and
FreqBandWidth = 5.0 the total filter pass band will be (3.6+5.0/2)= 6.1 Hz.
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System protection and control
some examples how this parameter influence the calculation rate for the extracted
phasor:
when OverLap=0% the new phasor value is calculated only once per
FilterLength
when OverLap=50% the new phasor value is calculated two times per
FilterLength
when OverLap=75% the new phasor value is calculated four times per
FilterLength
when OverLap=90% the new phasor value is calculated ten times per
FilterLength
IEC13000178-2-en.vsd
IEC13000178 V3 EN
670
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 12
System protection and control
The data shown in the Figure comes from the comtrade file captured by the IED. The
following traces are presented in this Figure.
Note the very narrow scale on the y-axle for b) and c). Such small scale as well
indicates with which precision and consistency the filter calculates the phasor
magnitude and frequency of the extracted stator sub-synchronous current component.
With above given settings the sub-synchronous current magnitude and frequency are
calculated approximately four times per second (that is, correct value is four times per
1024 ms).
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 13
Secondary system supervision
13.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Current circuit supervision CCSSPVC - 87
13.1.2 Functionality
Open or short circuited current transformer cores can cause unwanted operation of
many protection functions such as differential, earth-fault current and negative-
sequence current functions.
Current circuit supervision (CCSSPVC) compares the residual current from a three
phase set of current transformer cores with the neutral point current on a separate input
taken from another set of cores on the current transformer.
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Secondary system supervision
13.1.4 Signals
Table 407: CCSSPVC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for three phase current input
SIGNAL
IREF GROUP - Residual reference current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
13.1.5 Settings
Table 409: CCSSPVC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
IMinOp 10 - 200 %IB 1 20 Minimum operate current differential level
in % of IBase
The FAIL output will be set to a logical one when the following criteria are fulfilled:
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Secondary system supervision
The numerical value of the difference |Iphase| |Iref| is higher than 80% of the
numerical value of the sum |Iphase| + |Iref|.
The numerical value of the current |Iphase| |Iref| is equal to or higher than the
set operate value IMinOp.
No phase current has exceeded Ip>Block during the last 10 ms.
CCSSPVC is enabled by setting Operation = On.
The FAIL output remains activated 100 ms after the AND-gate resets when being
activated for more than 20 ms. If the FAIL lasts for more than 150 ms an ALARM will
be issued. In this case the FAIL and ALARM will remain activated 1 s after the AND-
gate resets. This prevents unwanted resetting of the blocking function when phase
current supervision element(s) operate, for example, during a fault.
I>Ip>Block
BLOCK
IL1 IL1 I>IMinOp
IL2 +
IL2
IL3 IL3 -
+ +
I ref Iref + x -
0,8
1,5 x Ir
AND OR FAIL
10 ms
20 ms 100 ms
150 ms 1s ALARM
OPERATION
BLOCK
en05000463.tif
IEC05000463 V2 EN
Figure 341: Simplified logic diagram for Current circuit supervision CCSSPVC
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Section 13 1MRK505308-UEN B
Secondary system supervision
| I phase | - | I ref |
Slope = 1
Operation
Slope = 0.8
area
I MinOp
| I phase | + | I ref |
99000068.vsd
IEC99000068 V1 EN
Due to the formulas for the axis compared, |SIphase | - |I ref | and |S I
phase | + | I ref | respectively, the slope can not be above 2.
13.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fuse failure supervision FUFSPVC - -
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Secondary system supervision
13.2.2 Functionality
The aim of the fuse failure supervision function FUFSPVC is to block voltage
measuring functions at failures in the secondary circuits between the voltage
transformer and the IED in order to avoid inadvertent operations that otherwise might
occur.
The fuse failure supervision function basically has three different detection methods,
negative sequence and zero sequence based detection and an additional delta voltage
and delta current detection.
The negative sequence detection algorithm is recommended for IEDs used in isolated
or high-impedance earthed networks. It is based on the negative-sequence quantities.
The zero sequence detection is recommended for IEDs used in directly or low
impedance earthed networks. It is based on the zero sequence measuring quantities.
A criterion based on delta current and delta voltage measurements can be added to the
fuse failure supervision function in order to detect a three phase fuse failure, which in
practice is more associated with voltage transformer switching during station
operations.
IEC14000065-1-en.vsd
IEC14000065 V1 EN
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Section 13 1MRK505308-UEN B
Secondary system supervision
13.2.4 Signals
Table 413: FUFSPVC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
CBCLOSED BOOLEAN 0 Active when circuit breaker is closed
MCBOP BOOLEAN 0 Active when external MCB opens protected voltage
circuit
DISCPOS BOOLEAN 0 Active when line disconnector is open
BLKTRIP BOOLEAN 0 Blocks operation of function when active
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Secondary system supervision
13.2.5 Settings
Table 415: FUFSPVC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OpMode Off - - UZsIZs Operating mode selection
UNsINs
UZsIZs
UZsIZs OR UNsINs
UZsIZs AND
UNsINs
OptimZsNs
3U0> 1 - 100 %UB 1 30 Operate level of residual overvoltage
element in % of UBase
3I0< 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Operate level of residual undercurrent
element in % of IBase
3U2> 1 - 100 %UB 1 30 Operate level of neg seq overvoltage
element in % of UBase
3I2< 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Operate level of neg seq undercurrent
element in % of IBase
OpDUDI Off - - Off Operation of change based function
On Off/On
DU> 1 - 100 %UB 1 60 Operate level of change in phase voltage
in % of UBase
DI< 1 - 100 %IB 1 15 Operate level of change in phase current
in % of IBase
UPh> 1 - 100 %UB 1 70 Operate level of phase voltage in % of
UBase
IPh> 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Operate level of phase current in % of
IBase
SealIn Off - - On Seal in functionality Off/On
On
USealln< 1 - 100 %UB 1 70 Operate level of seal-in phase voltage in
% of UBase
IDLD< 1 - 100 %IB 1 5 Operate level for open phase current
detection in % of IBase
UDLD< 1 - 100 %UB 1 60 Operate level for open phase voltage
detection in % of UBase
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Section 13 1MRK505308-UEN B
Secondary system supervision
The zero and negative sequence function continuously measures the currents and
voltages in all three phases and calculates, see figure 344:
The measured signals are compared with their respective set values 3U0> and 3I0<,
3U2> and 3I2<.
The function enable the internal signal FuseFailDetZeroSeq if the measured zero-
sequence voltage is higher than the set value 3U0> and the measured zero-sequence
current is below the set value 3I0<.
The function enable the internal signal FuseFailDetNegSeq if the measured negative
sequence voltage is higher than the set value 3U2> and the measured negative
sequence current is below the set value 3I2<.
A drop out delay of 100 ms for the measured zero-sequence and negative sequence
current will prevent a false fuse failure detection at un-equal breaker opening at the
two line ends.
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Secondary system supervision
Sequence Detection
3I0< CurrZeroSeq
IL1
Zero 3I0
sequence
filter 100 ms CurrNegSeq
a
IL2 a>b t
b
Negative 3I2
sequence
IL3 filter FuseFailDetZeroSeq
AND
100 ms
a
a>b t
3I2< b
FuseFailDetNegSeq
AND
3U0>
VoltZeroSeq
UL1
Zero
sequence a 3U0
a>b
b
filter
UL2 VoltNegSeq
Negative
sequence a 3U2
a>b
UL3 filter b
3U2>
IEC10000036-2-en.vsd
IEC10000036 V2 EN
The calculated values 3U0, 3I0, 3I2 and 3U2 are available as service values on local
HMI and monitoring tool in PCM600.
The input BLOCK signal is a general purpose blocking signal of the fuse failure
supervision function. It can be connected to a binary input of the IED in order to
receive a block command from external devices or can be software connected to other
internal functions of the IED itself in order to receive a block command from internal
functions. Through OR gate it can be connected to both binary inputs and internal
function outputs.
The input BLKTRIP is intended to be connected to the trip output from any of the
protection functions included in the IED. When activated for more than 20 ms, the
operation of the fuse failure is blocked; a fixed drop-out timer prolongs the block for
100 ms. The aim is to increase the security against unwanted operations during the
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Section 13 1MRK505308-UEN B
Secondary system supervision
opening of the breaker, which might cause unbalance conditions for which the fuse
failure might operate.
The output signal BLKZ will also be blocked if the internal dead line detection is
activated. The dead line detection signal has a 200 ms drop-out time delay.
The input signal MCBOP is supposed to be connected via a terminal binary input to
the N.C. auxiliary contact of the miniature circuit breaker protecting the VT secondary
circuit. The MCBOP signal sets the output signals BLKU and BLKZ in order to block
all the voltage related functions when the MCB is open independent of the setting of
OpMode selector. The additional drop-out timer of 150 ms prolongs the presence of
MCBOP signal to prevent the unwanted operation of voltage dependent function due
to non simultaneous closing of the main contacts of the miniature circuit breaker.
The input signal DISCPOS is supposed to be connected via a terminal binary input to
the N.C. auxiliary contact of the line disconnector. The DISCPOS signal sets the
output signal BLKU in order to block the voltage related functions when the line
disconnector is open. The impedance protection function is not affected by the
position of the line disconnector since there will be no line currents that can cause
malfunction of the distance protection. If DISCPOS=0 it signifies that the line is
connected to the system and when the DISCPOS=1 it signifies that the line is
disconnected from the system and the block signal BLKU is generated.
The output BLKU can be used for blocking the voltage related measuring functions
(undervoltage protection, energizing check and so on) except for the impedance
protection.
The function output BLKZ shall be used for blocking the impedance protection
function.
A simplified diagram for the functionality is found in figure 345. The calculation of
the changes of currents and voltages is based on a sample analysis algorithm. The
calculated delta quantities are compared with their respective set values DI< and DU>.
The algorithm detects a fuse failure if a sufficient change in voltage without a
sufficient change in current is detected in each phase separately. The following
quantities are calculated in all three phases:
The magnitude of the phase-ground voltage has been above UPh> for more than
1.5 cycles (i.e. 30 ms in a 50 Hz system)
The magnitudes of DU in three phases are higher than the corresponding setting
DU>
The magnitudes of DI in three phases are below the setting DI<
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Secondary system supervision
In addition to the above conditions, at least one of the following conditions shall be
fulfilled in order to activate the internal FuseFailDetDUDI signal:
The magnitude of the phase currents in three phases are higher than the setting
IPh>
The circuit breaker is closed (CBCLOSED = True)
The first criterion means that detection of failure in three phases together with high
current for the three phases will set the output. The measured phase current is used to
reduce the risk of false fuse failure detection. If the current on the protected line is low,
a voltage drop in the system (not caused by fuse failure) may be followed by current
change lower than the setting DI<, and therefore a false fuse failure might occur.
The second criterion requires that the delta condition shall be fulfilled at the same time
as circuit breaker is closed. If CBCLOSED input is connected to FALSE , then only
the first criterion can enable the delta function.If the DUDI detections of three phases
set the internal signal FuseFailDetDUDI at the level high, then the signal
FuseFailDetDUDI will remain high as long as the voltages of three phases are lower
then the setting Uph>.
In addition to fuse failure detection, two internal signals DeltaU and DeltaI are also
generated by the delta current and delta voltage DUDI detection algorithm. The
internal signals DelatU and DeltaI are activated when a sudden change of voltage, or
respectively current, is detected. The detection of the sudden change is based on a
sample analysis algorithm. In particular DelatU is activated if at least three
consecutive voltage samples are higher then the setting DU>. In a similar way DelatI
is activated if at least three consecutive current samples are higher then the setting
DI<. When DeltaU or DeltaI are active, the output signals STDUL1, STDUL2,
STDUL3 and respectively STDIL1, STDIL2, STDIL3, based on a sudden change of
voltage or current detection, are activated with a 20 ms time off delay. The common
start output signals STDU or STDI are activated with a 60 ms time off delay, if any
sudden change of voltage or current is detected.
The delta function (except the sudden change of voltage and current
detection) is deactivated by setting the parameter OpDUDI to Off.
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Secondary system supervision
DUDI Detection
DUDI detection Phase 1
DeltaIL1
IL1
IL2
IL3 DI detection based on sample analysis OR
DI<
UL1
IL1 DeltaIL2
IL2 DUDI detection Phase 2
DeltaUL2
IL3
UL2 Same logic as for phase 1
IL1 DeltaIL3
DUDI detection Phase 3
IL2
DeltaUL3
IL3
UL3 Same logic as for phase 1
UL1
a
a<b
b
IL1
a
a>b
IPh> b AND
OR AND
CBCLOSED AND OR
UL2
a
a<b
b
IL2
a
a>b
b AND
OR AND
AND OR
UL3
a
a<b
b
IL3
a
a>b
b AND
OR AND
AND OR FuseFailDetDUDI
AND
IEC12000166-3-en.vsd
IEC12000166 V3 EN
Figure 345: Simplified logic diagram for the DU/DI detection part
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 13
Secondary system supervision
intBlock
STDI
AND
20 ms
DeltaIL1 STDIL1
t AND
OR
20 ms
DeltaIL2
t STDIL2
AND
20 ms
DeltaIL3
t
STDIL3
AND
STDU
AND
20 ms
DeltaUL1 STDUL1
t AND
OR
20 ms
DeltaUL2
t STDUL2
AND
20 ms
DeltaUL3
t
STDUL3
AND
IEC12000165-1-en.vsd
IEC12000165 V1 EN
Figure 346: Internal signals DeltaU or DeltaI and the corresponding output
signals
A simplified diagram for the functionality is found in figure 347. A dead phase
condition is indicated if both the voltage and the current in one phase is below their
respective setting values UDLD< and IDLD<. If at least one phase is considered to be
dead the output DLD1PH and the internal signal DeadLineDet1Ph is activated. If all
three phases are considered to be dead the output DLD3PH is activated
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Section 13 1MRK505308-UEN B
Secondary system supervision
IL3
a
a<b
b
IDLD<
DeadLineDet1Ph
UL1
a AND
a<b
b OR DLD1PH
AND
UL2
a AND
a<b
b
AND DLD3PH
UL3 AND
a AND
a<b
b
UDLD<
intBlock
IEC10000035-1-en.vsd
IEC10000035 V2 EN
Figure 347: Simplified logic diagram for Dead Line detection part
A simplified diagram for the functionality is found in figure 348. The fuse failure
supervision function (FUFSPVC) can be switched on or off by the setting parameter
Operation to On or Off.
The delta function can be activated by setting the parameter OpDUDI to On. When
selected it operates in parallel with the sequence based algorithms.
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Secondary system supervision
If the fuse failure situation is present for more than 5 seconds and the setting parameter
SealIn is set to On it will be sealed in as long as at least one phase voltages is below
the set value USealIn<. This will keep the BLKU and BLKZ signals activated as long
as any phase voltage is below the set value USealIn<. If all three phase voltages drop
below the set value USealIn< and the setting parameter SealIn is set to On the output
signal 3PH will also be activated. The signals 3PH, BLKU and BLKZ will now be
active as long as any phase voltage is below the set value USealIn<.
If SealIn is set to On the fuse failure condition lasting more then 5 seconds is stored in
the non-volatile memory in the IED. At start-up of the IED (due to auxiliary power
interruption or re-start due to configuration change) it uses the stored value in its non-
volatile memory and re-establishes the conditions that were present before the shut
down. All phase voltages must be restored above USealIn< before fuse failure is de-
activated and resets the signals BLKU, BLKZ and 3PH.
The output signal BLKU will also be active if all phase voltages have been above the
setting USealIn< for more than 60 seconds, the zero or negative sequence voltage has
been above the set value 3U0> and 3U2> for more than 5 seconds, all phase currents
are below the setting IDLD< (criteria for open phase detection) and the circuit breaker
is closed (input CBCLOSED is activated).
If a MCB is used then the input signal MCBOP is to be connected via a binary input
to the N.C. auxiliary contact of the miniature circuit breaker protecting the VT
secondary circuit. The MCBOP signal sets the output signals BLKU and BLKZ in
order to block all the voltage related functions when the MCB is open independent of
the setting of OpMode or OpDUDI. An additional drop-out timer of 150 ms prolongs
the presence of MCBOP signal to prevent the unwanted operation of voltage
dependent function due to non simultaneous closing of the main contacts of the
miniature circuit breaker.
The input signal DISCPOS is supposed to be connected via a terminal binary input to
the N.C. auxiliary contact of the line disconnector. The DISCPOS signal sets the
output signal BLKU in order to block the voltage related functions when the line
disconnector is open. The impedance protection function does not have to be affected
since there will be no line currents that can cause malfunction of the distance
protection.
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Secondary system supervision
TEST ACTIVE
AND
BlocFuse = Yes
BLOCK intBlock
OR
BLKTRIP 20 ms 100 ms
AND t t
FusefailStarted
AND
Any UL < UsealIn<
FuseFailDetDUDI
AND 5s
OpDUDI = On
OR t
FuseFailDetZeroSeq
AND
AND
FuseFailDetNegSeq
AND
UNsINs OR
UZsIZs OR
UZsIZs OR UNsINs
OpMode
UZsIZs AND UNsINs
OptimZsNs
OR
CurrZeroSeq
a AND
CurrNegSeq a>b
b
AND
DeadLineDet1Ph 200 ms
AND BLKZ
t OR AND
150 ms
MCBOP t
AND BLKU
60 s
t OR OR
All UL > UsealIn<
AND
VoltZeroSeq 5s
VoltNegSeq OR t
AllCurrLow
CBCLOSED
DISCPOS IEC10000033-2-en.vsd
IEC10000033 V2 EN
Figure 348: Simplified logic diagram for fuse failure supervision function, Main
logic
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 13
Secondary system supervision
13.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fuse failure supervision VDSPVC VTS 60
13.3.2 Functionality
Different protection functions within the protection IED operates on the basis of
measured voltage at the relay point. Some example of protection functions are:
These functions can operate unintentionally, if a fault occurs in the secondary circuits
between voltage instrument transformers and the IED. These unintentional operations
can be prevented by VDSPVC.
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Secondary system supervision
IEC14000048-1-en.vsd
IEC12000142 V2 EN
13.3.4 Signals
Table 419: VDSPVC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P1 GROUP - Main fuse voltage
SIGNAL
U3P2 GROUP - Pilot fuse voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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Secondary system supervision
13.3.5 Settings
Table 421: VDSPVC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Mode Off / On
On
Ud>MainBlock 10.0 - 80.0 %UB 0.1 20.0 Blocking picked up voltage level in % of
UBase when main fuse fails
Ud>PilotAlarm 10.0 - 80.0 %UB 0.1 30.0 Alarm picked up voltage level in % of
UBase when pilot fuse fails
SealIn Off - - On Seal in functionality Off/On
On
USealIn 0.0 - 100.0 %UB 0.1 70.0 Operate level of seal-in voltage in % of
UBase
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If the main fuse voltage becomes smaller than the pilot fuse voltage (vMainL1 <
vPilotL1 or vMainL2 < vPilotL2 or vMainL3 < vPilotL3) and the voltage difference
exceeds the operation level (Ud>MainBlock), a blocking signal will be initiated to
indicate the main fuse failure and block the voltage-dependent functions. In addition,
the function also indicates the phase in which the voltage reduction has occurred.
If the pilot fuse voltage becomes smaller than the main fuse voltage (vPilotL1 <
vMainL1 or vPilotL2 < vMainL2 or vPilotL3 < vMainL3) and the voltage difference
exceeds the operation level (Ud>PilotAlarm), an alarm signal will be initiated to
indicate the pilot fuse failure and also the faulty phase where the voltage reduction
occurred.
When SealIn is set to On and the fuse failure has last for more than 5 seconds, the
blocked protection functions will remain blocked until normal voltage conditions are
restored above the USealIn setting. Fuse failure outputs are deactivated when normal
voltage conditions are restored.
5s
a
a<b AND OR t
USealIn b
SealIn=0
vPilotL1
+
vMainL1 -
MAX a U1L1FAIL
OR
a>b AND
Ud>MainBlock b MAINFAIL
OR
0
MIN ABS a
a>b AND U2L1FAIL
Ud> PilotAlarm b
BLOCK
OR PILOTFAIL
vPilotL2 U1L2FAIL
vMainL2 Phase L2, same as Phase L1 U2L2FAIL
vPilotL3 U1L3FAIL
vMainL3 Phase L3, same as Phase L1 U2L3FAIL
IEC12000144-1-en.vsd
IEC12000144 V1 EN
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Secondary system supervision
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Technical manual
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Section 14 Control
14.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Synchrocheck, energizing check, and SESRSYN 25
synchronizing
sc/vc
SYMBOL-M V1 EN
14.1.2 Functionality
The Synchronizing function allows closing of asynchronous networks at the correct
moment including the breaker closing time, which improves the network stability.
SESRSYN function includes a built-in voltage selection scheme for double bus and
1 breaker or ring busbar arrangements.
Manual closing as well as automatic reclosing can be checked by the function and can
have different settings.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
IEC10000046-1-en.vsd
IEC10000046 V1 EN
14.1.4 Signals
Table 426: SESRSYN Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3PBB1 GROUP - Group signal for phase to earth voltage input L1,
SIGNAL busbar 1
U3PBB2 GROUP - Group signal for phase to earth voltage input L1,
SIGNAL busbar 2
U3PLN1 GROUP - Group signal for phase to earth voltage input L1,
SIGNAL line 1
U3PLN2 GROUP - Group signal for phase to earth voltage input L1,
SIGNAL line 2
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 General block
BLKSYNCH BOOLEAN 0 Block synchronizing
BLKSC BOOLEAN 0 Block synchro check
BLKENERG BOOLEAN 0 Block energizing check
Table continues on next page
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Control
14.1.5 Settings
Table 428: SESRSYN Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
OperationSynch Off - - Off Operation for synchronizing function
On Off/On
UHighBusSynch 50.0 - 120.0 %UBB 1.0 80.0 Voltage high limit bus for synchronizing in
% of UBaseBus
Table continues on next page
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Control
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Control
The synchrocheck function measures the conditions across the circuit breaker and
compares them to set limits. The output is only given when all measured quantities are
simultaneously within their set limits.
The energizing check function measures the bus and line voltages and compares them
to both high and low threshold detectors. The output is given only when the actual
measured quantities match the set conditions.
The synchronizing function measures the conditions across the circuit breaker, and
also determines the angle change occurring during the closing delay of the circuit
breaker, from the measured slip frequency. The output is given only when all
measured conditions are simultaneously within their set limits. The issue of the output
is timed to give closure at the optimal time including the time for the circuit breaker
and the closing circuit.
For double bus single circuit breaker and 1 circuit breaker arrangements, the
SESRSYN function blocks have the capability to make the necessary voltage
selection. For double bus single circuit breaker arrangements, selection of the correct
voltage is made using auxiliary contacts of the bus disconnectors. For 1 circuit
breaker arrangements, correct voltage selection is made using auxiliary contacts of the
bus disconnectors as well as the circuit breakers.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The internal logic for each function block as well as, the input and outputs, and the
setting parameters with default setting and setting ranges is described in this
document. For application related information, please refer to the application manual.
Logic diagrams
The logic diagrams that follow illustrate the main principles of the SESRSYN
function components such as Synchrocheck, Synchronizing, Energizing check and
Voltage selection, and are intended to simplify the understanding of the function.
Synchrocheck
The voltage difference, frequency difference and phase angle difference values are
measured in the IED centrally and are available for the synchrocheck function for
evaluation. By setting the phases used for SESRSYN, with the settings SelPhaseBus1,
SelPhaseBus2, SelPhaseLine1 and SelPhaseLine2, a compensation is made
automatically for the voltage amplitude difference and the phase angle difference
caused if different setting values are selected for both sides of the breaker. If needed
an additional phase angle adjustment can be done for selected line voltage with the
PhaseShift setting.
When the function is set to OperationSC = On, the measuring will start.
The function will compare the bus and line voltage values with the set values for
UHighBusSC and UHighLineSC.
If both sides are higher than the set values, the measured values are compared with the
set values for acceptable frequency, phase angle and voltage difference: FreqDiffA,
FreqDiffM, PhaseDiffA, PhaseDiffM and UDiffSC. If additional phase angle
adjustment is done with the PhaseShift setting, the adjustment factor is deducted from
the line voltage before the comparison of the phase angle values.
The frequency on both sides of the circuit breaker is also measured. The frequencies
must not deviate from the rated frequency more than +/-5Hz. The frequency
difference between the bus frequency and the line frequency is measured and may not
exceed the set value FreqDiff.
Two sets of settings for frequency difference and phase angle difference are available
and used for the manual closing and autoreclose functions respectively, as required.
The inputs BLOCK and BLKSC are available for total block of the complete
SESRSYN function and selective block of the Synchrocheck function respectively.
Input TSTSC will allow testing of the function where the fulfilled conditions are
connected to a separate test output.
The outputs MANSYOK and AUTOSYOK are activated when the actual measured
conditions match the set conditions for the respective output. The output signal can be
delayed independently for MANSYOK and AUTOSYOK conditions.
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Control
Output INADVCLS, inadvertent circuit breaker closing, indicates that the circuit
breaker has been closed at wrong phase angle by mistake. The output is activated, if
the voltage conditions are fulfilled at the same time the phase angle difference
between bus and line is suddenly changed from being larger than 60 degrees to smaller
than 5 degrees.
OperationSC = On
AND TSTAUTSY
AND
TSTSC
InvalidSelection AND
BLKSC
OR AUTOSYOK
BLOCK AND
BLOCK
0-60 s
AND t
tSCA
UDiffSC 50 ms
AND t
UHighBusSC
UOKSC
AND
UHighLineSC
UDIFFSC
1
FRDIFFA
FreqDiffA 1
PHDIFFA
PhaseDiffA 1
UDIFFME
voltageDifferenceValue
FRDIFFME
frequencyDifferenceValue
PHDIFFME
phaseAngleDifferenceValue
32 ms 100 ms
AND t INADVCLS
PhDiff > 60 AND
PhDiff < 5
IEC07000114-5-en.vsd
IEC07000114 V5 EN
Figure 352: Simplified logic diagram for the Auto Synchrocheck function
Synchronizing
When the function is set to OperationSynch = On the measuring will be performed.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The function will compare the values for the bus and line voltage with the set values
for UHighBusSynch and UHighLineSynch, which is a supervision that the voltages are
both live. Also the voltage difference is checked to be smaller than the set value for
UDiffSynch, which is a p.u value of set voltage base values. If both sides are higher
than the set values and the voltage difference between bus and line is acceptable, the
measured values are compared with the set values for acceptable frequency
FreqDiffMax and FreqDiffMin, rate of change of frequency FreqRateChange and
phase angle, which has to be smaller than the internally preset value of 15 degrees.
Measured frequencies between the settings for the maximum and minimum frequency
will initiate the measuring and the evaluation of the angle change to allow operation
to be sent in the right moment including the set tBreaker time. There is a phase angle
release internally to block any incorrect closing pulses. At operation the SYNOK
output will be activated with a pulse tClosePulse and the function resets. The function
will also reset if the synchronizing conditions are not fulfilled within the set
tMaxSynch time. This prevents that the function is, by mistake, maintained in
operation for a long time, waiting for conditions to be fulfilled.
The inputs BLOCK and BLKSYNCH are available for total block of the complete
SESRSYN function and block of the Synchronizing function respectively.
TSTSYNCH will allow testing of the function where the fulfilled conditions are
connected to a separate output.
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Control
OperationSynch=On
TSTSYNCH
STARTSYN
InvalidSelection
SYNPROGR
AND
Block AND
S
OR
R
BLKSYNCH
UDiffSynch
50 ms SYNOK
AND
UHighBusSynch AND t
UHighLineSynch OR
FreqDiffMax TSTSYNOK
AND
FreqDiffMin
tClose
FreqRateChange Pulse
AND
FreqDiff
Close pulse
in advance
tBreaker
IEC06000636-4-en.vsd
IEC06000636 V4 EN
Energizing check
Voltage values are measured in the IED and are available for evaluation by the
Energizing check function.
The function measures voltages on the busbar and the line to verify whether they are
live or dead. This is done by comparing with the set values UHighBusEnerg and
ULowBusEnerg for bus energizing and UHighLineEnerg and ULowLineEnerg for
line energizing.
The frequency on both sides of the circuit breaker is also measured. The frequencies
must not deviate from the rated frequency more than +/-5Hz.
The Energizing direction can be selected individually for the Manual and the
Automatic functions respectively. When the conditions are met the outputs
AUTOENOK and MANENOK respectively will be activated if the fuse supervision
conditions are fulfilled. The output signal can be delayed independently for
MANENOK and AUTOENOK conditions. The Energizing direction can also be
selected by an integer input AENMODE respective MENMODE, which for example,
can be connected to a Binary to Integer function block (B16I). Integers supplied shall
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
be 1=Off, 2=DLLB, 3=DBLL and 4= Both. Not connected input will mean that the
setting is done from Parameter Setting tool. The active position can be read on outputs
MODEAEN resp MODEMEN. The modes are 0=OFF, 1=DLLB, 2=DBLL and
3=Both.
The inputs BLOCK and BLKENERG are available for total block of the complete
SESRSYN function respective block of the Energizing check function. TSTENERG
will allow testing of the function where the fulfilled conditions are connected to a
separate test output.
manEnergOpenBays
MANENOK
OR
TSTENERG
BLKENERG
OR
BLOCK
selectedFuseOK
UHighBusEnerg
DLLB tManEnerg
AND
OR t
AND
OR
ULowLineEnerg AND
ManEnerg BOTH
ULowBusEnerg
DBLL
AND
UHighLineEnerg
TSTENOK
ManEnergDBDL AND AND
UMaxEnerg
fBus and fLine 5 Hz
IEC14000031-1-en.vsd
IEC14000031 V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
TSTENERG
BLKENERG
OR
BLOCK
selectedFuseOK
UHighBusEnerg
DLLB tAutoEnerg
AND
OR t
AND OR
AUTOENOK
ULowLineEnerg AND
AutoEnerg BOTH
ULowBusEnerg
DBLL
AND
UHighLineEnerg
TSTENOK
UMaxEnerg AND
IEC14000030-1-en.vsd
IEC14000030 V1 EN
BLKENERG
BLOCK OR manEnergOpenBays
AND
ManEnerg
1 bus CB
CBConfig AND
B1QOPEN
LN1QOPEN AND
OR
B1QCLD
B2QOPEN
AND
LN2QOPEN
B2QCLD
AND
Tie CB
AND
AND
OR
AND
IEC14000032-1-en.vsd
IEC14000032 V1 EN
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The UB1OK/UB2OK and UB1FF/UB2FF inputs are related to the busbar voltage and
the ULN1OK/ULN2OK and ULN1FF/ULN2FF inputs are related to the line voltage.
Configure them to the binary input or function outputs that indicate the status of the
external fuse failure of the busbar and line voltages. In the event of a fuse failure, the
energizing check function is blocked. The synchronizing and the synchrocheck
function requires full voltage on both sides, thus no blocking at fuse failure is needed.
Voltage selection
The voltage selection module including supervision of included voltage transformers
for the different arrangements is a basic part of the SESRSYN function and determines
the voltages fed to the Synchronizing, Synchrocheck and Energizing check functions.
This includes the selection of the appropriate Line and Bus voltages and MCB
supervision.
The voltage selection type to be used is set with the parameter CBConfig.
If No voltage sel. is set the voltages used will be U-Line1 and U-Bus1. This setting is
also used in the case when external voltage selection is provided. Fuse failure
supervision for the used inputs must also be connected.
The voltage selection function, selected voltages, and fuse conditions are used for the
Synchronizing, Synchrocheck and Energizing check inputs.
For the disconnector positions it is advisable to use (NO) a and (NC) b type contacts
to supply Disconnector Open and Closed positions but, it is also possible to use an
inverter for one of the positions.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
The function checks the fuse-failure signals for bus 1, bus 2 and line voltage
transformers. Inputs UB1OK-UB1FF supervise the MCB for Bus 1 and UB2OK-
UB2FF supervises the MCB for Bus 2. ULN1OK and ULN1FF supervises the MCB
for the Line voltage transformer. The inputs fail (FF) or healthy (OK) can alternatively
be used dependent on the available signal. If a VT failure is detected in the selected
voltage source an output signal USELFAIL is set. This output signal is true if the
selected bus or line voltages have a VT failure. This output as well as the function can
be blocked with the input signal BLOCK. The function logic diagram is shown in
figure 357.
B1QOPEN
B1SEL
B1QCLD AND
B2QOPEN B2SEL
AND
1
B2QCLD
invalidSelection
AND
bus1Voltage busVoltage
bus2Voltage
UB1OK AND
UB1FF OR
OR selectedFuseOK
AND
UB2OK AND
UB2FF OR USELFAIL
AND
ULN1OK
ULN1FF OR
BLOCK
en05000779-2.vsd
IEC05000779 V2 EN
Figure 357: Logic diagram for the voltage selection function of a single circuit breaker with double busbars
With the setting parameter CBConfig the selection of actual CB location in the 1 1/2
circuit breaker switchgear is done. The settings are: 1 1/2 Bus CB, 1 1/2 alt. Bus CB or
Tie CB.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
This voltage selection function uses the binary inputs from the disconnectors and
circuit breakers auxiliary contacts to select the right voltage for the SESRSYN
function. For the bus circuit breaker one side of the circuit breaker is connected to the
busbar and the other side is connected either to line 1, line 2 or the other busbar
depending on the best selection of voltage circuit.
The tie circuit breaker is connected either to bus 1 or line 1 voltage on one side and the
other side is connected either to bus 2 or line 2 voltage. Four different output
combinations are possible, bus to bus, bus to line, line to bus and line to line.
The function also checks the fuse-failure signals for bus 1, bus 2, line 1 and line 2. If
a VT failure is detected in the selected voltage an output signal USELFAIL is set. This
output signal is true if the selected bus or line voltages have a MCB trip. This output
as well as the function can be blocked with the input signal BLOCK. The function
block diagram for the voltage selection of a bus circuit breaker is shown in figure 358
and for the tie circuit breaker in figure 359.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
LN1QOPEN
AND
LN1SEL
LN1QCLD
B1QOPEN
LN2SEL
B1QCLD AND AND
B2SEL
OR
LN2QOPEN
AND invalidSelection
LN2QCLD AND
AND
B2QOPEN
B2QCLD AND
line1Voltage lineVoltage
line2Voltage
bus2Voltage
UB1OK
UB1FF OR
OR selectedFuseOK
UB2OK AND
AND
UB2FF OR
USELFAIL
ULN1OK AND
AND
ULN1FF OR
ULN2OK
AND
ULN2FF OR
BLOCK
en05000780-2.vsd
IEC05000780 V2 EN
Figure 358: Simplified logic diagram for the voltage selection function for a bus circuit breaker in a 1 1/2 breaker
arrangement
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
LN1QOPEN
AND
LN1SEL
LN1QCLD
B1SEL
1
B1QOPEN AND
AND
B1QCLD AND
line1Voltage busVoltage
bus1Voltage
LN2QOPEN
LN2SEL
LN2QCLD AND
B2SEL
1
invalidSelection
OR
B2QOPEN AND
AND
B2QCLD AND
line2Voltage lineVoltage
bus2Voltage
UB1OK AND
UB1FF OR
OR selectedFuseOK
UB2OK AND
AND
UB2FF OR
USELFAIL
ULN1OK AND
AND
ULN1FF OR
ULN2OK
AND
ULN2FF OR
BLOCK
en05000781-2.vsd
IEC05000781 V2 EN
Figure 359: Simplified logic diagram for the voltage selection function for the tie circuit breaker in 1 1/2 breaker
arrangement.
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Control
14.2.1 Identification
Function Description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Autorecloser for 1 phase, 2 phase SMBRREC 79
and/or 3 phase
O->I
SYMBOL-L V1 EN
14.2.2 Functionality
The autorecloser SMBRREC function provides high-speed and/or delayed auto-
reclosing for single or multi-breaker applications.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
IEC06000189-2-en.vsd
IEC06000189 V2 EN
14.2.4 Signals
Table 433: SMBRREC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
ON BOOLEAN 0 Switches the AR On (at ExternalCtrl = On)
OFF BOOLEAN 0 Switches the AR Off (at ExternalCtrl = On)
BLKON BOOLEAN 0 Sets the AR in blocked state
BLKOFF BOOLEAN 0 Releases the AR from the blocked state
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Resets the AR to initial conditions
INHIBIT BOOLEAN 0 Interrupts and inhibits reclosing sequence
START BOOLEAN 0 Reclosing sequence starts by a protection trip
signal
STARTHS BOOLEAN 0 Start HS reclosing without SC: t13PhHS
TRSOTF BOOLEAN 0 Makes AR to continue to shots 2-5 at a trip from
SOTF
SKIPHS BOOLEAN 0 Will skip the high speed shot and continue on
delayed shots
ZONESTEP BOOLEAN 0 Coordination between local AR and down stream
devices
TR2P BOOLEAN 0 Signal to the AR that a two-phase tripping occurred
TR3P BOOLEAN 0 Signal to the AR that a three-phase tripping
occurred
Table continues on next page
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Control
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Control
14.2.5 Settings
Table 435: SMBRREC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
ExternalCtrl Off - - Off To be set On if AR is to be used with
On external control; Off / On
ARMode 3 phase - - 1/2/3ph The AR mode selection e.g. 3ph, 1/3ph
1/2/3ph
1/2ph
1ph+1*2ph
1/2ph+1*3ph
1ph+1*2/3ph
t1 1Ph 0.000 - 120.000 s 0.001 1.000 Open time for shot 1, single-phase
t1 3Ph 0.000 - 120.000 s 0.001 6.000 Open time for shot 1, delayed reclosing
3ph
t1 3PhHS 0.000 - 120.000 s 0.001 0.400 Open time for shot 1, high speed reclosing
3ph
tReclaim 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 60.00 Duration of the reclaim time
tSync 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 30.00 Maximum wait time for synchrocheck OK
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Maximum trip pulse duration
tPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Duration of the circuit breaker closing
pulse
tCBClosedMin 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 5.00 Min time that CB must be closed before
new sequence allows
tUnsucCl 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 30.00 Wait time for CB before indicating
Unsuccessful/Successful
Priority None - - None Priority selection between adjacent
Low terminals None/Low/High
High
tWaitForMaster 0.00 - 6000.00 s 0.01 60.00 Maximum wait time for release from
Master
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
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The logic diagrams below illustrate the principles applicable in the understanding of
the functionality.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Operation of the automatic reclosing can be set to Off or On via the setting parameters
and through external control. With the setting Operation = On, the function is
activated while with the setting Operation = Off the function is deactivated. With the
setting Operation = On and ExternalCtrl = On , the activation/deactivation is made by
input signal pulses to the inputs ON/OFF, for example, from a control system.
When the function is set On and is operative the output SETON is activated (high). If
the input conditions CBPOS and CBREADY also are fulfilled, the automatic recloser
is prepared to start the reclosing cycle and the output signal READY on the
SMBRREC function block is activated (high).
The Auto-reclosing mode is selected with setting ARMode = 3phase, 1/2/3ph, 1/2ph,
1ph+1*2ph, 1/2ph+1*3ph, 1ph+1*2/3ph.
When a valid integer is connected to the input MODEINT the selected ARMode
setting will be invalid and the MODEINT input value will be used instead. The
selected mode is reported as an integer on the output MODE.
The usual way to start a reclosing cycle, or sequence, is to start it when a selective line
protection tripping has occurred, by applying a signal to the START input. Activation
of the START input only will start the 3 phase open timer. It should be necessary to
adjust three-phase auto-reclosing open time, (dead time) for different power system
configurations or during tripping at different protection stages. The input STARTHS
(start high-speed reclosing) can also be used to start a 3 phase dead time without
synchro check condition..
CBREADY: CB ready for a reclosing cycle, for example, charged operating gear
CBPOS: to ensure that the CB was closed when the line fault occurred and start
was applied
No BLKON or INHIBIT signal shall be present.
After the start has been accepted, it is latched in and an internal signal Started is set.
It can be interrupted by a signal to the INHIBIT input.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The logic for switching the auto-recloser On/Off and the starting of the reclosing is
shown in figure 361. The following should be considered:
Setting Operation can be set to Off or On. ExternalCtrl offers the possibility of
switching by external signals to inputs ON and OFF.
SMBRREC is normally started by selective tripping. It is either a Zone 1 or
Communication aided trip, or a general trip. If the general trip is used the function
must be blocked from all back-up tripping connected to INHIBIT. In both
alternatives the breaker failure function must be connected to inhibit the function.
START makes a first attempt with synchrocheck, STARTHS makes its first
attempt without synchrocheck. TRSOTF starts shots 2-5.
Circuit breaker checks that the breaker was closed for a time before the starting
occurred and that the CB has sufficient stored energy to perform an auto-
reclosing sequence and is connected to inputs CBPOS and CBREADY.
Operation:On
AND
External Ctrl: On
OR
ON AND SETON
S
OR
OFF AND R
autoInitiate
initiate
OR
Additional conditions
TRSOTF AND
CBReady
start
120 ms
CBREADY AND
t AND
AND S
tCBClosedMin
CBPOS
t R
NC AND
CB Closed
CBAuxContType OR
Blocking conditions AND
NO AND READY
AND
OR
Inhibit conditions
count 0
IEC05000782-3-en.vsd
IEC05000782 V3 EN
It is possible to use up to four different time settings for the first shot, and one
extension time. There are separate settings for single- , two- and three-phase auto-
reclosing open times, t1 1Ph, t1 2Ph, t1 3Ph. If only the START input signal is applied,
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Control
An auto-reclosing open time extension delay, tExtended t1, can be added to the normal
shot 1 delay. It is intended to come into use if the communication channel for
permissive line protection is lost. In a case like this there can be a significant time
difference in fault clearance at the two line ends. A longer auto-reclosing open time
can then be useful. This extension time is controlled by setting parameter Extended t1
= On and the input PLCLOST.
In normal circumstances the trip command resets quickly due to fault clearing. The
user can set a maximum trip pulse duration tTrip. When trip signals are longer, the
auto-reclosing open time is extended by tExtended t1. If Extended t1 = Off, a long trip
signal interrupts the reclosing sequence in the same way as a signal to input INHIBIT.
Extended t1: On
PLCLOST Extend t1
initiate AND OR AND
AND
tTrip
t
AND
start
long duration
AND
(inhibit SMBRREC)
IEC05000783.vsd
IEC05000783 V3 EN
Figure 362: Control of extended auto-reclosing open time and long trip pulse detection
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
use a synchrocheck function in the same physical device or an external one. The
release signal is configured by connecting to the auto-reclosing function input SYNC.
If reclosing without checking is preferred the SYNC input can be set to TRUE (set
high). At confirmation from the synchro-check, or if the reclosing is of single-phase
or two-phase type, the signal passes on. At three-phase high-speed reclosing started by
STARTHS, synchronization is not checked, and the state of the SYNC input is
disregarded.
The synchro-check or energizing check must be fulfilled within a set time interval,
tSync. If it is not, or if other conditions are not met, the reclosing is interrupted and
blocked.
The reclaim timer defines a time from the issue of the reclosing command, after which
the reclosing function resets. Should a new trip occur during this time, it is treated as
a continuation of the first fault. The reclaim timer is started when the CB closing
command is given.
A number of outputs for Autoreclosing state control keeps track of the actual state in
the reclosing sequence.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
t1 1Ph
"SMBRREC Open time" timers
t
SYNC
initiate AND Blocking out
CBReady AND OR
SMRREC State
tSync Control
AND t COUNTER
0 Shot 0
CL Shot 1
1
2 Shot 2
3 Shot 3
Pulse (above) tReclaim
AND t R 4 Shot 4
OR Shot 5
5
TR2P LOGIC
TR3P reclosing Reclaim Timer On
1PT1
programs
start 2PT1
initiate 3PHS
INPROGR
Shot 0 3PT1 OR
Shot 1 3PT2
Shot 2
Shot 3 3PT3
Shot 4
Shot 5 3PT4
PERMIT1P
3PT5
PREP3P
1
Blocking out tInhibit
t
OR
Inhibit
Long duration OR
INHIBIT Reclaim Timer On
IEC05000784.vsd
IEC05000784 V3 EN
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
described below can be used. This is done by selecting the parameter CutPulse=On.
In case of a new AR start pulse, the closing command pulse is cut (interrupted). The
minimum duration of the pulse is always 50 ms. See figure 364
tTrip
pulse tPulse
**) AND CLOSECB
OR
initiate
50 ms CloseCB
2PT1 AND
counter
COUNT2P
counter COUNTAR
RSTCOUNT
IEC05000785.vsd
IEC05000785 V2 EN
Figure 364: Pulsing of closing command and driving the operation counters
Transient fault
After the reclosing command the reclaim timer tReclaim starts running for the set
time. If no tripping occurs within this time, the auto-reclosing will reset.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
output UNSUCCL (unsuccessful closing) is set high. The timers for the first shot can
no longer be started. Depending on the setting for the number of reclosing shots,
further shots may be made or the reclosing sequence will be ended. After the reclaim
time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing function resets but the CB remains open. The CB
closed data at the CBPOS input will be missing. Because of this, the reclosing function
will not be ready for a new reclosing cycle.
Normally the signal UNSUCCL appears when a new trip and start is received after the
last reclosing shot has been made and the auto-reclosing function is blocked. The
signal resets once the reclaim time has elapsed. The unsuccessful signal can also be
made to depend on CB position input. The parameter UnsucClByCBChk should then
be set to CBCheck, and a timer tUnsucCl should also be set. If the CB does not respond
to the closing command and does not close, but remains open, the output UNSUCCL
is set high after time tUnsucCl.
initiate
block start AND
OR UNSUCCL
AND S
shot 0
R
UnsucClByCBchk = CBcheck
Pulse OR tUnsucCl
AND
AND t
CBclosed
IEC05000786_High.vsd
IEC05000786 V2 EN
725
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
tAutoContWait
t
AND
CloseCB
AND S Q
AND
CBClosed
OR
initiate
IEC05000787.vsd
IEC05000787 V2 EN
726
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
StartByCBOpen = On
1
START AND
STARTHS AND
autoiniate
1
100 ms
AND
100 ms
AND
IEC05000788.vsd
IEC05000788 V2 EN
Some examples of the timing of internal and external signals at typical transient and
permanent faults are shown below in figures 368 to 371.
Fault
CB POS
Closed Open Closed
CB READY CO)
START (Trip)
SYNC
tReclaim
READY
INPROG
1PT1
ACTIVE
PREP3P
SUCCL
Time
en04000196-3-en.vsd
IEC04000196 V3 EN
727
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
Fault
CB POS Open
Closed Open C C
CB READY (CO)
START (Trip)
TR3P
SYNC
READY
INPROGR
3PT1 t1 3Ph
3PT2 t2 3Ph
ACTIVE tReclaim
PREP3P
UNSUCCL
Time
en04000197-
2.vsd
IEC04000197 V2 EN
728
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Fault
CBCLOSED
CBREADY(CO)
START
TR3P
SYNC
READY
INPROGR
1PT1
3PT1
3PT2
CLOSE CB t1s
P3P
UNSUC CL tReclaim
en04000198-2.vsd
IEC04000198 V2 EN
729
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
Fault
CBCLOSED
CBREADY(CO)
START
TR3P
SYNC
READY
INPROGR
1PT1
3PT1
3PT2
t2
CLOSE CB t1s
P3P
UNSUC CL tReclaim
en04000199-
2.vsd
IEC04000199 V2 EN
Figure 371: Permanent single-phase fault. Program 1ph + 3ph or 1/2ph + 3ph,
two-shot reclosing
730
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3 Interlocking
14.3.1 Functionality
The interlocking functionality blocks the possibility to operate high-voltage
switching devices, for instance when a disconnector is under load, in order to prevent
material damage and/or accidental human injury.
Each control IED has interlocking functions for different switchyard arrangements,
each handling the interlocking of one bay. The interlocking functionality in each IED
is not dependent on any central function. For the station-wide interlocking, the IEDs
communicate via the station bus or by using hard wired binary inputs/outputs.
The interlocking conditions depend on the circuit configuration and status of the
system at any given time.
After the selection and reservation of an apparatus, the function has complete data on
the status of all apparatuses in the switchyard that are affected by the selection. Other
operators cannot interfere with the reserved apparatus or the status of switching
devices that may affect it.
731
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The open or closed positions of the HV apparatuses are inputs to software modules
distributed in the control IEDs. Each module contains the interlocking logic for a bay.
The interlocking logic in a module is different, depending on the bay function and the
switchyard arrangements, that is, double-breaker or 1 1/2 breaker bays have different
modules. Specific interlocking conditions and connections between standard
interlocking modules are performed with an engineering tool. Bay-level interlocking
signals can include the following kind of information:
Apparatus control
Interlocking
modules
modules in
SCILO SCSWI
other bays SXSWI
Apparatus control
modules
Interlocking SCILO SCSWI SXCBR
module
Apparatus control
modules
en04000526.vsd SCILO SCSWI SXSWI
IEC04000526 V1 EN
Bays communicate via the station bus and can convey information regarding the
following:
Unearthed busbars
Busbars connected together
Other bays connected to a busbar
Received data from other bays is valid
732
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Station bus
Disc QB1 and QB2 closed Disc QB1 and QB2 closed WA1 unearthed
WA1 unearthed
WA1 and WA2 interconn
...
WA1 not earthed WA1 not earthed
WA2 not earthed WA2 not earthed WA1 and WA2 interconn
WA1 and WA2 interconn WA1 and WA2 interconn in other bay
..
WA1
WA2
QB1 QB2 QB1 QB2 QB1 QB2 QC1 QC2
QB9 QB9
en05000494.vsd
IEC05000494 V1 EN
When invalid data such as intermediate position, loss of a control IED, or input board
error are used as conditions for the interlocking condition in a bay, a release for
execution of the function will not be given.
On the local HMI an override function exists, which can be used to bypass the
interlocking function in cases where not all the data required for the condition is valid.
733
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The input signals EXDU_xx shall be set to true if there is no transmission error at the
transfer of information from other bays. Required signals with designations ending in
TR are intended for transfer to other bays.
14.3.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logical node for interlocking SCILO - 3
14.3.3.2 Functionality
The Logical node for interlocking SCILO function is used to enable a switching
operation if the interlocking conditions permit. SCILO function itself does not
provide any interlocking functionality. The interlocking conditions are generated in
separate function blocks containing the interlocking logic.
734
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
IEC05000359-2-en.vsd
IEC05000359 V2 EN
14.3.3.4 Signals
Table 438: SCILO Input signals
Name Type Default Description
POSOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Open position of switch device
POSCLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Closed position of switch device
OPEN_EN BOOLEAN 0 Open operation from interlocking logic is enabled
CLOSE_EN BOOLEAN 0 Close operation from interlocking logic is enabled
The function contains logic to enable the open and close commands respectively if the
interlocking conditions are fulfilled. That means also, if the switch has a defined end
position for example, open, then the appropriate enable signal (in this case
EN_OPEN) is false. The enable signals EN_OPEN and EN_CLOSE can be true at the
same time only in the intermediate and bad position state and if they are enabled by the
interlocking function. The position inputs come from the logical nodes Circuit
breaker/Circuit switch (SXCBR/SXSWI) and the enable signals come from the
interlocking logic. The outputs are connected to the logical node Switch controller
(SCSWI). One instance per switching device is needed.
735
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
POSOPEN SCILO
POSCLOSE =1 1
EN_OPEN
&
>1
&
OPEN_EN
CLOSE_EN & EN_CLOSE
>1
&
en04000525.vsd
IEC04000525 V1 EN
14.3.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for busbar earthing switch BB_ES - 3
14.3.4.2 Functionality
The interlocking for busbar earthing switch (BB_ES) function is used for one busbar
earthing switch on any busbar parts according to figure 376.
QC
en04000504.vsd
IEC04000504 V1 EN
736
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
BB_ES
QC_OP QCREL
QC_CL QCITL
BB_DC_OP BBESOPTR
VP_BB_DC BBESCLTR
EXDU_BB
IEC05000347-2-en.vsd
IEC05000347 V2 EN
BB_ES
VP_BB_DC QCREL
BB_DC_OP QCITL
EXDU_BB & 1
QC_OP BBESOPTR
QC_CL BBESCLTR
en04000546.vsd
IEC04000546 V1 EN
14.3.4.5 Signals
Table 440: BB_ES Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QC_OP BOOLEAN 0 Busbar earthing switch QC is in open position
QC_CL BOOLEAN 0 Busbar earthing switch QC is in closed position
BB_DC_OP BOOLEAN 0 All disconnectors on this busbar part are open
VP_BB_DC BOOLEAN 0 Status for all disconnectors on this busbar part are
valid
EXDU_BB BOOLEAN 0 No transm error from bays with disc on this busbar
part
737
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.3.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for bus-section breaker A1A2_BS - 3
14.3.5.2 Functionality
The interlocking for bus-section breaker (A1A2_BS) function is used for one bus-
section circuit breaker between section 1 and 2 according to figure 378. The function
can be used for different busbars, which includes a bus-section circuit breaker.
QA1
QC3 QC4
en04000516.vsd
A1A2_BS
IEC04000516 V1 EN
738
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
IEC05000348-2-en.vsd
IEC05000348 V2 EN
739
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQB1 QA1CLREL
VPQB2 & QA1CLITL
1
VPQA1
VPQC3 QB1REL
& >1
VPQC4 QB1ITL
1
VPS1QC1
QA1_OP
QC3_OP
QC4_OP
S1QC1_OP
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX1
VPQC3
VPS1QC1
&
QC3_CL
S1QC1_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX2
en04000542.vsd
IEC04000542 V1 EN
740
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
VPQA1
VPQC3 QB2REL
VPQC4 & >1
QB2ITL
VPS2QC2 1
QA1_OP
QC3_OP
QC4_OP
S2QC2_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQC4
VPS2QC2
&
QC4_CL
S2QC2_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX2
VPQB1 QC3REL
VPQB2 QC3ITL
QB1_OP & 1
QC4REL
QB2_OP
QC4ITL
1
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
QB2_OP QB2OPTR
QB2_CL QB2CLTR
VPQB2 VPQB2TR
QB1_OP S1S2OPTR
QB2_OP >1 S1S2CLTR
QA1_OP 1
VPQB1
VPS1S2TR
VPQB2 &
VPQA1
en04000543.vsd
IEC04000543 V1 EN
14.3.5.5 Signals
Table 442: A1A2_BS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QB2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in open position
QB2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in closed position
QC3_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in open position
QC3_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in closed position
QC4_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC4 is in open position
QC4_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC4 is in closed position
S1QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 on bus section 1 is in open position
S1QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 on bus section 1 is in closed position
S2QC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 on bus section 2 is in open position
S2QC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 on bus section 2 is in closed position
BBTR_OP BOOLEAN 0 No busbar transfer is in progress
VP_BBTR BOOLEAN 0 Status are valid for app. involved in the busbar
transfer
Table continues on next page
741
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
742
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for bus-section A1A2_DC - 3
disconnector
14.3.6.2 Functionality
The interlocking for bus-section disconnector (A1A2_DC) function is used for one
bus-section disconnector between section 1 and 2 according to figure 380. A1A2_DC
function can be used for different busbars, which includes a bus-section disconnector.
QB
WA1 (A1) WA2 (A2)
QC1 QC2
A1A2_DC en04000492.vsd
IEC04000492 V1 EN
A1A2_DC
QB_OP QBOPREL
QB_CL QBOPITL
S1QC1_OP QBCLREL
S1QC1_CL QBCLITL
S2QC2_OP DCOPTR
S2QC2_CL DCCLTR
S1DC_OP VPDCTR
S2DC_OP
VPS1_DC
VPS2_DC
EXDU_ES
EXDU_BB
QBCL_EX1
QBCL_EX2
QBOP_EX1
QBOP_EX2
QBOP_EX3
IEC05000349-2-en.vsd
IEC05000349 V2 EN
743
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
A1A2_DC
QB_OP
VPQB VPDCTR
QB_CL =1
DCOPTR
DCCLTR
S1QC1_OP
VPS1QC1
S1QC1_CL =1
S2QC2_OP
VPS2QC2
S2QC2_CL =1
VPS1QC1
VPS2QC2
VPS1_DC & >1 QBOPREL
S1QC1_OP QBOPITL
1
S2QC2_OP
S1DC_OP
EXDU_ES
EXDU_BB
QBOP_EX1
VPS1QC1
VPS2QC2
VPS2_DC &
S1QC1_OP
S2QC2_OP
S2DC_OP
EXDU_ES
EXDU_BB
QBOP_EX2
VPS1QC1
VPS2QC2
S1QC1_CL &
S2QC2_CL
EXDU_ES
QBOP_EX3
en04000544.vsd
IEC04000544 V1 EN
IEC04000545 V1 EN
14.3.6.5 Signals
Table 444: A1A2_DC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QB_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB is in open position
QB_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB is in closed position
S1QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 on bus section 1 is in open position
S1QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 on bus section 1 is in closed position
Table continues on next page
744
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC - 3
745
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.3.7.2 Functionality
The interlocking for bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) function is used for a bus-coupler
bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 382. The function
can also be used for a single busbar arrangement with transfer busbar or double busbar
arrangement without transfer busbar.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
WA7 (C)
QB1 QB2 QB20 QB7
QC1
QA1
QC2
en04000514.vsd
IEC04000514 V1 EN
746
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
ABC_BC
QA1_OP QA1OPREL
QA1_CL QA1OPITL
QB1_OP QA1CLREL
QB1_CL QA1CLITL
QB2_OP QB1REL
QB2_CL QB1ITL
QB7_OP QB2REL
QB7_CL QB2ITL
QB20_OP QB7REL
QB20_CL QB7ITL
QC1_OP QB20REL
QC1_CL QB20ITL
QC2_OP QC1REL
QC2_CL QC1ITL
QC11_OP QC2REL
QC11_CL QC2ITL
QC21_OP QB1OPTR
QC21_CL QB1CLTR
QC71_OP QB220OTR
QC71_CL QB220CTR
BBTR_OP QB7OPTR
BC_12_CL QB7CLTR
VP_BBTR QB12OPTR
VP_BC_12 QB12CLTR
EXDU_ES BC12OPTR
EXDU_12 BC12CLTR
EXDU_BC BC17OPTR
QA1O_EX1 BC17CLTR
QA1O_EX2 BC27OPTR
QA1O_EX3 BC27CLTR
QB1_EX1 VPQB1TR
QB1_EX2 VQB220TR
QB1_EX3 VPQB7TR
QB2_EX1 VPQB12TR
QB2_EX2 VPBC12TR
QB2_EX3 VPBC17TR
QB20_EX1 VPBC27TR
QB20_EX2
QB7_EX1
QB7_EX2
IEC05000350-2-en.vsd
IEC05000350 V2 EN
747
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
IEC04000533 V1 EN
VPQA1
VPQB2 QB1REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB1ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC11
QA1_OP
QB2_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC11_OP
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX1
VPQB2
VP_BC_12
&
QB2_CL
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB1_EX2
VPQC1
VPQC11
&
QC1_CL
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX3
en04000534.vsd
IEC04000534 V1 EN
748
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
VPQA1
VPQB1 QB2REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB2ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC21
QA1_OP
QB1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQB1
VP_BC_12
&
QB1_CL
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB2_EX2
VPQC1
VPQC21
&
QC1_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX3
en04000535.vsd
IEC04000535 V1 EN
VPQA1
VPQB20 QB7REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB7ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC71
QA1_OP
QB20_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC71_OP
EXDU_ES
QB7_EX1
VPQC2
VPQC71
&
QC2_CL
QC71_CL
EXDU_ES
QB7_EX2
VPQA1
VPQB7 QB20REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB20ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC21
QA1_OP
QB7_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB20_EX1
VPQC2
VPQC21
&
QC2_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB20_EX2
en04000536.vsd
IEC04000536 V1 EN
749
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQB1 QC1REL
VPQB20 QC1ITL
& 1
VPQB7
QC2REL
VPQB2
QB1_OP QC2ITL
1
QB20_OP
QB7_OP
QB2_OP
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
QB20_OP QB220OTR
QB2_OP & QB220CTR
VPQB20 1
VQB220TR
VPQB2 &
QB7_OP QB7OPTR
QB7_CL QB7CLTR
VPQB7 VPQB7TR
QB1_OP QB12OPTR
QB2_OP >1 QB12CLTR
VPQB1 1
VPQB12TR
VPQB2 &
QA1_OP BC12OPTR
QB1_OP >1 BC12CLTR
QB20_OP 1
VPQA1
VPBC12TR
VPQB1 &
VPQB20
QA1_OP BC17OPTR
QB1_OP >1 BC17CLTR
QB7_OP 1
VPQA1
VPBC17TR
VPQB1 &
VPQB7
QA1_OP BC27OPTR
QB2_OP >1 BC27CLTR
QB7_OP 1
VPQA1
VPBC27TR
VPQB2 &
VPQB7
en04000537.vsd
IEC04000537 V1 EN
14.3.7.5 Signals
Table 446: ABC_BC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QB2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in open position
QB2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in closed position
QB7_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB7 is in open position
QB7_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB7 is in closed position
QB20_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB20 is in open position
QB20_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB20 is in closed position
QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in open position
QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in closed position
QC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in open position
QC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in closed position
QC11_OP BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in open
position
Table continues on next page
750
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
751
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
752
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for 1 1/2 breaker diameter BH_CONN - 3
Interlocking for 1 1/2 breaker diameter BH_LINE_A - 3
Interlocking for 1 1/2 breaker diameter BH_LINE_B - 3
14.3.8.2 Functionality
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1 QC1
QA1 QA1
QC2 QC2
QB6 QB6
QC3 QC3
BH_LINE_A BH_LINE_B
QB9 QB9
QC1 QC2
QC9 QC9
BH_CONN
en04000513.vsd
IEC04000513 V1 EN
Three types of interlocking modules per diameter are defined. BH_LINE_A and
BH_LINE_B are the connections from a line to a busbar. BH_CONN is the
connection between the two lines of the diameter in the 1 1/2 breaker switchyard
layout.
753
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
BH_LINE_A
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB6_OP QB6REL
QB6_CL QB6ITL
QB1_OP QB1REL
QB1_CL QB1ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
QC3_OP QC3REL
QC3_CL QC3ITL
QB9_OP QB9REL
QB9_CL QB9ITL
QC9_OP QC9REL
QC9_CL QC9ITL
CQA1_OP QB1OPTR
CQA1_CL QB1CLTR
CQB61_OP VPQB1TR
CQB61_CL
CQC1_OP
CQC1_CL
CQC2_OP
CQC2_CL
QC11_OP
QC11_CL
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON
EXDU_ES
QB6_EX1
QB6_EX2
QB1_EX1
QB1_EX2
QB9_EX1
QB9_EX2
QB9_EX3
QB9_EX4
QB9_EX5
QB9_EX6
QB9_EX7
IEC05000352-2-en.vsd
IEC05000352 V2 EN
754
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
BH_LINE_B
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB6_OP QB6REL
QB6_CL QB6ITL
QB2_OP QB2REL
QB2_CL QB2ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
QC3_OP QC3REL
QC3_CL QC3ITL
QB9_OP QB9REL
QB9_CL QB9ITL
QC9_OP QC9REL
QC9_CL QC9ITL
CQA1_OP QB2OPTR
CQA1_CL QB2CLTR
CQB62_OP VPQB2TR
CQB62_CL
CQC1_OP
CQC1_CL
CQC2_OP
CQC2_CL
QC21_OP
QC21_CL
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON
EXDU_ES
QB6_EX1
QB6_EX2
QB2_EX1
QB2_EX2
QB9_EX1
QB9_EX2
QB9_EX3
QB9_EX4
QB9_EX5
QB9_EX6
QB9_EX7
IEC05000353-2-en.vsd
IEC05000353 V2 EN
BH_CONN
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB61_OP QB61REL
QB61_CL QB61ITL
QB62_OP QB62REL
QB62_CL QB62ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
1QC3_OP
1QC3_CL
2QC3_OP
2QC3_CL
QB61_EX1
QB61_EX2
QB62_EX1
QB62_EX2
IEC05000351-2-en.vsd
IEC05000351 V2 EN
755
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
IEC04000560 V1 EN
756
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
BH_LINE_A
QA1_OP
QA1_CL =1 VPQA1
QB1_OP
QB1_CL =1 VPQB1
QB6_OP
QB6_CL =1 VPQB6
QC9_OP
QC9_CL =1 VPQC9
QB9_OP
QB9_CL =1 VPQB9
QC1_OP
QC1_CL =1 VPQC1
QC2_OP
QC2_CL =1 VPQC2
QC3_OP
QC3_CL =1 VPQC3
CQA1_OP
CQA1_CL =1 VPCQA1
CQC1_OP
CQC1_CL =1 VPCQC1
CQC2_OP
CQC2_CL =1 VPCQC2
CQB61_OP
CQB61_CL =1 VPCQB61
QC11_OP
QC11_CL =1 VPQC11
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON =1 VPVOLT
VPQB1 QA1CLREL
VPQB6 QA1CLITL
& 1
VPQB9
VPQA1
VPQC1 QB6REL
VPQC2 & >1
QB6ITL
1
VPQC3
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QB6_EX1
VPQC2
VPQC3
&
QC2_CL
QC3_CL
QB6_EX2
en04000554.vsd
IEC04000554 V1 EN
757
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQA1
VPQC1 QB1REL
VPQC2 & >1
QB1ITL
1
VPQC11
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC11_OP
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX1
VPQC1
VPQC11
&
QC1_CL
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX2
VPQB1 QC1REL
VPQB6 QC1ITL
QB1_OP & 1
QC2REL
QB6_OP QC2ITL
VPQB6 1
VPQB9 QC3REL
VPCQB61 &
QC3ITL
1
QB6_OP
QB9_OP
CQB61_OP
VPQA1 QB9REL
VPQB6 QB9ITL
VPQC9 & >1 1
VPQC1
VPQC2
VPQC3
VPCQA1
VPCQB61
VPCQC1
VPCQC2
QB9_EX1
QB6_OP
QB9_EX2
>1
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP &
QB9_EX3
en04000555.vsd
IEC04000555 V1 EN
CQB61_OP
QB9_EX4
>1 & >1
CQA1_OP
CQC1_OP
CQC2_OP &
QB9_EX5
QC9_OP
QC3_OP
QB9_EX6
VPQC9
VPQC3
&
QC9_CL
QC3_CL
QB9_EX7
VPQB9 QC9REL
VPVOLT QC9ITL
QB9_OP & 1
VOLT_OFF
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
en04000556.vsd
IEC04000556 V1 EN
758
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
BH_LINE_B
QA1_OP
QA1_CL =1 VPQA1
QB2_OP
QB2_CL =1 VPQB2
QB6_OP
QB6_CL =1 VPQB6
QC9_OP
QC9_CL =1 VPQC9
QB9_OP
QB9_CL =1 VPQB9
QC1_OP
QC1_CL =1 VPQC1
QC2_OP
QC2_CL =1 VPQC2
QC3_OP
QC3_CL =1 VPQC3
CQA1_OP
CQA1_CL =1 VPCQA1
CQC1_OP
CQC1_CL =1 VPCQC1
CQC2_OP
CQC2_CL =1 VPCQC2
CQB62_OP
CQB62_CL =1 VPCQB62
QC21_OP
QC21_CL =1 VPQC21
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON =1 VPVOLT
VPQB2 QA1CLREL
VPQB6 QA1CLITL
& 1
VPQB9
VPQA1
VPQC1 QB6REL
VPQC2 & >1
QB6ITL
1
VPQC3
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QB6_EX1
VPQC2
VPQC3
&
QC2_CL
QC3_CL
QB6_EX2
en04000557.vsd
IEC04000557 V1 EN
759
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQA1
VPQC1 QB2REL
VPQC2 & >1
QB2ITL
1
VPQC21
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQC1
VPQC21
&
QC1_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX2
VPQB2 QC1REL
VPQB6 QC1ITL
QB2_OP & 1
QC2REL
QB6_OP QC2ITL
VPQB6 1
VPQB9 QC3REL
VPCQB62 &
QC3ITL
1
QB6_OP
QB9_OP
CQB62_OP
VPQA1 QB9REL
VPQB6 QB9ITL
VPQC9 & >1 1
VPQC1
VPQC2
VPQC3
VPCQA1
VPCQB62
VPCQC1
VPCQC2
QB9_EX1
QB6_OP
QB9_EX2
>1
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP &
QB9_EX3
en04000558.vsd
IEC04000558 V1 EN
CQB62_OP
QB9_EX4
>1 & >1
CQA1_OP
CQC1_OP
CQC2_OP &
QB9_EX5
QC9_OP
QC3_OP
QB9_EX6
VPQC9
VPQC3
&
QC9_CL
QC3_CL
QB9_EX7
VPQB9 QC9REL
VPVOLT QC9ITL
QB9_OP & 1
VOLT_OFF
QB2_OP QB2OPTR
QB2_CL QB2CLTR
VPQB2 VPQB2TR
en04000559.vsd
IEC04000559 V1 EN
760
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.8.5 Signals
Table 448: BH_LINE_A Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB6_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB6 is in open position
QB6_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB6 is in close position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in open position
QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in closed position
QC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in open position
QC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in closed position
QC3_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in open position
QC3_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in closed position
QB9_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB9 is in open position
QB9_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB9 is in closed position
QC9_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC9 is in open position
QC9_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC9 is in closed position
CQA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 in module BH_CONN is in open position
CQA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 in module BH_CONN is in closed position
CQB61_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB61 in module BH_CONN is in open position
CQB61_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB61 in module BH_CONN is in closed position
CQC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 in module BH_CONN is in open position
CQC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 in module BH_CONN is in closed position
CQC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 in module BH_CONN is in open position
CQC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 in module BH_CONN is in closed position
QC11_OP BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in open
position
QC11_CL BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in closed
position
VOLT_OFF BOOLEAN 0 There is no voltage on line and not VT (fuse) failure
VOLT_ON BOOLEAN 0 There is voltage on the line or there is a VT (fuse)
failure
EXDU_ES BOOLEAN 0 No transm error from bay containing earthing
switch QC11
QB6_EX1 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB6
QB6_EX2 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB6
QB1_EX1 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB1
QB1_EX2 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB1
QB9_EX1 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB9
Table continues on next page
761
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
762
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
763
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
764
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for double CB bay DB_BUS_A - 3
Interlocking for double CB bay DB_BUS_B - 3
Interlocking for double CB bay DB_LINE - 3
14.3.9.2 Functionality
The interlocking for a double busbar double circuit breaker bay including
DB_BUS_A, DB_BUS_B and DB_LINE functions are used for a line connected to a
double busbar arrangement according to figure 388.
765
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1 QC4
QA1 QA2
DB_BUS_A DB_BUS_B
QC2 QC5
QB61 QB62
QC3
QB9
DB_LINE
QC9
en04000518.vsd
IEC04000518 V1 EN
Three types of interlocking modules per double circuit breaker bay are defined.
DB_BUS_A handles the circuit breaker QA1 that is connected to busbar WA1 and the
disconnectors and earthing switches of this section. DB_BUS_B handles the circuit
breaker QA2 that is connected to busbar WA2 and the disconnectors and earthing
switches of this section.
766
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
VPQC1
VPQC11
&
QC1_CL
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX2
en04000547.vsd
IEC04000547 V1 EN
VPQB61 QC1REL
VPQB1 QC1ITL
& 1
QB61_OP QC2REL
QB1_OP QC2ITL
1
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
en04000548.vsd
IEC04000548 V1 EN
767
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
DB_BUS_B
QA2_OP
QA2_CL =1 VPQA2
QB62_OP
QB62_CL =1 VPQB62
QB2_OP
QB2_CL =1 VPQB2
QC4_OP
QC4_CL =1 VPQC4
QC5_OP
QC5_CL =1 VPQC5
QC3_OP
QC3_CL =1 VPQC3
QC21_OP
QC21_CL =1 VPQC21
VPQB62 QA2CLREL
VPQB2 & QA2CLITL
1
VPQA2
VPQC4 QB62REL
& >1
VPQC5 QB62ITL
1
VPQC3
QA2_OP
QC4_OP
QC5_OP
QC3_OP
QB62_EX1
VPQC5
VPQC3
&
QC5_CL
QC3_CL
QB62_EX2
VPQA2
VPQC4 QB2REL
& >1
VPQC5 QB2ITL
1
VPQC21
QA2_OP
QC4_OP
QC5_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQC4
VPQC21
&
QC4_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX2
en04000552.vsd
IEC04000552 V1 EN
VPQB62 QC4REL
VPQB2 QC4ITL
& 1
QB62_OP QC5REL
QB2_OP QC5ITL
1
QB2_OP QB2OPTR
QB2_CL QB2CLTR
VPQB2 VPQB2TR
en04000553.vsd
IEC04000553 V1 EN
768
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
DB_LINE
QA1_OP
QA1_CL =1 VPQA1
QA2_OP
QA2_CL =1 VPQA2
QB61_OP
QB61_CL =1 VPQB61
QC1_OP
QC1_CL =1 VPQC1
QC2_OP
QC2_CL =1 VPQC2
QB62_OP
QB62_CL =1 VPQB62
QC4_OP
QC4_CL =1 VPQC4
QC5_OP
QC5_CL =1 VPQC5
QB9_OP
QB9_CL =1 VPQB9
QC3_OP
QC3_CL =1 VPQC3
QC9_OP
QC9_CL =1 VPQC9
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON =1 VPVOLT
VPQA1
VPQA2 QB9REL
VPQC1 & >1
QB9ITL
1
VPQC2
VPQC3
VPQC4
VPQC5
VPQC9
QA1_OP
QA2_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QC4_OP
QC5_OP
QC9_OP
QB9_EX1
& en04000549.vsd
IEC04000549 V1 EN
VPQA1
VPQC1
VPQC2 & >1
VPQC3
VPQC9
VPQB62
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QC9_OP
QB62_OP
QB9_EX2
VPQA2
VPQB61
&
VPQC3
VPQC4
VPQC5
VPQC9
QA2_OP
QB61_OP
QC3_OP
QC4_OP
QC5_OP
QC9_OP
QB9_EX3
VPQC3
VPQC9
&
VPQB61
VPQB62
QC3_OP
QC9_OP
QB61_OP
QB62_OP
QB9_EX4
VPQC3
VPQC9
&
QC3_CL
QC9_CL
QB9_EX5
en04000550.vsd
IEC04000550 V1 EN
769
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQB61
VPQB62 QC3REL
VPQB9 &
QC3ITL
1
QB61_OP
QB62_OP
QB9_OP
VPQB9
VPVOLT QC9REL
QB9_OP &
QC9ITL
1
VOLT_OFF
en04000551.vsd
IEC04000551 V1 EN
DB_BUS_A
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB1_OP QB61REL
QB1_CL QB61ITL
QB61_OP QB1REL
QB61_CL QB1ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
QC3_OP QB1OPTR
QC3_CL QB1CLTR
QC11_OP VPQB1TR
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB61_EX1
QB61_EX2
QB1_EX1
QB1_EX2
IEC05000354-2-en.vsd
IEC05000354 V2 EN
770
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
DB_LINE
QA1_OP QB9REL
QA1_CL QB9ITL
QA2_OP QC3REL
QA2_CL QC3ITL
QB61_OP QC9REL
QB61_CL QC9ITL
QC1_OP
QC1_CL
QC2_OP
QC2_CL
QB62_OP
QB62_CL
QC4_OP
QC4_CL
QC5_OP
QC5_CL
QB9_OP
QB9_CL
QC3_OP
QC3_CL
QC9_OP
QC9_CL
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON
QB9_EX1
QB9_EX2
QB9_EX3
QB9_EX4
QB9_EX5
IEC05000356-2-en.vsd
IEC05000356 V2 EN
DB_BUS_B
QA2_OP QA2CLREL
QA2_CL QA2CLITL
QB2_OP QB62REL
QB2_CL QB62ITL
QB62_OP QB2REL
QB62_CL QB2ITL
QC4_OP QC4REL
QC4_CL QC4ITL
QC5_OP QC5REL
QC5_CL QC5ITL
QC3_OP QB2OPTR
QC3_CL QB2CLTR
QC21_OP VPQB2TR
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB62_EX1
QB62_EX2
QB2_EX1
QB2_EX2
IEC05000355-2-en.vsd
IEC05000355 V2 EN
771
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.3.9.5 Signals
Table 454: DB_BUS_A Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QB61_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB61 is in open position
QB61_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB61 is in closed position
QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in open position
QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in closed position
QC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in open position
QC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in closed position
QC3_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in open position
QC3_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC3 is in closed position
QC11_OP BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in open
position
QC11_CL BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in closed
position
EXDU_ES BOOLEAN 0 No transm error from bay containing earthing
switch QC11
QB61_EX1 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB61
QB61_EX2 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB61
QB1_EX1 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB1
QB1_EX2 BOOLEAN 0 External condition for apparatus QB1
772
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
773
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
774
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.3.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for line bay ABC_LINE - 3
14.3.10.2 Functionality
The interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE) function is used for a line connected to a
double busbar arrangement with a transfer busbar according to figure 392. The
function can also be used for a double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar or
a single busbar arrangement with/without transfer busbar.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
WA7 (C)
QB1 QB2 QB7
QC1
QA1
QC2
QB9
QC9
en04000478.vsd
IEC04000478 V1 EN
775
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
ABC_LINE
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB9_OP QB9REL
QB9_CL QB9ITL
QB1_OP QB1REL
QB1_CL QB1ITL
QB2_OP QB2REL
QB2_CL QB2ITL
QB7_OP QB7REL
QB7_CL QB7ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
QC9_OP QC9REL
QC9_CL QC9ITL
QC11_OP QB1OPTR
QC11_CL QB1CLTR
QC21_OP QB2OPTR
QC21_CL QB2CLTR
QC71_OP QB7OPTR
QC71_CL QB7CLTR
BB7_D_OP QB12OPTR
BC_12_CL QB12CLTR
BC_17_OP VPQB1TR
BC_17_CL VPQB2TR
BC_27_OP VPQB7TR
BC_27_CL VPQB12TR
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON
VP_BB7_D
VP_BC_12
VP_BC_17
VP_BC_27
EXDU_ES
EXDU_BPB
EXDU_BC
QB9_EX1
QB9_EX2
QB1_EX1
QB1_EX2
QB1_EX3
QB2_EX1
QB2_EX2
QB2_EX3
QB7_EX1
QB7_EX2
QB7_EX3
QB7_EX4
IEC05000357-2-en.vsd
IEC05000357 V2 EN
776
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
ABC_LINE
QA1_OP
QA1_CL =1 VPQA1
QB9_OP
QB9_CL =1 VPQB9
QA1CLREL
QB1_OP
QB1_CL =1 VPQB1 QA1CLITL
& 1
QB2_OP
QB2_CL =1 VPQB2
QB7_OP
QB7_CL =1 VPQB7
QC1_OP
QC1_CL =1 VPQC1
QC2_OP
QC2_CL =1 VPQC2
QC9_OP
QC9_CL =1 VPQC9
QC11_OP
QC11_CL =1 VPQC11
QC21_OP
QC21_CL =1 VPQC21
QC71_OP
QC71_CL =1 VPQC71
VOLT_OFF
VOLT_ON =1 VPVOLT
VPQA1
VPQC1 QB9REL
VPQC2 & >1
QB9ITL
1
VPQC9
QA1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC9_OP
QB9_EX1
VPQC2
VPQC9
&
QC2_CL
QC9_CL
QB9_EX2
en04000527.vsd
IEC04000527 V1 EN
777
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQA1 QB1REL
& 1
VPQB2
VPQC1 1 QB1ITL
VPQC2
VPQC11
QA1_OP
QB2_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC11_OP
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX1
VPQB2 &
VP_BC_12
QB2_CL
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB1_EX2
VPQC1 &
VPQC11
QC1_CL
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1EX3
en04000528.vsd
IEC04000528 V1 EN
778
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
VPQA1 QB2REL
& 1
VPQB1
VPQC1 1 QB2ITL
VPQC2
VPQC21
QA1_OP
QB1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQB1 &
VP_BC_12
QB1_CL
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB2_EX2
VPQC1 &
VPQC21
QC1_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX3
en04000529.vsd
IEC04000529 V1 EN
779
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQC9 QB7REL
& >1
VPQC71
VP_BB7_D 1 QB7ITL
VP_BC_17
VP_BC_27
QC9_OP
QC71_OP
EXDU_ES
BB7_D_OP
EXDU_BPB
BC_17_OP
BC_27_OP
EXDU_BC
QB7_EX1
VPQA1
VPQB1
VPQC9
&
VPQB9
VPQC71
VP_BB7_D
VP_BC_17
QA1_CL
QB1_CL
QC9_OP
QB9_CL
QC71_OP
EXDU_ES
BB7_D_OP
EXDU_BPB
BC_17_CL
EXDU_BC
QB7_EX2
IEC04000530 V1 EN
780
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
VPQA1
VPQB2
& >1
VPQC9
VPQB9
VPQC71
VP_BB7_D
VP_BC_27
QA1_CL
QB2_CL
QC9_OP
QB9_CL
QC71_OP
EXDU_ES
BB7_D_OP
EXDU_BPB
BC_27_CL
EXDU_BC
QB7_EX3
VPQC9
VPQC71
&
QC9_CL
QC71_CL
EXDU_ES
QB7_EX4
VPQB1 QC1REL
VPQB2 QC1ITL
VPQB9 & 1
QC2REL
QB1_OP
QB2_OP QC2ITL
1
QB9_OP
VPQB7
VPQB9 QC9REL
VPVOLT &
QC9ITL
QB7_OP 1
QB9_OP
VOLT_OFF
en04000531.vsd
IEC04000531 V1 EN
781
Technical manual
Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
QB2_OP QB2OPTR
QB2_CL QB2CLTR
VPQB2 VPQB2TR
QB7_OP QB7OPTR
QB7_CL QB7CLTR
VPQB7 VPQB7TR
QB1_OP QB12OPTR
QB2_OP >1 QB12CLTR
VPQB1 1
VPQB12TR
VPQB2 &
en04000532.vsd
IEC04000532 V1 EN
14.3.10.5 Signals
Table 460: ABC_LINE Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB9_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB9 is in open position
QB9_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB9 is in closed position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QB2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in open position
QB2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in closed position
QB7_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB7 is in open position
QB7_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB7 is in closed position
QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in open position
QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in closed position
QC2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in open position
QC2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC2 is in closed position
QC9_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC9 is in open position
QC9_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC9 is in closed position
QC11_OP BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in open
position
QC11_CL BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC11 on busbar WA1 is in closed
position
QC21_OP BOOLEAN 0 Earthing switch QC21 on busbar WA2 is in open
position
Table continues on next page
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Control
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.3.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO - 3
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Control
14.3.11.2 Functionality
The interlocking for transformer bay (AB_TRAFO) function is used for a transformer
bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 394. The function
is used when there is no disconnector between circuit breaker and transformer.
Otherwise, the interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE) function can be used. This
function can also be used in single busbar arrangements.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1
QA1
AB_TRAFO
QC2
QC3
QA2
QA2 and QC4 are not
QC4 used in this interlocking
QB3 QB4
en04000515.vsd
IEC04000515 V1 EN
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
AB_TRAFO
QA1_OP QA1CLREL
QA1_CL QA1CLITL
QB1_OP QB1REL
QB1_CL QB1ITL
QB2_OP QB2REL
QB2_CL QB2ITL
QC1_OP QC1REL
QC1_CL QC1ITL
QC2_OP QC2REL
QC2_CL QC2ITL
QB3_OP QB1OPTR
QB3_CL QB1CLTR
QB4_OP QB2OPTR
QB4_CL QB2CLTR
QC3_OP QB12OPTR
QC3_CL QB12CLTR
QC11_OP VPQB1TR
QC11_CL VPQB2TR
QC21_OP VPQB12TR
QC21_CL
BC_12_CL
VP_BC_12
EXDU_ES
EXDU_BC
QA1_EX1
QA1_EX2
QA1_EX3
QB1_EX1
QB1_EX2
QB1_EX3
QB2_EX1
QB2_EX2
QB2_EX3
IEC05000358-2-en.vsd
IEC05000358 V2 EN
786
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Control
VPQC2
VPQB3
VPQB4
VPQC3
QA1_EX2
QC3_OP
QA1_EX3
QC1_CL >1
QC2_CL
QC3_CL &
QA1_EX1
en04000538.vsd
IEC04000538 V1 EN
VPQA1
VPQB2 QB1REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB1ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC3
VPQC11
QA1_OP
QB2_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QC11_OP
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX1
VPQB2
VPQC3
&
VP_BC_12
QB2_CL
QC3_OP
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB1_EX2
VPQC1
VPQC2
&
VPQC3
VPQC11
QC1_CL
QC2_CL
QC3_CL
QC11_CL
EXDU_ES
QB1_EX3
en04000539.vsd
IEC04000539 V1 EN
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
VPQA1
VPQB1 QB2REL
& >1
VPQC1 QB2ITL
VPQC2 1
VPQC3
VPQC21
QA1_OP
QB1_OP
QC1_OP
QC2_OP
QC3_OP
QC21_OP
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX1
VPQB1
VPQC3
&
VP_BC_12
QB1_CL
QC3_OP
BC_12_CL
EXDU_BC
QB2_EX2
VPQC1
VPQC2
&
VPQC3
VPQC21
QC1_CL
QC2_CL
QC3_CL
QC21_CL
EXDU_ES
QB2_EX3
en04000540.vsd
IEC04000540 V1 EN
VPQB1 QC1REL
VPQB2 QC1ITL
& 1
VPQB3
QC2REL
VPQB4
QB1_OP QC2ITL
1
QB2_OP
QB3_OP
QB4_OP
QB1_OP QB1OPTR
QB1_CL QB1CLTR
VPQB1 VPQB1TR
QB2_OP QB2OPTR
QB2_CL QB2CLTR
VPQB2 VPQB2TR
QB1_OP QB12OPTR
QB2_OP >1 QB12CLTR
VPQB1 1
VPQB12TR
VPQB2 &
en04000541.vsd
IEC04000541 V1 EN
14.3.11.5 Signals
Table 462: AB_TRAFO Input signals
Name Type Default Description
QA1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in open position
QA1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QA1 is in closed position
QB1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in open position
QB1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB1 is in closed position
QB2_OP BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in open position
QB2_CL BOOLEAN 0 QB2 is in closed position
QC1_OP BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in open position
QC1_CL BOOLEAN 0 QC1 is in closed position
Table continues on next page
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Control
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Control
14.3.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Position evaluation POS_EVAL - -
14.3.12.2 Functionality
Position evaluation (POS_EVAL) function converts the input position data signal
POSITION, consisting of value, time and signal status, to binary signals OPENPOS
or CLOSEPOS.
The output signals are used by other functions in the interlocking scheme.
IEC09000079_1_en.vsd
IEC09000079 V1 EN
790
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
POS_EVAL
Position including quality POSITION OPENPOS
Open/close position of
CLOSEPOS switch device
IEC08000469-1-en.vsd
IEC08000469-1-EN V1 EN
Only the value, open/close, and status is used in this function. Time information is not
used.
Input position (Value) Signal quality Output OPENPOS Output CLOSEPOS
0 (Breaker Good 0 0
intermediate)
1 (Breaker open) Good 1 0
2 (Breaker closed) Good 0 1
3 (Breaker faulty) Good 0 0
Any Invalid 0 0
Any Oscillatory 0 0
14.3.12.5 Signals
Table 464: POS_EVAL Input signals
Name Type Default Description
POSITION INTEGER 0 Position status including quality
14.4.1 Functionality
The apparatus control functions are used for control and supervision of circuit
breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches within a bay. Permission to operate is
given after evaluation of conditions from other functions such as interlocking,
synchrocheck, operator place selection and external or internal blockings.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
Normal security means that only the command is evaluated and the resulting position
is not supervised. Enhanced security means that the command is evaluated with an
additional supervision of the status value of the control object. The command
sequence with enhanced security is always terminated by a CommandTermination
service primitive and an AddCause telling if the command was successful or if
something went wrong.
Control operation can be performed from the local HMI with authority control if so
defined.
Primary apparatuses such as breakers and disconnectors are controlled and supervised
by one function block (SCSWI) each. Because the number and type of signals used for
the control of a breaker respectively a disconnector are almost the same, the same
function block type is used to handle these two types of apparatuses.
The SCSWI function block is connected either to an SXCBR function block (for
circuit breakers) or to an SXSWI function block (for disconnectors and earthing
switches). The physical process in the switchyard is connected to these two function
blocks via binary inputs and outputs.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Four types of function blocks are available to cover most of the control and
supervision within the bay. These function blocks are interconnected to form a control
function reflecting the switchyard configuration. The total number used depends on
the switchyard configuration. These four types are:
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Table 467: Translation of cause values for IEC61850 edition 2 and edition 1
Internal Cause AddCause in IEC61850-8-1 Name
Number
Ed 2 Ed 1
0 25 0 None
1 1 1 Not-supported
2 2 2 Blocked-by-switching-hierarchy
3 3 3 Select-failed
4 4 4 Invalid-position
5 5 5 Position-reached
6 6 6 Parameter-change-in-execution
7 7 7 Step-limit
8 8 8 Blocked-by-Mode
9 9 9 Blocked-by-process
10 10 10 Blocked-by-interlocking
11 11 11 Blocked-by-synchrocheck
12 12 12 Command-already-in-execution
13 13 13 Blocked-by-health
14 14 14 1-of-n-control
15 15 1 Abortion-by-cancel
16 16 16 Time-limit-over
17 17 17 Abortion-by-trip
18 18 18 Object-not-selected
19 19 3 Object-already-selected
20 20 3 No-access-authority
21 21 - Ended-with-overshoot
22 22 - Abortion-due-to-deviation
23 23 - Abortion-by-communication-loss
24 24 -23 Blocked-by-command
26 26 6 Inconsistent-parameters
27 27 12 Locked-by-other-client
-22 0 -22 Wrong_CTL_Model
Table continues on next page
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.4.4.1 Functionality
The Bay control QCBAY function is used together with Local remote and local
remote control functions to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. QCBAY
also provides blocking functions that can be distributed to different apparatuses within
the bay.
QCBAY
LR_OFF PSTO
LR_LOC UPD_BLKD
LR_REM CMD_BLKD
LR_VALID LOC
BL_UPD STA
BL_CMD REM
IEC10000048-2-en.vsd
IEC10000048 V2 EN
14.4.4.3 Signals
Table 468: QCBAY Input signals
Name Type Default Description
LR_OFF BOOLEAN 0 External Local/Remote switch is in Off position
LR_LOC BOOLEAN 0 External Local/Remote switch is in Local position
LR_REM BOOLEAN 0 External Local/Remote switch is in Remote
position
LR_VALID BOOLEAN 0 Data representing the L/R switch position is valid
BL_UPD BOOLEAN 0 Steady signal to block the position updates
BL_CMD BOOLEAN 0 Steady signal to block the command
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Control
14.4.4.4 Settings
Table 470: QCBAY Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
AllPSTOValid Priority - - Priority Override Priority of originators,
No priority commands from both local, station and
remote are allowed
RemoteIncStation No - - No Both Station and Remote control are
Yes allowed but not Local when local remote
switch is in remote
The function sends information about the Permitted Source To Operate (PSTO) and
blocking conditions to other functions within the bay for example, switch control
functions and voltage control functions. The functionality of the Bay control
(QCBAY) function is mainly described by the LLN0 node in the IEC61850-8-1
edition 2 standard, applied to one bay. In IEC61850 edition 1 the functionality is not
described by the LLN0 node or any other node, therefore the Bay control function is
represented as a vendor specific node in edition 1.
When the local panel switch (or LHMI selection, depending on the set source to select
this) is in Off position, all commands from remote and local level will be ignored. If
the position for the local/remote switch is not valid the PSTO output will always be set
to faulty state (3), which means no possibility to operate.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
To adapt the signals from the local HMI or from an external local/remote switch, the
function blocks LOCREM and LOCREMCTRL are needed and connected to
QCBAY.
If the parameter RemoteIncStation is set and the LR-switch position is in Remote state,
the PSTO value is set to 2 (Station or Remote), that is, it is permitted to operate from
both station and remote level without any priority.
Table 471: PSTO values for different Local panel switch positions
Local panel PSTO AllPSTOValid RemoteInc LocSta.CtlVal Possible
switch positions value (setting Station (command) locations that
parameter) (setting shall be able to
parameter) operate
0 = Off 0 - - - Not possible
to operate
1 = Local 1 Priority - - Local Panel
1 = Local 5 No priority - - Local or
Remote level
without any
priority
2 = Remote 6 Priority No TRUE Station level
2 = Remote 7 No priority No FALSE Remote level
2 = Remote 2 Priority Yes - Station or
Remote level
2 = Remote 5 No priority - - Local, Station
or Remote
level without
any priority
3 = Faulty 3 - - - Not possible
to operate
Blockings
The blocking states for position indications and commands are intended to provide the
possibility for the user to make common blockings for the functions configured within
a complete bay.
The blocking facilities provided by the bay control function are the following:
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Control
Blocking of position indications, BL_UPD. This input will block all inputs
related to apparatus positions for all configured functions within the bay.
Blocking of commands, BL_CMD. This input will block all commands for all
configured functions within the bay.
Blocking of function, BLOCK. If the BLOCK signal is set, it means that the
function is active, but no outputs are generated, no reporting, control commands
are rejected and functional and configuration data is visible.
The switching of the Local/Remote switch requires at least system operator level. The
password will be requested at an attempt to operate if authority levels have been
defined in the IED. Otherwise the default authority level, SuperUser, can handle the
control without LogOn. The users and passwords are defined with the IED Users tool
in PCM600.
LOCREM
CTRLOFF OFF
LOCCTRL LOCAL
REMCTRL REMOTE
LHMICTRL VALID
IEC05000360-2-en.vsd
IEC05000360 V2 EN
LOCREMCTRL
PSTO1 HMICTR1
PSTO2 HMICTR2
PSTO3 HMICTR3
PSTO4 HMICTR4
PSTO5 HMICTR5
PSTO6 HMICTR6
PSTO7 HMICTR7
PSTO8 HMICTR8
PSTO9 HMICTR9
PSTO10 HMICTR10
PSTO11 HMICTR11
PSTO12 HMICTR12
IEC05000361-2-en.vsd
IEC05000361 V2 EN
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.4.5.2 Signals
Table 472: LOCREM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
CTRLOFF BOOLEAN 0 Disable control
LOCCTRL BOOLEAN 0 Local in control
REMCTRL BOOLEAN 0 Remote in control
LHMICTRL INTEGER 0 LHMI control
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.4.5.3 Settings
Table 476: LOCREM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
ControlMode Internal LR-switch - - Internal LR-switch Control mode for internal/external LR-
External LR-switch switch
The function block Local remote (LOCREM) handles the signals coming from the
local/remote switch. The connections are seen in Figure 400, where the inputs on
function block LOCREM are connected to binary inputs if an external switch is used.
When the local HMI is used, the inputs are not used. The switching between external
and local HMI source is done through the parameter ControlMode. The outputs from
the LOCREM function block control the output PSTO (Permitted Source To Operate)
on Bay control (QCBAY).
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
LOCREM QCBAY
CTRLOFF OFF LR_ OFF PSTO
LOCCTRL LOCAL LR_ LOC UPD_ BLKD
REMCTRL REMOTE LR_ REM CMD_ BLKD
LHMICTRL VALID LR_ VALID LOC
BL_ UPD STA
BL_ CMD REM
LOCREM QCBAY
CTRLOFF OFF LR_ OFF PSTO
LOCCTRL LOCAL LR_ LOC UPD_ BLKD
REMCTRL REMOTE LR_ REM CMD_ BLKD
LHMICTRL VALID LR_ VALID LOC
BL_ UPD STA
BL_ CMD REM
LOCREMCTRL
PSTO1 HMICTR1
PSTO2 HMICTR2
PSTO3 HMICTR3
PSTO4 HMICTR4
PSTO5 HMICTR5
PSTO6 HMICTR6
PSTO7 HMICTR7
PSTO8 HMICTR8
PSTO9 HMICTR9
PSTO 10 HMICTR 10
PSTO 11 HMICTR 11
PSTO 12 HMICTR 12
IEC10000052-1-en.vsd
IEC10000052 V2 EN
Figure 400: Configuration for the local/remote handling for a local HMI with two
bays and two screen pages
If the IED contains control functions for several bays, the local/remote position can be
different for the included bays. When the local HMI is used the position of the local/
remote switch can be different depending on which single line diagram screen page
that is presented on the local HMI. The function block Local remote control
(LOCREMCTRL) controls the presentation of the LEDs for the local/remote position
to applicable bay and screen page.
The switching of the local/remote switch requires at least system operator level. The
password will be requested at an attempt to operate if authority levels have been
defined in the IED. Otherwise the default authority level, SuperUser, can handle the
control without LogOn. The users and passwords are defined with the IED Users tool
in PCM600.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.4.6.1 Functionality
The Switch controller (SCSWI) initializes and supervises all functions to properly
select and operate switching primary apparatuses. The Switch controller may handle
and operate on one three-phase device or up to three one-phase devices.
SCSWI
BLOCK EXE_OP
PSTO EXE_CL
L_SEL SEL_OP
L_OPEN SEL_CL
L_CLOSE SELECTED
AU_OPEN RES_RQ
AU_CLOSE START_SY
BL_CMD CANC_SY
RES_GRT POSITION
RES_EXT OPENPOS
SY_INPRO CLOSEPOS
SYNC_OK POLEDISC
EN_OPEN CMD_BLK
EN_CLOSE L_CAUSE
XPOS1 POS_INTR
XPOS2 XOUT
XPOS3
IEC05000337-3-en.vsd
IEC05000337 V3 EN
14.4.6.3 Signals
Table 477: SCSWI Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
PSTO INTEGER 2 Operator place selection
L_SEL BOOLEAN 0 Select signal from local panel
L_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Open signal from local panel
L_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Close signal from local panel
AU_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Used for local automation function
AU_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Used for local automation function
BL_CMD BOOLEAN 0 Steady signal for block of the command
RES_GRT BOOLEAN 0 Positive acknowledge that all reservations are
made
RES_EXT BOOLEAN 0 Reservation is made externally
SY_INPRO BOOLEAN 0 Synchronizing function in progress
SYNC_OK BOOLEAN 0 Closing is permitted at set to true by the
synchrocheck
EN_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Enables open operation
EN_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Enables close operation
Table continues on next page
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
804
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.4.6.4 Settings
Table 479: SCSWI Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
CtlModel Dir Norm - - SBO Enh Specifies control model type
SBO Enh
PosDependent Always permitted - - Always permitted Permission to operate depending on the
Not perm at 00/11 position
tSelect 0.00 - 600.00 s 0.01 30.00 Maximum time between select and
execute signals
tResResponse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Allowed time from reservation request to
reservation granted
tSynchrocheck 0.00 - 600.00 s 0.01 10.00 Allowed time for synchrocheck to fulfil
close conditions
tSynchronizing 0.00 - 600.00 s 0.01 0.00 Supervision time to get the signal
synchronizing in progress
tExecutionFB 0.00 - 600.00 s 0.01 30.00 Maximum time from command execution
to termination
tPoleDiscord 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 2.000 Allowed time to have discrepancy
between the poles
SuppressMidPos Off - - On Mid-position is suppressed during the
On time tIntermediate
InterlockChk Sel & Op phase - - Sel & Op phase Selection if interlock check should be
Op phase done in select phase
The Switch controller (SCSWI) is provided with verification checks for the select -
execute sequence, that is, checks the conditions prior each step of the operation are
fulfilled. The involved functions for these condition verifications are interlocking,
reservation, blockings and synchrocheck.
Control handling
.
Two types of control models can be used. The two control models are "direct with
normal security" and "SBO (Select-Before-Operate) with enhanced security". The
parameter CtlModel defines which one of the two control models is used. The control
model "direct with normal security" does not require a select whereas, the "SBO with
enhanced security" command model requires a select before execution.
Normal security means that only the command is evaluated and the resulting position
is not supervised. Enhanced security means that the command sequence is supervised
in three steps, the selection, command evaluation and the supervision of position.
Each step ends up with a pulsed signal to indicate that the respective step in the
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
command sequence is finished. If an error occurs in one of the steps in the command
sequence, the sequence is terminated. The last error (L_CAUSE) can be read from the
function block and used for example at commissioning.
Evaluation of position
The position output from the switches (SXCBR or SXSWI) is connected to the switch
controller SCSWI. The XPOS1, XPOS2 and XPOS3 input signals receive the
position, time stamps and quality attributes of the position which is used for further
evaluation.
In the case when there are three one-phase switches connected to the switch control
function, the switch control will "merge" the position of the three switches to the
resulting three-phase position. In the case when the position differ between the one-
phase switches, following principles will be applied:
The time stamp of the output three-phase position from switch control will have the
time stamp of the last changed phase when it reaches the end position. When it goes
to intermediate position or bad state, it will get the time stamp of the first changed
phase.
In addition, there is also the possibility that one of the one-phase switches will change
position at any time due to a trip. Such situation is here called pole discordance and is
supervised by this function. In case of a pole discordance situation, that is, the
positions of the one-phase switches are not equal positions for a time longer than the
setting tPoleDiscord, an error signal POLEDISC will be set.
In the supervision phase, the switch controller function evaluates the "cause" values
from the switch modules Circuit breaker (SXCBR)/ Circuit switch (SXSWI). At error
the "cause" value with highest priority is shown.
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Control
Blocking principles
The blocking signals are normally coming from the bay control function (QCBAY)
and via the IEC 61850 communication from the operator place.
The different block conditions will only affect the operation of this
function, that is, no blocking signals will be "forwarded" to other
functions. The above blocking outputs are stored in a non-volatile
memory.
When there is no positive confirmation from the synchrocheck function, SCSWI will
send a start signal START_SY to the synchronizing function, which will send the
closing command to SXCBR when the synchronizing conditions are fulfilled, see
Figure 402. If no synchronizing function is included, the timer for supervision of the
"synchronizing in progress signal" is set to 0, which means no start of the
synchronizing function. SCSWI will then set the attribute "blocked-by-
synchrocheck" in the "cause" signal. See also the time diagram in Figure 406.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
SCSWI SXCBR
EXE_CL
OR CLOSE
SYNC_OK
START_SY
CANC_SY
SY_INPRO
SESRSYN
CLOSECB
Synchro Synchronizing
check function
IEC09000209-2-en.vsd
IEC09000209 V2 EN
Time diagrams
The Switch controller (SCSWI) function has timers for evaluating different time
supervision conditions. These timers are explained here.
The timer tSelect is used for supervising the time between the select and the execute
command signal, that is, the time the operator has to perform the command execution
after the selection of the object to operate.
select
execute command
tSelect
timer t1 t1>tSelect, then long-
operation-time in 'cause'
is set
en05000092.vsd
IEC05000092 V1 EN
The parameter tResResponse is used to set the maximum allowed time to make the
reservation, that is, the time between reservation request and the feedback reservation
granted from all bays involved in the reservation function.
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
select
IEC05000093 V2 EN
The timer tExecutionFB supervises the time between the execute command and the
command termination, see Figure 405.
execute command
position L1 open
close
position L2 open
close
position L3 open
close
cmd termination L1
cmd termination L2
cmd termination L3
cmd termination *
position open
close
t1>tExecutionFB, then
tExecutionFB timer long-operation-time in
t1 'cause' is set
The parameter tSynchrocheck is used to define the maximum allowed time between
the execute command and the input SYNC_OK to become true. If SYNC_OK=true at
the time the execute command signal is received, the timer "tSynchrocheck" will not
start. The start signal for the synchronizing is obtained if the synchrocheck conditions
are not fulfilled.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
The parameter tSynchronizing is used to define the maximum allowed time between
the start signal for synchronizing and the confirmation that synchronizing is in
progress.
execute command
SYNC_OK
tSynchrocheck
t1
START_SY
SY_INPRO
en05000095.vsd
IEC05000095 V1 EN
14.4.7.1 Functionality
The purpose of Circuit breaker (SXCBR) is to provide the actual status of positions
and to perform the control operations, that is, pass all the commands to primary
apparatuses in the form of circuit breakers via binary output boards and to supervise
the switching operation and position.
SXCBR
BLOCK XPOS
LR_SWI EXE_OP
OPEN EXE_CL
CLOSE OP_BLKD
BL_OPEN CL_BLKD
BL_CLOSE UPD_BLKD
BL_UPD OPENPOS
POSOPEN CLOSEPOS
POSCLOSE TR_POS
CBOPCAP CNT_VAL
TR_OPEN L_CAUSE
TR_CLOSE EEHEALTH
RS_CNT CBOPCAP
EEH_WARN
EEH_ALM
XIN*
IEC05000338-3-en.vsd
IEC05000338 V4 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.4.7.3 Signals
Table 480: SXCBR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
LR_SWI BOOLEAN 0 Local/Remote switch indication from switchyard
OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Pulsed signal used to immediately open the switch
CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Pulsed signal used to immediately close the switch
BL_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal to block the open command
BL_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal to block the close command
BL_UPD BOOLEAN 0 Steady signal for block of the position updating
POSOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal for open position of apparatus from I/O
POSCLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal for close position of apparatus from I/O
CBOPCAP INTEGER 3 Breaker operating capability 1 = None, 2 = O, 3 =
CO, 4 = OCO, 5 = COCO, 6+ = More
TR_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal for open position of truck from I/O
TR_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal for close position of truck from I/O
RS_CNT BOOLEAN 0 Resets the operation counter
EEH_WARN BOOLEAN 0 Warning from external equipment
EEH_ALM BOOLEAN 0 Alarm from external equipment
XIN BOOLEAN 0 Execution information from CSWI
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.4.7.4 Settings
Table 482: SXCBR Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
tStartMove 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Supervision time for the apparatus to
move after a command
tIntermediate 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.150 Allowed time for intermediate position
AdaptivePulse Not adaptive - - Not adaptive Output resets when a new correct end
Adaptive position is reached
tOpenPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Output pulse length for open command
tClosePulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Output pulse length for close command
InitialCount 0 - 20000 - 1 0 Initial number of operations (Initial count
value)
The Circuit breaker function (SXCBR) is used by other functions such as for example,
switch controller, protection functions, autorecloser function or an IEC 61850 client
residing in another IED or the operator place. This switch function executes
commands, evaluates block conditions and evaluates different time supervision
conditions. Only if all conditions indicate a switch operation to be allowed, the
function performs the execution command. In case of erroneous conditions, the
function indicates an appropriate "cause" value, see Table 466.
SXCBR has an operation counter for closing and opening commands. The counter
value can be read remotely from the operator place. The value is reset from local HMI,
a binary input or remotely from the operator place by configuring a signal from the
Single Point Generic Control 8 signals (SPC8GAPC) for example. The health of the
external equipment, the switch, can be monitored according to IEC 61850-8-1. The
operation counter functionality and the external equipment health supervision are
independent sub-functions of the circuit breaker function.
Local/Remote switch
One binary input signal LR_SWI is included in SXCBR to indicate the local/remote
switch position from switchyard provided via the I/O board. If this signal is set to
TRUE it means that change of position is allowed only from switchyard level. If the
signal is set to FALSE it means that command from IED or higher level is permitted.
When the signal is set to TRUE all commands (for change of position) are rejected,
even trip commands from protection functions are rejected. The functionality of the
local/remote switch is described in Figure 408.
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Control
Local= Operation at
UE switch yard level
TR
en05000096.vsd
IEC05000096 V1 EN
Blocking principles
SXCBR includes several blocking principles. The basic principle for all blocking
signals is that they will affect commands from all other clients for example, switch
controller, protection functions and autoreclosure.
Substitution
The substitution part in SXCBR is used for manual set of the position and quality of
the switch. The typical use of substitution is that an operator enters a manual value
because that the real process value is erroneous for some reason. SXCBR will then use
the manually entered value instead of the value for positions determined by the
process.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
Time diagrams
There are two timers for supervising of the execute phase, tStartMove and
tIntermediate. tStartMove supervises that the primary device starts moving after the
execute output pulse is sent. tIntermediate defines the maximum allowed time for
intermediate position. Figure 409 explains these two timers during the execute phase.
OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
en05000097.vsd
IEC05000097 V1 EN
The timers tOpenPulse and tClosePulse are the length of the execute output pulses to
be sent to the primary equipment. Note that the output pulses for open and close
command can have different pulse lengths. The pulses can also be set to be adaptive
with the configuration parameter AdaptivePulse. Figure 410 shows the principle of
the execute output pulse. The AdaptivePulse parameter will have effect on both
execute output pulses.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
AdaptivePulse=FALSE
EXE_CL
tClosePulse
AdaptivePulse=TRUE
EXE_CL
tClosePulse
en05000098.vsd
IEC05000098 V1 EN
If the pulse is set to be adaptive, it is not possible for the pulse to exceed tOpenPulse or
tClosePulse.
the new expected final position is reached and the configuration parameter
AdaptivePulse is set to true
the timer tOpenPulse or tClosePulse has elapsed
an error occurs due to the switch does not start moving, that is, tStartMove has
elapsed.
If the breaker reaches the final position before the execution pulse
time has elapsed, and AdaptivePulse is not true, the function waits for
the end of the execution pulse before telling the activating function
that the command is completed.
There is one exception from the first item above. If the primary device is in open
position and an open command is executed or if the primary device is in closed
position and a close command is executed. In these cases, with the additional
condition that the configuration parameter AdaptivePulse is true, the execute output
pulse is always activated and resets when tStartMove has elapsed. If the configuration
parameter AdaptivePulse is set to false the execution output remains active until the
pulse duration timer has elapsed.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
EXE_OP AdaptivePulse=FALSE
tOpenPulse
EXE_OP AdaptivePulse=TRUE
tOpenPulse
tStartMove timer
en05000099.vsd
IEC05000099 V1 EN
14.4.8.1 Functionality
The purpose of Circuit switch (SXSWI) function is to provide the actual status of
positions and to perform the control operations, that is, pass all the commands to
primary apparatuses in the form of disconnectors or earthing switches via binary
output boards and to supervise the switching operation and position.
SXSWI
BLOCK XPOS
LR_SWI EXE_OP
OPEN EXE_CL
CLOSE OP_BLKD
BL_OPEN CL_BLKD
BL_CLOSE UPD_BLKD
BL_UPD OPENPOS
POSOPEN CLOSEPOS
POSCLOSE CNT_VAL
SWOPCAP L_CAUSE
RS_CNT EEHEALTH
EEH_WARN SWOPCAP
EEH_ALM
XIN
IEC05000339-3-en.vsd
IEC05000339 V3 EN
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Control
14.4.8.3 Signals
Table 483: SXSWI Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
LR_SWI BOOLEAN 0 Local/Remote switch indication from switchyard
OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Pulsed signal used to immediately open the switch
CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Pulsed signal used to immediately close the switch
BL_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal to block the open command
BL_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal to block the close command
BL_UPD BOOLEAN 0 Steady signal for block of the position updating
POSOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal for open position of apparatus from I/O
POSCLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal for close position of apparatus from I/O
SWOPCAP INTEGER 4 Switch operating capability 1 = None, 2 = O, 3 = C,
4 = O and C
RS_CNT BOOLEAN 0 Resets the operation counter
EEH_WARN BOOLEAN 0 Warning from external equipment
EEH_ALM BOOLEAN 0 Alarm from external equipment
XIN BOOLEAN 0 Execution information from CSWI
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
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14.4.8.4 Settings
Table 485: SXSWI Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
tStartMove 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 3.000 Supervision time for the apparatus to
move after a command
tIntermediate 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 15.000 Allowed time for intermediate position
AdaptivePulse Not adaptive - - Not adaptive Output resets when a new correct end
Adaptive position is reached
tOpenPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Output pulse length for open command
tClosePulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Output pulse length for close command
SwitchType Load Break - - Disconnector 1=LoadBreak,2=Disconnector,
Disconnector 3=EarthSw,4=HighSpeedEarthSw
Earthing Switch
HS Earthing Switch
InitialCount 0 - 20000 - 1 0 Initial number of operations (Initial count
value)
The users of the Circuit switch (SXSWI) are other functions such as for example,
switch controller, protection functions, autorecloser function, or a 61850 client
residing in another IED or the operator place. SXSWI executes commands, evaluates
block conditions and evaluates different time supervision conditions. Only if all
conditions indicate a switch operation to be allowed, SXSWI performs the execution
command. In case of erroneous conditions, the function indicates an appropriate
"cause" value, see Table 466.
SXSWI has an operation counter for closing and opening commands. The counter
value can be read remotely from the operator place. The value is reset from a binary
input or remotely from the operator place by configuring a signal from the Single Point
Generic Control 8 signals (SPC8GAPC), for example.
Also, the health of the external equipment, the switch, can be monitored according to
IEC 61850-8-1.
Local/Remote switch
One binary input signal LR_SWI is included in SXSWI to indicate the local/remote
switch position from switchyard provided via the I/O board. If this signal is set to
TRUE it means that change of position is allowed only from switchyard level. If the
signal is set to FALSE it means that command from IED or higher level is permitted.
When the signal is set to TRUE all commands (for change of position) from internal
IED clients are rejected, even trip commands from protection functions are rejected.
The functionality of the local/remote switch is described in Figure 413.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
Local= Operation at
UE switch yard level
TR
en05000096.vsd
IEC05000096 V1 EN
Blocking principles
SXSWI includes several blocking principles. The basic principle for all blocking
signals is that they will affect commands from all other clients for example, switch
controller, protection functions and autorecloser.
Substitution
The substitution part in SXSWI is used for manual set of the position and quality of the
switch. The typical use of substitution is that an operator enters a manual value
because the real process value is erroneous of some reason. SXSWI will then use the
manually entered value instead of the value for positions determined by the process.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
When the position of the SXSWI is substituted, its IEC 61850-8-1 data
object is marked as substituted", in addition to the substituted
quality, but the position quality of the connected SCSWI is not
dependent on the substitution indication in the quality, so it does not
show that it is derived from a substituted value.
Time diagrams
There are two timers for supervising of the execute phase, tStartMove and
tIntermediate. tStartMove supervises that the primary device starts moving after the
execute output pulse is sent. tIntermediate defines the maximum allowed time for
intermediate position. Figure 414 explains these two timers during the execute phase.
OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
en05000097.vsd
IEC05000097 V1 EN
The timers tOpenPulse and tClosePulse are the length of the execute output pulses to
be sent to the primary equipment. Note that the output pulses for open and close
command can have different pulse lengths. The pulses can also be set to be adaptive
with the configuration parameter AdaptivePulse. Figure 415 shows the principle of
the execute output pulse. The AdaptivePulse parameter will have effect on both
execute output pulses.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
AdaptivePulse=FALSE
EXE_CL
tClosePulse
AdaptivePulse=TRUE
EXE_CL
tClosePulse
en05000098.vsd
IEC05000098 V1 EN
If the pulse is set to be adaptive, it is not possible for the pulse to exceed tOpenPulse or
tClosePulse.
the new expected final position is reached and the configuration parameter
AdaptivePulse is set to true
the timer tOpenPulse or tClosePulse has elapsed
an error occurs due to the switch does not start moving, that is, tStartMove has
elapsed.
If the controlled primary device reaches the final position before the
execution pulse time has elapsed, and AdaptivePulse is not true, the
function waits for the end of the execution pulse before telling the
activating function that the command is completed.
There is one exception from the first item above. If the primary device is in open
position and an open command is executed or if the primary device is in close position
and a close command is executed. In these cases, with the additional condition that the
configuration parameter AdaptivePulse is true, the execute output pulse is always
activated and resets when tStartMove has elapsed. If the configuration parameter
AdaptivePulse is set to false the execution output remains active until the pulse
duration timer has elapsed.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
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OPENPOS
CLOSEPOS
EXE_OP AdaptivePulse=FALSE
tOpenPulse
EXE_OP AdaptivePulse=TRUE
tOpenPulse
tStartMove timer
en05000099.vsd
IEC05000099 V1 EN
14.4.9.1 Functionality
QCRSV
EXCH_IN RES_GRT1
RES_RQ1 RES_GRT2
RES_RQ2 RES_GRT3
RES_RQ3 RES_GRT4
RES_RQ4 RES_GRT5
RES_RQ5 RES_GRT6
RES_RQ6 RES_GRT7
RES_RQ7 RES_GRT8
RES_RQ8 RES_BAYS
BLK_RES ACK_TO_B
OVERRIDE RESERVED
RES_DATA EXCH_OUT
IEC05000340-2-en.vsd
IEC05000340 V2 EN
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14.4.9.3 Signals
Table 486: QCRSV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
EXCH_IN INTEGER 0 Used for exchange signals between different
BayRes blocks
RES_RQ1 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 1 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ2 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 2 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ3 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 3 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ4 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 4 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ5 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 5 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ6 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 6 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ7 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 7 that requests to do a reservation
RES_RQ8 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for app. 8 that requests to do a reservation
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Reservation is not possible and the output signals
are reset
OVERRIDE BOOLEAN 0 Signal to override the reservation
RES_DATA INTEGER 0 Reservation data coming from function block ResIn
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
14.4.9.4 Settings
Table 488: QCRSV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
tCancelRes 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 10.000 Supervision time for canceling the
reservation
ParamRequest1 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 1
ParamRequest2 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 2
ParamRequest3 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 3
ParamRequest4 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 4
ParamRequest5 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 5
ParamRequest6 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 6
ParamRequest7 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 7
ParamRequest8 Other bays res. - - Only own bay res. Reservation of the own bay only, at
Only own bay res. selection of apparatus 8
The Bay reserve (QCRSV) function handles the reservation. QCRSV function starts
to operate in two ways. It starts when there is a request for reservation of the own bay
or if there is a request for reservation from another bay. It is only possible to reserve
the function if it is not currently reserved. The signal that can reserve the own bay is
the input signal RES_RQx (x=1-8) coming from switch controller (SCWI). The
signals for request from another bay are the outputs RE_RQ_B and V_RE_RQ from
function block RESIN. These signals are included in signal EXCH_OUT from RESIN
and are connected to RES_DATA in QCRSV.
The parameters ParamRequestx (x=1-8) are chosen at reservation of the own bay only
(TRUE) or other bays (FALSE). To reserve the own bay only means that no
reservation request RES_BAYS is created.
If the RESERVED output is not set, the selection is made with the output RES_GRTx
(where x=1-8 is the number of the requesting apparatus), which is connected to switch
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
controller SCSWI. If the bay already is reserved the command sequence will be reset
and the SCSWI will set the attribute "1-of-n-control" in the "cause" signal.
When it receives acknowledge from the bays via the input RES_DATA, it sets the
output RES_GRTx (where x=1-8 is the number of the requesting apparatus). If not
acknowledgement from all bays is received within a certain time defined in SCSWI
(tResResponse), the SCSWI will reset the reservation and set the attribute "1-of-n-
control" in the "cause" signal.
The reservation function can also be overridden in the own bay with the OVERRIDE
input signal, that is, reserving the own bay without waiting for the external
acknowledge.
If there are more than eight apparatuses in the bay there has to be one additional
QCRSV. The two QCRSV functions have to communicate and this is done through
the input EXCH_IN and EXCH_OUT according to Figure 418. If more than one
QCRSV are used, the execution order is very important. The execution order must be
in the way that the first QCRSV has a lower number than the next one.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
QCRSV
EXCH_IN RES_GRT1
RES_RQ1 RES_GRT2
RES_RQ2 RES_GRT3
RES_RQ3 RES_GRT4
RES_RQ4 RES_GRT5
RES_RQ5 RES_GRT6
RES_RQ6 RES_GRT7
RES_RQ7 RES_GRT8
RES_RQ8 RES_BAYS
BLK_RES ACK_TO_B
OVERRIDE RESERVED
RES_DATA EXCH_OUT
QCRSV
EXCH_IN RES_GRT1
RES_RQ1 RES_GRT2
RES_BAYS
RES_RQ2 RES_GRT3 1
RES_RQ3 RES_GRT4
RES_RQ4 RES_GRT5
RES_RQ5 RES_GRT6 ACK_TO_B
RES_RQ6 RES_GRT7 1
RES_RQ7 RES_GRT8
RES_RQ8 RES_BAYS
BLK_RES ACK_TO_B RESERVED
1
OVERRIDE RESERVED
RES_DATA EXCH_OUT
IEC05000088_2_en.vsd
IEC05000088 V2 EN
14.4.10.1 Functionality
The Reservation input (RESIN) function receives the reservation information from
other bays. The number of instances is the same as the number of involved bays (up
to 60 instances are available).
RESIN1
BAY_ACK ACK_F_B
BAY_VAL ANY_ACK
BAY_RES VALID_TX
RE_RQ_B
V_RE_RQ
EXCH_OUT
IEC05000341-2-en.vsd
IEC05000341 V2 EN
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Control
RESIN2
EXCH_IN ACK_F_B
BAY_ACK ANY_ACK
BAY_VAL VALID_TX
BAY_RES RE_RQ_B
V_RE_RQ
EXCH_OUT
IEC09000807_1_en.vsd
IEC09000807 V1 EN
14.4.10.3 Signals
Table 489: RESIN1 Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BAY_ACK BOOLEAN 0 Another bay has acknow. the reservation req. from
this bay
BAY_VAL BOOLEAN 0 The reserv. and acknow. signals from another bay
are valid
BAY_RES BOOLEAN 0 Request from other bay to reserve this bay
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
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14.4.10.4 Settings
Table 493: RESIN1 Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FutureUse Bay in use - - Bay in use The bay for this ResIn block is for future
Bay future use use
The reservation input (RESIN) function is based purely on Boolean logic conditions.
The logic diagram in Figure 421 shows how the output signals are created. The inputs
of the function block are connected to a receive function block representing signals
transferred over the station bus from another bay.
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Control
EXCH_IN INT
BIN
ACK_F_B
&
FutureUse
1
ANY_ACK
BAY_ACK 1
VALID_TX
&
BAY_VAL 1
RE_RQ_B
1
BAY_RES &
V _RE_RQ
1
BIN
EXCH_OUT
INT
en05000089.vsd
IEC05000089 V1 EN
Figure 422 describes the principle of the data exchange between all RESIN modules
in the current bay. There is one RESIN function block per "other bay" used in the
reservation mechanism. The output signal EXCH_OUT in the last RESIN functions
are connected to the module bay reserve (QCRSV) that handles the reservation
function in the own bay.
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
RESIN
BAY_ACK ACK_F_B
Bay 1 BAY_VAL ANY_ACK
BAY_RES VALID_TX
RE_RQ_B
V_RE_RQ
EXCH_OUT
RESIN
EXCH_IN ACK_F_B
BAY_ACK ANY_ACK
Bay 2 BAY_VAL VALID_TX
BAY_RES RE_RQ_B
V_RE_RQ
EXCH_OUT
RESIN
EXCH_IN ACK_F_B
BAY_ACK ANY_ACK
Bay n BAY_VAL VALID_TX
BAY_RES RE_RQ_B QCRSV
V_RE_RQ
EXCH_OUT RES_DATA
en05000090.vsd
IEC05000090 V2 EN
14.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logic rotating switch for function SLGAPC - -
selection and LHMI presentation
14.5.2 Functionality
The logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGAPC (or
the selector switch function block) is used to get an enhanced selector switch
functionality compared to the one provided by a hardware selector switch. Hardware
selector switches are used extensively by utilities, in order to have different functions
operating on pre-set values. Hardware switches are however sources for maintenance
issues, lower system reliability and an extended purchase portfolio. The selector
switch function eliminates all these problems.
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Control
IEC14000005-1-en.vsd
IEC14000005 V1 EN
14.5.4 Signals
Table 495: SLGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
PSTO INTEGER 0 Operator place selection
UP BOOLEAN 0 Binary "UP" command
DOWN BOOLEAN 0 Binary "DOWN" command
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14.5.5 Settings
Table 497: SLGAPC Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
NrPos 2 - 32 - 1 32 Number of positions in the switch
OutType Pulsed - - Steady Output type, steady or pulse
Steady
Table continues on next page
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
if it is used just for the monitoring, the switches will be listed with their actual
position names, as defined by the user (max. 13 characters).
if it is used for control, the switches will be listed with their actual positions, but
only the first three letters of the name will be used.
In both cases, the switch full name will be shown, but the user has to redefine it when
building the Graphical Display Editor, under the "Caption". If used for the control, the
following sequence of commands will ensure:
Control
Control Single Line Diagram
Measurements Commands
Events
Disturbance records
Settings
Diagnostics
Test
Change to the "Switches" page Reset
of the SLD by left-right arrows. Authorization
Select switch by up-down Language
arrows
../Control/SLD/Switch
O I ../Control/SLD/Switch
SMBRREC control SMBRREC control
WFM Select switch. Press the
WFM
I or O key. A dialog box
Pilot setup appears.
Pilot setup
OFF OFF
Damage control E P: Disc N: Disc Fe
DAL
The pos will not be modified
(outputs will not be activated) until OK Cancel
you press the E-button for O.K.
../Control/SLD/Switch
SMBRREC control
WFM
Pilot setup
OFF
Damage control
DFW
IEC06000421-2-en.vsd
IEC06000421 V2 EN
Figure 424: Example 2 on handling the switch from the local HMI.
From the single line diagram on local HMI.
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14.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Selector mini switch VSGAPC - -
14.6.2 Functionality
The Selector mini switch VSGAPC function block is a multipurpose function used for
a variety of applications, as a general purpose switch.
VSGAPC can be controlled from the menu or from a symbol on the single line
diagram (SLD) on the local HMI.
IEC14000066-1-en.vsd
IEC14000066 V1 EN
14.6.4 Signals
Table 499: VSGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
PSTO INTEGER 0 Operator place selection
IPOS1 BOOLEAN 0 Position 1 indicating input
IPOS2 BOOLEAN 0 Position 2 indicating input
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
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14.6.5 Settings
Table 501: VSGAPC Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
CtlModel Dir Norm - - Dir Norm Specifies the type for control model
SBO Enh according to IEC 61850
Mode Steady - - Pulsed Operation mode
Pulsed
tSelect 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 30.000 Max time between select and execute
signals
tPulse 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Command pulse lenght
for indication on the single line diagram (SLD). Position is received through the
IPOS1 and IPOS2 inputs and distributed in the configuration through the POS1
and POS2 outputs, or to IEC 61850 through reporting, or GOOSE.
for commands that are received via the local HMI or IEC 61850 and distributed
in the configuration through outputs CMDPOS12 and CMDPOS21.
The output CMDPOS12 is set when the function receives a CLOSE command
from the local HMI when the SLD is displayed and the object is chosen.
The output CMDPOS21 is set when the function receives an OPEN command
from the local HMI when the SLD is displayed and the object is chosen.
The PSTO input is connected to the Local remote switch to have a selection of
operators place, operation from local HMI (Local) or through IEC 61850 (Remote).
An INTONE connection from Fixed signal function block (FXDSIGN) will allow
operation from local HMI.
The following table shows the relationship between IPOS1/IPOS2 inputs and the
name of the string that is shown on the SLD. The value of the strings are set in PST.
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Control
14.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Generic communication function for DPGAPC - -
Double Point indication
14.7.2 Functionality
Generic communication function for Double Point indication DPGAPC function
block is used to send double indications to other systems, equipment or functions in
the substation through IEC 61850-8-1 or other communication protocols. It is
especially used in the interlocking station-wide logics.
IEC13000081 V1 EN
14.7.4 Signals
Table 502: DPGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
OPEN BOOLEAN 0 Open indication
CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Close indication
VALID BOOLEAN 0 Valid indication
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Control
14.7.5 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
14.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GAPC - -
14.8.2 Functionality
The Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GAPC function block is a collection
of 8 single point commands that can be used for direct commands for example reset of
LED's or putting IED in "ChangeLock" state from remote. In this way, simple
commands can be sent directly to the IED outputs, without confirmation.
Confirmation (status) of the result of the commands is supposed to be achieved by
other means, such as binary inputs and SPGAPC function blocks. The commands can
be pulsed or steady with a settable pulse time.
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Control
IEC07000143-3-en.vsd
IEC07000143 V3 EN
14.8.4 Signals
Table 504: SPC8GAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Blocks the function operation
PSTO INTEGER 1 Operator place selection
14.8.5 Settings
Table 506: SPC8GAPC Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
PulseMode1 Pulsed - - Pulsed Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output
Latched 1
tPulse1 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.10 Pulse time output 1
PulseMode2 Pulsed - - Pulsed Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output
Latched 2
tPulse2 0.01 - 6000.00 s 0.01 0.10 Pulse time output 2
Table continues on next page
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Section 14 1MRK505308-UEN B
Control
PSTO is the universal operator place selector for all control functions.
Although, PSTO can be configured to use LOCAL or ALL operator
places, only REMOTE operator place is used in SPC8GAPC function.
14.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
AutomationBits, command function for
AUTOBITS - -
DNP3
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 14
Control
14.9.2 Functionality
AutomationBits function for DNP3 (AUTOBITS) is used within PCM600 to get into
the configuration of the commands coming through the DNP3 protocol. The
AUTOBITS function plays the same role as functions GOOSEBINRCV (for IEC
61850) and MULTICMDRCV (for LON).
IEC09000925-1-en.vsd
IEC09000925 V1 EN
14.9.4 Signals
Table 507: AUTOBITS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
PSTO INTEGER 0 Operator place selection
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Control
14.9.5 Settings
Table 509: AUTOBITS Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
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851
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852
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853
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Control
There is a BLOCK input signal, which will disable the operation of the function, in the
same way the setting Operation: On/Off does. That means that, upon activation of the
BLOCK input, all 32 CMDBITxx outputs will be set to 0. The BLOCK acts like an
overriding, the function still receives data from the DNP3 master. Upon deactivation
of BLOCK, all the 32 CMDBITxx outputs will be set by the DNP3 master again,
momentarily. For AUTOBITS , the PSTO input determines the operator place. The
command can be written to the block while in Remote. If PSTO is in Local then
no change is applied to the outputs.
14.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD - -
14.10.2 Functionality
The IEDs can receive commands either from a substation automation system or from
the local HMI. The command function block has outputs that can be used, for
example, to control high voltage apparatuses or for other user defined functionality.
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Control
IEC05000698-2-en.vsd
IEC05000698 V3 EN
14.10.4 Signals
Table 531: SINGLECMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block single command function
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Control
14.10.5 Settings
Table 533: SINGLECMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
Steady
Pulsed
The output signals can be of the types Off, Steady, or Pulse. This configuration setting
is done via the local HMI or PCM600 and is common for the whole function block.
The length of the output pulses are 100 ms. In steady mode, SINGLECMD function
has a memory to remember the output values at power interruption of the IED. Also
a BLOCK input is available used to block the updating of the outputs.
The output signals, OUT1 to OUT16, are available for configuration to built-in
functions or via the configuration logic circuits to the binary outputs of the IED.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Scheme communication logic for ZCPSCH - 85
distance or overcurrent protection
15.1.2 Functionality
To achieve instantaneous fault clearance for all line faults, scheme communication
logic is provided. All types of communication schemes for permissive underreaching,
permissive overreaching, blocking, delta based blocking, unblocking and intertrip are
available.
The built-in communication module (LDCM) can be used for scheme communication
signaling when included.
ZCPSCH
I3P* TRIP
U3P* CS
BLOCK CHSTOP
BLKTR CRL
BLKCS LCG
CSBLK
CACC
CSOR
CSUR
CR
CRG
CBOPEN
IEC09000004
IEC09000004 V4 EN
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.1.4 Signals
Table 534: ZCPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Current group connection
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Voltage group connection
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Signal for block of trip output from communication
logic
BLKCS BOOLEAN 0 Block of carrier send in permissive OR and blocking
schemes
CSBLK BOOLEAN 0 Reverse directed distance protection zone signal
CACC BOOLEAN 0 Permissive distance protection zone signal
CSOR BOOLEAN 0 Overreaching distance protection zone signal
CSUR BOOLEAN 0 Underreaching distance protection zone signal
CR BOOLEAN 0 Carrier Signal Received
CRG BOOLEAN 0 Carrier guard signal received
CBOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Indicates that the breaker is open
15.1.5 Settings
Table 536: ZCPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
SchemeType Intertrip - - Permissive UR Scheme type
Permissive UR
Permissive OR
Blocking
DeltaBlocking
tCoord 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.035 Co-ordination time for blocking
communication scheme
tSendMin 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Minimum duration of a carrier send signal
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Scheme communication
A permissive scheme is inherently faster and has better security against false tripping
than a blocking scheme. On the other hand, a permissive scheme depends on a
received signal for a fast trip, so its dependability is lower than that of a blocking
scheme.
The received signal, which shall be connected to CR, is used to not release the zone to
be accelerated to clear the fault instantaneously (after time tCoord). The forward
overreaching zone to be accelerated is connected to the input CACC, see figure 431.
In case of external faults, the blocking signal (CR) must be received before the settable
timer tCoord elapses, to prevent a false trip, see figure 431.
The function can be totally blocked by activating the input BLOCK, block of trip by
activating the input BLKTR, Block of signal send by activating the input BLKCS.
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Scheme communication
tCoord
CACC
t TRIP
CR AND
en05000512.vsd
IEC05000512 V1 EN
The logic for trip signal in permissive scheme is shown in figure 432.
tCoord
CACC
t TRIP
CR AND
en05000513.vsd
IEC05000513 V1 EN
The logic for trip signal is the same as for permissive underreaching, as in figure 432.
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Scheme communication
The unblocking function uses a guard signal CRG, which must always be present,
even when no CR signal is received. The absence of the CRG signal for a time longer
than the setting tSecurity time is used as a CR signal, see figure 433. This also enables
a permissive scheme to operate when the line fault blocks the signal transmission. The
CRG signal is only used in unblocking schemes.
The received signal created by the unblocking function is reset 150 ms after the
security timer has elapsed. When that occurs an output signal LCG is activated for
signalling purpose. The unblocking function is reset 200 ms after that the guard signal
is present again.
CR
tSecurity CRL
t >1
1
CRG
200 ms 150 ms
t OR t AND
AND
LCG
en05000746.vsd
IEC05000746 V1 EN
Figure 433: Guard singal logic with unblocking scheme and with setting Unblock
= Restart
CR
CRL
tSecurity OR
CRG t
1
IEC11000253-1-en.vsd
IEC11000253 V1 EN
Figure 434: Guard singal logic with unblocking scheme and with setting Unblock
= NoRestart
The unblocking function can be set in three operation modes (setting Unblock):
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Scheme communication
It sends a defined (150 ms) CRL after the disappearance of the CRG signal
The function will activate LCG output in case of communication failure
If the communication failure comes and goes (<200 ms) there will not be recurrent
signalling
In the direct intertrip scheme, the send signal CS is sent from an underreaching zone
that is tripping the line.
The received signal CR is directly transferred to a TRIP for tripping without local
criteria. The signal is further processed in the tripping logic.
The simplified logic diagram for the complete logic is shown in figure 435.
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Scheme communication
Unblock =Off
CR
Unblock =
OR CRL
NoRestart AND
CRL
Unblock =
tSecurit
Restart
y
CRG 1 t AND
SchemeType =
Intertrip
CSUR
tSendMi
n AND
OR
BLOCK AND
CSBLK OR
CRL
Schemetype =
Permissive UR AND CS
OR
tCoord
AND 25 ms
OR
t TRIP
CACC t
Schemetype =
Permissive OR
CSOR OR AND
AND
tSendMin
OR
AND
SchemeType =
Blocking
BLKCS
AND
IEC05000515-2-en.vsd
IEC05000515 V2 EN
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Scheme communication
15.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Phase segregated Scheme ZC1PPSCH - 85
communication logic for distance
protection
15.2.2 Functionality
Communication between line ends is used to achieve fault clearance for all faults on
a power line. All possible types of communication schemes for example, permissive
underreach, permissive overreach and blocking schemes are available. To manage
problems with simultaneous faults on parallel power lines phase segregated
communication is needed. This will then replace the standard Scheme communication
logic for distance or Overcurrent protection (ZCPSCH) on important lines where three
communication channels (in each subsystem) are available for the distance protection
communication.
The main purpose of the Phase segregated scheme communication logic for distance
protection (ZC1PPSCH) function is to supplement the distance protection function
such that:
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Scheme communication
fast clearance of faults is also achieved at the line end for which the faults are on
the part of the line not covered by its underreaching zone.
correct phase selection can be maintained to support single-pole tripping for
faults occurring anywhere on the entire length of a double circuit line.
To accomplish this, three separate communication channels, that is, one per phase,
each capable of transmitting a signal in each direction is required.
ZC1PPSCH can be completed with the current reversal and WEI logic for phase
segregated communication, when found necessary in Blocking and Permissive
overreaching schemes.
IEC06000427-2-en.vsd
IEC06000427 V2 EN
15.2.4 Signals
Table 540: ZC1PPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Common signal for block of trip output from
communication logic in all phases
BLKTRL1 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for block of trip output from communication
logic in Phase L1
BLKTRL2 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for block of trip output from communication
logic in Phase L2
BLKTRL3 BOOLEAN 0 Signal for block of trip output from communication
logic in Phase L3
Table continues on next page
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Scheme communication
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Scheme communication
15.2.5 Settings
Table 542: ZC1PPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation On / Off
On
Scheme Type Off - - Permissive UR Scheme type
Intertrip
Permissive UR
Permissive OR
Blocking
tCoord 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Trip coordinate time
tSendMin 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Minimum duration of Carrier Send signal
A permissive scheme is inherently faster and has better security against false tripping
than a blocking scheme. On the other hand, a permissive scheme depends on a
received signal for a fast trip, so its dependability is lower than that of a blocking
scheme.
The ability to select which distance protection zone is assigned to which input of
ZC1PPSCH makes this logic able to support practically any scheme communication
requirements regardless of their basic operating principle. The outputs to initiate
tripping and sending of the teleprotection signal are given in accordance with the type
of communication-aided scheme selected and the zone(s) and phase(s) of the distance
protection which have operated.
When power line carrier communication channels are used for permissive schemes
communication, unblocking logic which uses the loss of guard signal as a receive
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Scheme communication
criteria is provided. This logic compensates for the lack of dependability due to the
transmission of the command signal over the faulted line.
ZC1PPSCH can be totally blocked by activating the input BLOCK, block of trip is
achieved by activating the input BLKTRLx, Block of carrier send is done by
activating the input BLKCSLx.
tCoord 25 ms
CACCLx
t t TRLx
CRLx AND
IEC06000310_2_en.vsd
IEC06000310 V2 EN
Figure 437: Basic logic for trip carrier in one phase of a blocking scheme
tCoord 25 ms
CACCLx t t TRLx
CRLx AND
IEC07000088_2_en.vsd
IEC07000088 V2 EN
Figure 438: Basic logic for trip carrier in one phase of a permissive underreach
scheme
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Scheme communication
The permissive overreach scheme has the same blocking possibilities as mentioned
for blocking scheme above. The blocking inputs are activated from the current
reversal logic when this function is included.
In the direct intertrip scheme, the carrier send signal CS is sent from an underreaching
zone that is tripping the line.
The received signal per phase is directly transferred to the trip function block for
tripping without local criteria. The signal is not further processed in the phase
segregated communication logic. In case of single-pole tripping the phase selection
and logic for tripping the three phases is performed in the trip function block.
The simplified logic diagram for one phase is shown in figure 439.
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Scheme communication
SchemeType =
Intertrip
CSURLx
tSendMin AND
OR
BLOCK
AND
CSBLKLx OR
CRLx
Scheme Type =
Permissive UR AND CSLx
OR
tCoord
25 ms
AND t TRLx
OR t
CACCLx
Scheme Type =
Permissive OR
CSORLx OR AND
AND
tSendMin
OR
AND
Scheme Type =
Blocking
BLKCSx
AND
CSL1
CSL2 AND
CSL2
OR CSMPH
CSL3 AND
CSL3
CSL1 AND
CSL1
CSL2 GENERAL
OR
CSL3
IEC06000311_2_en.vsd
IEC06000311 V2 EN
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Scheme communication
15.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Current reversal and weak-end infeed ZCRWPSCH - 85
logic for distance protection 3-phase
15.3.2 Functionality
The ZCRWPSCH function provides the current reversal and weak end infeed logic
functions that supplement the standard scheme communication logic. It is not suitable
for standalone use as it requires inputs from the distance protection functions and the
scheme communications function included within the terminal.
On verification of a weak end infeed condition, the weak end infeed logic provides an
output for sending the received teleprotection signal back to the remote sending end
and other output(s) for local tripping. For terminals equipped for single- and two-pole
tripping, outputs for the faulted phase(s) are provided. Undervoltage detectors are
used to detect the faulted phase(s).
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IEC06000287-2-en.vsd
IEC06000287 V2 EN
15.3.4 Signals
Table 544: ZCRWPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IRVBLK BOOLEAN 0 Block of current reversal function
IRV BOOLEAN 0 Activation of current reversal logic
WEIBLK1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic
WEIBLK2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic due to operation of other
protections
VTSZ BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip from WEI logic through fuse-failure
function
CBOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip from WEI logic by an open breaker
CRL BOOLEAN 0 POR Carrier receive for WEI logic
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15.3.5 Settings
Table 546: ZCRWPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
CurrRev Off - - Off Operating mode of Current Reversal
On Logic
tPickUpRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.020 Pickup time for current reversal logic
tDelayRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.060 Time Delay to prevent Carrier send and
local trip
WEI Off - - Off Operating mode of WEI logic
Echo
Echo & Trip
tPickUpWEI 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.010 Coordination time for the WEI logic
UPP< 10 - 90 %UB 1 70 Phase to Phase voltage for detection of
fault condition
UPN< 10 - 90 %UB 1 70 Phase to Neutral voltage for detection of
fault condition
The current reversal logic can be enabled by setting the parameter CurrRev = On. The
current reversal logic uses a reverse zone connected to the input IRV to recognize the
fault on the parallel line in any of the phases. When the reverse zone has been activated
for a settable time tPickUpRev, it prevents sending of a communication signal and
activation of trip signal for a predefined time tDelayRev. This makes it possible for the
receive signal to reset before the carrier aided trip signal is activated due to the current
reversal by the forward directed zone. The logic diagram for current reversal is shown
in Figure 441.
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Scheme communication
BLOCK
IRVBLK
tDelayRev
tPickUpRev 10 ms tPickUpRev IRVL
IRV AND t
t t t
CurrRev = On
IEC15000313-1-en.vsdx
IEC15000313 V1 EN
The prevention of sending the send signal CS and activation of the TRIP in the scheme
communication block ZCPSCH is carried out by connecting the IRVL signal to input
BLOCK in the ZCPSCH function.
The function has an internal 10 ms drop-off timer which secure that the current
reversal logic will be activated for short input signals even if the pick-up timer is set
to zero.
The weak-end infeed logic (WEI) function sends back (echoes) the received signal
under the condition that no fault has been detected on the weak-end by different fault
detection elements (distance protection in forward or reverse direction).
The WEI function returns the received signal, shown in Figure 442, when:
The setting parameter WEI is set to either Echo or Echo & Trip.
No active signal present on the input BLOCK.
The functional input CRL is active for a time longer than the tPickUpWei setting.
This input is usually connected to the CRL output on the scheme communication
logic ZCPSCH.
The WEI function is not blocked by the active signal connected to the WEIBLK1
functional input or to the VTSZ functional input. The later is usually configured
to the VTSZ functional output of the fuse-failure function.
No active signal has been present for at least 200 ms on the WEIBLK2 functional
input. An OR combination of all fault detection functions (not undervoltage) as
present within the IED is usually used for this purpose.
The weak-end infeed logic also echoes the received permissive signal when local
breaker opens, CBOPEN prior to faults appeared at the end of line.
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Scheme communication
BLOCK
VTSZ
WEIBLK1 OR
tPickUpWEI
CRL AND 50 ms 200 ms
t AND
OR t t
ECHO
200 ms AND
WEIBLK2
t
AND
OR
1500 ms
CBOPEN
t
WEI = Echo
IEC05000123-3-en.vsd
IEC05000123 V3 EN
Figure 442: Simplified logic diagram for weak-end infeed logic Echo
When an echo function is used in both IEDs (should generally be avoided), a spurious
signal can be looped round by the echo logics. To avoid a continuous lock-up of the
system, the duration of the echoed signal is limited to 200 ms.
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Scheme communication
BLOCK
VTSZ
WEIBLK1 OR
tPickUpWEI
CRL AND 50 ms 200 ms
t AND ECHO
OR t t AND
200 ms
WEIBLK2
t
AND
1500 ms
OR
CBOPEN
t
AND
U3P*
UL1<UPN<
UL2 < UPN<
UL3 < UPN<
UPN< 100 ms
OR
AND t
TRWEI
OR
15 ms
TRWEIL1
U3P*
AND t
UL1L2 <UPP< OR
UL2L3 < UPP<
UL3L1 < UPP<
15 ms
UPP< TRWEIL2
AND t
OR
15 ms
OR TRWEIL3
AND t
IEC00000551-TIFF.vsd
IEC00000551-TIFF V4 EN
Figure 443: Simplified logic diagram for weak-end infeed logic Echo&Trip
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Scheme communication
15.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Current reversal and weak-end infeed ZC1WPSCH - 85
logic for phase segregated
communication
15.4.2 Functionality
Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for phase segregated communication
(ZC1WPSCH) function is used to prevent unwanted operations due to current reversal
when using permissive overreach protection schemes in application with parallel lines
where the overreach from the two ends overlaps on the parallel line.
The weak-end infeed logic is used in cases where the apparent power behind the
protection can be too low to activate the distance protection function. When activated,
received carrier signal together with local undervoltage criteria and no reverse zone
operation gives an instantaneous trip. The received signal is also echoed back to
accelerate the sending end.
IEC06000477-2-en.vsd
IEC06000477 V2 EN
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Scheme communication
15.4.4 Signals
Table 549: ZC1WPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKZ BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip from WEI logic by the fuse-failure
function
CBOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip from WEI logic by an open breaker
CRL1 BOOLEAN 0 Carrier receive for WEI logic in Phase L1
CRL2 BOOLEAN 0 Carrier receive for WEI logic in Phase L2
CRL3 BOOLEAN 0 Carrier receive for WEI logic in Phase L3
IRVL1 BOOLEAN 0 Activation of current reversal logic in Phase L1
IRVL2 BOOLEAN 0 Activation of current reversal logic in Phase L2
IRVL3 BOOLEAN 0 Activation of current reversal logic in phase L3
IRVBLKL1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of current reversal function in Phase L1
IRVBLKL2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of current reversal function in Phase L2
IRVBLKL3 BOOLEAN 0 Block of current reversal function in Phase L3
WEIBLK BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic
WEIBLKL1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L1
WEIBLKL2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L2
WEIBLKL3 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L3
WEIBLKOP BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic due to operation of other
protection
WEIBLKO1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L1 due to operation of
other protection
WEIBLKO2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L2 due to operation of
other protections
WEIBLKO3 BOOLEAN 0 Block of WEI logic in Phase L3 due to operation of
other protections
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.4.5 Settings
Table 551: ZC1WPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
OperCurrRev Off - - Off Operating mode of Current Reversal
On Logic
tPickUpRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.020 Pickup time for current reversal logic
tDelayRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.060 Time Delay to prevent Carrier send and
local trip
OperationWEI Off - - Off Operating mode of WEI logic
Echo
Echo & Trip
UPE< 10 - 90 %UB 1 70 Phase to Earth voltage for detection of
fault condition
UPP< 10 - 90 %UB 1 70 Phase to Phase voltage for detection of
fault condition
tPickUpWEI 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.010 Coordination time for the WEI logic
The current reversal logic can be enabled by setting the parameter OperCurrRev =
On. The current reversal logic uses a reverse zone connected to the input IRVLx to
recognize the fault on the parallel line in any of the phases. When the reverse zone has
been activated for a certain settable time tPickUpRev, it prevents sending
communication signal and activation of trip signal for a predefined time tDelayRev.
This makes it possible for the receive signal to reset before the trip signal is activated
due to the current reversal by the forward directed zone. The logic diagram for current
reversal is shown in Figure 445.
883
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
BLOCK
IRVBLKLx
tDelayRev
tPickUpRev 10 ms tPickUpRev IRVOPLx
IRVLx & t
t t t
operCurrRev=On
IEC06000474-3-en.vsd
IEC06000474 V3 EN
The prevention of sending carrier send signal CSLx and activating the TRIPLx in the
Scheme communication logic for distance or Overcurrent protection (ZCPSCH) is
carried out by connecting the IRVOPLx signal to input BLOCKLx in ZCPSCH
function.
The Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for phase segregated communication
(ZC1WPSCH) function has an internal 10 ms drop-off timer which secure that the
current reversal logic will be activated for short input signals even if the pickup timer
is set to zero.
The WEI function sends back (echoes) the received carrier signal under the condition
that no fault has been detected at the weak end by different fault detection elements
(distance protection in forward and reverse direction).
BLOCK
BLKZ
WEIBLKLx 1 ECHOLx-contd
&
tPickUpWEI
CRLx & 50 ms 200 ms
t &
1 t t
ECHOLx
200 ms &
WEIBLKOx
t
&
1
1500 ms
CBOPEN
t
OperationWEI=Echo
IEC07000085-3-en.vsd
IEC07000085 V3 EN
The WEI function returns the received carrier signal, shown in Figure 446, when:
884
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
When an echo function is used in both the IEDs on the protected line (should generally
be avoided), a spurious signal can be looped round by the echo logics. To avoid a
continuous lock-up of the system, the duration of the echoed signal is limited to 200
ms.
CBOPEN
U3P*
100 ms
=1
& t
Undervoltage TRPWEI
detection =1
UPE<
15 ms
UPP< TRPWEI1
& t
15 ms
TRPWEI2
& t
15 ms
TRPWEI3
& t
IEC13000278-1-en.vsd
IEC13000278 V1 EN
Figure 447: Simplified logic diagram for weak-end infeed logic Echo & Trip
885
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Local acceleration logic ZCLCPSCH - -
15.5.2 Functionality
To achieve fast clearing of faults on the whole line, when no communication channel
is available, local acceleration logic ZCLCPSCH can be used. This logic enables fast
fault clearing and re-closing during certain conditions, but naturally, it can not fully
replace a communication channel.
The logic can be controlled either by the autorecloser (zone extension) or by the loss-
of-load current (loss-of-load acceleration).
IEC13000307-1-en.vsd
IEC13000307 V1 EN
886
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.5.4 Signals
Table 554: ZCLCPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
ARREADY BOOLEAN 0 Autoreclosure ready, releases function used for
fast trip
NDST BOOLEAN 0 Non directional criteria used to prevent
instantaneous trip
EXACC BOOLEAN 0 Connected to function used for tripping at zone
extension
BC BOOLEAN 0 Breaker Close
LLACC BOOLEAN 0 Connected to function used for tripping at loss of
load
15.5.5 Settings
Table 556: ZCLCPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
LoadCurr 1 - 100 %IB 1 10 Load current before disturbance in % of
IBase
LossOfLoad Off - - Off Enable/Disable operation of Loss of load.
On
ZoneExtension Off - - Off Enable/Disable operation of Zone
On extension
MinCurr 1 - 100 %IB 1 5 Lev taken as curr loss due to remote CB
trip in % of IBase
tLowCurr 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Time delay on pick-up for MINCURR
value
tLoadOn 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay on pick-up for load current
release
tLoadOff 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.300 Time delay on drop off for load current
release
887
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
The overreaching zone is connected to the input EXACC. For this reason, configure
the ARREADY functional input to a READY functional output of a used
autoreclosing function or via the selected binary input to an external autoreclosing
device, see figure 449.
IEC05000157 V1 EN
After the autorecloser initiates the close command and remains in the reclaim state,
there will be no ARREADY signal, and the protection will trip normally with step
distance time functions.
In case of a fault on the adjacent line within the overreaching zone range, an unwanted
autoreclosing cycle will occur. The step distance function at the reclosing attempt will
prevent an unwanted retrip when the breaker is reclosed.
On the other hand, at a persistent line fault on line section not covered by instantaneous
zone (normally zone 1) only the first trip will be "instantaneous".
The function will be blocked if the input BLOCK is activated (common with loss-of-
load acceleration).
888
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
during normal non-fault system conditions. When all three-phase currents have been
above the set value MinCurr for more than setting tLowCurr, an overreaching zone
will be allowed to trip "instantaneously" during a fault condition when one or two of
the phase currents will become low due to a three-phase trip at the opposite IED, see
figure 450. The current measurement is performed internally and the internal STILL
signal becomes logical one under the described conditions. The load current in a
healthy phase is in this way used to indicate the tripping at the opposite IED. Note that
this function will not operate in case of three-phase faults, because none of the phase
currents will be low when the opposite IED is tripped.
IEC05000158 V1 EN
Breaker closing signals can if decided be connected to block the function during
normal closing.
15.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Scheme communication logic for ECPSCH - 85
residual overcurrent protection
15.6.2 Functionality
To achieve fast fault clearance of earth faults on the part of the line not covered by the
instantaneous step of the residual overcurrent protection, the directional residual
overcurrent protection can be supported with a logic that uses communication
channels.
889
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
the protection including a channel transmission time, can be achieved. This short
operate time enables rapid autoreclosing function after the fault clearance.
The communication logic module for directional residual current protection enables
blocking as well as permissive under/overreaching, and unblocking schemes. The
logic can also be supported by additional logic for weak-end infeed and current
reversal, included in Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual
overcurrent protection ECRWPSCH function.
IEC06000288-2-en.vsd
IEC06000288 V2 EN
15.6.4 Signals
Table 558: ECPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Signal for blocking trip due to communication logic
BLKCS BOOLEAN 0 Signal for blocking CS in Overreach and Blocking
schemes
CSBLK BOOLEAN 0 Reverse residual overcurrent signal for Carrier
Send
CACC BOOLEAN 0 Signal to be used for tripping by Communication
Scheme
CSOR BOOLEAN 0 Overreaching residual overcurrent signal for
Carrier Send
CSUR BOOLEAN 0 Underreaching residual overcurrent signal for
Carrier Send
CR BOOLEAN 0 Carrier Receive for Communication Scheme Logic
CRG BOOLEAN 0 Carrier guard signal received
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.6.5 Settings
Table 560: ECPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
SchemeType Off - - Permissive UR Scheme type, Mode of Operation
Intertrip
Permissive UR
Permissive OR
Blocking
tCoord 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.035 Communication scheme coordination
time
tSendMin 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Minimum duration of a carrier send signal
891
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
Input signal CACC is used for tripping of the communication scheme, normally
the start signal of a forward overreaching step of STFW.
Input signal CSBLK is used for sending block signal in the blocking
communication scheme, normally the start signal of a reverse overreaching step
of STRV.
Input signal CSUR is used for sending permissive signal in the underreaching
permissive communication scheme, normally the start signal of a forward
underreaching step of STINn, where n corresponds to the underreaching step.
Input signal CSOR is used for sending permissive signal in the overreaching
permissive communication scheme, normally the start signal of a forward
overreaching step of STINn, where n corresponds to the overreaching step.
In addition to this a signal from the autoreclosing function should be configured to the
BLKCS input for blocking of the function at a single phase reclosing cycle.
In the blocking scheme a signal is sent to the other line end if the directional element
detects an earth fault in the reverse direction. When the forward directional element
operates, it trips after a short time delay if no blocking signal is received from the
opposite line end. The time delay, normally 30 40 ms, depends on the
communication transmission time and a chosen safety margin.
One advantage of the blocking scheme is that only one channel (carrier frequency) is
needed if the ratio of source impedances at both end is approximately equal for zero
and positive sequence source impedances, the channel can be shared with the
impedance measuring system, if that system also works in the blocking mode. The
communication signal is transmitted on a healthy line and no signal attenuation will
occur due to the fault.
If the fault is on the line, the forward direction measuring element operates. If no
blocking signal comes from the other line end via the CR binary input (received
signal) the TRIP output is activated after the tCoord set time delay.
892
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
IEC05000448 V1 EN
In the permissive scheme the forward directed earth-fault measuring element sends a
permissive signal to the other end, if an earth fault is detected in the forward direction.
The directional element at the other line end must wait for a permissive signal before
activating a trip signal. Independent channels must be available for the
communication in each direction.
An impedance measuring IED, which works in the same type of permissive mode,
with one channel in each direction, can share the channels with the communication
scheme for residual overcurrent protection. If the impedance measuring IED works in
the permissive overreaching mode, common channels can be used in single line
applications. In case of double lines connected to a common bus at both ends, use
common channels only if the ratio Z1S/Z0S (positive through zero-sequence source
impedance) is about equal at both ends. If the ratio is different, the impedance
measuring and the directional earth-fault current system of the healthy line may detect
a fault in different directions, which could result in unwanted tripping.
Common channels cannot be used when the weak-end infeed function is used in the
distance or earth-fault protection.
In case of an internal earth-fault, the forward directed measuring element operates and
sends a permissive signal to the remote end via the CS output (sent signal). Local
tripping is permitted when the forward direction measuring element operates and a
permissive signal is received via the CR binary input (received signal).
893
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
BLOCK
CRL
CR AND
25 ms
t TRIP
0 - 60 s
AND
BLKCS OR CS
AND
Overreach
CSOR AND 25 ms
CSUR OR t
IEC05000280.vsd
IEC05000280 V4 EN
The unblocking function uses a guard signal CRG, which must always be present,
even when no CR signal is received. The absence of the CRG signal for a time longer
than the setting tSecurity time is used as a CR signal, see figure 453. This also enables
a permissive scheme to operate when the line fault blocks the signal transmission.
The received signal created by the unblocking function is reset 150 ms after the
security timer has elapsed. When that occurs an output signal LCG is activated for
signaling purpose. The unblocking function is reset 200 ms after that the guard signal
is present again.
894
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
CR
tSecurity CRL
t >1
1
CRG
200 ms 150 ms
t OR t AND
AND
LCG
en05000746.vsd
IEC05000746 V1 EN
The unblocking function can be set in three operation modes (setting Unblock):
15.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Current reversal and weak-end infeed ECRWPSCH - 85
logic for residual overcurrent protection
895
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.7.2 Functionality
The Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection
ECRWPSCH is a supplement to Scheme communication logic for residual
overcurrent protection ECPSCH.
To achieve fast fault clearing for all earth faults on the line, the directional earth fault
protection function can be supported with logic that uses tele-protection channels.
This is why the IEDs have available additions to the scheme communication logic.
IEC06000289-3-en.vsd
IEC06000289 V3 EN
15.7.4 Signals
Table 563: ECRWPSCH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IRVBLK BOOLEAN 0 Block of current reversal function
Table continues on next page
896
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.7.5 Settings
Table 565: ECRWPSCH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
CurrRev Off - - Off Operating mode of Current Reversal
On Logic
tPickUpRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.020 Pickup time for current reversal logic
tDelayRev 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.060 Time Delay to prevent Carrier send and
local trip
WEI Off - - Off Operating mode of WEI logic
Echo
Echo & Trip
tPickUpWEI 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Coordination time for the WEI logic
3U0> 5 - 70 %UB 1 25 Neutral voltage setting for fault conditions
measurement
897
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
The directional comparison function contains logic for blocking overreaching and
permissive overreaching schemes.
The circuits for the permissive overreaching scheme contain logic for current reversal
and weak-end infeed functions. These functions are not required for the blocking
overreaching scheme.
Use the independent or inverse time functions in the directional earth fault protection
module to get backup tripping in case the communication equipment malfunctions
and prevents operation of the directional comparison logic.
Connect the necessary signal from the autorecloser for blocking of the directional
comparison scheme, during a single-phase autoreclosing cycle, to the BLOCK input
of the directional comparison module.
The fault current reversal logic uses a reverse directed element, connected to the input
signal IRV, which recognizes that the fault is in reverse direction. When the reverse
direction element is activated the output signal IRVL is activated which is shown in
Figure 455. The logic is now ready to handle a current reversal without tripping. The
output signal IRVL will be connected to the block input on the permissive
overreaching scheme.
When the fault current is reversed on the healthy line, IRV is deactivated and IRVBLK
is activated. The tDelayRev timer delays the reset of the output signal. The signal
blocks operation of the overreach permissive scheme for residual current and thus
prevents unwanted operation caused by fault current reversal.
BLOCK
IRVBLK
tDelayRev
tPickUpRev 10 ms tPickUpRev AND t
IRVL
IRV
t t t
CurrRev = On
IEC09000031-4-en.vsd
IEC09000031 V4 EN
898
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
The weak-end infeed function can be set to send only an echo signal (WEI=Echo) or
an echo signal and a trip signal (WEI=Echo & Trip). The corresponding logic
diagrams are depicted in Figure 456 and Figure 457.
The weak-end infeed logic uses normally a reverse and a forward direction element,
connected to WEIBLK2 via an OR-gate. If neither the forward nor the reverse
directional measuring element is activated during the last 200 ms, the weak-end infeed
logic echoes back the received permissive signal as shown in Figure 456 and Figure
457. The weak-end infeed logic also echoes the received permissive signal when
CBOPEN is high (local breaker opens) prior to faults appeared at the end of line.
If the forward or the reverse directional measuring element is activated during the last
200 ms, the fault current is sufficient for the IED to detect the fault with the earth fault
function that is in operation.
CR
BLOCK AND
VTSZ
OR
tPickUpWEI
WEIBLK1
t AND 50 ms 200 ms
AND
OR t t ECHO
200 ms AND
CRL t
WEIBLK2
AND
1500 ms
CBOPEN OR
t
WEI = Echo
IEC09000032-5-en.vsd
IEC09000032 V5 EN
Figure 456: Simplified logic diagram for weak-end infeed logic - Echo
With the WEI= Echo & Trip setting, the logic sends an echo according to the diagram
above. Further, it activates the TRWEI signal to trip the breaker if the echo conditions
are fulfilled and the neutral point voltage is above the set operate value for 3U0>.
The voltage signal that is used to calculate the zero sequence voltage is set in the earth
fault function which is in operation.
899
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
BLOCK
VTSZ
OR
tPickUpWEI
WEIBLK1 t AND 50 ms 200 ms
AND
OR t t ECHO
200 ms AND
t
CRL
AND
WEIBLK2 1500 ms
OR
t
CBOPEN
AND
ST3U0
15 ms TRWEI
a>b AND
3U0> t
WEI = Echo&Trip
IEC09000020-5-en.vsd
IEC09000020 V5 EN
Figure 457: Simplified logic diagram for weak-end infeed logic - Echo & Trip
The weak-end infeed echo sent to the strong line end has a maximum duration of 200
ms. When this time period has elapsed, the conditions that enable the echo signal to be
sent are set to zero for a time period of 50 ms. This avoids ringing action if the weak-
end echo is selected for both line ends.
900
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.1 Introduction
Direct transfer trip (DTT) logic is used together with Line distance protection function
or other type of line protection. One typical example for use of transfer trip is given
below. When Line distance protection function is extended to cover power lines
feeding the transformer directly and there is a fault in transformer differential area, the
transformer differential protection operates faster than line protection. A trip
command is sent to the remote end of the line. On remote end, before sending a trip
command to the circuit breaker, the certainty of a fault condition is ensured by
checking local criterion in DTT logic.
CR CS TRIP
TRIP
DTT IDIFF>
Xsource VT1
~ CT1
Line
CT2 CT3
Source Power Load
Transformer
en03000120.vsd
IEC03000120 V1 EN
On receiving the CR signal from remote end, Direct transfer trip logic needs to check
additional local criterion, before sending the trip signal to circuit breaker.
901
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
CR1
CR2
Impedance protection
Low impedance protection
CarrierReceiveLogic
LCCRPTRC
Three phase undercurrent
U3P
CR1
CB Trip output
CR2
Zero sequence overcurrent
protection
LocalCheck
Analog input
IEC09000773-1-en.vsd
IEC09000773 V1 EN
15.8.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Low active power and power factor LAPPGAPC - 37_55
protection
15.8.2.2 Functionality
902
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
Low active power and power factor protection (LAPPGAPC) function measures
power flow. It can be used for protection and monitoring of:
LAPPGAPC
I3P* TRLAP
U3P* TRLPF
BLOCK TRLPFL1
BLKTR TRLPFL2
TRLPFL3
STLAP
STLPF
STLAPL1
STLAPL2
STLAPL3
STLPFL1
STLPFL2
STLPFL3
IEC09000763-1-en.vsd
IEC09000763 V1 EN
15.8.2.4 Signals
Table 568: LAPPGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block all trip signals of the funtction
903
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.2.5 Settings
Table 570: LAPPGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
OperationLAP Off - - Off Operation low active power Off/On
On
OpMode 2 out of 3 - - 2 out of 3 Trip mode low active power 2out of 3 or 1
1 out of 3 out of 3
LAP< 2.0 - 100.0 %SB 0.1 5.0 3 Phase start value for low active power in
% of SBase
tOpLAP 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.010 Time delay to operate for low active power
OperationLPF Off - - Off Operation low power factor Off/On
On
LPF< 0.00 - 1.00 - 0.01 0.40 Start value for low power factor
tOpLPF 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.010 Time delay to operate for low power factor
904
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
Low active power and low power factor protection (LAPPGAPC) calculates power
and power factor from voltage and current values. Trip signal must be set
independently for low active power and low power factor condition after definite time
delay.
S L1 = U L1 I L1
EQUATION2243 V1 EN (Equation 154)
905
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
S L2 = U L2 IL2
EQUATION2244 V1 EN (Equation 155)
S L3 = U L3 I L3
EQUATION2245 V1 EN (Equation 156)
Power factor is a ratio of active power to apparent power. The function calculates
power factor from the calculated values of active power and apparent power of L1, L2
and L3 loop by following equation:
PL1
pf L1 =
S L1
EQUATION2246 V1 EN (Equation 157)
PL 2
pf L 2 =
SL2
EQUATION2247 V1 EN (Equation 158)
PL 3
pf L 3 =
SL3
EQUATION2248 V1 EN (Equation 159)
The low active power functionality has a trip mode setting. According to this setting,
trip is activated if the low active power is detected in one out of three phases or two out
of three phases respectively. These two modes are user settable through setting
OpMode.
The function will do zero clamping to disable the calculation if the current and voltage
values of a particular phase are less than 30% of UBase for voltage and 3% of IBase
for current value.
Calculation
The active power setting value used for detection of under power must be given as a
three-phase value. The design starts to calculate internally the per phase value from
this setting and detect phase wise under power condition individually. The power
factor start value is common for all the three phases.
Phase wise analog values apparent power, active power, reactive power and power
factor are available as service values.
906
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
STLAPLx
P < LAP<
I3P TRLAP
t
Calculation P and
pf
U3P
STLPFLx
pf < pf<
TRLPFLx
t
IEC10000011-1-en.vsd
IEC10000011 V1 EN
Figure 461: Logic diagram of Low active power and low power factor protection
(LAPPGAPC)
907
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Compensated over and undervoltage COUVGAPC - 59_27
protection
15.8.3.2 Functionality
COUVGAPC
I3P* TRUV
U3P* TROV
BLOCK TRUVL1
BLKTR TRUVL2
SWIPOS TRUVL3
TROVL1
TROVL2
TROVL3
STUV
STOV
STUVL1
STUVL2
STUVL3
STOVL1
STOVL2
STOVL3
IEC09000764-1-en.vsd
IEC09000764 V1 EN
15.8.3.4 Signals
Table 575: COUVGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of the function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all operate outputs
SWIPOS BOOLEAN 1 Local shunt reactor connected or not
908
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.3.5 Settings
Table 577: COUVGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
OperationUV Off - - On Operation compensated under voltage
On Off/On
U< 1 - 100 %UB 1 70 Compensated under voltage level in % of
UBase
tUV 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time delay to trip under voltage
OperationOV Off - - On Operation compensated over voltage Off/
On On
U> 1 - 200 %UB 1 120 Compensated over voltage level in % of
UBase
tOV 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Time delay to trip over voltage
909
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
The main measured inputs to COUVGAPC are three-phase voltage and current
signals. COUVGAPCuses line resistance, reactance and line charging capacitance to
calculate the remote end voltage. It also takes the input for local shunt reactor,
connected at the line side of the line breaker, reactance value. The calculated voltage
is referred to as compensated voltage.
910
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
STOV
TROV
Over voltage
U3P STOVLx
comparator
I3P TRIPOVLx
t
Compensated
SWIPOS voltage calculation STUVLx
EnShuntReactor &
TRIPUVLx
Under voltage t
TRUV
comparator
STUV
IEC09000782-1-en.vsd
IEC09000782 V1 EN
Where:
Uremote calculated voltage at the opposite side of line
Above calculated compensated voltage is compared to preset over and under voltage
levels set as percentage of base voltage UBase. If the calculated voltage exceeds
setting in any phase, COUVGAPC generates start and trip signals for that phase and
common start and trip signals. Independent enabling for overvoltage and
undervoltage are available with definite time delay. If shunt reactor is not present in
the system, COUVGAPC does not include any effect of shunt reactor while
calculating the compensated voltage. This shunt reactor calculation is enabled when
both input SWIPOS is 1 and setting parameter EnShuntReactor is On. Run time
change in EnShuntReactor setting parameter restarts the IED and SWIPOS input
signal is used to enable/disable the shunt reactor calculations.
Calculations
911
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
2
UN
X sr =
QN
EQUATION2249 V1 EN (Equation 160)
Where:
UN line to line voltage
If total line capacitance (Ctotal) is known then half line capacitive reactance:
2
X cp =
wCtotal
EQUATION2250 V1 EN (Equation 161)
X cp = 2 X cTotal
EQUATION2251 V1 EN (Equation 162)
912
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Sudden change in current variation SCCVPTOC - 51
15.8.4.2 Functionality
Sudden change in current variation (SCCVPTOC) function is a fast way of finding any
abnormality in line currents. When there is a fault in the system, the current changes
faster than the voltage. SCCVPTOC finds abnormal condition based on phase-to-
phase current variation. The main application is as a local criterion to increase security
when transfer trips are used.
SCCVPTOC
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR
IEC09000765-1-en.vsd
IEC09000765 V1 EN
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.4.4 Signals
Table 582: SCCVPTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase to phase current samples group
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip signals
15.8.4.5 Settings
Table 584: SCCVPTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
I> 5 - 100 %IB 1 20 Fixed threshold setting in % of IBase
tHold 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.500 Hold time for operate signals
914
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Scheme communication
Di = i ( t ) - 2 i ( t - T ) + i ( t - 2T )
EQUATION2252 V1 EN
Where:
i(t) Amplitude of the current at the present instant
i(t-T) Amplitude of the current at the instant exactly one cycle time before
i(t-2T) Amplitude of the current at the instant exactly two cycle time before
Criteria:
1 2T -1
DIT = Di ( t - n )
T n =T
EQUATION2254 V1 EN (Equation 164)
If the above criteria becomes true for a time of tDelay, then respective START output
is activated provided the BLOCK input is false, and the respective TRIP outputs is
activated for the time of tHold provided the BLKTR and BLOCK input is false.
15.8.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Carrier receive logic LCCRPTRC - 94
915
Technical manual
Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.5.2 Functionality
In Direct transfer trip (DTT) scheme, the received CR signal gives the trip to the circuit
breaker after checking certain local criteria functions in order to increase the security
of the overall tripping functionality. Carrier receive logic (LCCRPTRC) function
gives final trip output of the DTT scheme.
Features:
LCCRPTRC
BLOCK TRIP
LOCTR TRL1
LOCTRL1 TRL2
LOCTRL2 TRL3
LOCTRL3
CHERR1
CHERR2
CR1
CR2
IEC09000766-1-en.vsd
IEC09000766 V1 EN
15.8.5.4 Signals
Table 588: LCCRPTRC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
LOCTR BOOLEAN 0 Local common trip signal coming from DTT
LOCTRL1 BOOLEAN 0 Local trip signal for phase 1 coming from DTT
LOCTRL2 BOOLEAN 0 Local trip signal for phase 2 coming from DTT
LOCTRL3 BOOLEAN 0 Local trip signal for phase 3 coming from DTT
CHERR1 BOOLEAN 0 Channel error indication flag for carrier receive 1
CHERR2 BOOLEAN 0 Channel error indication flag for carrier receive 2
CR1 BOOLEAN 0 Carrier receive 1
CR2 BOOLEAN 0 Carrier receive 2
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15.8.5.5 Settings
Table 590: LCCRPTRC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
ChMode 2 Out Of 2 - - 2 Out Of 2 Setting to select 1/2 or 2/2 mode
1 Out Of 2
tOperate 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.100 Time delay to operate
The functionality of the Carrier receive logic (LCCRPTRC) is to release the TRIP
signal for DTT scheme based on the LOCTRL1, LOCTRL2, LOCTRL3, and LOCTR
signals coming from local criterion, and the Carrier receive signals CR1 and CR2.
There are two modes of operation 1 out of 2 and 2 out of 2. In the case of the 1 out of 2
mode if any one of the carrier signal is received then the trip signals will be released,
and in 2 out of 2 mode both the CRs should be high to release trip signal. If any one of
the channel error signals is high in 2 out of 2 mode, then logic automatically switches
to 1 out of 2 mode after a time delay of 200 ms. After switching to 1/2 mode under
channel error condition and if channel error gets cleared the mode will switch back
only after a time delay of 200 ms.
If the input channel error signal is high then the respective carrier receive signal will
be blocked.
The complete function can be blocked by setting the BLOCK input high.
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Negative sequence overvoltage LCNSPTOV - 47
protection
15.8.6.2 Functionality
Negative sequence components are present in all types of fault condition. Negative
sequence voltage and current get high values during unsymmetrical faults.
LCNSPTOV
U3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR
IEC09000767-1-en.vsd
IEC09000767 V1 EN
15.8.6.4 Signals
Table 592: LCNSPTOV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block overall function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip output
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Scheme communication
15.8.6.5 Settings
Table 594: LCNSPTOV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
U2> 1 - 200 %UB 1 10 Negative sequence over voltage start
value in % of UBase
tU2 0.000 - 120.000 s 0.001 2.000 Time delay to operate
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Zero sequence overvoltage protection LCZSPTOV - 59N
15.8.7.2 Functionality
Zero sequence components are present in all abnormal conditions involving earth.
They can reach considerably high values during earth faults.
LCZSPTOV
U3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR
IEC09000768-1-en.vsd
IEC09000768 V1 EN
15.8.7.4 Signals
Table 598: LCZSPTOV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
U3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for voltage inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block overall function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block TRIP output
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.7.5 Settings
Table 600: LCZSPTOV Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
3U0> 1 - 200 %UB 1 10 Zero sequence voltage start value in % of
UBase
t3U0 0.000 - 120.000 s 0.001 2.000 Time delay to operate
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Negative sequence overcurrent LCNSPTOC - 46
protection
15.8.8.2 Functionality
Negative sequence components are present in all types of fault condition. They can
reach considerably high values during abnormal operation.
LCNSPTOC
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR
IEC09000769-1-en.vsd
IEC09000769 V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.8.4 Signals
Table 604: LCNSPTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block overall function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip signal
15.8.8.5 Settings
Table 606: LCNSPTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
I2> 3 - 2500 %IB 1 100 Negative sequence over current start
value in % of IBase
tI2 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay to operate
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
connected as input to the function through a group connection I3P in PCM600. This
current is compared against the preset value and a start signal will be set high if the
input negative sequence current is greater than the preset value I2>. Trip signal will
be set high after a time delay setting of tI2. BLOCK input will block the complete
function. BLKTR will block the trip output. The negative sequence current is
available as service value output I2.
15.8.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Zero sequence overcurrent protection LCZSPTOC - 51N
924
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.9.2 Functionality
Zero sequence components are present in all abnormal conditions involving earth.
They have a considerably high value during earth faults.
LCZSPTOC
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK START
BLKTR
IEC09000770-1-en.vsd
IEC09000770 V1 EN
15.8.9.4 Signals
Table 610: LCZSPTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block overall function
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip output
15.8.9.5 Settings
Table 612: LCZSPTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
3I0> 3 - 2500 %IB 1 100 Zero sequence over current start value in
% of IBase
t3I0 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay to operate
925
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
926
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
15.8.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Three phase overcurrent LCP3PTOC - 51
15.8.10.2 Functionality
Features:
LCP3PTOC
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK TRL1
BLKTR TRL2
TRL3
START
STL1
STL2
STL3
IEC09000771-1-en.vsd
IEC09000771 V1 EN
15.8.10.4 Signals
Table 616: LCP3PTOC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block all binary outputs by resetting timers
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip of the function
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
15.8.10.5 Settings
Table 618: LCP3PTOC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation On / Off
On
IOC> 5 - 2500 %IB 1 1000 Start value for 3 phase over current in % of
IBase
tOC 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.020 Time delay to operate
Three phase overcurrent (LCP3PTOC) is used for detecting over current conditions.
LCP3PTOC starts when the current exceeds the set limit IOC>. It operates with
definite time (DT) characteristics, that is, the function operates after a predefined time
928
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
tOC and resets when the fault current disappears. The function contains a blocking
functionality. It is possible to block the function output, timer or the function itself, if
desired.
15.8.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Three phase undercurrent LCP3PTUC - 37
15.8.11.2 Functionality
Three phase undercurrent function (LCP3PTUC) is designed for detecting loss of load
conditions.
Features:
929
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Section 15 1MRK505308-UEN B
Scheme communication
LCP3PTUC
I3P* TRIP
BLOCK TRL1
BLKTR TRL2
TRL3
START
STL1
STL2
STL3
IEC09000772-1-en.vsd
IEC09000772 V1 EN
15.8.11.4 Signals
Table 622: LCP3PTUC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Three phase group signal for current inputs
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block all binary outputs by resetting timers
BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block trip of the function
15.8.11.5 Settings
Table 624: LCP3PTUC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation On / Off
On
IUC< 1.00 - 100.00 %IB 0.01 50.00 Start value for 3 phase under current in %
of IBase
tUC 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay to operate
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 15
Scheme communication
Three phase undercurrent (LCP3PTUC) is used for detecting sudden load loss which
is considered as fault condition. LCP3PTUC starts when the current is less than the set
limit IUC<. It operates with definite time (DT) characteristics, that is, the function
operates after a predefined time tUC and resets when the load current restores. The
function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block the function output,
timer or the function itself, if desired.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 16
Logic
Section 16 Logic
16.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC 94
I->O
SYMBOL-K V1 EN
16.1.2 Functionality
A function block for protection tripping is provided for each circuit breaker involved
in the tripping of the fault. It provides a settable pulse prolongation to ensure a trip
pulse of sufficient length, as well as all functionality necessary for correct co-
operation with autoreclosing functions.
The trip function block also includes a settable latch functionality for evolving faults
and breaker lock-out.
IEC05000707-2-en.vsd
IEC05000707 V2 EN
933
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
16.1.4 Signals
Table 628: SMPPTRC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLKLKOUT BOOLEAN 0 Blocks circuit breaker lockout output (CLLKOUT)
TRIN BOOLEAN 0 Trip all phases
TRINL1 BOOLEAN 0 Trip phase 1
TRINL2 BOOLEAN 0 Trip phase 2
TRINL3 BOOLEAN 0 Trip phase 3
PSL1 BOOLEAN 0 Functional input for phase selection in phase L1
PSL2 BOOLEAN 0 Functional input for phase selection in phase L2
PSL3 BOOLEAN 0 Functional input for phase selection in phase L3
1PTRZ BOOLEAN 0 Zone Trip with a separate phase selection
1PTREF BOOLEAN 0 Single phase DEF Trip for separate phase
selection
P3PTR BOOLEAN 0 Prepare all tripping to be three-phase
SETLKOUT BOOLEAN 0 Input for setting the circuit breaker lockout function
RSTLKOUT BOOLEAN 0 Input for resetting the circuit breaker lockout
function
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 16
Logic
16.1.5 Settings
Table 630: SMPPTRC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
Program 3 phase - - 1ph/3ph Three ph; single or three ph; single, two or
1ph/3ph three ph trip
1ph/2ph/3ph
tTripMin 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.150 Minimum duration of trip output signal
tWaitForPHS 0.020 - 0.500 s 0.001 0.050 Secures 3-pole trip when phase selection
failed
For three-phase tripping logic common 3-phase output, SMPPTRC has a single input
(TRIN) through which all trip output signals from the protection functions within the
IED, or from external protection functions via one or more of the IEDs binary inputs,
are routed. It has a single trip output (TRIP) for connection to one or more of the IEDs
binary outputs, as well as to other functions within the IED requiring this signal.
BLOCK
tTripMin TRIP
TRIN OR
AND t
Operation Mode = On
Program = 3Ph
en05000789.vsd
IEC05000789 V1 EN
SMPPTRC function for single-phase and two-phase tripping has additional phase
segregated inputs for this, as well as inputs for faulted phase selection. The latter
935
Technical manual
Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
inputs enable single- phase and two-phase tripping for those functions which do not
have their own phase selection capability, and therefore which have just a single trip
output and not phase segregated trip outputs for routing through the phase segregated
trip inputs of the expanded SMPPTRC function. Examples of such protection
functions are the residual overcurrent protections. The expanded SMPPTRC function
has two inputs for these functions, one for impedance tripping (for example, carrier-
aided tripping commands from the scheme communication logic), and one for earth
fault tripping (for example, tripping output from a residual overcurrent protection).
The expanded SMPPTRC function has three trip outputs TRL1, TRL2, TRL3 (besides
the trip output TRIP), one per phase, for connection to one or more of the IEDs binary
outputs, as well as to other functions within the IED requiring these signals. There are
also separate output signals indicating single-phase, two-phase or three-phase trip.
These signals are important for cooperation with the autorecloser SMBRREC
function.
The expanded SMPPTRC function is equipped with logic which secures correct
operation for evolving faults as well as for reclosing on to persistent faults. A special
input is also provided which disables single- phase and two-phase tripping, forcing all
tripping to be three-phase.
The breaker close lockout function can be activated from an external trip signal from
another protection function via input (SETLKOUT) or internally at a three-phase trip,
if desired.
It is possible to lockout seal in the tripping output signals or use blocking of closing
only the choice is by setting TripLockout.
TRINL1
TRINL2
OR
TRINL3
1PTRZ OR
1PTREF
OR
TRIN RSTTRIP
AND
Program = 3 phase
IEC05000517-3-en.vsd
IEC05000517 V3 EN
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Logic
TRIN
TRINL1
PSL1 L1TRIP
OR
AND
TRINL2
PSL2 L2TRIP
OR
AND
TRINL3
PSL3 L3TRIP
OR
AND
OR
OR OR
- loop
l-oop
OR
AND
AND
AND
1 PTREF AND tWaitForPHS
1 PTRZ OR t
IEC10000056-3-en.vsd
IEC10000056 V3 EN
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Technical manual
Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
L1TRIP 150 ms
OR
AND t RTRIP
OR
2000 ms
t
OR
AND
L2TRIP 150 ms
OR
AND t STRIP
OR
2000 ms
t
OR
AND
L3TRIP 150 ms
OR
AND t TTRIP
OR
2000 ms
t
OR
AND
BLOCK OR
OR AND
P3PTR
OR
-loop
IEC10000268-2-en.vsd
IEC10000268 V2 EN
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Logic
BLOCK
tTripMin
tEvolvingFault
tTripMin
tEvolvingFault
tTripMin
tEvolvingFault
IEC05000520-4-en.vsdx
IEC05000520-WMF V4 EN
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
IEC05000521-3.vsd
IEC05000521-WMF V3 EN
16.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Trip matrix logic TMAGAPC - -
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 16
Logic
16.2.2 Functionality
Trip matrix logic TMAGAPC function is used to route trip signals and other logical
output signals to different output contacts on the IED.
The trip matrix logic function has 3 output signals and these outputs can be connected
to physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs for settable
pulse or steady output.
IEC13000197-1-en.vsd
IEC13000197 V1 EN
16.2.4 Signals
Table 633: TMAGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
BLK1 BOOLEAN 0 Block of output 1
BLK2 BOOLEAN 0 Block of output 2
Table continues on next page
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 16
Logic
16.2.5 Settings
Table 635: TMAGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
PulseTime 0.050 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.150 Output pulse time
OnDelay 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Output on delay time
OffDelay 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Output off delay time
ModeOutput1 Steady - - Steady Mode for output ,1 steady or pulsed
Pulsed
ModeOutput2 Steady - - Steady Mode for output 2, steady or pulsed
Pulsed
ModeOutput3 Steady - - Steady Mode for output 3, steady or pulsed
Pulsed
Internal built-in OR logic is made in accordance with the following three rules:
1. when any one of first 16 inputs signals (INPUT1 to INPUT16) has logical value
1 the first output signal (OUTPUT1) will get logical value 1.
2. when any one of second 16 inputs signals (INPUT17 to INPUT32) has logical
value 1 the second output signal (OUTPUT2) will get logical value 1.
3. when any one of all 32 input signals (INPUT1 to INPUT32) has logical value 1
the third output signal (OUTPUT3) will get logical value 1.
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
PulseTime
t
&
ModeOutput1=Pulsed
INPUT 1
OUTPUT 1
Ondelay Offdelay
&
1
1 t t
INPUT 16
PulseTime
t
&
ModeOutput2=Pulsed
INPUT 17
OUTPUT 2
Ondelay Offdelay
&
1
1 t t
INPUT 32
PulseTime
t
&
ModeOutput3=Pulsed
OUTPUT 3
Ondelay Offdelay
&
1
1 t t
IEC09000612-3-en.vsd
IEC09000612 V3 EN
Output signals from TMAGAPC are typically connected to other logic blocks or
directly to output contacts in the IED. When used for direct tripping of the circuit
breaker(s) the pulse time shall be set to at least 0.150 seconds in order to obtain
satisfactory minimum duration of the trip pulse to the circuit breaker trip coils.
16.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logic for group alarm ALMCALH - -
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Logic
16.3.2 Functionality
The group alarm logic function ALMCALH is used to route several alarm signals to
a common indication, LED and/or contact, in the IED.
IEC13000181-1-en.vsd
IEC13000181 V1 EN
16.3.4 Signals
Table 637: ALMCALH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 3
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 4
INPUT5 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 5
INPUT6 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 6
INPUT7 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 7
INPUT8 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 8
INPUT9 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 9
INPUT10 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 10
INPUT11 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 11
INPUT12 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 12
INPUT13 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 13
INPUT14 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 14
INPUT15 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 15
INPUT16 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 16
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
16.3.5 Settings
Table 639: ALMCALH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
When any one of 16 input signals (INPUT1 to INPUT16) has logical value 1, the
ALARM output signal will get logical value 1.
The function has a drop-off delay of 200 ms when all inputs are reset to provide a
steady signal.
Input 1
200 ms
ALARM
1 t
Input 16
IEC13000191-1-en.vsd
IEC13000191 V1 EN
946
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Logic
16.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logic for group warning WRNCALH - -
16.4.2 Functionality
The group warning logic function WRNCALH is used to route several warning
signals to a common indication, LED and/or contact, in the IED.
IEC13000182-1-en.vsd
IEC13000182 V1 EN
16.4.4 Signals
Table 641: WRNCALH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 3
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 4
INPUT5 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 5
INPUT6 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 6
INPUT7 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 7
INPUT8 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 8
Table continues on next page
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Section 16 1MRK505308-UEN B
Logic
16.4.5 Settings
Table 643: WRNCALH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
When any one of 16 input signals (INPUT1 to INPUT16) has logical value 1, the
WARNING output signal will get logical value 1.
The function has a drop-off delay of 200 ms when all inputs are reset to provide a
steady signal.
INPUT1
200 ms
WARNING
1 t
INPUT16
IEC13000192-1-en.vsd
IEC13000192 V1 EN
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Logic
16.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logic for group indication INDCALH - -
16.5.2 Functionality
The group indication logic function INDCALH is used to route several indication
signals to a common indication, LED and/or contact, in the IED.
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16.5.4 Signals
Table 645: INDCALH Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 3
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 4
INPUT5 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 5
INPUT6 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 6
INPUT7 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 7
INPUT8 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 8
INPUT9 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 9
INPUT10 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 10
INPUT11 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 11
INPUT12 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 12
INPUT13 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 13
INPUT14 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 14
INPUT15 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 15
INPUT16 BOOLEAN 0 Binary input 16
16.5.5 Settings
Table 647: INDCALH Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
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When any one of 16 input signals (INPUT1 to INPUT16) has logical value 1, the IND
output signal will get logical value 1.
The function has a drop-off delay of 200 ms when all inputs are reset to provide a
steady signal.
INPUT1
200 ms
IND
1 t
INPUT16
IEC13000193-1-en.vsd
IEC13000193 V1 EN
The basic configurable logic blocks do not propagate the time stamp and quality of
signals (have no suffix QT at the end of their function name). A number of logic blocks
and timers are always available as basic for the user to adapt the configuration to the
specific application needs. The list below shows a summary of the function blocks and
their features.
These logic blocks are also available as part of an extension logic package with the
same number of instances.
AND function block. Each block has four inputs and two outputs where one is
inverted.
GATE function block is used for whether or not a signal should be able to pass
from the input to the output.
INVERTER function block that inverts one input signal to the output.
LLD function block. Loop delay used to delay the output signal one execution
cycle.
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OR function block. Each block has up to six inputs and two outputs where one is
inverted.
PULSETIMER function block can be used, for example, for pulse extensions or
limiting of operation of outputs, settable pulse time.
RSMEMORY function block is a flip-flop that can reset or set an output from
two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The
memory setting controls if, after a power interruption, the flip-flop resets or
returns to the state it had before the power interruption. RESET input has priority.
SRMEMORY function block is a flip-flop that can set or reset an output from
two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The
memory setting controls if, after a power interruption, the flip-flop resets or
returns to the state it had before the power interruption. The SET input has
priority.
TIMERSET function has pick-up and drop-out delayed outputs related to the
input signal. The timer has a settable time delay.
XOR function block. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted.
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16.6.1.2 Signals
Table 649: AND Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 1 Input signal 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 1 Input signal 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 1 Input signal 3
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 1 Input signal 4
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16.6.2.2 Signals
Table 652: GATE Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input to gate
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16.6.2.3 Settings
Table 654: GATE Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
IEC04000404_2_en.vsd
IEC04000404 V2 EN
16.6.3.2 Signals
Table 656: INV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input
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Logic
LLD
INPUT OUT
IEC15000144.vsd
IEC15000144 V1 EN
16.6.4.2 Signals
Table 659: LLD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input signal
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Logic
OR
INPUT1 OUT
INPUT2 NOUT
INPUT3
INPUT4
INPUT5
INPUT6
IEC04000405_2_en.vsd
IEC04000405 V2 EN
16.6.5.2 Signals
Table 662: OR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1 to OR gate
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2 to OR gate
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Input 3 to OR gate
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 0 Input 4 to OR gate
INPUT5 BOOLEAN 0 Input 5 to OR gate
INPUT6 BOOLEAN 0 Input 6 to OR gate
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IEC04000407-3-en.vsd
IEC04000407 V3 EN
16.6.6.2 Signals
Table 665: PULSETIMER Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input to pulse timer
16.6.6.3 Settings
Table 667: PULSETIMER Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
t 0.000 - 90000.000 s 0.001 0.010 Time delay of function
The Reset-set with memory function block (RSMEMORY) is a flip-flop with memory
that can reset or set an output from two inputs respectively. Each RSMEMORY
function block has two outputs, where one is inverted. The memory setting controls if,
after a power interruption, the flip-flop resets or returns to the state it had before the
power interruption. For a Reset-Set flip-flop, RESET input has higher priority over
SET input.
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RSMEMORY
SET OUT
RESET NOUT
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16.6.7.2 Signals
Table 670: RSMEMORY Input signals
Name Type Default Description
SET BOOLEAN 0 Input signal to set
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Input signal to reset
16.6.7.3 Settings
Table 672: RSMEMORY Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Memory Off - - On Operating mode of the memory function
On
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SRMEMORY
SET OUT
RESET NOUT
IEC04000408_2_en.vsd
IEC04000408 V2 EN
16.6.8.2 Signals
Table 675: SRMEMORY Input signals
Name Type Default Description
SET BOOLEAN 0 Input signal to set
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Input signal to reset
16.6.8.3 Settings
Table 677: SRMEMORY Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Memory Off - - On Operating mode of the memory function
On
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Input
tdelay
On
Off
tdelay
t
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IEC08000289 V2 EN
IEC04000411-2-en.vsd
IEC04000411 V2 EN
16.6.9.2 Signals
Table 679: TIMERSET Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input to timer
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16.6.9.3 Settings
Table 681: TIMERSET Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
t 0.000 - 90000.000 s 0.001 0.000 Delay for settable timer n
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16.6.10.2 Signals
Table 684: XOR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1 to XOR gate
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2 to XOR gate
The configurable logic blocks QT propagate the time stamp and the quality of the
input signals (have suffix QT at the end of their function name).
The function blocks assist the user to adapt the IEDs' configuration to the specific
application needs. The list below shows a summary of the function blocks and their
features.
ANDQT AND function block. The function also propagates the time stamp and
the quality of input signals. Each block has four inputs and two outputs where one
is inverted.
INDEXTSPQT extracts individual signals from a group signal input. The value
part of single position input is copied to SI_OUT output. The time part of single
position input is copied to TIME output. The quality bits in the common part and
the indication part of inputs signal are copied to the corresponding quality output.
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INVERTERQT function block that inverts the input signal and propagates the
time stamp and the quality of the input signal.
ORQT OR function block that also propagates the time stamp and the quality of
the input signals. Each block has six inputs and two outputs where one is inverted.
PULSETIMERQT Pulse timer function block can be used, for example, for
pulse extensions or limiting of operation of outputs. The function also propagates
the time stamp and the quality of the input signal.
RSMEMORYQT function block is a flip-flop that can reset or set an output from
two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The
memory setting controls if the block after a power interruption should return to
the state before the interruption, or be reset. The function also propagates the time
stamp and the quality of the input signal.
SRMEMORYQT function block is a flip-flop that can set or reset an output from
two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The
memory setting controls if the block after a power interruption should return to
the state before the interruption, or be reset. The function also propagates the time
stamp and the quality of the input signal.
TIMERSETQT function has pick-up and drop-out delayed outputs related to the
input signal. The timer has a settable time delay. The function also propagates the
time stamp and the quality of the input signal.
XORQT XOR function block. The function also propagates the time stamp and
the quality of the input signals. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted.
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ANDQT
INPUT1 OUT
INPUT2 NOUT
INPUT3
INPUT4
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16.7.1.2 Signals
The value of single point input (SP_IN) is copied to the value part of the SP_OUT
output. The TIME input is copied to the time part of the SP_OUT output. State input
bits are copied to the corresponding state part of the SP_OUT output. If the state or
value on the SP_OUT output changes, the Event bit in the state part is toggled.
INDCOMBSPQT can propagate the quality, the value and the time stamps of the
signals via IEC 61850.
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INDCOMBSPQT
SP_IN* SP_OUT
TIME*
BLOCKED*
SUBST*
INVALID*
TEST*
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IEC15000146 V1 EN
16.7.2.2 Signals
The value part of the single point input signal SI_IN is copied to SI_OUT output. The
time part of single point input is copied to the TIME output. The state bits in the
common part and the indication part of the input signal are copied to the corresponding
state output.
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INDEXTSPQT can propagate the quality, the value and the time stamps of the signals
via IEC 61850.
IEC14000067-1-en.vsd
IEC14000067 V1 EN
16.7.3.2 Signals
The values of the input signals INPUTx (where 1<x<16) are copied to the outputs
OUTPUTx (where 1<x<16). If the input VALID is 0 or if its quality bit is set invalid,
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all outputs OUTPUTx (where 1<x<16) quality bit will be set to invalid. The time
stamp of any output OUTPUTx (where 1<x<16) will be set to the latest time stamp of
any input and the input VALID.
INVALIDQT can propagate the quality, the value and the time stamps of the signals
via IEC 61850.
INVALIDQT
INPUT1 OUTPUT1
INPUT2 OUTPUT2
INPUT3 OUTPUT3
INPUT4 OUTPUT4
INPUT5 OUTPUT5
INPUT6 OUTPUT6
INPUT7 OUTPUT7
INPUT8 OUTPUT8
INPUT9 OUTPUT9
INPUT10 OUTPUT10
INPUT11 OUTPUT11
INPUT12 OUTPUT12
INPUT13 OUTPUT13
INPUT14 OUTPUT14
INPUT15 OUTPUT15
INPUT16 OUTPUT16
VALID
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16.7.4.2 Signals
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INVERTERQT
INPUT OUT
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IEC09000299 V1 EN
16.7.5.2 Signals
The ORQT function block (ORQT) is used to form general combinatory expressions
OR with boolean variables. ORQT function block has up to six inputs and two outputs.
One of the outputs is inverted. It can propagate the quality, value and the timestamps
of the signals via IEC 61850.
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ORQT
INPUT1 OUT
INPUT2 NOUT
INPUT3
INPUT4
INPUT5
INPUT6
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IEC09000298 V1 EN
16.7.6.2 Signals
The pulse timer function block (PULSETIMERQT) can be used, for example, for
pulse extensions or for limiting the operation time of the outputs. PULSETIMERQT
has a settable output pulse length.
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When the input goes to 1, the output will be 1 for the time set by the time delay
parameter t. Then it returns to 0.
When the output changes value, the time stamp of the output signal is updated.
The supported quality state bits are propagated from the input to the output at each
execution cycle. A change of these bits will not lead to an updated time stamp on the
output.
PULSETIMERQT can propagate the quality, value and the time stamps of the signals
via IEC 61850.
PULSETIMERQT
INPUT OUT
IEC15000145.vsd
IEC15000145 V1 EN
16.7.7.2 Signals
16.7.7.3 Settings
Table 707: PULSETIMERQT Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
t 0.000 - 90000.000 s 0.001 0.010 Pulse time length
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The Reset-set function (RSMEMORYQT) is a flip-flop with memory that can reset or
set an output from two inputs respectively. Each RSMEMORYQT function block has
two outputs, where one is inverted. The memory setting controls if, after a power
interruption, the flip-flop resets or returns to the state it had before the power
interruption. For a Reset-Set flip-flop, the RESET input has higher priority than the
SET input.
RSMEMORYQT can propagate the quality, the value and the time stamps of the
signals via IEC 61850.
Table 709: Truth table for RSMEMORYQT function block
RESET SET OUT NOUT
0 0 Last Inverted last
value value
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
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16.7.8.2 Signals
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16.7.8.3 Settings
Table 712: RSMEMORYQT Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Memory Off - - On Operating mode of the memory function
On
The Set-reset function (SRMEMORYQT) is a flip-flop with memory that can set or
reset an output from two inputs respectively. Each SRMEMORYQT function block
has two outputs, where one is inverted. The memory setting controls if, after a power
interruption, the flip-flop resets or returns to the state it had before the power
interruption. The SET input has priority.
SRMEMORYQT can propagate the quality, the value and the time stamps of the
signals via IEC 61850.
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16.7.9.2 Signals
16.7.9.3 Settings
Table 717: SRMEMORYQT Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Memory Off - - On Operating mode of the memory function
On
The Settable timer function block (TIMERSETQT) has two outputs for delay of the
input signal at pick-up and drop-out. The timer has a settable time delay (t). It also has
an Operation setting On/Off that controls the operation of the timer.
When the output changes value, the timestamp of the output signal is updated. The
supported quality state bits are propagated from the input to the output at each
execution cycle. A change of these bits will not lead to an updated timestamp on the
output.
TIMERSETQT can propagate the quality, value and the timestamps of the signals via
IEC 61850.
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IEC14000068-1-en.vsd
IEC14000068 V1 EN
16.7.10.2 Signals
16.7.10.3 Settings
Table 721: TIMERSETQT Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
t 0.000 - 90000.000 s 0.001 0.000 Delay for settable timer n
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One of the outputs is inverted. The output signal OUT is 1 if the input signals are
different and 0 if they are equal.
Table 723: Truth table for XORQT function block
INPUT1 INPUT2 OUT NOUT
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
XORQT can propagate the quality, value and time stamps of the signals via IEC
61850.
XORQT
INPUT1 OUT
INPUT2 NOUT
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16.7.11.2 Signals
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When extra configurable logic blocks are required, an additional package can be
ordered.
Table 727: Number of instances in the extension logic package
Logic block Quantity with cycle time
3 ms 8 ms 100 ms
AND 40 40 100
GATE - - 49
INV 40 40 100
LLD - - 49
OR 40 40 100
PULSETIMER 5 5 49
SLGAPC 10 10 54
SRMEMORY - - 110
TIMERSET - - 49
VSGAPC 10 10 110
XOR - - 49
16.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fixed signals FXDSIGN - -
16.9.2 Functionality
The Fixed signals function FXDSIGN generates nine pre-set (fixed) signals that can
be used in the configuration of an IED, either for forcing the unused inputs in other
function blocks to a certain level/value, or for creating certain logic. Boolean, integer,
floating point, string types of signals are available.
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IEC05000445-3-en.vsd
IEC05000445 V3 EN
16.9.4 Signals
Table 728: FXDSIGN Output signals
Name Type Description
OFF BOOLEAN Boolean signal fixed off
ON BOOLEAN Boolean signal fixed on
INTZERO INTEGER Integer signal fixed zero
INTONE INTEGER Integer signal fixed one
INTALONE INTEGER Integer signal fixed all ones
REALZERO REAL Real signal fixed zero
STRNULL STRING String signal with no characters
ZEROSMPL GROUP SIGNAL Channel id for zero sample
GRP_OFF GROUP SIGNAL Group signal fixed off
16.9.5 Settings
The function does not have any settings available in Local HMI or Protection and
Control IED Manager (PCM600).
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16.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Boolean 16 to integer conversion B16I - -
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16.10.3 Signals
Table 729: B16I Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IN1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1
IN2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2
IN3 BOOLEAN 0 Input 3
IN4 BOOLEAN 0 Input 4
Table continues on next page
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16.10.5 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
Values of each of the different OUTx from function block B16I for 1x16.
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The sum of the value on each INx corresponds to the integer presented on the output
OUT on the function block B16I
Name of input Type Default Description Value when Value when
activated deactivated
IN1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1 1 0
IN2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2 2 0
IN3 BOOLEAN 0 Input 3 4 0
IN4 BOOLEAN 0 Input 4 8 0
IN5 BOOLEAN 0 Input 5 16 0
IN6 BOOLEAN 0 Input 6 32 0
IN7 BOOLEAN 0 Input 7 64 0
IN8 BOOLEAN 0 Input 8 128 0
IN9 BOOLEAN 0 Input 9 256 0
IN10 BOOLEAN 0 Input 10 512 0
IN11 BOOLEAN 0 Input 11 1024 0
IN12 BOOLEAN 0 Input 12 2048 0
IN13 BOOLEAN 0 Input 13 4096 0
IN14 BOOLEAN 0 Input 14 8192 0
IN15 BOOLEAN 0 Input 15 16384 0
IN16 BOOLEAN 0 Input 16 32768 0
The sum of the numbers in column Value when activated when all INx (where
1x16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be
converted to an integer by the B16I function block.
16.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with BTIGAPC - -
logic node representation
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16.11.2 Functionality
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node representation function BTIGAPC
is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. The block input
will freeze the output at the last value.
BTIGAPC can receive remote values via IEC 61850 depending on the operator
position input (PSTO).
IEC13000303-1-en.vsd
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16.11.4 Signals
Table 733: BTIGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IN1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1
IN2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2
IN3 BOOLEAN 0 Input 3
IN4 BOOLEAN 0 Input 4
IN5 BOOLEAN 0 Input 5
IN6 BOOLEAN 0 Input 6
IN7 BOOLEAN 0 Input 7
IN8 BOOLEAN 0 Input 8
IN9 BOOLEAN 0 Input 9
IN10 BOOLEAN 0 Input 10
IN11 BOOLEAN 0 Input 11
IN12 BOOLEAN 0 Input 12
Table continues on next page
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16.11.5 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
Values of each of the different OUTx from function block BTIGAPC for 1x16.
The sum of the value on each INx corresponds to the integer presented on the output
OUT on the function block BTIGAPC.
Name of input Type Default Description Value when Value when
activated deactivated
IN1 BOOLEAN 0 Input 1 1 0
IN2 BOOLEAN 0 Input 2 2 0
IN3 BOOLEAN 0 Input 3 4 0
Table continues on next page
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The sum of the numbers in column Value when activated when all INx (where
1x16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be
converted to an integer by the BTIGAPC function block.
16.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Integer to boolean 16 conversion IB16 - -
16.12.2 Functionality
Integer to boolean 16 conversion function IB16 is used to transform an integer into a
set of 16 binary (logical) signals.
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IB16
BLOCK OUT1
INP OUT2
OUT3
OUT4
OUT5
OUT6
OUT7
OUT8
OUT9
OUT10
OUT11
OUT12
OUT13
OUT14
OUT15
OUT16
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16.12.4 Signals
Table 737: IB16 Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INP INTEGER 0 Integer Input
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OUTx represents a value when activated. The value of each of the OUTx is in
accordance with the table IB16_1. When not activated the OUTx has the value 0.
In the above example when integer 15 is on the input INP the OUT1 has a value =1,
OUT2 has a value =2, OUT3 has a value =4 and OUT4 has a value =8. The sum of
these OUTx is equal to 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15.
This follows the general formulae: The sum of the values of all OUTx = 2x-1 where
1x16 will be equal to the integer value on the input INP.
The Integer to Boolean 16 conversion function (IB16) will transfer an integer with a
value between 0 to 65535 connected to the input INP to a combination of activated
outputs OUTx where 1x16. The sum of the values of all OUTx will then be equal
to the integer on input INP. The values of the different OUTx are according to the table
below. When an OUTx is not activated, its value is 0.
When all OUTx where 1x16 are activated that is = Boolean 1 it corresponds to that
integer 65535 is connected to input INP. The IB16 function is designed for receiving
the integer input locally. If the BLOCK input is activated, it will freeze the logical
outputs at the last value.
Values of each of the different OUTx from function block IB16 for 1x16.
The sum of the value on each INx corresponds to the integer presented on the output
OUT on the function block IB16.
Name of OUTx Type Description Value when Value when
activated deactivated
OUT1 BOOLEAN Output 1 1 0
OUT2 BOOLEAN Output 2 2 0
OUT3 BOOLEAN Output 3 4 0
OUT4 BOOLEAN Output 4 8 0
OUT5 BOOLEAN Output 5 16 0
OUT6 BOOLEAN Output 6 32 0
OUT7 BOOLEAN Output 7 64 0
OUT8 BOOLEAN Output 8 128 0
OUT9 BOOLEAN Output 9 256 0
OUT10 BOOLEAN Output 10 512 0
Table continues on next page
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The sum of the numbers in column Value when activated when all OUTx (where x
= 1 to 16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest integer that can be
converted by the IB16 function block.
16.13.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Integer to boolean 16 conversion with ITBGAPC - -
logic node representation
16.13.2 Functionality
Integer to boolean conversion with logic node representation function ITBGAPC is
used to transform an integer which is transmitted over IEC 61850 and received by the
function to 16 binary coded (logic) output signals.
ITBGAPC function can only receive remote values over IEC 61850 when the R/L
(Remote/Local) push button on the front HMI, indicates that the control mode for the
operator is in position R (Remote i.e. the LED adjacent to R is lit ), and the
corresponding signal is connected to the input PSTO ITBGAPC function block. The
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Logic
input BLOCK will freeze the output at the last received value and blocks new integer
values to be received and converted to binary coded outputs.
IEC14000012-1-en.vsd
IEC14000012 V1 EN
16.13.4 Signals
Table 740: ITBGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
PSTO INTEGER 1 Operator place selection
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Logic
16.13.5 Settings
This function does not have any setting parameters.
OUTx represents a value when activated. The value of each of the OUTx is in
accordance with the Table 742. When not activated the OUTx has the value 0.
The value of each OUTx for 1x16 (1x16) follows the general formulae: OUTx
= 2x-1 The sum of the values of all activated OUTx = 2x-1 where 1x16 will be equal
to the integer value received over IEC 61850 to the ITBGAPC_1 function block.
The ITBGAPC function is designed for receiving the integer input from a station
computer - for example, over IEC 61850. If the BLOCK input is activated, it will
freeze the logical outputs at the last value.
Table 742: Outputs and their values when activated
Name of OUTx Type Description Value when Value when
activated deactivated
OUT1 BOOLEAN Output 1 1 0
OUT2 BOOLEAN Output 2 2 0
OUT3 BOOLEAN Output 3 4 0
OUT4 BOOLEAN Output 4 8 0
OUT5 BOOLEAN Output 5 16 0
OUT6 BOOLEAN Output 6 32 0
OUT7 BOOLEAN Output 7 64 0
Table continues on next page
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Logic
The sum of the numbers in column Value when activated when all OUTx (1x16)
are active equals 65535. This is the highest integer that can be converted to boolean by
the ITBGAPC function block.
The operator position input (PSTO) determines the operator place. The integer
number that is communicated to the ITBGAPC can only be written to the block while
the PSTO is in position Remote. If PSTO is in position Off or Local, then no
changes are applied to the outputs.
16.14.1 Identification
Function Description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device
identification identification number
Elapsed time integrator TEIGAPC - -
16.14.2 Functionality
Elapsed Time Integrator (TEIGAPC) function is a function that accumulates the
elapsed time when a given binary signal has been high, see also Figure 509.
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Logic
BLOCK
RESET
IN Time Integration ACCTIME
with Retain
q-1
a
OVERFLOW
AND
a>b
999 999 s b
a
WARNING
AND
a>b
tWarning b
a
ALARM
AND
a>b
tAlarm b
IEC13000290 V2 EN
IEC14000014-1-en.vsd
IEC14000014 V1 EN
16.14.4 Signals
Table 744: TEIGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Freeze the integration and block the other outputs
IN BOOLEAN 0 The input signal that is used to measure the
elapsed time, when its value is high
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Reset the integration time
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Logic
16.14.5 Settings
Table 746: TEIGAPC Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
tWarning 1.00 - 999999.99 s 0.01 600.00 Time limit for warning supervision
tAlarm 1.00 - 999999.99 s 0.01 1200.00 Time limit for alarm supervision
time integration, accumulating the elapsed time when a given binary signal has
been high
blocking and reset of the total integrated time
supervision of limit transgression and overflow, the overflow limit is fixed to
999999.9 seconds
retaining of the integrated value
Figure 511 describes the simplified logic of the function where the block Time
Integration covers the logics for the first two items listed above while the block
Transgression Supervision Plus Retain contains the logics for the last two.
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Logic
Loop Delay
tWarning
OVERFLOW
tAlarm
Transgression Supervision WARNING
Plus Retain
ALARM
BLOCK
RESET ACCTIME
Time Integration
IN
Loop Delay
IEC12000195-4-en.vsd
IEC12000195 V4 EN
The ACCTIME output represents the integrated time in seconds while tOverflow,
tAlarm and tWarning are the time limit parameters in seconds.
tAlarm and tWarning are user settable limits. They are also independent, that is, there
is no check if tAlarm > tWarning.
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Logic
tAlarm and tWarning are possible to be defined with a resolution of 10 ms, depending
on the level of the defined values for the parameters.
The limit for the overflow supervision is fixed at 999999.9 seconds. The outputs
freeze if an overflow occurs.
In principle, a shorter function cycle time, longer integrated time length or more pulses
may lead to reduced accuracy.
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Monitoring
Section 17 Monitoring
17.1 Measurements
17.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Measurements CVMMXN -
P, Q, S, I, U, f
SYMBOL-RR V1 EN
SYMBOL-SS V1 EN
SYMBOL-UU V1 EN
SYMBOL-VV V1 EN
SYMBOL-TT V1 EN
SYMBOL-UU V1 EN
17.1.2 Functionality
Measurement functions is used for power system measurement, supervision and
reporting to the local HMI, monitoring tool within PCM600 or to station level for
example, via IEC 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of
active power, reactive power, currents, voltages, frequency, power factor etc. is vital
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Monitoring
All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits that is, low-low limit,
low limit, high limit and high-high limit. A zero clamping reduction is also supported,
that is, the measured value below a settable limit is forced to zero which reduces the
impact of noise in the inputs.
Dead-band supervision can be used to report measured signal value to station level
when change in measured value is above set threshold limit or time integral of all
changes since the last time value updating exceeds the threshold limit. Measure value
can also be based on periodic reporting.
,
The measuring functions CMMXU, VMMXU and VNMMXU provide physical
quantities:
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Monitoring
It is possible to calibrate the measuring function above to get better then class 0.5
presentation. This is accomplished by angle and amplitude compensation at 5, 30 and
100% of rated current and at 100% of rated voltage.
CVMMXN
I3P* S
U3P* S_RANGE
P_INST
P
P_RANGE
Q_INST
Q
Q_RANGE
PF
PF_RANGE
ILAG
ILEAD
U
U_RANGE
I
I_RANGE
F
F_RANGE
IEC10000016-1-en.vsd
IEC10000016 V1 EN
CMMXU
I3P* IL1
IL1RANG
IL1ANGL
IL2
IL2RANG
IL2ANGL
IL3
IL3RANG
IL3ANGL
IEC05000699-2-en.vsd
IEC05000699 V2 EN
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
VMMXU
U3P* UL12
UL12RANG
UL12ANGL
UL23
UL23RANG
UL23ANGL
UL31
UL31RANG
UL31ANGL
IEC05000701-2-en.vsd
IEC05000701 V2 EN
CMSQI
I3P* 3I0
3I0RANG
3I0ANGL
I1
I1RANG
I1ANGL
I2
I2RANG
I2ANGL
IEC05000703-2-en.vsd
IEC05000703 V2 EN
VMSQI
U3P* 3U0
3U0RANG
3U0ANGL
U1
U1RANG
U1ANGL
U2
U2RANG
U2ANGL
IEC05000704-2-en.vsd
IEC05000704 V2 EN
VNMMXU
U3P* UL1
UL1RANG
UL1ANGL
UL2
UL2RANG
UL2ANGL
UL3
UL3RANG
UL3ANGL
IEC09000850-1-en.vsd
IEC09000850 V1 EN
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Monitoring
17.1.4 Signals
Table 749: CVMMXN Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
U3P GROUP - Group signal for voltage input
SIGNAL
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Monitoring
1000
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 17
Monitoring
1001
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
17.1.5 Settings
The available setting parameters of the measurement function (MMXU, MSQI) are
depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in
PCM600.
These six functions are not handled as a group, so parameter settings are only available
in the first setting group.
The following terms are used in the Unit and Description columns:
UBase: Base voltage in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference for voltage
setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary voltage
supervised object.
IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current
setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the
supervised object.
SBase: Base setting for power values in MVA.
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1004
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1005
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Monitoring
1006
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Monitoring
1007
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
1008
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Monitoring
1009
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1010
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1011
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1012
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1013
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Monitoring
1014
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Monitoring
1015
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Monitoring
The protection, control, and monitoring IEDs have functionality to measure and
further process information for currents and voltages obtained from the pre-
processing blocks. The number of processed alternate measuring quantities depends
on the type of IED and built-in options.
The information on measured quantities is available for the user at different locations:
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Monitoring
Overfunction, when the measured current exceeds the High limit (XHiLim) or
High-high limit (XHiHiLim) pre-set values
Underfunction, when the measured current decreases under the Low limit
(XLowLim) or Low-low limit (XLowLowLim) pre-set values.
X_RANGE = 3
High-high limit
X_RANGE= 1 Hysteresis
High limit
X_RANGE=0
X_RANGE=0 t
Low limit
X_RANGE=2
Low-low limit
X_RANGE=4
IEC05000657-2-en.vsdx
IEC05000657 V2 EN
Each analogue output has one corresponding supervision level output (X_RANGE).
The output signal is an integer in the interval 0-4 (0: Normal, 1: High limit exceeded,
3: High-high limit exceeded, 2: below Low limit and 4: below Low-low limit). The
output may be connected to a measurement expander block (XP (RANGE_XP)) to get
measurement supervision as binary signals.
The logical value of the functional output signals changes according to figure 518.
The user can set the hysteresis (XLimHyst), which determines the difference between
the operating and reset value at each operating point, in wide range for each measuring
channel separately. The hysteresis is common for all operating values within one
channel.
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Monitoring
of the value to the higher levels depends on the selected reporting mode. The
following basic reporting modes are available:
Cyclic reporting
The cyclic reporting of measured value is performed according to chosen setting
(XRepTyp). The measuring channel reports the value independent of amplitude or
integral dead-band reporting.
In addition to the normal cyclic reporting the IED also report spontaneously when
measured value passes any of the defined threshold limits.
Y
Value Reported Value Reported
Value Reported Value Reported
(1st)
Y3 Value Reported
Y2 Y4
Y1 Y5
t
Value 1
Value 2
Value 3
Value 4
Value 5
IEC05000500 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 17
Monitoring
band supervision. The picture is simplified: the process is not continuous but the
values are evaluated with a time interval of one execution cycle from each other.
Value Reported
Y
IEC99000529-2-en.vsdx
IEC99000529 V2 EN
After the new value is reported, the Y limits for dead-band are automatically set
around it. The new value is reported only if the measured quantity changes more than
defined by the Y set limits.
The last value reported, Y1 in figure 521 serves as a basic value for further
measurement. A difference is calculated between the last reported and the newly
measured value and is multiplied by the time increment (discrete integral). The
absolute values of these integral values are added until the pre-set value is exceeded.
This occurs with the value Y2 that is reported and set as a new base for the following
measurements (as well as for the values Y3, Y4 and Y5).
The integral dead-band supervision is particularly suitable for monitoring signals with
small variations that can last for relatively long periods.
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Monitoring
Y A1 >=
A >= pre-set value
A2 >=
pre-set value pre-set value
Y3 A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 + A7 >=
pre-set value
Y2 A1 A2
A4 A6
Value Reported Y4 A3 A5 A7
Value
(1st) Value
A Reported Y5
Reported Value
Reported Value
Y1 Reported
t
IEC99000530-2-en.vsdx
IEC99000530 V2 EN
Mode of operation
The measurement function must be connected to three-phase current and three-phase
voltage input in the configuration tool (group signals), but it is capable to measure and
calculate above mentioned quantities in nine different ways depending on the
available VT inputs connected to the IED. The end user can freely select by a
parameter setting, which one of the nine available measuring modes shall be used
within the function. Available options are summarized in the following table:
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Monitoring
Set value for Formula used for complex, three- Formula used for voltage and Comment
parameter phase power calculation current magnitude calculation
Mode
1 L1, L2, L3 Used when
* * *
S = U L1 I L1 + U L 2 I L 2 + U L 3 I L 3 U = ( U L1 + U L 2 + U L 3 ) / 3 three phase-
EQUATION1385 V1 EN to-earth
I = ( I L1 + I L 2 + I L 3 ) / 3
voltages are
EQUATION1386 V1 EN available
2 Arone Used when
S = U L1 L 2 I L*1 - U L 2 L 3 I L* 3 U = ( U L1 L 2 + U L 2 L 3 ) / 2 three two
phase-to-
(Equation 165) phase
EQUATION1387 V1 EN
I = ( I L1 + I L 3 ) / 2
voltages are
EQUATION1388 V1 EN (Equation 166) available
voltage is
EQUATION1392 V1 EN (Equation 170) available
voltage is
EQUATION1394 V1 EN (Equation 172) available
voltage is
EQUATION1396 V1 EN (Equation 174) available
7 L1 Used when
S = 3 U L1 I L*1 U = 3 U L1 only UL1
phase-to-
(Equation 175) earth voltage
I = I L1
EQUATION1397 V1 EN
is available
EQUATION1398 V1 EN (Equation 176)
8 L2 Used when
S = 3 U L 2 I L* 2 U = 3 U L2 only UL2
phase-to-
(Equation 177) earth voltage
I = IL2
EQUATION1399 V1 EN
is available
EQUATION1400 V1 EN (Equation 178)
9 L3 Used when
S = 3 U L 3 I L* 3 U = 3 U L3 only UL3
phase-to-
(Equation 179) earth voltage
I = I L3
EQUATION1401 V1 EN
is available
EQUATION1402 V1 EN (Equation 180)
* means complex conjugated value
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Monitoring
It shall be noted that only in the first two operating modes that is, 1 & 2 the
measurement function calculates exact three-phase power. In other operating modes
that is, from 3 to 9 it calculates the three-phase power under assumption that the power
system is fully symmetrical. Once the complex apparent power is calculated then the
P, Q, S, & PF are calculated in accordance with the following formulas:
P = Re( S )
EQUATION1403 V1 EN (Equation 181)
Q = Im( S )
EQUATION1404 V1 EN (Equation 182)
S = S = P +Q
2 2
PF = cosj = P
S
EQUATION1406 V1 EN (Equation 184)
Additionally to the power factor value the two binary output signals from the function
are provided which indicates the angular relationship between current and voltage
phasors. Binary output signal ILAG is set to one when current phasor is lagging
behind voltage phasor. Binary output signal ILEAD is set to one when current phasor
is leading the voltage phasor.
Each analogue output has a corresponding supervision level output (X_RANGE). The
output signal is an integer in the interval 0-4, see section "Measurement supervision".
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Monitoring
IEC05000652 V2 EN
The first current and voltage phase in the group signals will be used as reference and
the amplitude and angle compensation will be used for related input signals.
X = k X Old + (1 - k ) X Calculated
EQUATION1407 V1 EN (Equation 185)
where:
X is a new measured value (that is P, Q, S, U, I or PF) to be given out from the function
XOld is the measured value given from the measurement function in previous execution cycle
k is settable parameter by the end user which influence the filter properties
1023
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
Default value for parameter k is 0.00. With this value the new calculated value is
immediately given out without any filtering (that is, without any additional delay).
When k is set to value bigger than 0, the filtering is enabled. Appropriate value of k
shall be determined separately for every application. Some typical value for k =0.14.
Compensation facility
In order to compensate for small amplitude and angular errors in the complete
measurement chain (CT error, VT error, IED input transformer errors and so on.) it is
possible to perform on site calibration of the power measurement. This is achieved by
setting the complex constant which is then internally used within the function to
multiply the calculated complex apparent power S. This constant is set as amplitude
(setting parameter PowAmpFact, default value 1.000) and angle (setting parameter
PowAngComp, default value 0.0 degrees). Default values for these two parameters are
done in such way that they do not influence internally calculated value (complex
constant has default value 1). In this way calibration, for specific operating range (for
example, around rated power) can be done at site. However, to perform this calibration
it is necessary to have an external power meter with high accuracy class available.
Directionality
If CT earthing parameter is set as described in section "Analog inputs", active and
reactive power will be measured always towards the protected object. This is shown
in the following figure 523.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 17
Monitoring
Busbar
IED
P Q
Protected
Object
IEC09000038-1-en.vsd
IEC09000038-1-EN V1 EN
Practically, it means that active and reactive power will have positive values when
they flow from the busbar towards the protected object and they will have negative
values when they flow from the protected object towards the busbar.
In some application, for example, when power is measured on the secondary side of
the power transformer it might be desirable, from the end client point of view, to have
actually opposite directional convention for active and reactive power measurements.
This can be easily achieved by setting parameter PowAngComp to value of 180.0
degrees. With such setting the active and reactive power will have positive values
when they flow from the protected object towards the busbar.
Frequency
Frequency is actually not calculated within measurement block. It is simply obtained
from the pre-processing block and then just given out from the measurement block as
an output.
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
Phase currents (amplitude and angle) are available on the outputs and each amplitude
output has a corresponding supervision level output (ILx_RANG). The supervision
output signal is an integer in the interval 0-4, see section "Measurement supervision".
The voltages (phase or phase-phase voltage, amplitude and angle) are available on the
outputs and each amplitude output has a corresponding supervision level output
(ULxy_RANG). The supervision output signal is an integer in the interval 0-4, see
section "Measurement supervision".
Positive, negative and three times zero sequence quantities are available on the
outputs (voltage and current, amplitude and angle). Each amplitude output has a
corresponding supervision level output (X_RANGE). The output signal is an integer
in the interval 0-4, see section "Measurement supervision".
1026
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Monitoring
1027
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Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
17.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Gas medium supervision SSIMG - 63
17.2.2 Functionality
Gas medium supervision SSIMG is used for monitoring the circuit breaker condition.
Binary information based on the gas pressure in the circuit breaker is used as input
signals to the function. In addition, the function generates alarms based on received
information.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 17
Monitoring
IEC09000129-1-en.vsd
IEC09000129 V1 EN
17.2.4 Signals
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Monitoring
17.2.5 Settings
Table 787: SSIMG Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
PressAlmLimit 1.00 - 100.00 - 0.01 5.00 Alarm setting for pressure
PressLOLimit 1.00 - 100.00 - 0.01 3.00 Pressure lockout setting
TempAlarmLimit -40.00 - 200.00 - 0.01 30.00 Temperature alarm level setting of the
medium
TempLOLimit -40.00 - 200.00 - 0.01 30.00 Temperature lockout level of the medium
tPressureAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for pressure alarm
tPressureLO 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for pressure lockout indication
tTempAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for temperature alarm
tTempLockOut 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for temperture lockout
tResetPressAlm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for pressure alarm
tResetPressLO 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for pressure lockout
tResetTempLO 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for temperture lockout
tResetTempAlm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for temperture alarm
There may be sudden change in pressure of the gas for a very small time, for which the
function need not to initiate any alarm. That is why two time delays tPressureAlarm or
tPressureLO have been included. If the pressure goes below the settings for more than
these time delays, then only the corresponding alarm PRES_ALM or lockout
PRES_LO will be initiated. The SET_P_LO binary input is used for setting the gas
pressure lockout. The PRES_LO output retains the last value until it is reset by using
the binary input RESET_LO. Hysteresis type comparators have been used with the
setting for relative and absolute hysteresis. The binary input BLK_ALM can be used
to block the alarms, and the BLOCK input can block both alarms and the lockout
indication.
Temperature of the medium is available from the input signal of temperature. The
signal is monitored to detect high temperature.
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Monitoring
There may be sudden change in temperature of the medium for a very small time, for
which the function need not to initiate any alarm. That is why two time delays
tTempAlarm or tTempLockOut have been included. If the temperature goes above the
settings for more than these time delays, then only the corresponding alarm
TEMP_ALM or lockout TEMP_LO will be initiated. The SET_T_LO binary input is
used for setting the temperature lockout. The TEMP_LO output retains the last value
until it is reset by using the binary input RESET_LO. Hysteresis type comparators
have been used with the setting for relative and absolute hysteresis. The binary input
BLK_ALM can be used to block the alarms, and the BLOCK input can block both
alarms and the lockout indication.
17.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Liquid medium supervision SSIML - 71
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Monitoring
17.3.2 Functionality
Liquid medium supervision SSIML is used for monitoring the circuit breaker
condition. Binary information based on the oil level in the circuit breaker is used as
input signals to the function. In addition, the function generates alarms based on
received information.
IEC09000128-1-en.vsd
IEC09000128 V1 EN
17.3.4 Signals
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17.3.5 Settings
Table 791: SSIML Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
LevelAlmLimit 1.00 - 100.00 - 0.01 5.00 Alarm setting for level
LevelLOLimit 1.00 - 100.00 - 0.01 3.00 Level lockout setting
TempAlarmLimit -40.00 - 200.00 - 0.01 30.00 Temperature alarm level setting of the
medium
TempLOLimit -40.00 - 200.00 - 0.01 30.00 Temperature lockout level of the medium
tLevelAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for level alarm
tLevelLockOut 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for level lockout indication
tTempAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for temperature alarm
tTempLockOut 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for temperture lockout
tResetLevelAlm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for level alarm
tResetLevelLO 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for level lockout
tResetTempLO 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for temperture lockout
tResetTempAlm 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Reset time delay for temperture alarm
There may be sudden change in oil level for a very small time, for which the function
need not to initiate any alarm. That is why two time delays tLevelAlarm or
tLevelLockOut have been included. If the oil level goes below the settings for more
than these time delays, then only the corresponding alarm LVL_ALM or lockout
LVL_LO will be initiated. The SET_L_LO binary input is used for setting the gas
pressure lockout. The LVL_LO output retains the last value until it is reset by using
the binary input RESET_LO. Hysteresis type comparators have been used with the
setting for relative and absolute hysteresis. The binary input BLK_ALM can be used
for blocking the alarms, and the BLOCK input can block both alarms and the lockout
indication.
Temperature of the medium is available from the input signal of temperature. The
signal is monitored to detect high temperature.
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Monitoring
There may be sudden change in temperature of the medium for a very small time, for
which the function need not to initiate any alarm. That is why two time delays
tTempAlarm or tTempLockOuthave been included. If the temperature goes above the
settings for more than these time delays, then only the corresponding alarm
TEMP_ALM or lockout TEMP_LO will be initiated. The SET_T_LO binary input is
used for setting the temperature lockout. The TEMP_LO output retains the last value
until it is reset by using the binary input RESET_LO. Hysteresis type comparators
have been used with the setting for relative and absolute hysteresis. The binary input
BLK_ALM can be used for blocking the alarms, and the BLOCK input can block both
alarms and the lockout indication.
17.4.1 Identification
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Monitoring
17.4.2 Functionality
The breaker monitoring function SSCBR is used to monitor different parameters of
the breaker condition. The breaker requires maintenance when the number of
operations reaches a predefined value. For a proper functioning of the circuit breaker,
it is essential to monitor the circuit breaker operation, spring charge indication or
breaker wear, travel time, number of operation cycles and estimate the accumulated
energy during arcing periods.
IEC13000231-2-en.vsd
IEC13000231 V2 EN
17.4.4 Signals
Table 793: SSCBR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
I3P GROUP - Group signal for current input
SIGNAL
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block all the alarm and lockout indication
BLKALM BOOLEAN 0 Block all the alarms
TRIND BOOLEAN 0 Trip command from trip circuit
POSOPEN BOOLEAN 0 Signal for open position of apparatus from I/O
POSCLOSE BOOLEAN 0 Signal for close position of apparatus from I/O
PRESALM BOOLEAN 0 Pressure alarm indication from CB
PRESLO BOOLEAN 0 Pressure lockout indication from CB
SPRCHRST BOOLEAN 0 CB spring charging started indication signal
SPRCHRD BOOLEAN 0 CB spring charged indication signal
RSTCBWR BOOLEAN 0 Reset of CB remaining life and operation counter
RSTTRVT BOOLEAN 0 Reset of CB closing and opening travel times
RSTIPOW BOOLEAN 0 Reset of accumulated I^CurrExponent
RSTSPCHT BOOLEAN 0 Reset of CB spring charging time
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Monitoring
17.4.5 Settings
Table 795: SSCBR Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
GlobalBaseSel 1 - 12 - 1 1 Selection of one of the Global Base Value
groups
PhSel Phase L1 - - Phase L1 Phase selection
Phase L2
Phase L3
RatedOperCurr 100.00 - 5000.00 A 0.01 1000.00 Rated operating current of the breaker
OperNoRated 1 - 99999 - 1 10000 Number of operations possible at rated
current
RatedFltCurr 500.00 - 99999.99 A 0.01 5000.00 Rated fault current of the breaker
OperNoFault 1 - 10000 - 1 1000 Number of operations possible at rated
fault current
tTrOpenAlm 0.000 - 0.200 s 0.001 0.040 Alarm level for open travel time
tTrCloseAlm 0.000 - 0.200 s 0.001 0.040 Alarm level for close travel time
OperAlmLevel 0 - 9999 - 1 200 Alarm level for number of operations
OperLOLevel 0 - 9999 - 1 300 Lockout level for number of operations
AccSelCal Aux Contact - - Trip Signal Accumulated energy calculation selection
Trip Signal
Table continues on next page
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 17
Monitoring
I3P-ILRMSPH
POSCLOSE TTRVOP
POSOPEN CB Contact Travel TTRVCL
BLOCK Time TRVTOPAL
BLKALM TRVTCLAL
RSTTRVT
OPENPOS
CB Status CLOSEPOS
INVDPOS
CBLIFEAL
Remaining Life of CB
CBLIFEPH
RSTCBWR
TRCMD
Accumulated IPOWALPH
energy
I3P-IL IPOWLOPH
TRIND
IPOWPH
RSTIPOW
CB Operation OPERALM
Cycles NOOPER
CB Operation MONALM
Monitoring INADAYS
SPCHALM
SPRCHRST CB Spring Charge SPCHT
SPRCHRD Monitoring
RSTSPCHT
IEC12000624 V3 EN
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Monitoring
The circuit breaker contact travel time subfunction calculates the breaker contact
travel time for opening and closing operations. The operation of the breaker contact
travel time measurement is described in Figure 528.
POSCLOSE TTRVOP
Contact travel
POSOPEN time TTRVCL
calculation
RSTTRVT
TRVTOPAL
Alarm limit
BLOCK check TRVTCLAL
BLKALM
IEC12000615-2-en.vsd
IEC12000615 V2 EN
Figure 528: Functional module diagram for circuit breaker contact travel time
Main Contact
1
0
POSCLOSE
POSOPEN
1
t1 tOpen t2 t3 tClose t4
IEC12000616 V2 EN
There is a time difference t1 between the start of the main contact opening and the
opening of the POSCLOSE auxiliary contact. Similarly, there is a time difference t2
between the time when the POSOPEN auxiliary contact opens and the main contact is
completely open. Therefore, a correction factor needs to be added to get the actual
opening time. This factor is added with the OpenTimeCorr (t1+t2) setting. The closing
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time is calculated by adding the value set with the CloseTimeCorr (t3+t4) setting to
the measured closing time.
The last measured opening travel time (TTRVOP) and the closing travel time
(TTRVCL) are given as service values.
The values can be reset using the Clear menu on the LHMI or by activation the input
RSTCBWR.
It is also possible to block the TRVTCLAL and TRVTOPAL alarm signals by activating
the BLOCK input.
The circuit breaker status subfunction monitors the position of the circuit breaker, that
is, whether the breaker is in the open, closed or error position. The operation is
described in Figure 530.
Phase current
I3P-ILRMSPH
check
OPENPOS
Contact
POSCLOSE position CLOSEPOS
indicator
POSOPEN INVDPOS
IEC12000613-3-en.vsd
IEC12000613 V3 EN
Figure 530: Functional module diagram for monitoring circuit breaker status
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Monitoring
have the same value or if the auxiliary input contact POSCLOSE is low and the
POSOPEN input is high but the current is above the setting AccStopCurr.
The status of the breaker is indicated with the binary outputs OPENPOS, CLOSEPOS
and INVDPOS for open, closed and error position respectively.
The Remaining life of circuit breaker subfunction is used to give an indication on the
wear and tear of the circuit breaker. Every time the breaker operates, the life of the
circuit breaker reduces due to wear. The breaker wear depends on the interrupted
current. The remaining life of the breaker is estimated from the circuit breaker trip
curve provided by the manufacturer. The remaining life is decreased by at least one
when the circuit breaker is opened. The operation of the remaining life of circuit
breaker subfunction is described in Figure 531.
I3P-ILRMSPH
CB remaining CBLIFEPH
POSCLOSE life estimation
RSTCBWR
Alarm limit
BLOCK CBLIFEAL
Check
BLKALM
IEC12000620-3-en.vsd
IEC12000620 V3 EN
Figure 531: Functional module diagram for estimating the life of the circuit
breaker
It is possible to deactivate the CBLIFEAL alarm signal by activating the binary input
BLKALM.
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The old circuit breaker operation counter value can be used by adding the value to the
InitCBRemLife parameter. The value can be reset using the Clear menu from LHMI or
by activating the input RSTCBWR.
The Accumulated energy subfunction calculates the accumulated energy (Iyt) based
on current samples, where the setting CurrExponent (y) ranges from 0.5 to 3.0. The
operation is described in Figure 532.
The TRCMD output is enabled when either of the trip indications from the trip coil
circuit TRIND is high or the breaker status is OPENPOS.
I3P-IL
TRCMD
I3P-ILRMSPH Accumulated
POSCLOSE energy
calculation IPOWPH
TRIND
LRSTIPOW
IPOWALPH
Alarm limit
BLOCK Check IPOWLOPH
BLKALM
IEC12000619-3-en.vsd
IEC12000619 V3 EN
The calculation is initiated with the POSCLOSE or TRIND input events. It ends when
the RMS current is lower than the AccStopCurr setting.
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Monitoring
open open
POSCLOSE 1 POSCLOSE 1
0 0
Energy Energy
Accumulation Accumulation
starts starts
ContTrCorr ContTrCorr
(Negative) (Positive)
IEC12000618_1_en.vsd
IEC12000618 V1 EN
The ContTrCorr setting is used to determine the accumulated energy in relation to the
time the main contact opens. If the setting is positive, the calculation of energy starts
after the auxiliary contact has opened and the delay equal to the value of the
ContTrCorr setting has passed. When the setting is negative, the calculation starts in
advance by the correction time in relation to when the auxiliary contact opened.
Accumulated energy can also be calculated by using the change of state of the trip
output. TRIND is used to get the instance of the trip output and the time delay between
the trip initiation and the opening of the main contact is introduced by the setting
OperTimeDelay.
The accumulated energy output IPOWPH is provided as a service value. The value can
be reset by enabling RSTIPOW through LHMI or by activating the input RSTIPOW.
IPOWLOPH is activated when the accumulated energy exceeds the limit of the
LOAccCurrPwr setting.
The IPOWALPH and IPOWLOPH outputs can be blocked by activating the binary
input BLOCK.
The circuit breaker operation cycles subfunction counts the number of closing-
opening sequences of the breaker. The operation counter value is updated after each
closing-opening sequence. The operation is described in figure534.
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Monitoring
POSCLOSE
Operation
POSOPEN NOOPER
counter
RSTCBWR
OPERALM
Alarm limit
BLOCK
Check
OPERLO
BLKALM
IEC12000617 V2 EN
Figure 534: Functional module diagram for circuit breaker operation cycles
Operation counter
The operation counter counts the number of operations based on the state of change of
the auxiliary contact inputs POSCLOSE and POSOPEN.
The number of operations NOOPER is given as a service value. The old circuit
breaker operation counter value can be used by adding the value to the InitCounterVal
parameter and can be reset by Clear CB wear in the Clear menu on the LHMI or
activating the input RSTCBWR.
If the number of operations increases and exceeds the limit value set with the
OperLOLevel setting, the OPERLO output is activated.
The binary outputs OPERALM and OPERALO are deactivated when the BLKALM input
is activated.
The circuit breaker operation monitoring subfunction indicates the inactive days of
the circuit breaker and gives an alarm when the number of days exceed the set level.
The operation of the circuit breaker operation monitoring is shown in figure 535.
POSCLOSE
Inactive timer INADAYS
POSOPEN
IEC12000614 V2 EN
Figure 535: Functional module diagram for circuit breaker operation monitoring
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Monitoring
Inactive timer
The Inactive timer module calculates the number of days the circuit breaker has
remained in the same open or closed state. The value is calculated by monitoring the
states of the POSOPEN and POSCLOSE auxiliary contacts.
The number of inactive days INADAYS is available as a service value. The initial
number of inactive days is set using the InitInactDays parameter.
The circuit breaker spring charge monitoring subfunction calculates the spring
charging time. The operation is described in Figure 536.
SPRCHRST
Spring charging
SPRCHRD time SPCHT
measurement
RSTSPCHT
Alarm limit
BLOCK SPCHALM
Check
BLKALM
IEC12000621 V2 EN
Figure 536: Functional module diagram for circuit breaker spring charge
indication
The last measured spring charging time SPCHT is provided as a service value. The
spring charging time SPCHT can be reset on the LHMI or by activating the input
RSTSPCHT.
It is possible to block the SPCHALM alarm signal by activating the BLKALM binary
input.
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Monitoring
The circuit breaker gas pressure indication subfunction monitors the gas pressure
inside the arc chamber. The operation is described in Figure 537.
PRESALM
tDGasPresAlm
BLOCK AND t GPRESALM
BLKALM
tDGasPresLO
PRESLO AND t GPRESLO
IEC12000622 V3 EN
Figure 537: Functional module diagram for circuit breaker gas pressure
indication
When the PRESALM binary input is activated, the GPRESALM output is activated after
a time delay set with the tDGasPresAlm setting. The GPRESALM alarm can be
blocked by activating the BLKALM input.
If the pressure drops further to a very low level, the PRESLO binary input goes high,
activating the lockout alarm GPRESLO after a time delay set with the tDGasPresLO
setting. The GPRESLO alarm can be blocked by activating the BLKALM input.
The binary input BLOCK can be used to block the function. The activation of the
BLOCK input deactivates all outputs and resets internal timers. The alarm signals from
the function can be blocked by activating the binary input BLKALM.
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17.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Event function EVENT -
S00946 V1 EN
17.5.2 Functionality
When using a Substation Automation system with LON or SPA communication,
time-tagged events can be sent at change or cyclically from the IED to the station level.
These events are created from any available signal in the IED that is connected to the
Event function (EVENT). The event function block is used for LON and SPA
communication.
Analog and double indication values are also transferred through EVENT function.
IEC05000697-2-en.vsd
IEC05000697 V2 EN
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17.5.4 Signals
Table 799: EVENT Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT1 GROUP 0 Input 1
SIGNAL
INPUT2 GROUP 0 Input 2
SIGNAL
INPUT3 GROUP 0 Input 3
SIGNAL
INPUT4 GROUP 0 Input 4
SIGNAL
INPUT5 GROUP 0 Input 5
SIGNAL
INPUT6 GROUP 0 Input 6
SIGNAL
INPUT7 GROUP 0 Input 7
SIGNAL
INPUT8 GROUP 0 Input 8
SIGNAL
INPUT9 GROUP 0 Input 9
SIGNAL
INPUT10 GROUP 0 Input 10
SIGNAL
INPUT11 GROUP 0 Input 11
SIGNAL
INPUT12 GROUP 0 Input 12
SIGNAL
INPUT13 GROUP 0 Input 13
SIGNAL
INPUT14 GROUP 0 Input 14
SIGNAL
INPUT15 GROUP 0 Input 15
SIGNAL
INPUT16 GROUP 0 Input 16
SIGNAL
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17.5.5 Settings
Table 800: EVENT Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
SPAChannelMask Off - - Off SPA channel mask
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Channel 1-16
LONChannelMask Off - - Off LON channel mask
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Channel 1-16
EventMask1 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 1
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask2 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 2
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask3 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 3
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask4 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 4
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask5 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 5
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask6 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 6
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask7 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 7
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask8 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 8
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
EventMask9 NoEvents - - AutoDetect Reporting criteria for input 9
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
Table continues on next page
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Each EVENT function has 16 inputs INPUT1 - INPUT16. Each input can be given a
name from the Application Configuration tool. The inputs are normally used to create
single events, but are also intended for double indication events.
The EVENT function also has an input BLOCK to block the generation of events.
Events that are sent from the IED can originate from both internal logical signals and
binary input channels. The internal signals are time-tagged in the main processing
module, while the binary input channels are time-tagged directly on the input module.
Time-tagging of the events that are originated from internal logical signals have a
resolution corresponding to the execution cycle-time of the source application. Time-
tagging of the events that are originated from binary input signals have a resolution of
1 ms.
The outputs from the EVENT function are formed by the reading of status, events and
alarms by the station level on every single input. The user-defined name for each input
is intended to be used by the station level.
All events according to the event mask are stored in a buffer, which contains up to
1000 events. If new events appear before the oldest event in the buffer is read, the
oldest event is overwritten and an overflow alarm appears.
Events are produced according to set event masks. The event masks are treated
commonly for both the LON and SPA communication. An EventMask can be set
individually for each input channel. These settings are available:
NoEvents
OnSet
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
It is possible to define which part of the EVENT function generates the events. This
can be performed individually for communication types SPAChannelMask and
LONChannelMask. For each communication type these settings are available:
Off
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Channel 1-16
For LON communication, events are normally sent to station level at change. It is also
possible to set a time for cyclic sending of the events individually for each input
channel.
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To protect the SA system from signals with a high change rate that can easily saturate
the EVENT function or the communication subsystems behind it, a quota limiter is
implemented. If an input creates events at a rate that completely consume the granted
quota then further events from the channel will be blocked. This block will be
removed when the input calms down and the accumulated quota reach 66% of the
maximum burst quota. The maximum burst quota per input channel is 45 events per
second.
17.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Analog input signals A41RADR - -
Disturbance report DRPRDRE - -
Disturbance report A1RADR - -
Disturbance report A2RADR - -
Disturbance report A3RADR - -
Disturbance report A4RADR - -
Disturbance report B1RBDR - -
Disturbance report B2RBDR - -
Disturbance report B3RBDR - -
Disturbance report B4RBDR - -
Disturbance report B5RBDR - -
Disturbance report B6RBDR - -
17.6.2 Functionality
Complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the
secondary system together with continuous event-logging is accomplished by the
disturbance report functionality.
Disturbance report DRPRDRE, always included in the IED, acquires sampled data of
all selected analog input and binary signals connected to the function block with a,
maximum of 40 analog and 96 binary signals.
Event list
Indications
Event recorder
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Monitoring
Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED in the standard Comtrade
format as a reader file HDR, a configuration file CFG, and a data file DAT. The same
applies to all events, which are continuously saved in a ring-buffer. The local HMI is
used to get information about the recordings. The disturbance report files may be
uploaded to PCM600 for further analysis using the disturbance handling tool.
IEC05000406-3-en.vsd
IEC05000406 V3 EN
A1RADR
^GRP INPUT1
^GRP INPUT2
^GRP INPUT3
^GRP INPUT4
^GRP INPUT5
^GRP INPUT6
^GRP INPUT7
^GRP INPUT8
^GRP INPUT9
^GRP INPUT10
IEC05000430-4-en.vsdx
IEC05000430 V4 EN
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Monitoring
A4RADR
^INPUT31
^INPUT32
^INPUT33
^INPUT34
^INPUT35
^INPUT36
^INPUT37
^INPUT38
^INPUT39
^INPUT40
IEC05000431-3-en.vsd
IEC05000431 V3 EN
B1RBDR
^INPUT1
^INPUT2
^INPUT3
^INPUT4
^INPUT5
^INPUT6
^INPUT7
^INPUT8
^INPUT9
^INPUT10
^INPUT11
^INPUT12
^INPUT13
^INPUT14
^INPUT15
^INPUT16
IEC05000432-3-en.vsd
IEC05000432 V3 EN
Figure 542: B1RBDR function block, binary inputs, example for B1RBDR -
B6RBDR
17.6.4 Signals
Table 801: DRPRDRE Output signals
Name Type Description
DRPOFF BOOLEAN Disturbance report function turned off
RECSTART BOOLEAN Disturbance recording started
RECMADE BOOLEAN Disturbance recording made
CLEARED BOOLEAN All disturbances in the disturbance report cleared
MEMUSED BOOLEAN More than 80% of memory used
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17.6.5 Settings
Table 812: DRPRDRE Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
PreFaultRecT 0.05 - 9.90 s 0.01 0.10 Pre-fault recording time
PostFaultRecT 0.1 - 10.0 s 0.1 0.5 Post-fault recording time
Table continues on next page
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Figure 543 shows the relations between Disturbance Report, included functions and
function blocks. Event list (EL), Event recorder (ER) and Indications (IND) uses
information from the binary input function blocks (BxRBDR). Trip value recorder
(TVR) uses analog information from the analog input function blocks (AxRADR).
Disturbance recorder DRPRDRE acquires information from both AxRADR and
BxRBDR.
DRPRDRE FL
Analog signals
Trip value rec Fault locator
BxRBDR Disturbance
recorder
Binary signals
Event list
Event recorder
Indications
IEC09000336-3-en.vsdx
IEC09000336 V3 EN
The whole disturbance report can contain information for a number of recordings,
each with the data coming from all the parts mentioned above. The event list function
is working continuously, independent of disturbance triggering, recording time, and
so on. All information in the disturbance report is stored in non-volatile flash
memories. This implies that no information is lost in case of loss of auxiliary power.
Each report will get an identification number in the interval from 0-999.
1103
Technical manual
Section 17 1MRK505308-UEN B
Monitoring
Disturbance report
en05000125.vsd
IEC05000125 V1 EN
Number of recordings
100
3,4 s
80 3,4 s 20 analog
96 binary
40 analog
96 binary
60 6,3 s
6,3 s
6,3 s 50 Hz
40
60 Hz
Total recording time
en05000488.vsd
IEC05000488 V1 EN
Figure 545: Example of number of recordings versus the total recording time
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The IED flash disk should NOT be used to store any user files. This
might cause disturbance recordings to be deleted due to lack of disk
space.
Disturbance information
Date and time of the disturbance, the indications, events, fault location and the trip
values are available on the local HMI. To acquire a complete disturbance report the
user must use a PC and - either the PCM600 Disturbance handling tool - or a FTP or
MMS (over 61850) client. The PC can be connected to the IED front, rear or remotely
via the station bus (Ethernet ports).
Indications (IND)
Indications is a list of signals that were activated during the total recording time of the
disturbance (not time-tagged), see section "" for more detailed information.
Time tagging
The IED has a built-in real-time calendar and clock. This function is used for all time
tagging within the disturbance report
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Recording times
Disturbance report DRPRDRE records information about a disturbance during a
settable time frame. The recording times are valid for the whole disturbance report.
Disturbance recorder (DR), event recorder (ER) and indication function register
disturbance data and events during tRecording, the total recording time.
Trig point
TimeLimit
PreFaultRecT PostFaultRecT
1 2 3
en05000487.vsd
IEC05000487 V1 EN
PreFaultRecT, 1 Pre-fault or pre-trigger recording time. The time before the fault including the operate
time of the trigger. Use the setting PreFaultRecT to set this time.
tFault, 2 Fault time of the recording. The fault time cannot be set. It continues as long as any
valid trigger condition, binary or analog, persists (unless limited by TimeLimit the limit
time).
PostFaultRecT, 3 Post fault recording time. The time the disturbance recording continues after all
activated triggers are reset. Use the setting PostFaultRecT to set this time.
TimeLimit Limit time. The maximum allowed recording time after the disturbance recording was
triggered. The limit time is used to eliminate the consequences of a trigger that does
not reset within a reasonable time interval. It limits the maximum recording time of a
recording and prevents subsequent overwriting of already stored disturbances. Use
the setting TimeLimit to set this time.
Analog signals
Up to 40 analog signals can be selected for recording by the Disturbance recorder and
triggering of the Disturbance report function. Out of these 40, 30 are reserved for
external analog signals from analog input modules (TRM) and line data
communication module (LDCM) via preprocessing function blocks (SMAI) and
summation block (3PHSUM). The last 10 channels may be connected to internally
calculated analog signals available as function block output signals (mA input signals,
phase differential currents, bias currents and so on).
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SMAI A1RADR
Block AI3P A2RADR
^GRP2L1 AI1 INPUT1 A3RADR
External
analogue ^GRP2L2 AI2 INPUT2
signals ^GRP2L3 AI3 INPUT3
^GRP2N AI4 INPUT4
Type AIN INPUT5
INPUT6
...
A4RADR
INPUT31
INPUT32
INPUT33
Internal analogue signals INPUT34
INPUT35
INPUT36
...
INPUT40
IEC10000029-1-en.vsd
IEC10000029 V1 EN
The external input signals will be acquired, filtered and skewed and (after
configuration) available as an input signal on the AxRADR function block via the
SMAI function block. The information is saved at the Disturbance report base
sampling rate (1000 or 1200 Hz). Internally calculated signals are updated according
to the cycle time of the specific function. If a function is running at lower speed than
the base sampling rate, Disturbance recorder will use the latest updated sample until
a new updated sample is available.
If the IED is preconfigured the only tool needed for analog configuration of the
Disturbance report is the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT, external signal configuration). In
case of modification of a preconfigured IED or general internal configuration the
Application Configuration tool within PCM600 is used.
The preprocessor function block (SMAI) calculates the residual quantities in cases
where only the three phases are connected (AI4-input not used). SMAI makes the
information available as a group signal output, phase outputs and calculated residual
output (AIN-output). In situations where AI4-input is used as an input signal the
corresponding information is available on the non-calculated output (AI4) on the
SMAI function block. Connect the signals to the AxRADR accordingly.
For each of the analog signals, Operation = On means that it is recorded by the
disturbance recorder. The trigger is independent of the setting of Operation, and
triggers even if operation is set to Off. Both undervoltage and overvoltage can be used
as trigger conditions. The same applies for the current signals.
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If Operation = On, waveform (samples) will also be recorded and reported in graph.
The analog signals are presented only in the disturbance recording, but they affect the
entire disturbance report when being used as triggers.
Binary signals
Up to 96 binary signals can be selected to be handled by disturbance report. The
signals can be selected from internal logical and binary input signals. A binary signal
is selected to be recorded when:
Each of the 96 signals can be selected as a trigger of the disturbance report (Operation
= Off). A binary signal can be selected to activate the red LED on the local HMI
(SetLED = On/Off).
The selected signals are presented in the event recorder, event list and the disturbance
recording. But they affect the whole disturbance report when they are used as triggers.
The indications are also selected from these 96 signals with local HMI
IndicationMask=Show/Hide.
Trigger signals
The trigger conditions affect the entire disturbance report, except the event list, which
runs continuously. As soon as at least one trigger condition is fulfilled, a complete
disturbance report is recorded. On the other hand, if no trigger condition is fulfilled,
there is no disturbance report, no indications, and so on. This implies the importance
of choosing the right signals as trigger conditions.
Manual trigger
Binary-signal trigger
Analog-signal trigger (over/under function)
Manual trigger
A disturbance report can be manually triggered from the local HMI, PCM600 or via
station bus (IEC 61850). When the trigger is activated, the manual trigger signal is
generated. This feature is especially useful for testing. Refer to the operator's manual
for procedure.
Binary-signal trigger
Any binary signal state (logic one or a logic zero) can be selected to generate a trigger
(Triglevel = Trig on 0/Trig on 1). When a binary signal is selected to generate a trigger
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from a logic zero, the selected signal will not be listed in the indications list of the
disturbance report.
Analog-signal trigger
All analog signals are available for trigger purposes, no matter if they are recorded in
the disturbance recorder or not. The settings are OverTrigOp, UnderTrigOp,
OverTrigLe and UnderTrigLe.
The check of the trigger condition is based on peak-to-peak values. When this is
found, the absolute average value of these two peak values is calculated. If the average
value is above the threshold level for an overvoltage or overcurrent trigger, this trigger
is indicated with a greater than (>) sign with the user-defined name.
If the average value is below the set threshold level for an undervoltage or
undercurrent trigger, this trigger is indicated with a less than (<) sign with its name.
The procedure is separately performed for each channel.
This method of checking the analog start conditions gives a function which is
insensitive to DC offset in the signal. The operate time for this start is typically in the
range of one cycle, 20 ms for a 50 Hz network.
All under/over trig signal information is available on the local HMI and PCM600.
Post Retrigger
Disturbance report function does not automatically respond to any new trig condition
during a recording, after all signals set as trigger signals have been reset. However,
under certain circumstances the fault condition may reoccur during the post-fault
recording, for instance by automatic reclosing to a still faulty power line.
When the retrig parameter is disabled (PostRetrig = Off), a new recording will not start
until the post-fault (PostFaultrecT or TimeLimit) period is terminated. If a new trig
occurs during the post-fault period and lasts longer than the proceeding recording a
new complete recording will be started.
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17.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logical signal status report BINSTATREP - -
17.7.2 Functionality
The Logical signal status report (BINSTATREP) function makes it possible for a SPA
master to poll signals from various other functions.
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IEC09000730-1-en.vsd
IEC09000730 V1 EN
17.7.4 Signals
Table 835: BINSTATREP Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 3
INPUT4 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 4
INPUT5 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 5
INPUT6 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 6
INPUT7 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 7
INPUT8 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 8
INPUT9 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 9
INPUT10 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 10
INPUT11 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 11
INPUT12 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 12
INPUT13 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 13
INPUT14 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 14
INPUT15 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 15
INPUT16 BOOLEAN 0 Single status report input 16
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17.7.5 Settings
Table 837: BINSTATREP Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
t 0.0 - 60.0 s 0.1 10.0 Time delay of function
When an input is set, the respective output is set for a user defined time. If the input
signal remains set for a longer period, the output will remain set until the input signal
resets.
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INPUTn
OUTPUTn
t t
IEC09000732-1-en.vsd
IEC09000732 V1 EN
17.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Measured value expander block RANGE_XP - -
17.8.2 Functionality
The current and voltage measurements functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU
and VNMMXU), current and voltage sequence measurement functions (CMSQI and
VMSQI) and IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGAPC) are
provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured values can be
supervised with four settable limits: low-low limit, low limit, high limit and high-high
limit. The measure value expander block (RANGE_XP) has been introduced to enable
translating the integer output signal from the measuring functions to 5 binary signals:
below low-low limit, below low limit, normal, above high limit or above high-high
limit. The output signals can be used as conditions in the configurable logic or for
alarming purpose.
IEC05000346-2-en.vsd
IEC05000346 V2 EN
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17.8.4 Signals
Table 838: RANGE_XP Input signals
Name Type Default Description
RANGE INTEGER 0 Measured value range
17.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fault locator LMBRFLO - -
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17.9.2 Functionality
The accurate fault locator is an essential component to minimize the outages after a
persistent fault and/or to pin-point a weak spot on the line.
The fault locator is an impedance measuring function giving the distance to the fault
in km, miles or % of line length. The main advantage is the high accuracy achieved by
compensating for load current and for the mutual zero-sequence effect on double
circuit lines.
The compensation includes setting of the remote and local sources and calculation of
the distribution of fault currents from each side. This distribution of fault current,
together with recorded load (pre-fault) currents, is used to exactly calculate the fault
position. The fault can be recalculated with new source data at the actual fault to
further increase the accuracy.
Especially on heavily loaded long lines, where the source voltage angles can be up to
35-40 degrees apart, the accuracy can be still maintained with the advanced
compensation included in fault locator.
LMBRFLO
PHSELL1* CALCMADE
PHSELL2* FLT_X
PHSELL3* BCD_80
CALCDIST* BCD_40
BCD_20
BCD_10
BCD_8
BCD_4
BCD_2
BCD_1
IEC05000679-4-en.vsd
IEC05000679 V4 EN
17.9.4 Signals
Table 841: LMBRFLO Input signals
Name Type Default Description
PHSELL1 BOOLEAN 0 Phase selecton L1
PHSELL2 BOOLEAN 0 Phase selecton L2
PHSELL3 BOOLEAN 0 Phase selecton L3
CALCDIST BOOLEAN 0 Do calculate fault distance (release)
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17.9.5 Settings
Table 843: LMBRFLO Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
R1A 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 2.000 Source resistance A (near end)
X1A 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 12.000 Source reactance A (near end)
R1B 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 2.000 Source resistance B (far end)
X1B 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 12.000 Source reactance B (far end)
R1L 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 2.000 Positive sequence line resistance
X1L 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 12.500 Positive sequence line reactance
R0L 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 8.750 Zero sequence line resistance
X0L 0.001 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 50.000 Zero sequence line reactance
R0M 0.000 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 0.000 Zero sequence mutual resistance
X0M 0.000 - 1500.000 Ohm/p 0.001 0.000 Zero sequence mutual reactance
LineLengthUnit kilometer - - kilometer Line length unit
miles
LineLength 0.0 - 10000.0 - 0.1 40.0 Length of line
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When calculating distance to fault, pre-fault and fault phasors of currents and voltages
are selected from the Trip value recorder data, thus the analog signals used by the fault
locator must be among those connected to the disturbance report function. The analog
configuration (channel selection) is performed using the parameter setting tool within
PCM600.
The calculation algorithm considers the effect of load currents, double-end infeed and
additional fault resistance.
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R0L+jX0L
R1L+jX1L
R1A+jX1A R1B+jX1B
Z0m=Z0m+jX0m
R0L+jX0L
R1L+jX1L
DRPRDRE
LMBRFLO
IEC05000045_2_en.vsd
IEC05000045 V2 EN
Figure 552: Simplified network configuration with network data, required for
settings of the fault location-measuring function
If source impedance in the near and far end of the protected line have changed in a
significant manner relative to the set values at fault location calculation time (due to
exceptional switching state in the immediate network, power generation out of order,
and so on), new values can be entered via the local HMI and a recalculation of the
distance to the fault can be ordered using the algorithm described below. Its also
possible to change fault loop. In this way, a more accurate location of the fault can be
achieved.
The function indicates the distance to the fault as a percentage of the line length, in
kilometers or miles according to the setting LineLengthUnit. The fault location is
stored as a part of the disturbance report information (ER, DR, IND, TVR and FL) and
managed via the local HMI or PCM600.
For transmission lines with voltage sources at both line ends, the effect of double-end
infeed and additional fault resistance must be considered when calculating the
distance to the fault from the currents and voltages at one line end. If this is not done,
the accuracy of the calculated figure will vary with the load flow and the amount of
additional fault resistance.
The calculation algorithm used in the fault locator in compensates for the effect of
double-end infeed, additional fault resistance and load current.
Figure 553 shows a single-line diagram of a single transmission line, that is fed from
both ends with source impedances ZA and ZB. Assume that the fault occurs at a
distance F from IED A on a line with the length L and impedance ZL. The fault
resistance is defined as RF. A single-line model is used for better clarification of the
algorithm.
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A B
ZA IA pZL IB (1-p).ZL ZB
IF
UA RF
xx01000171.vsd
IEC01000171 V1 EN
U A = I A p Z L + IF R F
EQUATION95 V1 EN (Equation 186)
Where:
IA is the line current after the fault, that is, pre-fault current plus current change due to the fault,
IF A
IF = --------
DA
EQUATION96 V1 EN (Equation 187)
Where:
IFA is the change in current at the point of measurement, IED A and
DA is a fault current-distribution factor, that is, the ratio between the fault current at line end A and
the total fault current.
( 1 p ) Z L + ZB
DA = -----------------------------------------
Z A + Z L + ZB
EQUATION97 V1 EN (Equation 188)
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Thus, the general fault location equation for a single line is:
I FA
U A = I A p Z L + -------
- RF
DA
EQUATION98 V1 EN (Equation 189)
Table 846: Expressions for UA, IA and IFA for different types of faults
The KN complex quantity for zero-sequence compensation for the single line is equal
to:
Z0L Z 1L
K N = ------------------------
3 Z1L
EQUATION99 V1 EN (Equation 190)
DI is the change in current, that is the current after the fault minus the current before
the fault.
In the following, the positive sequence impedance for ZA, ZB and ZL is inserted into
the equations, because this is the value used in the algorithm.
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I FA
U A = I A p Z 1L + -------- RF + I 0P Z 0M
DA
EQUATION100 V1 EN (Equation 191)
Where:
I0P is a zero sequence current of the parallel line,
( 1 p ) ( ZA + ZA L + ZB ) + Z B
DA = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2 ZA + Z L + 2 Z B
EQUATION101 V1 EN (Equation 192)
Z0L Z 1L Z 0M I 0P
K N = ----------------------- - -------
- + ----------------
3 Z1L 3 Z1L I 0A
EQUATION102 V1 EN (Equation 193)
From these equations it can be seen, that, if Z0m = 0, then the general fault location
equation for a single line is obtained. Only the distribution factor differs in these two
cases.
Where:
UA ZB
K 1 = ---------------
- + --------------------------
-+1
I A ZL Z L + ZA DD
UA ZB
K2 = --------------- --------------------------- + 1
IA Z L Z L + Z A DD
I F A Z A + ZB
- --------------------------- + 1
K 3 = ---------------
I A Z L Z 1 + ZA DD
EQUATION106 V1 EN (Equation 197)
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and:
For a single line, Z0M = 0 and ZADD = 0. Thus, equation 194 applies to both single and
parallel lines.
p Im ( K1 ) + Im ( K 2 ) R F Im ( K3 ) = 0
EQUATION108 V1 EN (Equation 199)
If the imaginary part of K3 is not zero, RF can be solved according to equation 199, and
then inserted to equation 198. According to equation 198, the relative distance to the
fault is solved as the root of a quadratic equation.
Equation 198 gives two different values for the relative distance to the fault as a
solution. A simplified load compensated algorithm, which gives an unequivocal
figure for the relative distance to the fault, is used to establish the value that should be
selected.
If the load compensated algorithms according to the above do not give a reliable
solution, a less accurate, non-compensated impedance model is used to calculate the
relative distance to the fault.
In the non-compensated impedance model, IA line current is used instead of IFA fault
current:
U A = p Z 1 L IA + R F IA
EQUATION109 V1 EN (Equation 200)
Where:
IA is according to table 846.
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The communication protocol IEC 60870-5-103 may be used to poll fault location
information from the IED to a master (that is station HSI). There are two outputs that
must be connected to appropriate inputs on the function block I103StatFltDis,
FLTDISTX gives distance to fault (reactance, according the standard) and
CALCMADE gives a pulse (100 ms) when a result is obtainable on FLTDISTX
output.
17.10.1 Identification
17.10.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Limit counter L4UFCNT -
17.10.2 Functionality
The 30 limit counter L4UFCNT provides a settable counter with four independent
limits where the number of positive and/or negative flanks on the input signal are
counted against the setting values for limits. The output for each limit is activated
when the counted value reaches that limit.
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17.10.3.1 Design
BLOCK
INPUT
Operation
Counter
RESET
VALUE
Overflow
CountType Detection OVERFLOW
OnMaxValue
Limit LIMIT1 4
MaxValue Check
CounterLimit1...4
Error ERROR
Detection
InitialValue
IEC12000625_1_en.vsd
IEC12000625 V1 EN
The counter can be initialized to count from a settable non-zero value after reset of the
function. The function has also a maximum counted value check. The three
possibilities after reaching the maximum counted value are:
Stops counting and activates a steady overflow indication for the next count
Rolls over to zero and activates a steady overflow indication for the next count
Rolls over to zero and activates a pulsed overflow indication for the next count
The pulsed overflow output lasts up to the first count after rolling over to zero, as
illustrated in figure 555.
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Overflow indication
Actual value ... Max value -1 Max value Max value +1 Max value +2 Max value +3 ...
IEC12000626_1_en.vsd
IEC12000626 V1 EN
The Error output is activated as an indicator of setting the counter limits and/or initial
value setting(s) greater than the maximum value. The counter stops counting the input
and all the outputs except the error output remains at zero state. The error condition
remains until the correct settings for counter limits and/or initial value setting(s) are
applied.
The function can be blocked through a block input. During the block time, input is not
counted and outputs remain in their previous states. However, the counter can be
initialized after reset of the function. In this case the outputs remain in their initial
states until the release of the block input.
17.10.3.2 Reporting
Reset of the counter can be performed from the local HMI or via a binary input.
Reading of content and resetting of the function can also be performed remotely, for
example from a IEC 61850 client. The value can also be presented as a measurement
on the local HMI graphical display.
IEC12000029-1-en.vsd
IEC12000029 V1 EN
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17.10.5 Signals
Table 848: L4UFCNT Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Input for counter
RESET BOOLEAN 0 Reset of function
17.10.6 Settings
Table 850: L4UFCNT Group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
CountType Positive edge - - Positive edge Select counting on positive and/or
Negative edge negative flanks
Both edges
CounterLimit1 1 - 65535 - 1 100 Value of the first limit
CounterLimit2 1 - 65535 - 1 200 Value of the second limit
CounterLimit3 1 - 65535 - 1 300 Value of the third limit
CounterLimit4 1 - 65535 - 1 400 Value of the fourth limit
MaxValue 1 - 65535 - 1 500 Maximum count value
OnMaxValue Stop - - Stop Select if counter stops or rolls over after
Rollover Steady reaching maxValue with steady or pulsed
Rollover Pulsed overflow flag
InitialValue 0 - 65535 - 1 0 Initial count value after reset of the
function
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Section 18 Metering
18.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Pulse-counter logic PCFCNT -
S00947 V1 EN
18.1.2 Functionality
Pulse-counter logic (PCFCNT) function counts externally generated binary pulses,
for instance pulses coming from an external energy meter, for calculation of energy
consumption values. The pulses are captured by the binary input module and then read
by the PCFCNT function. A scaled service value is available over the station bus. The
special Binary input module with enhanced pulse counting capabilities must be
ordered to achieve this functionality.
IEC14000043-1-en.vsd
IEC09000335 V3 EN
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18.1.4 Signals
Table 853: PCFCNT Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
READ_VAL BOOLEAN 0 Initiates an additional pulse counter reading
BI_PULSE BOOLEAN 0 Connect binary input channel for metering
RS_CNT BOOLEAN 0 Resets pulse counter value
18.1.5 Settings
Table 855: PCFCNT Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
EventMask NoEvents - - NoEvents Report mask for analog events from pulse
ReportEvents counter
CountCriteria Off - - RisingEdge Pulse counter criteria
RisingEdge
Falling edge
OnChange
Scale 1.000 - 90000.000 - 0.001 1.000 Scaling value for SCAL_VAL output to unit
per counted value
Quantity Count - - Count Measured quantity for SCAL_VAL output
ActivePower
ApparentPower
ReactivePower
ActiveEnergy
ApparentEnergy
ReactiveEnergy
tReporting 0 - 3600 s 1 60 Cycle time for reporting of counter value
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The reporting time period can be set in the range from 1 second to 60 minutes and is
synchronized with absolute system time. Interrogation of additional pulse counter
values can be done with a command (intermediate reading) for a single counter. All
active counters can also be read by the LON General Interrogation command (GI) or
IEC 61850.
The reported value to station HMI over the station bus contains Identity, Scaled Value
(pulse count x scale), Time, and Pulse Counter Quality. The Pulse Counter Quality
consists of:
The transmission of the counter value by SPA can be done as a service value, that is,
the value frozen in the last integration cycle is read by the station HMI from the
database. PCFCNT updates the value in the database when an integration cycle is
finished and activates the NEW_VAL signal in the function block. This signal can be
connected to an Event function block, be time tagged, and transmitted to the station
HMI. This time corresponds to the time when the value was frozen by the function.
Figure 558 shows the pulse-counter logic function block with connections of the
inputs and outputs.
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The BLOCK and READ_VAL inputs can be connected to Single Command logics,
which are intended to be controlled either from the station HMI or/and the local HMI.
As long as the BLOCK signal is set, the pulse counter is blocked. The signal connected
to READ_VAL performs one additional reading per positive flank. The signal must
be a pulse with a length >1 second.
The BI_PULSE input is connected to the used input of the function block for the
Binary Input Module (BIM).
Each pulse-counter logic function block has four binary output signals that can be
connected to an Event function block for event recording: INVALID, RESTART,
BLOCKED and NEW_VAL. The SCAL_VAL signal can be connected to the IEC
Event function block.
The INVALID signal is a steady signal and is set if the Binary Input Module, where
the pulse counter input is located, fails or has wrong configuration.
The RESTART signal is a steady signal and is set when the reported value does not
comprise a complete integration cycle. That is, in the first message after IED start-up,
in the first message after deblocking, and after the counter has wrapped around during
last integration cycle.
The BLOCKED signal is a steady signal and is set when the counter is blocked. There
are two reasons why the counter is blocked:
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The NEW_VAL signal is a pulse signal. The signal is set if the counter value was
updated since last report.
The SCAL_VAL signal consists of scaled value (according to parameter Scale), time
and status information.
18.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Function for energy calculation and ETPMMTR W_Varh -
demand handling
18.2.2 Functionality
Measurements function block (CVMMXN) can be used to measure active as well as
reactive power values. Function for energy calculation and demand handling
(ETPMMTR) uses measured active and reactive power as input and calculates the
accumulated active and reactive energy pulses, in forward and reverse direction.
Energy values can be read or generated as pulses. Maximum demand power values are
also calculated by the function. This function includes zero point clamping to remove
noise from the input signal. As output of this function: periodic energy calculations,
integration of energy values, calculation of energy pulses, alarm signals for limit
violation of energy values and maximum power demand, can be found.
The values of active and reactive energies are calculated from the input power values
by integrating them over a selected time tEnergy. The integration of active and
reactive energy values will happen in both forward and reverse directions. These
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energy values are available as output signals and also as pulse outputs. Integration of
energy values can be controlled by inputs (STARTACC and STOPACC) and EnaAcc
setting and it can be reset to initial values with RSTACC input.
The maximum demand for active and reactive powers are calculated for the set time
interval tEnergy and these values are updated every minute through output channels.
The active and reactive maximum power demand values are calculated for both
forward and reverse direction and these values can be reset with RSTDMD input.
IEC14000019-1-en.vsd
IEC14000019 V1 EN
18.2.4 Signals
Table 858: ETPMMTR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
P REAL 0 Measured active power
Q REAL 0 Measured reactive power
STARTACC BOOLEAN 0 Start to accumulate energy values
STOPACC BOOLEAN 0 Stop to accumulate energy values.
RSTACC BOOLEAN 0 Reset of accumulated enery reading
RSTDMD BOOLEAN 0 Reset of maximum demand reading
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18.2.5 Settings
Table 860: ETPMMTR Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
EnaAcc Off - - Off Activate the accumulation of energy
On values
tEnergy 1 Minute - - 1 Minute Time interval for energy calculation
5 Minutes
10 Minutes
15 Minutes
30 Minutes
60 Minutes
180 Minutes
tEnergyOnPls 0.100 - 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Energy accumulated pulse ON time in
secs
tEnergyOffPls 0.100 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.500 Energy accumulated pulse OFF time in
secs
EAFAccPlsQty 0.001 - 10000.000 MWh 0.001 100.000 Pulse quantity for active forward
accumulated energy value
Table continues on next page
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ACCINPRG
EAFPULSE
EARPULSE
ERFPULSE
Energy Accumulation ERRPULSE
STARTACC
Calculation EAFACC
EARACC
STOPACC
ERFACC
ERRACC
RSTACC
IEC13000185-2-en.vsd
IEC13000185 V2 EN
The integration of energy values is enabled by the setting EnaAcc and controlled by
the STARTACC and STOPACC inputs. If the integration is in progress, the output
ACCINPRG is high. Otherwise, it is low. Figure 561 shows the logic of the
ACCINPRG output. ACCINPRG is active when the STARTACC input is active and the
EnaAcc setting is enabled. When the RSTACC input is in the active state, the output
ACCINPRG is low even if the integration of energy is enabled. ACCINPRG is
deactivated by activating the STOPACC input.
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STOPACC
FALSE
STARTACC T
1
& F ACCINPRG
EnaAcc &
q-1
RSTACC
The accumulated energy values (in MWh and MVArh) are available as service values
and also as pulsed output depending on the ExxAccPlsQty setting, which can be
connected to a pulse counter. Accumulated energy outputs are available for forward
as well as reverse direction. The accumulated energy values can be reset to initial
accumulated energy values (ExxPrestVal) from the local HMI reset menu or with the
input signal RSTACC. Figure 562 shows the logic for integration of energy in active
forward direction. Similarly, the integration of energy in active reverse, reactive
forward and reactive reverse is done.
RSTACC
EAFPrestVal
ACCINPRG
P* (ACTIVE FORWARD)
X
S T
T EAFACC
60.0
F
F
&
q-1
EALim T
q-1 0.0 F
a
a>b
b
-1
q = unit delay
IEC13000187-4-en.vsd
IEC13000187 V4 EN
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pulses can be reset to zero by activating RSTACC input or by using the local HMI reset
menu. The pulse on and off time duration is set by the settings tEnergyOnPls and
tEnergyOffPls. Figure 563 shows the logic for pulse output generation for the
integrated energy in the active forward direction. Similarly, the pulse generation for
integrated energy in the active reverse, reactive forward and reactive reverse is done.
tEnergyOffPls
EAFACC
a Counter q-1
a>b CU
EALim b CV
Rst
tOff
t
R I q-1
0
X
S R I T
EAFPULSE
a TP
a>b F
b
EAFAccPlsQty 0
Counter
CU
CV
RSTACC
Rst
q-1
tEnergyOnPls
IEC13000188 V4 EN
Figure 563: Logic for pulse generation of integrated active forward energy
The maximum demand values for active and reactive power are calculated for the set
time interval tEnergy. The maximum values are updated every minute and stored in a
register available over communication and from outputs MAXPAFD, MAXPARD,
MAXPRFD and MAXPRRD for the active and reactive power forward and reverse
direction. When the RSTDMD input is active from the local HMI reset menu, these
outputs are reset to zero. The energy alarm is activated once the periodic energy value
crosses the energy limit ExLim. Figure 564 shows the logic of alarm for active forward
energy exceeds limit and Maximum forward active power demand value. Similarly,
the maximum power calculation and energy alarm outputs in the active reverse,
reactive forward and reactive reverse is implemented.
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P (ACTIVE FORWARD)
Average Power
X a EAFALM
tEnergy Calculation a>b
b
EALim
RSTMAXD
0.0 T MAXPAFD
MAX F
q-1
q-1 = unit delay
IEC13000189-4-en.vsd
IEC13000189 V4 EN
Figure 564: Logic for maximum power demand calculation and energy alarm
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19.3.1 Functionality
IEC 61850 Ed.1 or Ed.2 can be chosen by a setting in PCM600. The IED is equipped
with single or double optical Ethernet rear ports (order dependent) for IEC 61850-8-1
station bus communication. The IEC 61850-8-1 communication is also possible from
the electrical Ethernet front port. IEC 61850-8-1 protocol allows intelligent electrical
devices (IEDs) from different vendors to exchange information and simplifies system
engineering. IED-to-IED communication using GOOSE and client-server
communication over MMS are supported. Disturbance recording file (COMTRADE)
uploading can be done over MMS or FTP.
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When double Ethernet ports are activated, make sure that the two ports
are connected to different subnets. For example: Port 1 has IP-address
138.227.102.10 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0 and port 2 has IP-
address 138.227.103.10 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0
19.3.3 Settings
Table 865: IEC61850-8-1 Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
PortSelGOOSE Front - - LANAB Port selection for GOOSE communication
LANAB
LANCD
PortSelMMS Front - - Any Port selection for MMS communication
LANAB
LANCD
Any
ProtocolEdition Ed 1 - - Ed 1 Protocol Edition
Ed 2
RemoteModControl Off - - Off Remote Mode Control
Maintenance
All levels
AllowGOOSESimulation No - - No Allow enabling of GOOSE Simulation
Yes
IEC61850BufTimEnable Disabled - - Enabled Enable BRC buf time behavior
Enabled
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19.3.5.1 Functionality
Generic communication function for Single Point indication SPGAPC is used to send
one single logical signal to other systems or equipment in the substation.
IEC14000021-1-en.vsd
IEC14000021 V1 EN
SP16GAPC
BLOCK
^IN1
^IN2
^IN3
^IN4
^IN5
^IN6
^IN7
^IN8
^IN9
^IN10
^IN11
^IN12
^IN13
^IN14
^IN15
^IN16
IEC14000020-1-en.vsd
IEC14000020 V1 EN
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19.3.5.3 Signals
Table 867: SPGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IN BOOLEAN 0 Input status
19.3.5.4 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
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Upon receiving a signal at its input, Generic communication function for Single Point
indication (SPGAPC) function sends the signal over IEC 61850-8-1 to the equipment
or system that requests this signal. Additional configuration is needed with PCM600
or IET600 to get the IEC 61850-8-1 communication established For more information
refer to the Engineering manual.
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19.3.6.1 Functionality
IEC14000022-1-en.vsd
IEC14000022 V1 EN
19.3.6.3 Signals
Table 871: MVGAPC Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
IN REAL 0 Analog input value
19.3.6.4 Settings
Table 873: MVGAPC Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
BasePrefix micro - - unit Base prefix (multiplication factor)
milli
unit
kilo
Mega
Giga
Tera
MV db 1 - 300 Type 1 10 Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of
range, Int Db: In %s
MV zeroDb 0 - 100000 m% 1 500 Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range
MV hhLim -5000.00 - 5000.00 xBase 0.01 900.00 High High limit multiplied with the base
prefix (multiplication factor)
MV hLim -5000.00 - 5000.00 xBase 0.01 800.00 High limit multiplied with the base prefix
(multiplication factor)
Table continues on next page
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Upon receiving an analog signal at its input, Generic communication function for
Measured Value (MVGAPC) will give the instantaneous value of the signal and the
range, as output values. Additional configuration is needed with PCM600 or IET600
to get the IEC 61850-8-1 communication established. For more information see the
Engineering manual.
Function description LHMI and ACT IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification identification device number
Parallel Redundancy PRPSTATUS RCHLCCH - -
Protocol Status
Duo driver PRP - - -
configuration
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19.3.7.1 Functionality
Redundant station bus communication according to IEC 62439-3 Edition 1 and IEC
62439-3 Edition 2 parallel redundancy protocol (PRP) are available as options when
ordering IEDs. Redundant station bus communication according to IEC 62439-3 uses
both port AB and port CD on the OEM module.
PRPSTATUS
PRP-A LINK
PRP-A VALID
PRP-B LINK
PRP-B VALID
IEC09000757.vsd
IEC09000757 V2 EN
19.3.7.3 Signals
Table 875: PRPSTATUS Output signals
Name Type Description
PRP-A LINK BOOLEAN PRP-A Link Status
PRP-A VALID BOOLEAN PRP-A Link Valid
PRP-B LINK BOOLEAN PRP-B Link Status
PRP-B VALID BOOLEAN PRP-B Link Valid
19.3.7.4 Settings
Table 876: PRP Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off / On
On
PRPMode PRP-0 - - PRP-1 PRP Mode
PRP-1
IPAddress 0 - 18 IP 1 192.168.7.10 IP-Address
Address
IPMask 0 - 18 IP 1 255.255.255.0 IP-Mask
Address
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The PRPSTATUS function block supervise the redundant communication on the two
channels. If no data package has been received on one (or both) channels within the
last 10 s, the output PRP-A LINK and/or PRP-B LINK is set to 0 which indicates an
error.
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Redundancy
Supervision
Duo
Data Data
Switch A Switch B
1 2 1 2
Data Data
AB CD IED
Configuration OEM
PRP PRPSTATUS
=IEC09000758=3=en=Original.vsd
IEC09000758 V3 EN
19.4.1 Introduction
The IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus communication protocol enables an IED to
communicate with devices providing measured values in digital format, commonly
known as Merging Units (MU). The physical interface in the IED that is used for the
communication is the OEM modules (the two port module version) "CD" port.
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The function blocks are not represented in the configuration tool. The
signals appear only in the SMT tool when merging units (MU) are
included in the configuration with the function selector tool. In the
SMT tool they can be mapped to the desired virtual input (SMAI) of the
IED and used internally in the configuration.
19.4.3 Signals
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19.4.4 Settings
Table 884: MU1_4I_4U Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
SVId 10 - 34 - 1 ABB_MU0101 MU identifier
SmplGrp 0 - 65535 - 1 0 Sampling group
CTStarPoint1 FromObject - - ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,
ToObject FromObject= the opposite
Table continues on next page
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The IED communicates with the MUs over the process bus via the OEM module port
"CD". For the user, the MU appears in the IED as a normal analogue input module and
is engineered in the very same way.
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IED
Application
Station Wide
Preprocessing blocks Preprocessing blocks GPS Clock
SMAI SMAI
MU1 MU2
Splitter
Electrical-to-
Optical Converter
1PPS
TRM module OEM Module
CD
110 V 1A 1A
IEC61850-9-2LE
Ethernet Switch
IEC61850-9-2LE
IEC61850-9-2LE
ABB ABB
1PPS 1PPS
Merging Merging
Unit Unit
Combi Combi
CT CT
Sensor Sensor
Conventional VT
en08000072-2.vsd
IEC08000072 V2 EN
Figure 570: Example of signal path for sampled analogue values from MU and
conventional CT/VT
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Timeout
TSYNCERR Indicates that there is some timeout on any configured time source or the
time quality is worse than specified in SynchAccLevel. The timeout is individually
specified per time source (PPS, IRIG-B, SNTP etc.) See section "Time
synchronization TIMESYNCHGEN"
Blocking condition
Application synch is not required for differential protection based on ECHO mode. A
missing PPS however will lead to a drift between MU and IED. Therefore protection
functions in this case will be blocked.
19.5.1 Functionality
An optical network can be used within the substation automation system. This enables
communication with the IED through the LON bus from the operators workplace,
from the control center and also from other terminals.
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In this document the most common addresses for commands and events are available.
For other addresses, refer to section "".
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with LON communication protocol in general.
19.5.2 Settings
Table 903: HORZCOMM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation
On
The LON bus links the different parts of the protection and control system. The
measured values, status information, and event information are spontaneously sent to
the higher-level devices. The higher-level devices can read and write memorized
values, setting values, and other parameter data when required. The LON bus also
enables the bay level devices to communicate with each other to deliver, for example,
interlocking information among the terminals without the need of a bus master.
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The LonTalk protocol supports two types of application layer objects: network
variables and explicit messages. Network variables are used to deliver short messages,
such as measuring values, status information, and interlocking/blocking signals.
Explicit messages are used to transfer longer pieces of information, such as events and
explicit read and write messages to access device data.
The benefits achieved from using the LON bus in protection and control systems
include direct communication among all terminals in the system and support for
multi-master implementations. The LON bus also has an open concept, so that the
terminals can communicate with external devices using the same standard of network
variables.
LON protocol
Configuration of LON
LON network tool (LNT) is a multi-purpose tool for LonWorks network
configuration. All the functions required for setting up and configuring a LonWorks
network, is easily accessible on a single tool program.
Vertical communication
Vertical communication describes communication between the monitoring devices
and protection and control IEDs. This communication includes sending of changed
process data to monitoring devices as events and transfer of commands, parameter
data and disturbance recorder files. This communication is implemented using
explicit messages.
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Binary events
Binary events are generated in Event function blocks EVENT:1 to EVENT:20 in the
IEDs. The EVENT function blocks have predefined LON addresses. Table 905 shows
the LON addresses to the first input on the EVENT function blocks. Addresses to the
other inputs on the EVENT function block are consecutive after the first input. For
example, input 15 on EVENT:17 function block has the address 1280 + 14 (15-1) =
1294.
For double indications, only the first eight inputs 18 must be used. Inputs 916 can
be used for other types of events at the same EVENT block.
Three EVENT function blocks EVENT:1 to EVENT:3 running with a fast loop time
(3 ms) are available as basic in the IEDs.. The remaining EVENT function blocks
EVENT:4 to EVENT:9 run with a loop time of 8 ms and EVENT:10 to EVENT:20 run
with a loop time of 100 ms. The EVENT blocks are used to send binary signals,
integers, real time values like analogue data from measuring functions and mA input
modules as well as pulse counter signals.
The first LON address in every EVENT function block is found in table 905
Table 905: LON adresses for EVENT functions
Function block First LON address in
function block
EVENT:1 1024
EVENT:2 1040
EVENT:3 1056
EVENT:4 1072
EVENT:5 1088
EVENT:6 1104
EVENT:7 1120
EVENT:8 1136
EVENT:9 1152
EVENT:10 1168
EVENT:11 1184
EVENT:12 1200
EVENT:13 1216
EVENT:14 1232
EVENT:15 1248
EVENT:16 1264
EVENT:17 1280
EVENT:18 1296
EVENT:19 1312
EVENT:20 1328
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Event masks
Event mask for each input can be set individually from Parameter Setting Tool (PST)
under: Settings/IED settings/ Monitoring / Event Function or via parameter setting
tool (PST) as follows:
No events
OnSet, at pick-up of the signal
OnReset, at drop-out of the signal
OnChange, at both pick-up and drop-out of the signal
AutoDetect, the EVENT function makes the reporting decision (reporting criteria
for integers has no semantic, prefer to be set by the user)
Single indication
Directly connected binary IO signal via binary input function block (SMBI) is always
reported on change, no changed detection is done in the EVENT function block. Other
Boolean signals, for example a start or a trip signal from a protection function is event
masked in the EVENT function block.
Double indications
Double indications can only be reported via switch-control (SCSWI) functions. Event
reporting is based on the information coming from SCSWI functions, so no change
detection is done in the EVENT function block.
Directly connected binary IO signal via binary input function block (SMBI) is not
possible to handle as double indication. Double indications can only be reported for
the first 8 inputs on an EVENT function block.
Analog value
All analog values are reported cyclic. The reporting interval is taken from the
connected function if there is a limit supervised signal. Otherwise it is taken from the
EVENT function block.
Command handling
Commands are transferred using transparent SPA-bus messages. The transparent
SPA-bus message is an explicit LON message, which contains an ASCII character
message following the coding rules of the SPA-bus protocol. The message is sent
using explicit messages with message code 41H and using acknowledged transport
service.
Both the SPA-bus command messages (R or W) and the reply messages (D, A or N)
are sent using the same message code. It is mandatory that one device sends out only
one SPA-bus message at a time to one node and waits for the reply before sending the
next message.
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For commands from the operator workplace to the IED for apparatus control, That is,
the function blocks type SCSWI 1 to 30, SXCBR 1 to 18 and SXSWI 1 to 24; the SPA
addresses are according to table 906.
Horizontal communication
Network variables are used for communication between 500 and 670 series
IEDs.Network variables are used for communication between 500 and 650 series
IEDs The supported network variable type is SNVT_state (NV type 83). SNVT_state
is used to communicate the state of a set of 1 to 16 Boolean values.
This is an overview for configuring the network variables for the IEDs.
LON
en05000718.vsd
IEC05000718 V2 EN
The network variable connections are done from the NV Connection window. From
LNT window select Connections/ NVConnections/ New.
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en05000719.vsd
IEC05000719 V1 EN
There are two ways of downloading NV connections. Either the users can use the
drag-and-drop method where they can select all nodes in the device window, drag
them to the Download area in the bottom of the program window and drop them there;
or, they can perform it by selecting the traditional menu, Configuration/ Download.
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en05000720.vsd
IEC05000720 V1 EN
Communication ports
The serial communication module (SLM) is a mezzanine module placed on the Main
Processing Module (NUM) and is used for LON, SPA, IEC 60870-5-103 and DNP
communication.
There are two types of IO connectors: snap-in connectors for plastic fibre cables and
ST/bayonet connectors for glass fibre cables. The SLM can be equipped with either
type of connector or a combination of both connectors. This is identified by a tag.
Connect the incoming optical fibre to the RX receiver input, and the outgoing optical
fibre to the TX transmitter output. Pay special attention to the instructions concerning
handling and connection of fibre cables.
Table 906: SPA addresses for commands from the operator workplace to the IED for apparatus
control
Name Function SPA Description
block address
BL_CMD SCSWI01 1 I 5115 SPA parameters for block
command
BL_CMD SCSWI02 1 I 5139 SPA parameters for block
command
BL_CMD SCSWI02 1 I 5161 SPA parameters for block
command
BL_CMD SCSWI04 1 I 5186 SPA parameters for block
command
BL_CMD SCSWI05 1 I 5210 SPA parameters for block
command
Table continues on next page
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19.6.1 Functionality
In this section the most common addresses for commands and events are available.
For other addresses, refer to section "".
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the SPA communication protocol in
general.
19.6.2 Design
Using the rear SPA port for either local or remote communication with a PC requires
the following equipment:
Optical fibres
Opto/electrical converter for the PC
PC
When communicating between the local HMI and a PC, the only hardware required is
a front-connection cable. Note! SPA cannot be used from LHMI front, except for
using "FSTACCS", that is, Field Service Tool Access.
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19.6.3 Settings
Table 908: SPA Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
SlaveAddress 1 - 899 - 1 30 Slave address
BaudRate 300 Bd - - 9600 Bd Baudrate on serial line
1200 Bd
2400 Bd
4800 Bd
9600 Bd
19200 Bd
38400 Bd
The master requests slave information using request messages and sends information
to the slave in write messages. Furthermore, the master can send all slaves in common
a broadcast message containing time or other data. The inactive state of bus transmit
and receive lines is a logical "1".
SPA protocol
The tables below specify the SPA addresses for reading data from and writing data to
an IED with the SPA communication protocol implemented.
The SPA addresses for the mA input service values (MIM3 to MIM16) are found in
table 910.
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Station communication
The SPA addresses for the pulse counter values PCFCNT:1 to PCFCNT:16 are found
in table 911.
Table 911: SPA addresses for the PCFCNT function
Function block SPA address CNT_VAL SPA address NEW_VAL
PCFCNT:1 6-O-2788 6-O-2787
PCFCNT:2 6-O-2794 6-O-2793
PCFCNT:3 6-O-2800 6-O-2799
PCFCNT:4 6-O-2806 6-O-2805
PCFCNT:5 6-O-2812 6-O-2811
PCFCNT:6 6-O-2818 6-O-2817
PCFCNT:7 6-O-2824 6-O-2823
PCFCNT:8 6-O-2830 6-O-2829
PCFCNT:9 6-O-2836 6-O-2835
PCFCNT:10 6-O-2842 6-O-2841
PCFCNT:11 6-O-2848 6-O-2847
PCFCNT:12 6-O-2854 6-O-2853
PCFCNT:13 6-O-2860 6-O-2859
PCFCNT:14 6-O-2866 6-O-2865
PCFCNT:15 6-O-2872 6-O-2871
PCFCNT:16 6-O-2878 6-O-2877
I/O modules
To read binary inputs, the SPA-addresses for the outputs of the I/O-module function
block are used, that is, the addresses for BI1 BI16. For SPA addresses, refer to
section Related documents in Product Guide.
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The signals can be individually controlled from the operator station, remote-control
gateway, or from the local HMI on the IED. For Single command, 3 signals function
block, SINGLECMD:1 to SINGLECMD:3, the address is for the first output. The
other outputs follow consecutively after the first one. For example, output 7 on the
SINGLECMD:2 function block has the 5O533 address.
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Function block SPA address CMD Input SPA address CMD output
SINGLECMD2-Cmd14 4-S-4685 5-O-540
SINGLECMD2-Cmd15 4-S-4686 5-O-541
SINGLECMD2-Cmd16 4-S-4687 5-O-542
SINGLECMD3-Cmd1 4-S-4705 5-O-543
SINGLECMD3-Cmd2 4-S-4706 5-O-544
SINGLECMD3-Cmd3 4-S-4707 5-O-545
SINGLECMD3-Cmd4 4-S-4708 5-O-546
SINGLECMD3-Cmd5 4-S-4709 5-O-547
SINGLECMD3-Cmd6 4-S-4710 5-O-548
SINGLECMD3-Cmd7 4-S-4711 5-O-549
SINGLECMD3-Cmd8 4-S-4712 5-O-550
SINGLECMD3-Cmd9 4-S-4713 5-O-551
SINGLECMD3-Cmd10 4-S-4714 5-O-552
SINGLECMD3-Cmd11 4-S-4715 5-O-553
SINGLECMD3-Cmd12 4-S-4716 5-O-554
SINGLECMD3-Cmd13 4-S-4717 5-O-555
SINGLECMD3-Cmd14 4-S-4718 5-O-556
SINGLECMD3-Cmd15 4-S-4719 5-O-557
SINGLECMD3-Cmd16 4-S-4720 5-O-558
Figure 574 shows an application example of how the user can, in a simplified way,
connect the command function via the configuration logic circuit in a protection IED
for control of a circuit breaker.
A pulse via the binary outputs of the IED normally performs this type of command
control. The SPA addresses to control the outputs OUT1 OUT16 in SINGLECMD:
1 are shown in table 912.
SINGLECMD PULSETIMER
BLOCK ^OUT1 INPUT OUT To output board, CLOSE
#CD01-CMDOUT1 ^OUT2
#CD01-CMDOUT2 ^OUT3
#CD01-CMDOUT3 ^OUT4
#CD01-CMDOUT4 ^OUT5 AND PULSETIMER
^OUT6 INPUT1 OUT INPUT OUT To output board, OPEN
#CD01-CMDOUT5
^OUT7 INPUT2 NOUT
#CD01-CMDOUT6
#CD01-CMDOUT7 ^OUT8 INPUT3
#CD01-CMDOUT8 ^OUT9 INPUT4
#CD01-CMDOUT9 ^OUT10
#CD01-CMDOUT10 ^OUT11
#CD01-CMDOUT11 ^OUT12
#CD01-CMDOUT12 ^OUT13
#CD01-CMDOUT13 ^OUT14
#CD01-CMDOUT14 ^OUT15
#CD01-CMDOUT15 ^OUT16
#CD01-CMDOUT16
SYNCH OK
IEC05000717-4-en.vsd
IEC05000717 V4 EN
Figure 574: Application example showing a simplified logic diagram for control of
a circuit breaker
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Section 19 1MRK505308-UEN B
Station communication
The MODE input defines if the output signals from SINGLECMD:1 is off, steady or
setable pulse length signals. This is set in Parameter Setting Tool (PST) under: Main
Menu/Settings / IED Settings / Control / Commands / Single Command or via
Parameter Setting Tool (PST).
Two special signals for event registration purposes are available in the IED: Terminal
Restarted (0E50) and Event buffer overflow (0E51).
Input parameters can be set individually from the Parameter Setting Tool (PST) under:
Main Menu/Settings / IED Settings / Monitoring / Event Function or via the
Parameter Setting Tool (PST) as follows:
No events
OnSet, at pick-up of the signal
OnReset, at drop-out of the signal
OnChange, at both pick-up and drop-out of the signal
AutoDetect, the EVENT function makes the reporting decision (reporting criteria
for integers has no semantic, prefer to be set by the user)
For double indications, only the fist eight inputs, 18, must be used. Inputs 916 can
be used for other types of events in the same EVENT block.
Status and event codes for the EVENT function are found in Table 913.
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These values are only applicable if the event mask is masked OFF.
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EVENT
Block BLOCK
ILRANG ^INPUT1
PSTO ^INPUT2
UL12RANG ^INPUT3
UL23RANG ^INPUT4
UL31RANG ^INPUT5
3I0RANG ^INPUT6
3U0RANG ^INPUT7
FALSE ^INPUT8
^INPUT9
^INPUT10
^INPUT11
^INPUT12
^INPUT13
^INPUT14
^INPUT15
^INPUT16
IEC07000065-2-en.vsd
IEC07000065 V2 EN
There are two types of IO connectors: snap-in connector for plastic fibre cables and
ST/bayonet connector for glass fibre cables. The SLM can be equipped with either
type or connector or with a combination of both types of connectors. This is identified
with a tag.
Connect the incoming optical fibre to the RX receiver input, and the outgoing optical
fibre to the TX transmitter output. Pay special attention to instructions concerning
handling and connection of fibre cables.
For setting the transfer rate (baud rate) and slave number, please refer to the
Application manual and Commissioning manual respectively.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 19
Station communication
19.7.1 Introduction
IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol is mainly used when a protection IED
communicates with a third party control or monitoring system. This system must have
software that can interpret the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages.
19.7.2.1 Functionality
103MEAS is a function block that reports all valid measuring types depending on
connected signals.
The set of connected input will control which ASDUs (Application Service Data
Units) are generated.
9 Will be generated if at least IL1 is connected. IL2, IL3, UL1, UL2, UL3, P, Q,
F are optional but there can be no holes.
3.4 Will be generated if IN and UN are present.
3.3 Will be generated if IL2, Ul1L2, P and Q present.
3.2 Will be generated if IL2, UL1L2 and P or Q missing.
3.1 Will be generated if IL2 present and IL1 missing (otherwise IL2 in 9).
19.7.2.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Measurands for IEC 60870-5-103 I103MEAS - -
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I103MEAS
BLOCK
IL1
IL2
IL3
IN
UL1
UL2
UL3
UL1L2
UN
P
Q
F
IEC10000287-1-en.vsd
IEC10000287 V1 EN
19.7.2.4 Signals
Table 915: I103MEAS Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of service value reporting
IL1 REAL 0.0 Service value for current phase L1
IL2 REAL 0.0 Service value for current phase L2
IL3 REAL 0.0 Service value for current phase L3
IN REAL 0.0 Service value for residual current IN
UL1 REAL 0.0 Service value for voltage phase L1
UL2 REAL 0.0 Service value for voltage phase L2
UL3 REAL 0.0 Service value for voltage phase L3
UL1L2 REAL 0.0 Service value for voltage phase-phase L1-L2
UN REAL 0.0 Service value for residual voltage UN
P REAL 0.0 Service value for active power
Q REAL 0.0 Service value for reactive power
F REAL 0.0 Service value for system frequency
19.7.2.5 Settings
Table 916: I103MEAS Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
MaxIL1 1 - 99999 A 1 3000 Maximum current phase L1
MaxIL2 1 - 99999 A 1 3000 Maximum current phase L2
MaxIL3 1 - 99999 A 1 3000 Maximum current phase L3
MaxIN 1 - 99999 A 1 3000 Maximum residual current IN
Table continues on next page
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19.7.3.1 Functionality
19.7.3.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Measurands user defined signals for I103MEASUSR - -
IEC 60870-5-103
I103MEASUSR
BLOCK
^INPUT1
^INPUT2
^INPUT3
^INPUT4
^INPUT5
^INPUT6
^INPUT7
^INPUT8
^INPUT9
IEC10000288-1-en.vsd
IEC10000288 V1 EN
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19.7.3.4 Signals
Table 917: I103MEASUSR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of service value reporting
INPUT1 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 1
INPUT2 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 2
INPUT3 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 3
INPUT4 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 4
INPUT5 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 5
INPUT6 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 6
INPUT7 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 7
INPUT8 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 8
INPUT9 REAL 0.0 Service value for measurement on input 9
19.7.3.5 Settings
Table 918: I103MEASUSR Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 25 Function type (1-255)
InfNo 1 - 255 - 1 1 Information number for measurands
(1-255)
MaxMeasur1 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 1
MaxMeasur2 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 2
MaxMeasur3 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 3
MaxMeasur4 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 4
MaxMeasur5 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 5
MaxMeasur6 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 6
MaxMeasur7 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 7
MaxMeasur8 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 8
MaxMeasur9 0.05 - - 0.05 1000.00 Maximum value for measurement on input
10000000000.00 9
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19.7.4.1 Functionality
19.7.4.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function status auto-recloser for IEC I103AR - -
60870-5-103
IEC10000289-2-en.vsd
IEC10000289 V2 EN
19.7.4.4 Signals
Table 919: I103AR Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting
16_ARACT BOOLEAN 0 Information number 16, auto-recloser active
128_CBON BOOLEAN 0 Information number 128, circuit breaker on by auto-
recloser
130_BLKD BOOLEAN 0 Information number 130, auto-recloser blocked
19.7.4.5 Settings
Table 920: I103AR Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
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19.7.5.1 Functionality
I103EF is a function block with defined functions for earth fault indications in monitor
direction. This block includes the FunctionType parameter, and the information
number parameter is defined for each output signal.
19.7.5.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function status earth-fault for IEC I103EF - -
60870-5-103
I103EF
BLOCK
51_EFFW
52_EFREV
IEC10000290-1-en.vsd
IEC10000290 V1 EN
19.7.5.4 Signals
Table 921: I103EF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting
51_EFFW BOOLEAN 0 Information number 51, earth-fault forward
52_EFREV BOOLEAN 0 Information number 52, earth-fault reverse
19.7.5.5 Settings
Table 922: I103EF Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 160 Function type (1-255)
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19.7.6.1 Functionality
I103FLTPROT is used for fault indications in monitor direction. Each input on the
function block is specific for a certain fault type and therefore must be connected to a
correspondent signal present in the configuration. For example: 68_TRGEN
represents the General Trip of the device, and therefore must be connected to the
general trip signal SMPPTRC_TRIP or equivalent.
The delay observed in the protocol is the time difference in between the signal that is
triggering the Disturbance Recorder and the respective configured signal to the IEC
60870-5-103 I103FLTPROT.
19.7.6.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function status fault protection for IEC I103FLTPROT - -
60870-5-103
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I103FLTPROT
BLOCK
64_STL1
65_STL2
66_STL3
67_STIN
68_TRGEN
69_TRL1
70_TRL2
71_TRL3
72_TRBKUP
73_SCL
74_FW
75_REV
76_TRANS
77_RECEV
78_ZONE1
79_ZONE2
80_ZONE3
81_ZONE4
82_ZONE5
84_STGEN
85_BFP
86_MTRL1
87_MTRL2
88_MTRL3
89_MTRN
90_IOC
91_IOC
92_IEF
93_IEF
ARINPROG
FLTLOC
IEC10000291-1-en.vsd
IEC10000291 V1 EN
19.7.6.4 Signals
Table 923: I103FLTPROT Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting.
64_STL1 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 64, start phase L1
65_STL2 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 65, start phase L2
66_STL3 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 66, start phase L3
67_STIN BOOLEAN 0 Information number 67, start residual current IN
68_TRGEN BOOLEAN 0 Information number 68, trip general
69_TRL1 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 69, trip phase L1
70_TRL2 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 70, trip phase L2
71_TRL3 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 71, trip phase L3
72_TRBKUP BOOLEAN 0 Information number 72, back up trip I>>
73_SCL REAL 0 Information number 73, fault location in ohm
74_FW BOOLEAN 0 Information number 74, forward/line
75_REV BOOLEAN 0 Information number 75, reverse/busbar
Table continues on next page
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19.7.6.5 Settings
Table 924: I103FLTPROT Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 128 Function type (1-255)
19.7.7.1 Functionality
I103IED is a function block with defined IED functions in monitor direction. This
block uses parameter as FunctionType, and information number parameter is defined
for each input signal.
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19.7.7.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
IED status for IEC 60870-5-103 I103IED - -
IEC10000292-2-en.vsd
IEC10000292 V2 EN
19.7.7.4 Signals
Table 925: I103IED Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting
19_LEDRS BOOLEAN 0 Information number 19, reset LEDs
21_TESTM BOOLEAN 0 Information number 21, test mode is active
22_SETCH BOOLEAN 0 Information number 22, setting changed
23_GRP1 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 23, setting group 1 is active
24_GRP2 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 24, setting group 2 is active
25_GRP3 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 25, setting group 3 is active
26_GRP4 BOOLEAN 0 Information number 26, setting group 4 is active
19.7.7.5 Settings
Table 926: I103IED Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
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19.7.8.1 Functionality
19.7.8.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Supervison status for IEC 60870-5-103 I103SUPERV - -
I103SUPERV
BLOCK
32_MEASI
33_MEASU
37_IBKUP
38_VTFF
46_GRWA
47_GRAL
IEC10000293-1-en.vsd
IEC10000293 V1 EN
19.7.8.4 Signals
Table 927: I103SUPERV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting
32_MEASI BOOLEAN 0 Information number 32, measurand supervision of I
33_MEASU BOOLEAN 0 Information number 33, measurand supervision of
U
37_IBKUP BOOLEAN 0 Information number 37, I high-high back-up
protection
38_VTFF BOOLEAN 0 Information number 38, fuse failure VT
46_GRWA BOOLEAN 0 Information number 46, group warning
47_GRAL BOOLEAN 0 Information number 47, group alarm
19.7.8.5 Settings
Table 928: I103SUPERV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
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19.7.9.1 Functionality
I103USRDEF is a function block with user defined input signals in monitor direction.
Each instance is associated with a Function Type (FUN) and each input signal with an
Information Number (INF). Additionally, all input signals may be defined to use
relative time and how to respond to a GI request.
The user is responsible for assigning a proper FUN value and proper INF values to all
connected inputs. See Settings for details.
19.7.9.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Status for user defined signals for IEC I103USRDEF - -
60870-5-103
I103USRDEF
BLOCK
^INPUT1
^INPUT2
^INPUT3
^INPUT4
^INPUT5
^INPUT6
^INPUT7
^INPUT8
RT_START
IEC10000294-3-en.vsdx
IEC10000294 V3 EN
19.7.9.4 Signals
Table 929: I103USRDEF Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of status reporting
INPUT1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary signal Input 1
INPUT2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary signal input 2
INPUT3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary signal input 3
Table continues on next page
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RT_START registers the positive transition (0->1) of a pulse and sets the time from
which relative time is derived. Relative time is assigned only to inputs where the
corresponding TypNo parameter is set to Relative. The maximum relative time and
unit conform to the IEC 60870-5-103 standard.
19.7.9.5 Settings
Table 930: I103USRDEF Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 5 Function type (1-255)
InfNo1 1 - 255 - 1 1 Information number for binary input 1
(1-255)
InfNo2 1 - 255 - 1 2 Information number for binary input 2
(1-255)
InfNo3 1 - 255 - 1 3 Information number for binary input 3
(1-255)
InfNo4 1 - 255 - 1 4 Information number for binary input 4
(1-255)
InfNo5 1 - 255 - 1 5 Information number for binary input 5
(1-255)
InfNo6 1 - 255 - 1 6 Information number for binary input 6
(1-255)
InfNo7 1 - 255 - 1 7 Information number for binary input 7
(1-255)
InfNo8 1 - 255 - 1 8 Information number for binary input 8
(1-255)
TypNo1 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
TypNo2 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
TypNo3 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
TypNo4 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
TypNo5 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
TypNo6 Absolute - - Absolute Type identification (TYP)
Relative
Table continues on next page
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The InfNon parameters are used to associate each individual input signal with a
userdefined INF. Refer to the IEC 60870-5-103 standard for details.
The TypNon parameters determine if messages use absolute or relative time. This
adheres to the TYPE IDENTIFICATION (TYP) message types 1 (time-tagged
message) and 2 (time-tagged message with relative time) of the IEC 60870-5-103
standard.
19.7.10.1 Functionality
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19.7.10.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function commands for IEC I103CMD - -
60870-5-103
I103CMD
BLOCK 16-AR
17-DIFF
18-PROT
IEC10000282-1-en.vsd
IEC10000282 V1 EN
19.7.10.4 Signals
Table 931: I103CMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of commands
19.7.10.5 Settings
Table 933: I103CMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
19.7.11.1 Functionality
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19.7.11.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
IED commands for IEC 60870-5-103 I103IEDCMD - -
I103IEDCMD
BLOCK 19-LEDRS
23-GRP1
24-GRP2
25-GRP3
26-GRP4
IEC10000283-1-en.vsd
IEC10000283 V1 EN
19.7.11.4 Signals
Table 934: I103IEDCMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of commands
19.7.11.5 Settings
Table 936: I103IEDCMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 255 Function type (1-255)
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19.7.12.1 Functionality
19.7.12.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function commands user defined for I103USRCMD - -
IEC 60870-5-103
I103USRCMD
BLOCK ^OUTPUT1
^OUTPUT2
^OUTPUT3
^OUTPUT4
^OUTPUT5
^OUTPUT6
^OUTPUT7
^OUTPUT8
IEC10000284-1-en.vsd
IEC10000284 V1 EN
19.7.12.4 Signals
Table 937: I103USRCMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of commands
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19.7.12.5 Settings
Table 939: I103USRCMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
PulseMode Steady - - Pulsed Pulse mode
Pulsed
PulseLength 0.200 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.400 Pulse length
InfNo_1 1 - 255 - 1 1 Information number for output 1 (1-255)
InfNo_2 1 - 255 - 1 2 Information number for output 2 (1-255)
InfNo_3 1 - 255 - 1 3 Information number for output 3 (1-255)
InfNo_4 1 - 255 - 1 4 Information number for output 4 (1-255)
InfNo_5 1 - 255 - 1 5 Information number for output 5 (1-255)
InfNo_6 1 - 255 - 1 6 Information number for output 6 (1-255)
InfNo_7 1 - 255 - 1 7 Information number for output 7 (1-255)
InfNo_8 1 - 255 - 1 8 Information number for output 8 (1-255)
19.7.13.1 Functionality
19.7.13.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
Function commands generic for IEC I103GENCMD - -
60870-5-103
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I103GENCMD
BLOCK ^CMD_OFF
^CMD_ON
IEC10000285-1-en.vsd
IEC10000285 V1 EN
19.7.13.4 Signals
Table 940: I103GENCMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of command
19.7.13.5 Settings
Table 942: I103GENCMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type (1-255)
PulseLength 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.400 Pulse length
InfNo 1 - 255 - 1 1 Information number for command output
(1-255)
19.7.14 IED commands with position and select for IEC 60870-5-103
I103POSCMD
19.7.14.1 Functionality
I103POSCMD is a transceiver function that monitors activity on its input signals and
interprets any state transition into commands then sent over an established IEC
60870-5-103 link. Additionally, it listens for general interrogation (GI) requests and
replies to those with a GI response message with the current state of each connected
input.
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setting the Report Intermediate Position = Off. See the settings for RS485 and optical
serial communication for more information.
When input BLOCK is ON, the function will ignore GI requests and cease all
monitoring activity. Consequently, no transitions will be detected.
The I103POSCMD function is also equipped with two additional commands: Operate
and Cancel. These are hidden in ACT and respond only to base INF +2 and +3
respectively. The base INF (Information Number) parameter is an IEC 60870-5-103
identifier that associates a function in a 103 Master (such as Scada) with its equivalent
in the IED.
19.7.14.2 Identification
Function description Function block IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
name identification device number
IED commands with position and select I103POSCMD - -
for IEC 60870-5-103
I103POSCMD
BLOCK
POSITION
SELECT
IEC10000286-1-en.vsd
IEC10000286 V1 EN
19.7.14.4 Signals
Table 943: I103POSCMD Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of command
POSITION INTEGER 0 Position of controllable object
SELECT BOOLEAN 0 Select of controllable object
19.7.14.5 Settings
Table 944: I103POSCMD Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FunctionType 1 - 255 - 1 1 Function type
InfNo 160 - 236 - 4 160 Information number for command output
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19.7.15.1 General
Event handling
Report of analog service values (measurements)
Fault location
Command handling
Autorecloser ON/OFF
Teleprotection ON/OFF
Protection ON/OFF
LED reset
Characteristics 1 - 4 (Setting groups)
File transfer (disturbance files)
Time synchronization
For detailed information about IEC 60870-5-103, refer to the IEC 60870 standard part
5: Transmission protocols, and to the section 103: Companion standard for the
informative interface of protection equipment.
The information types are supported when corresponding functions are included in the
protection and control IED.
Number of instances: 1
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Number of instances: 1
Number of instances: 4
Function type for each function block instance in private range is selected with
parameter FunctionType.
Information number must be selected for each output signal. Default values are 1 - 8.
Table 947: I103USRCMD supported indications
INF 1) Description
1 Output signal 01
2 Output signal 02
3 Output signal 03
4 Output signal 04
5 Output signal 05
Table continues on next page
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INF 1) Description
6 Output signal 06
7 Output signal 07
8 Output signal 08
Status
Terminal status indications in monitor direction, I103IED
Indication block for status in monitor direction with defined IED functions.
Number of instances: 1
Number of instances: 20
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Number of instances: 1
Number of instances: 1
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Number of instances: 1
Info. no. Message Supported
64 Start L1 Yes
65 Start L2 Yes
66 Start L3 Yes
67 Start IN Yes
84 General start Yes
69 Trip L1 Yes
70 Trip L2 Yes
71 Trip L3 Yes
68 General trip Yes
74 Fault forward/line Yes
75 Fault reverse/busbar Yes
78 Zone 1 Yes
79 Zone 2 Yes
80 Zone 3 Yes
81 Zone 4 Yes
82 Zone 5 Yes
76 Signal transmitted Yes
77 Signal received Yes
73 SCL, Fault location in ohm Yes
The instance type is suitable for line differential, transformer differential, overcurrent
and earth fault protection functions.
Number of instances: 1
Info. no. Message Supported
64 Start L1 Yes
65 Start L2 Yes
66 Start L3 Yes
67 Start IN Yes
84 General start Yes
69 Trip L1 Yes
Table continues on next page
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Number of instances: 1
Measurands
Function blocks in monitor direction for input measurands. Typically connected to
monitoring function, for example to power measurement CVMMXN.
The IED reports all valid measuring types depending on connected signals.
Upper limit for measured currents, active/reactive-power is 2.4 times rated value.
Upper limit for measured voltages and frequency is 1.2 times rated value.
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The upper limit is the maximum value that can be encoded into the ASDU
(Application Service Data Unit). Any value higher than this value will be tagged as
OVERFLOW. The factors 1.2 and 2.4 are taken from the 103 standard and require that
a rated value to use as base exists, and then use 1.2 or 2.4 times <rated> as maxVal.
You can use 2.4 times rated as maxVal, but as there is no way to propagate value to
client, the use of a scale factor on <rated> does not make much difference.
Resolution is <maxVal> / 4095 and hence the lowest possible maxVal yields the best
accuracy.
Table 953: I103MEAS supported indications
INF Description
148 IL1
144, 145, IL2
146, 148
148 IL3
147 IN, Neutral current
148 UL1
148 UL2
148 UL3
145, 146 UL1-UL2
147 UN, Neutral voltage
146, 148 P, active power
146, 148 Q, reactive power
148 f, frequency
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Example: Input1, Input2, and Input4 are connected, Input3 is not connected.
Disturbance recordings
The following elements are used in the ASDUs (Application Service Data Units)
defined in the standard.
Analog signals, 40-channels: the channel number for each channel has to be specified.
Channels used in the public range are 1 to 8 and with:
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Channel number used for the remaining 32 analog signals are numbers in the private
range 64 to 95.
Binary signals, 128-channels: for each channel the user can specify a FUNCTION
TYPE and an INFORMATION NUMBER.
Disturbance upload
All analog and binary signals that are recorded with disturbance recorder can be
reported to the master. The last eight disturbances that are recorded are available for
transfer to the master. A successfully transferred disturbance (acknowledged by the
master) will not be reported to the master again.
Information sent in the disturbance upload is specified by the standard; however, some
of the information are adapted to information available in disturbance recorder in the
IED series.
This section describes all data that is not exactly as specified in the standard.
ASDU23
Bit TP: the protection equipment has tripped during the fault
Bit TM: the disturbance data are currently being transmitted
Bit TEST: the disturbance data have been recorded during normal operation or
test mode.
Bit OTEV: the disturbance data recording has been initiated by another event than
start
The only information that is easily available is test-mode status. The other information
is always set (hard coded) to:
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Another information element in ASDU23 is the FAN (fault number). According to the
standard this is a number that is incremented when a protection function takes action.
FAN is equal to disturbance number, which is incremented for each disturbance.
ASDU26 / ASDU31
When a disturbance has been selected by the master by sending ASDU24, the
protection equipment answers by sending ASDU26, which contains an information
element named NOF (number of grid faults). This number must indicate fault number
in the power system,that is, a fault in the power system with several trip and auto-
reclosing has the same NOF (while the FAN must be incremented). NOF is just as
FAN, equal to disturbance number.
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Supported
10 Generic data No
11 Generic identification No
23 List of recorded disturbances Yes
26 Ready for transm. of disturbance data Yes
27 Ready for transm. of a channel Yes
28 Ready for transm of tags Yes
29 Transmission of tags Yes
30 Transmission fo disturbance data Yes
31 End of transmission Yes
Selection of standard ASDUs in control direction
ASDU Yes
6 Time synchronization Yes
7 General interrogation Yes
10 Generic data No
20 General command Yes
21 Generic command Yes
24 Order for disturbance data transmission Yes
25 Acknowledgement for distance data transmission Yes
Selection of basic application functions
Test mode No
Blocking of monitoring direction Yes
Disturbance data Yes
Private data Yes
Generic services No
The serial communication module (SLM) is used for SPA/IEC 60870-5-103/DNP and
LON communication. This module is a mezzanine module, and is placed assembled
on the Numerical module (NUM). The serial communication module can have
connectors for two plastic fibre cables (snap-in) or two glass fibre cables (ST,
bayonet) or a combination of plastic and glass fibre. Three different types are available
depending on type of fibre.
The incoming optical fibre is connected to the RX receiver input, and the outgoing
optical fibre to the TX transmitter output. When the fibre optic cables are laid out, pay
special attention to the instructions concerning the handling and connection of the
optical fibres. The module is identified with a number on the label on the module.
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Station communication
19.8.1 Functionality
GOOSE communication can be used for exchanging information between IEDs via
the IEC 61850-8-1 station communication bus. This is typically used for sending
apparatus position indications for interlocking or reservation signals for 1-of-n
control. GOOSE can also be used to exchange any boolean, integer, double point and
analog measured values between IEDs.
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GOOSEINTLKRCV
BLOCK ^RESREQ
^RESGRANT
^APP1_OP
^APP1_CL
APP1VAL
^APP2_OP
^APP2_CL
APP2VAL
^APP3_OP
^APP3_CL
APP3VAL
^APP4_OP
^APP4_CL
APP4VAL
^APP5_OP
^APP5_CL
APP5VAL
^APP6_OP
^APP6_CL
APP6VAL
^APP7_OP
^APP7_CL
APP7VAL
^APP8_OP
^APP8_CL
APP8VAL
^APP9_OP
^APP9_CL
APP9VAL
^APP10_OP
^APP10_CL
APP10VAL
^APP11_OP
^APP11_CL
APP11VAL
^APP12_OP
^APP12_CL
APP12VAL
^APP13_OP
^APP13_CL
APP13VAL
^APP14_OP
^APP14_CL
APP14VAL
^APP15_OP
^APP15_CL
APP15VAL
COMMVALID
TEST
IEC07000048.vsd
IEC07000048 V3 EN
19.8.3 Signals
Table 956: GOOSEINTLKRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of output signals
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19.8.4 Settings
Table 958: GOOSEINTLKRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
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IEC07000047.vsd
IEC07000047 V3 EN
19.9.2 Signals
Table 959: GOOSEBINRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of output signals
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19.9.3 Settings
Table 961: GOOSEBINRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
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19.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
GOOSE function block to receive a GOOSEDPRCV - -
double point value
19.10.2 Functionality
GOOSEDPRCV is used to receive a double point value using IEC 61850 protocol via
GOOSE.
IEC10000249-1-en.vsd
IEC10000249 V1 EN
19.10.4 Signals
Table 962: GOOSEDPRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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19.10.5 Settings
Table 964: GOOSEDPRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
The COMMVALID output will become LOW when the sending IED is under total
failure condition and the GOOSE transmission from the sending IED does not happen.
The TEST output will go HIGH if the sending IED is in test mode.
19.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
GOOSE function block to receive an GOOSEINTRCV - -
integer value
19.11.2 Functionality
GOOSEINTRCV is used to receive an integer value using IEC 61850 protocol via
GOOSE.
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IEC10000250-1-en.vsd
IEC10000250 V1 EN
19.11.4 Signals
Table 965: GOOSEINTRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
19.11.5 Settings
Table 967: GOOSEINTRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
The COMMVALID output will become LOW when the sending IED is under total
failure condition and the GOOSE transmission from the sending IED does not happen.
The TEST output will go HIGH if the sending IED is in test mode.
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19.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
GOOSE function block to receive a GOOSEMVRCV - -
measurand value
19.12.2 Functionality
GOOSEMVRCV is used to receive measured value using IEC 61850 protocol via
GOOSE.
IEC10000251-1-en.vsd
IEC10000251 V1 EN
19.12.4 Signals
Table 968: GOOSEMVRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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19.12.5 Settings
Table 970: GOOSEMVRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
The COMMVALID output will become LOW when the sending IED is under total
failure condition and the GOOSE transmission from the sending IED does not happen.
The TEST output will go HIGH if the sending IED is in test mode.
19.13.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
GOOSE function block to receive a GOOSESPRCV - -
single point value
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19.13.2 Functionality
GOOSESPRCV is used to receive a single point value using IEC 61850 protocol via
GOOSE.
IEC10000248-1-en.vsd
IEC10000248 V1 EN
19.13.4 Signals
Table 971: GOOSESPRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
19.13.5 Settings
Table 973: GOOSESPRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - Off Operation Off/On
On
The COMMVALID output will become LOW when the sending IED is under total
failure condition and the GOOSE transmission from the sending IED does not happen.
The TEST output will go HIGH if the sending IED is in test mode.
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19.14.1 Functionality
The IED provides two function blocks enabling several IEDs to send and receive
signals via the interbay bus. The sending function block, MULTICMDSND, takes 16
binary inputs. LON enables these to be transmitted to the equivalent receiving
function block, MULTICMDRCV, which has 16 binary outputs.
19.14.2 Design
19.14.2.1 General
The common behavior for all 16 outputs of the MULTICMDRCV is set to either of
two modes: Steady or Pulse.
1 = Steady: This mode simply forwards the received signals to the binary outputs.
2 = Pulse: When a received signal transitions from 0 (zero) to 1 (one), a pulse with
a duration of exactly one execution cycle is triggered on the corresponding binary
output. This means that no connected function block may have a cycle time that
is higher than the execution cycle time of the particular MULTICMDRCV
instance.
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IEC06000007-2-en.vsd
IEC06000007 V2 EN
MULTICMDSND
BLOCK ERROR
INPUT1
INPUT2
INPUT3
INPUT4
INPUT5
INPUT6
INPUT7
INPUT8
INPUT9
INPUT10
INPUT11
INPUT12
INPUT13
INPUT14
INPUT15
INPUT16
IEC06000008-2-en.vsd
IEC06000008 V2 EN
19.14.4 Signals
Table 974: MULTICMDRCV Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function
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19.14.5 Settings
Table 978: MULTICMDRCV Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
tMaxCycleTime 0.050 - 200.000 s 0.001 11.000 Maximum cycle time between receptions
of input data
tMinCycleTime 0.000 - 200.000 s 0.001 0.000 Minimum cycle time between receptions
of input data
Mode Steady - - Steady Mode for output signals
Pulsed
tPulseTime 0.000 - 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Pulse length for multi command outputs
The MULTICMDRCV function block has 16 binary outputs, all controlled through
the command block of one or many MULTICMDSND function blocks. There are 60
instances of the MULTICMDRCV where the first 12 are fast (8 ms), and the others are
slow (100 ms). Additionally, the MULTICMDRCV has a supervision function, which
sets the output connector "VALID" to 0 (zero) if its block does not receive any data
within the time defined by tMaxCycleTime.
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19.15.1.1 Signals
Table 980: SECALARM Output signals
Name Type Description
EVENTID INTEGER EventId of the generated security event
SEQNUMBER INTEGER Sequence number of the generated security event
19.15.1.2 Settings
Table 981: SECALARM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation On/Off
On
There can be 6 external log servers to send syslog events to. Each server can be
configured with IP address; IP port number and protocol format. The format can be
either syslog (RFC 5424) or Common Event Format (CEF) from ArcSight.
19.16.2 Settings
Table 982: ACTIVLOG Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
ExtLogSrv1Type Off - - Off External log server 1 type
SYSLOG UDP/IP
SYSLOG TCP/IP
CEF TCP/IP
ExtLogSrv1Port 1 - 65535 - 1 514 External log server 1 port number
ExtLogSrv1IP 0 - 18 IP 1 127.0.0.1 External log server 1 IP-address
Address
ExtLogSrv2Type Off - - Off External log server 2 type
SYSLOG UDP/IP
SYSLOG TCP/IP
CEF TCP/IP
Table continues on next page
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Station communication
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 20
Remote communication
20.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Binary signal transfer BinSignReceive - -
Binary signal transfer BinSignTransm - -
20.1.2 Functionality
The remote end data communication is used either for the transmission of current
values with a maximum of 8 binary signals in the line differential protection IED, or
for the transmission of only binary signals (up to 192) in the other IEDs. The binary
signals are freely configurable and can, thus, be used for any purpose, for example,
communication scheme related signals, transfer trip and/or other binary signals
between IEDs.
Communication between two IEDs requires that each IED is equipped with a Line
Data Communication Module (LCDM). The LDCMs then act as interfaces to a 64
kbit/s communication channel for duplex communication between the IEDs.
The IED can be equipped with up to four short range, medium range or long range
LDCMs.
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Remote communication
IEC07000043-2-en.vsd
IEC07000043 V2 EN
LDCMRecBinStat2
COMFAIL
YBIT
NOCARR
NOMESS
ADDRERR
LNGTHERR
CRCERROR
TRDELERR
SYNCERR
REMCOMF
REMGPSER
SUBSTITU
LOWLEVEL
IEC07000044-2-en.vsd
IEC07000044 V2 EN
LDCMRecBinStat3
COMFAIL
YBIT
NOCARR
NOMESS
ADDRERR
LNGTHERR
CRCERROR
TRDELERR
SYNCERR
REMCOMF
REMGPSER
SUBSTITU
LOWLEVEL
IEC05000451-2-en.vsd
IEC05000451 V2 EN
20.1.4 Signals
Table 983: LDCMRecBinStat1 Output signals
Name Type Description
COMFAIL BOOLEAN Detected error in the differential communication
YBIT BOOLEAN Detected error in remote end with incoming
message
NOCARR BOOLEAN No carrier is detected in the incoming message
Table continues on next page
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Remote communication
20.1.5 Settings
Table 986: LDCMRecBinStat1 Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
ChannelMode Blocked - - Normal Channel mode of LDCM, 0=OFF, 1=ON,
Normal 2=OutOfService
OutOfService
TerminalNo 0 - 255 - 1 0 Terminal number used for line differential
communication
RemoteTermNo 0 - 255 - 1 0 Terminal number on remote terminal
CommSync Slave - - Slave Com Synchronization mode of LDCM,
Master 0=Slave, 1=Master
OptoPower LowPower - - LowPower Transmission power for LDCM, 0=Low,
HighPower 1=High
ComFailAlrmDel 5 - 500 ms 5 100 Time delay before communication error
signal is activated
ComFailResDel 5 - 500 ms 5 100 Reset delay before communication error
signal is reset
InvertPolX21 Off - - Off Invert polarization for X21 communication
On
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Start Stop
Information CRC
flag flag
IEC01000134 V1 EN
The start and stop flags are the 0111 1110 sequence (7E hexadecimal), defined in the
HDLC standard. The CRC is designed according to the standard CRC16 definition.
The optional address field in the HDLC frame is not used instead a separate addressing
is included in the data field.
The address field is used for checking that the received message originates from the
correct equipment. There is always a risk that multiplexers occasionally mix the
messages up. Each terminal in the system is given a number. The terminal is then
programmed to accept messages from a specific terminal number. If the CRC function
detects a faulty message, the message is thrown away and not used in the evaluation.
When the communication is used for line differential purpose, the transmitted data
consists of three currents, clock information, trip-, block- and alarm-signals and eight
binary signals which can be used for any purpose. The three currents are represented
as sampled values.
When the communication is used exclusively for binary signals, the full data capacity
of the communication channel is used for the binary signal purpose which gives the
capacity of 192 signals.
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IEC10000017-1-en.vsd
IEC10000017 V1 EN
20.2.2 Signals
Table 992: LDCMTRN Input signals
Name Type Default Description
CT1L1 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group1 line L1 to
remote end
CT1L2 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group1 line L2 to
remote end
CT1L3 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group1 line L3 to
remote end
CT1N STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group1 neutral N to
remote end
CT2L1 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group2 line L1 to
remote end
CT2L2 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group2 line L2 to
remote end
CT2L3 STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group2 line L3 to
remote end
CT2N STRING 0 Input to be used for transmit CT-group2 neutral N to
remote end
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 21
Basic IED functions
21.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Authority check ATHCHCK - -
21.1.2 Functionality
To safeguard the interests of our customers, both the IED and the tools that are
accessing the IED are protected, by means of authorization handling. The
authorization handling of the IED and the PCM600 is implemented at both access
points to the IED:
The IED users can be created, deleted and edited with PCM600 IED user management
tool.
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Basic IED functions
IEC12000202-2-en.vsd
IEC12000202 V2 EN
Ensure that the user logged on to the IED has the access required when
writing particular data to the IED from PCM600.
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Basic IED functions
The IED users can be created, deleted and edited only with the IED User Management
within PCM600. The user can only LogOn or LogOff on the local HMI on the IED,
there are no users, groups or functions that can be defined on local HMI.
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Basic IED functions
At delivery the default user is the SuperUser. No Log on is required to operate the IED
until a user has been created with the IED User Management..
Once a user is created and downloaded to the IED, that user can perform a Log on,
introducing the password assigned in the tool.
If there is no user created, an attempt to log on will display a message box: No user
defined!
If one user leaves the IED without logging off, then after the timeout (set in Main
menu/Settings/General Settings/HMI/Screen/Display Timeout) elapses, the IED
returns to Guest state, when only reading is possible. The display time out is set to 10
minutes at delivery.
If there are one or more users created with the IED User Management and downloaded
into the IED, then, when a user intentionally attempts a Log on or when the user
attempts to perform an operation that is password protected, the Log on window will
appear.
The cursor is focused on the User identity field, so upon pressing the key, the user
can change the user name, by browsing the list of users, with the up and down
arrows. After choosing the right user name, the user must press the E key again.
When it comes to password, upon pressing the key, the following character will
show up: $. After all the letters are introduced (passwords are case sensitive) choose
OK and press the key again.
If everything is alright at a voluntary Log on, the local HMI returns to the
Authorization screen. If the Log on is OK, when required to change for example a
password protected setting, the local HMI returns to the actual setting folder. If the
Log on has failed, then the Log on window opens again, until either the user makes it
right or presses Cancel.
The users, their roles and rights are created, deleted and edited only in the Central
Account Management server (SDM600). However, the user rights can be edited in the
IED by using the PCM600 user tool.
One user can have one or several user roles. By default, the users in Table 747 are
created in the IED, and when creating new users in the SDM600 server, the predefined
roles from Table 995 can be used.
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Basic IED functions
At delivery, the IED user has full access as SuperUser when using the
LHMI and as Administrator when using FTP or PCM600 until Central
Account Management is activated.
The PCM600 tool caches the login credentials after successful login
for 15 minutes. During that time no more login will be necessary.
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Note that not all users in the SDM600 server are part of the replica. There might be
users that are not assigned to any replication group. IED only replicates those users
which are part of replication group configured in the IED.
This replication can be disabled using PCM600 by the security administrator, which
means that the IED will forward login requests to the SDM600 for authorization and
in case of problems with the network users will not be able to log in to the IED.
All communication between the central management and the IEDs is protected using
secure communication. Customers using SDM600 are required to generate and
distribute certificates during the engineering process of the substation. These
certificates ensure mutual trust between IED and for example SDM600, FTP,
PCM600 and other system.
Table 996: Authority-related IED functions
Function Description
Authority status This function is an indication function block for user logon activity.
ATHSTAT User denied attempt to logon and user successful logon are reported.
Authority check To safeguard the interests of our customers, both the IED and the tools that are
ATHCHCK accessing the IED are protected, by means of authorization handling. The
authorization handling of the IED and the PCM600 is implemented at both access
points to the IED:
The IED users can be created, deleted and edited only in the CAM server.
Authority This function enables/disables the maintenance menu. It also controls the
management maintenance menu logon time out.
AUTHMAN
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21.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Authority management AUTHMAN - -
21.2.2 AUTHMAN
This function enables/disables the maintenance menu. It also controls the
maintenance menu log on time out.
21.2.3 Settings
Table 997: AUTHMAN Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
MaintMenuDisAuth Disable - - Enable In maintenance menu, disable authority
Enable selection is shown
AuthTimeout 600 - 3600 s 600 600 Authority blocking timeout
21.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
FTP access with SSL FTPACCS - -
The automatic negotiation mode acts on configured port number 21 and server
features, it tries to negotiate with explicit TLS via AUTH TLS. If the specified port is
any other, it tries to negotiate in a similar way.
Using FTP without TLS encryption gives the FTP client reduced capabilities. This
mode is only for accessing disturbance recorder data from the IED.
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21.3.3 Settings
Table 998: FTPACCS Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
PortSelection None - - Any Port selection for communication
Front
LANAB
LANCD
Any
SSLMode FTP+FTPS - - FTPS Support for AUTH TLS/SSL
FTPS
TCPPortFTP 1 - 65535 - 1 21 TCP port for FTP and FTP with Explicit
SSL
PasvPortStart 0 - 65515 - 1 49200 First TCP data port for PASV
PasvPortEnd 0 - 65535 - 1 49232 Last TCP data port for PASV
21.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Authority status ATHSTAT - -
21.4.2 Functionality
Authority status ATHSTAT function is an indication function block for user log-on
activity.
User denied attempt to log-on and user successful log-on are reported.
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21.4.4 Signals
Table 999: ATHSTAT Output signals
Name Type Description
USRBLKED BOOLEAN At least one user is blocked by invalid password
LOGGEDON BOOLEAN At least one user is logged on
21.4.5 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or in Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600)
Whenever one of the two events occurs, the corresponding output (USRBLKED or
LOGGEDON) is activated. The output can for example, be connected on Event
(EVENT) function block for LON/SPA.The signals are also available on IEC 61850
station bus.
21.5.1 Functionality
Self supervision with internal event list function listens and reacts to internal system
events, generated by the different built-in self-supervision elements. The internal
events are saved in an internal event list presented on the LHMI and in PCM600 event
viewer tool.
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INTERRSIG
FAIL
WARNING
TSYN CERR
RTCERR
STUPBLK
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IEC09000787 V2 EN
21.5.3 Signals
Table 1000: INTERRSIG Output signals
Name Type Description
FAIL BOOLEAN Internal fail
WARNING BOOLEAN Internal warning
TSYNCERR BOOLEAN Time synchronization error
RTCERR BOOLEAN Real time clock error
STUPBLK BOOLEAN Application startup block
21.5.4 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
The self-supervision function status can be monitored from the local HMI, from the
Event Viewer in PCM600 or from a SMS/SCS system.
Under the Diagnostics menu in the local HMI the present information from the self-
supervision function can be reviewed. The information can be found under Main
menu/Diagnostics/Internal events or Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/
General. The information from the self-supervision function is also available in the
Event Viewer in PCM600.
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output relay is an OR-function between the INT-FAIL signal see figure 605 and a
couple of more severe faults that can occur in the IED, see figure 604
IEC04000520 V1 EN
IO fail
OR Set e.g. BIM 1 Error
IO stopped
Reset
IO started
e.g. IOM2 Error OR
e.g. IO (n) Error Internal
OR FAIL
LON ERROR
TIMESYNCHERROR
OR TIMESYNCHERROR
Time reset Set
SYNCH OK Reset
SETCHGD
Settings changed
1 second pulse
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Some signals are available from the INTERRSIG function block. The signals from
this function block are sent as events to the station level of the control system. The
signals from the INTERRSIG function block can also be connected to binary outputs
for signalization via output relays or they can be used as conditions for other functions
if required/desired.
Individual error signals from I/O modules can be obtained from respective module in
the Signal Matrix tool. Error signals from time synchronization can be obtained from
the time synchronization block TIME.
Self supervision provides several status signals that give information about the
internal status of the IED. For this reason they are also called internal signals. These
internal signals , available on local HMI under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/
General, can be divided into two groups.
Standard signals are always presented in the IED, see table 1001.
Hardware dependent internal signals are collected depending on the hardware
configuration, see table 1002.
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The analog signals to the A/D converter is internally distributed into two different
converters, one with low amplification and one with high amplification.
When the signal is within measurable limits on both channels, a direct comparison of
the two A/D converter channels can be performed. If the validation fails, the CPU will
be informed and an alarm will be given for A/D converter failure.
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21.6.1 Functionality
The time synchronization function is used to select a common source of absolute time
for the synchronization of the IED when it is a part of a protection system. This makes
it possible to compare events and disturbance data between all IEDs within a station
automation system and in between sub-stations. A common source shall be used for
IED and merging unit when IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus communication is used.
21.6.2 Settings
There are two groups of parameter settings related to time:
System time
Synchronization
The System time group relates to setting the on/off and start/end of the Daylight
Saving Time (DST) for the local time zone in relation to Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC). The Synchronization group relates to selecting the coarse and fine
synchronization sources. As well as defining the synchronization master and accuracy
levels specifically for IEC 61850-9-2.
All the settings and parameters related to time are available via Local HMI under
Main menu/Configuration/Time/System time and via PCM600 under IED
Configuration/Time.
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Time definitions
The error of a clock is the difference between the actual time of the clock, and the time
the clock is intended to have. Clock accuracy indicates the increase in error, that is, the
time gained or lost by the clock. A disciplined clock knows its own faults and tries to
compensate for them.
External
Synchronization
sources Time tagging and general synchronisation
Off
Comm- Protection
LON Events
Time- unication and control
SPA Regulator functions
Min. pulse
(Setting,
GPS see
SW-time
technical
SNTP
reference
DNP manual) Connected when GPS-time is
IRIG-B used for differential protection
PPS
*IEC 61850-9-2
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External
synchronization
sources Time tagging and general synchronization
Off
Commu- Protection
LON Events
Time nication and control
SPA regulator functions
Min. pulse
(Setting:
SNTP
see SW time
DNP Technical
manual)
IRIG-B
PPS
*IEC 61850-9-2
IEC16000002-2-en.vsdx
IEC16000002 V2 EN
All time tagging is performed by the software clock. When, for example, a status
signal is changed in the protection system of a function based on the free running
hardware clock, the event is time tagged by the software clock when it reaches the
event recorder. The hardware clock can thus run independently.
The echo mode of differential protection is based on the hardware clock. Thus, there
is no need to synchronize the hardware clock and the software clock.
The synchronization of the hardware clock to the software clock is necessary only
when GPS or IRIG B 00X with optical fibre, IEEE 1344 is used for differential
protection. The two clock systems are synchronized by a special clock
synchronization unit with two modes, fast and slow. A special feature, an automatic
fast clock time regulator is used. The automatic fast mode makes the synchronization
time as short as possible during start-up or at interruptions/disturbances in the GPS
timing. The fast and slow settings are also available on the local HMI.
The hardware and software clocks are synchronized also if a GPS clock is used.
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new start-up is also required, for example, after maintenance of the auxiliary voltage
system.
When the time difference is >16s, the differential function is blocked and the time
regulator for the hardware clock automatically uses a fast mode to synchronize the
clock systems. The time adjustment is made with an exponential function, that is, with
big time adjustment steps in the beginning, and then smaller steps until a time
deviation between the GPS time and the differential time system of <16s has been
reached. The differential function is then enabled and the synchronization remains in
fast mode or switches to slow mode depending on the setting.
Synchronization principle
From a general point of view synchronization can be seen as a hierarchical structure.
A function is synchronized from a higher level and provides synchronization to lower
levels.
Synchronization from
a higher level
Function
Optional synchronization of
modules at a lower level
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The IED has a built-in real-time clock (RTC) with a resolution of one second. The
clock has a built-in calendar that handles leap years through 2038.
Synchronization messages configured as coarse are only used for initial setting of the
time. After this has been done, the messages are checked against the internal time and
only an offset of more than 10 seconds resets the time.
Rate accuracy
The Rate accuracy is the accuracy of the internal clock while the external time signal
is lost (e.g. GPS lost). In the IED, the rate accuracy at cold start is 100 ppm but if the
IED is synchronized for a while, the rate accuracy is approximately 1 ppm if the
surrounding temperature is constant. It can take up to one hour after a cold start of the
IED to reach to a stable rate due to the normal warming-up procedure of the IED.
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such that one message can be lost without getting a TSYNCERR, but if more than one
message is lost, a TSYNCERR is given.
SNTP provides complete time-information and can be used as both fine and coarse
time synch source. However SNTP shall normally be used as fine synch only. The
only reason to use SNTP as coarse synch is in combination with PPS as fine source.
The combination SNTP as both fine and coarse source shall not be used.
Coarse message is sent every minute and comprises complete date and time, that
is, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds.
Fine message is sent every second and comprises only seconds and milliseconds.
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The minute pulse is connected to any channel on any Binary Input Module in the IED.
The electrical characteristic is thereby the same as for any other binary input.
The definition of a minute pulse is that it occurs one minute after the last pulse. As only
the flanks are detected, the flank of the minute pulse shall occur one minute after the
last flank.
Pulse data:
Deviations in the period time (a) larger than 50 ms will cause TSYNCERR.
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IEC05000251 V1 EN
The default time-out-time for a minute pulse is two minutes, and if no valid minute
pulse is received within two minutes a SYNCERR will be given.
If contact bounce occurs, only the first pulse will be detected as a minute pulse. The
next minute pulse will be registered first 60 s - 50 ms after the last contact bounce.
If the minute pulses are perfect, for example, it is exactly 60 seconds between the
pulses, contact bounces might occur 49 ms after the actual minute pulse without
effecting the system. If contact bounce occurs more than 50 ms, for example, it is less
than 59950 ms between the two most adjacent positive (or negative) flanks, the minute
pulse will not be accepted.
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To receive IRIG-B there are two connectors in the IRIG-B module, one galvanic BNC
connector and one optical ST connector. IRIG-B 12x messages can be supplied via the
galvanic interface, and IRIG-B 00x messages can be supplied via either the galvanic
interface or the optical interface, where x (in 00x or 12x) means a number in the range
of 0-7.
00 means that a base band is used, and the information can be fed into the IRIG-B
module via the BNC contact or an optical fiber. 12 means that a 1 kHz modulation
is used. In this case the information must go into the module via the BNC connector.
The IRIG-B module also takes care of IEEE1344 messages that are sent by IRIG-B
clocks, as IRIG-B previously did not have any year information. IEEE1344 is
compatible with IRIG-B and contains year information and information of the time-
zone.
21.7.1 Functionality
Use the six different groups of settings to optimize the IED operation for different
power system conditions. Creating and switching between fine-tuned setting sets,
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either from the local HMI or configurable binary inputs, results in a highly adaptable
IED that can be applied to a variety of power system scenarios.
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21.7.3 Signals
Table 1013: ACTVGRP Input signals
Name Type Default Description
ACTGRP1 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 1 as active
ACTGRP2 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 2 as active
ACTGRP3 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 3 as active
ACTGRP4 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 4 as active
ACTGRP5 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 5 as active
ACTGRP6 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 6 as active
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21.7.4 Settings
Table 1015: SETGRPS Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
ActiveSetGrp SettingGroup1 - - SettingGroup1 Active setting group
SettingGroup2
SettingGroup3
SettingGroup4
SettingGroup5
SettingGroup6
MaxNoSetGrp 1-6 - 1 1 Max number of setting groups 1-6
A setting group is selected by using the local HMI, from a front connected personal
computer, remotely from the station control or station monitoring system or by
activating the corresponding input to the ActiveGroup function block.
Each input of the function block can be configured to connect to any of the binary
inputs in the IED. To do this PCM600 must be used.
The external control signals are used for activating a suitable setting group when
adaptive functionality is necessary. Input signals that should activate setting groups
must be either permanent or a pulse exceeding 400 ms.
More than one input may be activated at the same time. In such cases the lower order
setting group has priority. This means that if for example both group four and group
two are set to be activated, group two will be the one activated.
Every time the active group is changed, the output signal SETCHGD is sending a
pulse.
The parameter MAXSETGR defines the maximum number of setting groups in use to
switch between.
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ACTIVATE GROUP 6
ACTIVATE GROUP 5
ACTIVATE GROUP 4
ACTIVATE GROUP 3
ACTIVATE GROUP 2
+RL2 ACTIVATE GROUP 1
ACTVGRP
IOx-Bly1
ACTGRP1 GRP1
IOx-Bly2
ACTGRP2 GRP2
IOx-Bly5
ACTGRP5 GRP5
IOx-Bly6
ACTGRP6 GRP6
SETCHGD
REMSETEN
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The above example also includes seven output signals, for confirmation of which
group that is active.
SETGRPS function block has an input where the number of setting groups used is
defined. Switching can only be done within that number of groups. The number of
setting groups selected to be used will be filtered so only the setting groups used will
be shown on the Parameter Setting Tool.
21.8.1 Functionality
Change lock function CHNGLCK is used to block further changes to the IED
configuration and settings once the commissioning is complete. The purpose is to
block inadvertent IED configuration changes beyond a certain point in time.
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CHNGLCK
LOCK* ACTIVE
OVERRIDE
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21.8.3 Signals
Table 1016: CHNGLCK Input signals
Name Type Default Description
LOCK BOOLEAN 0 Activate change lock
The function, when activated, will still allow the following changes of the IED state
that does not involve reconfiguring of the IED:
Monitoring
Reading events
Resetting events
Reading disturbance data
Clear disturbances
Reset LEDs
Reset counters and other runtime component states
Control operations
Set system time
Enter and exit from test mode
Change of active setting group
The binary input signal LOCK controlling the function is defined in ACT or SMT:
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21.9.1 Functionality
When the Test mode functionality TESTMODE is activated, all the functions in the
IED are automatically blocked. Activated TESTMODE is indicating by a flashing
yellow LED on the local HMI. It is then possible to unblock every function(s)
individually from the local HMI to perform required tests.
When leaving TESTMODE, all blockings are removed and the IED resumes normal
operation. However, if during TESTMODE operation, power is removed and later
restored, the IED will remain in TESTMODE with the same protection functions
blocked or unblocked as before the power was removed. All testing will be done with
actually set and configured values within the IED. No settings will be changed, thus
mistakes are avoided.
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21.9.3 Signals
Table 1018: TESTMODE Input signals
Name Type Default Description
IED_TEST BOOLEAN 0 Activate IED test mode
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21.9.4 Settings
Table 1020: TESTMODE Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
IEDTestMode Off - - Off Activate IED Test mode
On
EventDisable Off - - Off Event disable during test mode
On
BlockAllFunc Off - - On Block all functions when entering IED test
On mode
CmdTestEd1 Off - - Off Require test bit in command at test mode
On (only for IEC61850 Ed1)
While the IED is in test mode, the output ACTIVE of the function block TESTMODE
is activated. The outputs of the function block TESTMODE shows the cause of the
Test mode: being in On state. If the input from the configuration (OUTPUT signal
is activated) or setting from local HMI (SETTING signal is activated).
While the IED is in test mode, the yellow START LED will flash and all functions are
blocked. Any function can be unblocked individually regarding functionality and
event signalling.
The blocking of a function concerns all output signals from the actual function, so no
outputs will be activated.
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Each of the functions includes the blocking from the TESTMODE function block.
The functions can also be blocked from sending events over IEC 61850 station bus to
prevent filling station and SCADA databases with test events, for example during a
commissioning or maintenance test.
21.10.1 Functionality
IED identifiers (TERMINALID) function allows the user to identify the individual
IED in the system, not only in the substation, but in a whole region or a country.
Use only characters A-Z, a-z and 0-9 in station, object and unit names.
21.10.2 Settings
Table 1021: TERMINALID Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
StationName 0 - 18 - 1 Station name Station name
StationNumber 0 - 99999 - 1 0 Station number
ObjectName 0 - 18 - 1 Object name Object name
ObjectNumber 0 - 99999 - 1 0 Object number
UnitName 0 - 18 - 1 Unit name Unit name
UnitNumber 0 - 99999 - 1 0 Unit number
IEDMainFunType 0 - 255 - 1 0 IED main function type for
IEC60870-5-103
TechnicalKey 0 - 16 - 1 AA0B0Q0A0 Technical key (part 1)
0 - 16 - 1 Technical key (part 2)
0 - 16 - 1 Technical key (part 3)
0 - 16 - 1 Technical key (part 4)
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21.11.1 Functionality
The Product identifiers function contains constant data (i.e. not possible to change)
that uniquely identifies the IED:
ProductVer
ProductDef
FirmwareVer
SerialNo
OrderingNo
ProductionDate
IEDProdType
The settings are visible on the local HMI , under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED
status/Product identifiers and under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED Status/IED
identifiers
This information is very helpful when interacting with ABB product support (e.g.
during repair and maintenance).
21.11.2 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
IEDProdType
Describes the type of the IED (like REL, REC or RET). Example: REL670
ProductDef
Describes the release number, from the production. Example: 1.2.2.0
ProductVer
Describes the product version. Example: 1.2.3
1 is the Major version of the manufactured product this means, new platform of the
product
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2 is the Minor version of the manufactured product this means, new functions or new
hardware added to the product
3 is the Major revision of the manufactured product this means, functions or hardware is
either changed or enhanced in the product
IEDMainFunType
Main function type code according to IEC 60870-5-103. Example: 128
(meaning line protection).
SerialNo
OrderingNo
ProductionDate
21.12.1 Functionality
The Signal matrix for binary inputs (SMBI) function is used within the Application
Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), see
the application manual to get information about how binary inputs are brought in for
one IED configuration.
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21.12.3 Signals
Table 1022: SMBI Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BI1 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input
BI2 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input
BI3 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input
Table continues on next page
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21.13.1 Functionality
The Signal matrix for binary outputs (SMBO) function is used within the Application
Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), see
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the application manual to get information about how binary inputs are sent from one
IED configuration.
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21.13.3 Signals
Table 1024: SMBO Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BO1 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO1 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO2 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO2 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO3 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO3 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO4 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO4 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO5 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO5 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO6 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO6 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO7 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO7 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO8 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO8 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO9 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO9 in Signal Matrix Tool
BO10 BOOLEAN 0 Signal name for BO10 in Signal Matrix Tool
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21.14.1 Functionality
The Signal matrix for mA inputs (SMMI) function is used within the Application
Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT). See
the Application Manual for information about how milliamp (mA) inputs from
external transducers are physically connected to the MIM board inputs used in an IED.
Via the SMMI, the signals are brought into the IED configuration, for example, to the
input for ambient temperature compensation of the thermal overload function when
there is a need for ambient temperature compensation in the thermal function.
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21.14.3 Signals
Table 1025: SMMI Input signals
Name Type Default Description
AI1 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
AI2 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
AI3 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
AI4 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
AI5 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
AI6 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input
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The outputs on SMMI can also be connected to the IEC 61850 generic communication
I/O functions (MVGAPC) for further use of the mA signals elsewhere in a substation
system.
21.15.1 Functionality
Signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI), also known as the preprocessor function
block, analyses the connected four analog signals (three phases and neutral) and
calculates all relevant information from them like the phasor magnitude, phase angle,
frequency, true RMS value, harmonics, sequence components and so on. This
information is then used by the respective functions connected to this SMAI block in
ACT (for example protection, measurement or monitoring functions).
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SMAI2
BLOCK G2AI3P
REVROT G2AI1
^GRP2L1 G2AI2
^GRP2L2 G2AI3
^GRP2L3 G2AI4
^GRP2N G2N
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Figure 618 is an example of SMAI2:n to SMAI12:m in each of the three task time
groups 1, 2 or 3 where:
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The task time defines the execution repetition rate, and is 3, 8 or 1 ms respectively for
the three task time groups.
21.15.3 Signals
Table 1027: SMAI1 Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block group 1
DFTSPFC REAL 20.0 Number of samples per fundamental cycle used for
DFT calculation
REVROT BOOLEAN 0 Reverse rotation group 1
GRP1L1 STRING - First analog input used for phase L1 or L1-L2
quantity
GRP1L2 STRING - Second analog input used for phase L2 or L2-L3
quantity
GRP1L3 STRING - Third analog input used for phase L3 or L3-L1
quantity
GRP1N STRING - Fourth analog input used for residual or neutral
quantity
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21.15.4 Settings
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System phase rotation and frequency are defined using the PhaseRotation and
Frequency settings in the primary system values PRIMVAL function. Logic 1 in the
REVROT input to the SMAI function means that the phase rotation is changed relative
to the set PhaseRotation in PRIMVAL.
The output signal AI1 to AI4 are single phase outputs which directly represent the four
inputs GRPxL1, GRPxL2, GRPxL3 and GRPxN, x=1-12. GxN (x = 1-12) is always
calculated residual sum from the first three inputs. A3P is grouped, three-phase
information containing all relevant information about four connected inputs. Note that
all other functions, with a few exceptions, use this output in configuration. Note that
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the SMAI function will always calculate the residual sum of current/voltage if the
input GRPxN is not connected in SMT. Applications with a few exceptions shall
always be connected to AI3P.
The SMAI function includes a functionality based on the level of positive sequence
voltage, MinValFreqMeas, to validate if the frequency measurement is valid or not. If
the positive sequence voltage is lower than MinValFreqMeas, the function freezes the
frequency output value for 500 ms and after that the frequency output is set to the
nominal value. A signal is available for the SMAI function to prevent operation due
to non-valid frequency values. MinValFreqMeas is set as % of UBase/3
If only one phase-phase voltage is available and SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-
Ph, the user is advised to connect two (not three) of the inputs GRPxL1, GRPxL2 and
GRPxL3 to the same voltage input as shown in figure 619 to make SMAI calculate a
positive sequence voltage.
SMAI1
BLOCK SPFCOUT SAPTOF
DFTSPFC G1AI3P U3P* TRIP SAPTOF(1)_TRIP
UL1L2 BLOCK START
REVROT G1AI1
PHASEL1 G1AI2 BLKTRIP BLKDMAGN
^GRP1L1 G1AI4 FREQ
TRM_40.CH7(U) PHASEL2
G1N
^GRP1L2
PHASEL3
^GRP1L3
NEUTRAL
^GRP1N
EC10000060-3-en.vsdx
IEC10000060 V3 EN
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The outputs from the above configured SMAI block shall only be used
for Overfrequency protection (SAPTOF), Underfrequency protection
(SAPTUF) and Rate-of-change frequency protection (SAPFRC) due
to that all other information except frequency and positive sequence
voltage might be wrongly calculated.
21.16.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Global base values GBASVAL - -
21.16.2 Functionality
Global base values function (GBASVAL) is used to provide global values, common
for all applicable functions within the IED. One set of global values consists of values
for current, voltage and apparent power and it is possible to have twelve different sets.
This is an advantage since all applicable functions in the IED use a single source of
base values. This facilitates consistency throughout the IED and also facilitates a
single point for updating values when necessary.
Each applicable function in the IED has a parameter, GlobalBaseSel, defining one out
of the twelve sets of GBASVAL functions.
21.16.3 Settings
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21.17.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Primary system values PRIMVAL - -
21.17.2 Functionality
The rated system frequency and phase rotation direction are set under Main menu/
Configuration/ Power system/ Primary Values in the local HMI and PCM600
parameter setting tree.
21.17.3 Settings
Table 1036: PRIMVAL Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Frequency 50.0 - 60.0 Hz 10.0 50.0 Rated system frequency
PhaseRotation Normal=L1L2L3 - - Normal=L1L2L3 System phase rotation
Inverse=L3L2L1
21.18.1 Functionality
Summation block 3 phase function 3PHSUM is used to get the sum of two sets of
three-phase analog signals (of the same type) for those IED functions that might need
it.
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3PHSUM
BLOCK AI3P
REVROT AI1
^G1AI3P* AI2
^G2AI3P* AI3
AI4
IEC05000441-3-en.vsdx
IEC05000441 V3 EN
21.18.3 Signals
Table 1037: 3PHSUM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block
BLKGR1 BOOLEAN 0 Block input for group 1
BLKGR2 BOOLEAN 0 Block input for group 2
REVROT BOOLEAN 0 Reverse rotation
G1AI3P GROUP - Group 1 three phase analog input from first SMAI
SIGNAL
G2AI3P GROUP - Group 2 three phase analog input from second
SIGNAL SMAI
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21.18.4 Settings
21.19.1 Functionality
The Denial of service functions (DOSFRNT, DOSLANAB and DOSLANCD) are
designed to limit overload on the IED produced by heavy Ethernet network traffic.
The communication facilities must not be allowed to compromise the primary
functionality of the device. All inbound network traffic will be quota controlled so that
too heavy network loads can be controlled. Heavy network load might for instance be
the result of malfunctioning equipment connected to the network.
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IEC09000749-1-en.vsd
IEC09000749 V1 EN
DOSLANAB
LINKUP
WARNING
ALARM
IEC13000308-1-en.vsd
IEC13000308 V1 EN
DOSLANCD
LINKUP
WARNING
ALARM
IEC13000309-1-en.vsd
IEC13000309 V1 EN
21.19.3 Signals
Table 1041: DOSFRNT Output signals
Name Type Description
LINKUP BOOLEAN Ethernet link status
WARNING BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than normal state
ALARM BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than throttle state
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21.19.4 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
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22.1 Overview
IEC04000458-2-en.psd
IEC04000458 V2 EN
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IEC05000762-2-en.psd
IEC05000762 V2 EN
IEC04000460-2-en.psd
IEC04000460 V2 EN
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1MRK002801-AC-2-670-1.2-PG V.3 EN
1MRK002801-AC-2-670-1.2-PG V3 EN
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1MRK002801-AC-3-670-1.2-PG V.3 EN
1MRK002801-AC-3-670-1.2-PG V3 EN
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1MRK002801-AC-4-670-1.2-PG V.3 EN
1MRK002801-AC-4-670-1.2-PG V3 EN
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1MRK002801-AC-5-670-1.2-PG V.3 EN
1MRK002801-AC-5-670-1.2-PG V3 EN
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1MRK002801-AC-6-670-1.2-PG V.3 EN
1MRK002801-AC-6-670-1.2-PG V3 EN
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22.2.1 Overview
Table 1052: Basic modules
Module Description
Power supply module (PSM) Including a regulated DC/DC converter that
supplies auxiliary voltage to all static circuits.
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22.2.2.1 Introduction
The Numeric processing module (NUM), is a CPU-module that handles all protection
functions and logic.
For communication with high speed modules, e.g. analog input modules and high
speed serial interfaces, the NUM is equipped with a Compact PCI bus. The NUM is
the compact PCI system card i.e. it controls bus mastering, clock distribution and
receives interrupts.
22.2.2.2 Functionality
The NUM has one PMC slot (32-bit IEEE P1386.1 compliant) and two PC-MIP slots
onto which mezzanine cards such as SLM or LDCM can be mounted.
To reduce bus loading of the compact PCI bus in the backplane the NUM has one
internal PCI bus for internal resources and the PMC/PC-MIP slots and external PCI
accesses through the backplane are buffered in a PCI/PCI bridge.
The application code and configuration data are stored in flash memory using a flash
file system.
The NUM is equipped with a real time clock. It uses a capacitor for power backup of
the real time clock.
No forced cooling is used on this standard module because of the low power
dissipation.
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Compact
Flash Logic
PMC
connector
PC-MIP
connector
UBM
Memory Ethernet
North
bridge
Backplane
PCI-PCI-
connector
bridge
CPU
en04000473.vsd
IEC04000473 V1 EN
22.2.3.1 Introduction
The power supply module is used to provide the correct internal voltages and full
isolation between the IED and the battery system. An internal fail alarm output is
available.
22.2.3.2 Design
There are two types of the power supply module. They are designed for different DC
input voltage ranges see table 1054. The power supply module contains a built-in, self-
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regulated DC/DC converter that provides full isolation between the terminal and the
external battery system.
Connection diagram
IEC08000476 V2 EN
22.2.5.1 Introduction
The transformer input module is used to galvanically separate and adapt the secondary
currents and voltages generated by the measuring transformers. The module has
twelve inputs in different combinations of currents and voltage inputs.
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22.2.5.2 Design
The transformer module has 12 input transformers. There are several versions of the
module, each with a different combination of voltage and current input transformers.
Basic versions:
The rated values and channel type, measurement or protection, of the current inputs
are selected at order.
For configuration of the input and output signals, refer to section "Signal matrix for
analog inputs SMAI".
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IEC08000479 V2 EN
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Table 1056: TRM - Energizing quantities, rated values and limits for measuring transformer
modules
Quantity Rated value Nominal range
Current Ir = 1 or 5 A (0-1.8) Irat Ir = 1 A
(0-1.6) Irat Ir = 5 A
22.2.6.1 Introduction
The Analog/Digital module has twelve analog inputs, 2 PC-MIP slots and 1 PMC slot.
The PC-MIP slot is used for PC-MIP cards and the PMC slot for PMC cards according
to table 1057. The OEM card should always be mounted on the ADM board.
Table 1057: PC-MIP cards and PMC cards
PC-MIP cards PMC cards
SR-LDCM SLM
LR-LDCM OEM 1 ch
MR-LDCM OEM 2 ch
X21-LDCM
IRIG-B
RS485
22.2.6.2 Design
The Analog digital conversion module input signals are voltage and current from the
transformer module. Shunts are used to adapt the current signals to the electronic
voltage level. To gain dynamic range for the current inputs, two shunts with separate
A\D channels are used for each input current. In this way a 20 bit dynamic range is
obtained with a 16 bit A\D converter.
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The A\D converted signals goes through a filter with a cut off frequency of 500 Hz and
are reported to the numerical module (NUM) with 1 kHz at 50 Hz system frequency
and 1,2 kHz at 60 Hz system frequency.
Channel 1
AD1 Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
AD2
Channel 5
1.2v Channel 6
AD3 Channel 7
Channel 8
Channel 9
AD4 Channel 10
Channel 11
Channel 12
PMC
level shift
PC-MIP
2.5v
PCI to PCI
PC-MIP
en05000474.vsd
IEC05000474 V1 EN
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22.2.7.1 Introduction
The binary input module has 16 optically isolated inputs and is available in two
versions, one standard and one with enhanced pulse counting capabilities on the inputs
to be used with the pulse counter function. The binary inputs are freely programmable
and can be used for the input of logical signals to any of the functions. They can also
be included in the disturbance recording and event-recording functions. This enables
extensive monitoring and evaluation of operation of the IED and for all associated
electrical circuits.
22.2.7.2 Design
The Binary input module contains 16 optical isolated binary inputs. The voltage level
of the binary input is selected at order.
For configuration of the input signals, refer to section "Signal matrix for binary inputs
SMBI".
Well defined input high and input low voltages ensure normal operation at battery
supply earth faults, see figure 631 The figure shows the typical operating
characteristics of the binary inputs of the four voltage levels.
I/O events are time stamped locally on each module for minimum time deviance and
stored by the event recorder if present.
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[V]
300
176
144
88
72
38
32
19
17
xx06000391-2-en.vsd
IEC06000391 V2 EN
Operation
Operation uncertain
No operation
IEC99000517-ABC V1 EN
This binary input module communicates with the Numerical module (NUM).
The design of all binary inputs enables the burn off of the oxide of the relay contact
connected to the input, despite the low, steady-state power consumption, which is
shown in figure 632 and 633.
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[mA]
50
55 [ms]
en07000104-3.vsd
IEC07000104 V3 EN
Figure 632: Approximate binary input inrush current for the standard version of
BIM.
[mA]
50
5.5 [ms]
en07000105-1.vsd
IEC07000105 V2 EN
Figure 633: Approximate binary input inrush current for the BIM version with
enhanced pulse counting capabilities.
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22.2.7.3 Signals
Table 1058: BIM Output signals
Name Type Description
STATUS BOOLEAN Binary input module status
BI1 BOOLEAN Binary input 1 value
BI2 BOOLEAN Binary input 2 value
BI3 BOOLEAN Binary input 3 value
BI4 BOOLEAN Binary input 4 value
BI5 BOOLEAN Binary input 5 value
BI6 BOOLEAN Binary input 6 value
BI7 BOOLEAN Binary input 7 value
Table continues on next page
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22.2.7.4 Settings
Table 1059: BIM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation Off/On
On
DebounceTime 0.001 - 0.020 s 0.001 0.001 Debounce time for binary inputs
OscBlock 1 - 40 Hz 1 40 Oscillation block limit
OscRelease 1 - 30 Hz 1 30 Oscillation release limit
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Table 1062: BIM - Binary input module with enhanced pulse counting capabilities
Quantity Rated value Nominal range
Binary inputs 16 -
DC voltage, RL 24/30 V RL 20%
48/60 V RL 20%
110/125 V RL 20%
220/250 V RL 20%
Power consumption
24/30 V max. 0.05 W/input -
48/60 V max. 0.1 W/input
110/125 V max. 0.2 W/input
220/250 V max. 0.4 W/input
Counter input frequency 10 pulses/s max -
Balanced counter input frequency 40 pulses/s max -
Oscillating signal discriminator Blocking settable 140 Hz
Release settable 130 Hz
Debounce filter Settable 1-20 ms
22.2.8.1 Introduction
The binary output module has 24 independent output relays and is used for trip output
or any signaling purpose.
22.2.8.2 Design
The binary output module (BOM) has 24 software supervised output relays. Each pair
of relays have a common power source input to the contacts, see figure 635. This
should be considered when connecting the wiring to the connection terminal on the
back of the IED.
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The high closing and carrying current capability allows connection directly to breaker
trip and closing coils. If breaking capability is required to manage fail of the breaker
auxiliary contacts normally breaking the trip coil current, a parallel reinforcement is
required.
For configuration of the output signals, refer to section "Signal matrix for binary
outputs SMBO".
Output module
xx00000299.vsd
IEC00000299 V1 EN
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IEC99000505 V3 EN
22.2.8.3 Signals
Table 1063: BOM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block binary outputs
BO1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 1
BO2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 2
BO3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 3
BO4 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 4
BO5 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 5
BO6 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 6
BO7 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 7
BO8 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 8
BO9 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 9
BO10 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 10
BO11 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 11
BO12 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 12
Table continues on next page
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22.2.8.4 Settings
Table 1065: BOM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation Off/On
On
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22.2.9.1 Introduction
The static binary output module has six fast static outputs and six change over output
relays for use in applications with high speed requirements.
22.2.9.2 Design
The Static output module (SOM) have 6 normally open (NO) static outputs and 6
electromechanical relay outputs with change over contacts.
An MCU
A CAN-driver
6 static relays outputs
6 electromechanical relay outputs
A DC/DC converter
Connectors interfacing
CAN-bus to backplane CBM
IO-connectors to binary outputs (2 pcs.)
IEC09000974-1-en.vsd
IEC09000974 V1 EN
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IEC09000975 V1 EN
22.2.9.3 Signals
Table 1068: SOM Input signals
Name Type Default Description
BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block binary outputs
BO1 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 1
BO2 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 2
BO3 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 3
BO4 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 4
BO5 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 5
BO6 BOOLEAN 0 Binary output 6
BO7 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 7
BO8 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 8
BO9 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 9
BO10 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 10
BO11 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 11
BO12 BOOLEAN 0 Static binary output 12
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22.2.9.4 Settings
Table 1070: SOM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation Off/On
On
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Table 1072: SOM - Static Output Module (reference standard: IEC 61810-2): Static binary outputs
Function of quantity Static binary output trip
Rated voltage 48-60 VDC 110-250 VDC
Number of outputs 6 6
Impedance open state ~300 k ~810 k
Test voltage across open contact, 1 No galvanic separation No galvanic separation
min
Current carrying capacity:
Continuous 5A 5A
1.0 s 10 A 10 A
Making capacity at capacitive load
with the maximum capacitance of
0.2 F :
0.2 s 30 A 30 A
1.0 s 10 A 10 A
Breaking capacity for DC with L/R 48 V/1 A 110 V/0.4 A
40 ms
60 V/0.75 A 125 V/0.35 A
220 V/0.2 A
250 V/0.15 A
Operating time < 1 ms < 1 ms
Table 1073: SOM - Static Output module data (reference standard: IEC 61810-2):
Electromechanical relay outputs
Function of quantity Trip and signal relays
Max system voltage 250 V AC/DC
Number of outputs 6
Test voltage across open contact, 1 min 1000 V rms
Current carrying capacity:
Continuous 8A
1.0 s 10 A
Making capacity at capacitive load with the
maximum capacitance of 0.2 F:
0.2 s 30 A
1.0 s 10 A
Breaking capacity for DC with L/R 40 ms 48 V/1 A
110 V/0.4 A
125 V/0.35 A
220 V/0.2 A
250 V/0.15 A
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22.2.10.1 Introduction
The binary input/output module is used when only a few input and output channels are
needed. The ten standard output channels are used for trip output or any signaling
purpose. The two high speed signal output channels are used for applications where
short operating time is essential. Eight optically isolated binary inputs cater for
required binary input information.
22.2.10.2 Design
The binary input/output module is available in two basic versions, one with
unprotected contacts and one with MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) protected contacts.
Inputs are designed to allow oxide burn-off from connected contacts, and increase the
disturbance immunity during normal protection operate times. This is achieved with
a high peak inrush current while having a low steady-state current, see figure 632.
Inputs are debounced by software.
Well defined input high and input low voltages ensures normal operation at battery
supply earth faults, see figure 631.
I/O events are time stamped locally on each module for minimum time deviance and
stored by the event recorder if present.
The binary I/O module, IOM, has eight optically isolated inputs and ten output relays.
One of the outputs has a change-over contact. The nine remaining output contacts are
connected in two groups. One group has five contacts with a common and the other
group has four contacts with a common, to be used as single-output channels, see
figure 639.
The binary I/O module also has two high speed output channels where a reed relay is
connected in parallel to the standard output relay.
For configuration of the input and output signals, refer to sections "Signal matrix for
binary inputs SMBI" and "Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO".
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IEC1MRK002801-AA11-UTAN-RAM V2 EN
Figure 639: Binary in/out module (IOM), input contacts named XA corresponds to
rear position X31, X41, and so on, and output contacts named XB to
rear position X32, X42, and so on
The binary input/output module version with MOV protected contacts can for
example be used in applications where breaking high inductive load would cause
excessive wear of the contacts.
The test voltage across open contact is lower for this version of the
binary input/output module.
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xx04000069.vsd
IEC04000069 V1 EN
22.2.10.3 Signals
Table 1074: IOMIN Output signals
Name Type Description
STATUS BOOLEAN Binary input part of IOM module status
BI1 BOOLEAN Binary input 1 value
BI2 BOOLEAN Binary input 2 value
BI3 BOOLEAN Binary input 3 value
BI4 BOOLEAN Binary input 4 value
BI5 BOOLEAN Binary input 5 value
BI6 BOOLEAN Binary input 6 value
BI7 BOOLEAN Binary input 7 value
BI8 BOOLEAN Binary input 8 value
OSCWRN BOOLEAN Oscillation warning
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22.2.10.4 Settings
Table 1076: IOMIN Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Binary input/output module in operation
On (On) or not (Off)
DebounceTime 0.001 - 0.020 s 0.001 0.001 Debounce time for binary inputs
OscBlock 1 - 40 Hz 1 40 Oscillation block limit
OscRelease 1 - 30 Hz 1 30 Oscillation release limit
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Table 1080: IOM - Binary input/output module contact data (reference standard: IEC 61810-2)
Function or quantity Trip and signal relays Fast signal relays (parallel reed
relay)
Binary outputs 10 2
Max system voltage 250 V AC, DC 250 V DC
Test voltage across open contact, 1000 V rms 800 V DC
1 min
Current carrying capacity
Per relay, continuous 8A 8A
Per relay, 1 s 10 A 10 A
Per process connector pin, 12 A 12 A
continuous
Table continues on next page
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Function or quantity Trip and signal relays Fast signal relays (parallel reed
relay)
Making capacity at inductive load
with L/R>10 ms
0.2 s 30 A 0.4 A
1.0 s 10 A 0.4 A
Making capacity at resistive load
220250 V/0.4 A
0.2 s 30 A 110125 V/0.4 A
1.0 s 10 A 4860 V/0.2 A
2430 V/0.1 A
Breaking capacity for AC, cos > 250 V/8.0 A 250 V/8.0 A
0.4
Breaking capacity for DC with L/R 48 V/1 A 48 V/1 A
< 40 ms 110 V/0.4 A 110 V/0.4 A
125 V/0.35 A 125 V/0.35 A
220 V/0.2 A 220 V/0.2 A
250 V/0.15 A 250 V/0.15 A
Maximum capacitive load - 10 nF
Table 1081: IOM with MOV and IOM 220/250 V, 110mA - contact data (reference standard: IEC
61810-2)
Function or quantity Trip and Signal relays Fast signal relays (parallel
reed relay)
Binary outputs IOM: 10 IOM: 2
Max system voltage 250 V AC, DC 250 V DC
Test voltage across open contact, 250 V rms 250 V rms
1 min
Current carrying capacity
Per relay, continuous 8A 8A
Per relay, 1 s 10 A 10 A
Per process connector pin, 12 A 12 A
continuous
Making capacity at inductive
loadwith L/R>10 ms
0.2 s 30 A 0.4 A
1.0 s 10 A 0.4 A
Making capacity at resistive load
220250 V/0.4 A
0.2 s 30 A 110125 V/0.4 A
1.0 s 10 A 4860 V/0.2 A
2430 V/0.1 A
Table continues on next page
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
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22.2.11.1 Introduction
The milli-ampere input module is used to interface transducer signals in the 20 to +20
mA range from for example OLTC position, temperature or pressure transducers. The
module has six independent, galvanically separated channels.
22.2.11.2 Design
The Milliampere Input Module has six independent analog channels with separated
protection, filtering, reference, A/D-conversion and optical isolation for each input
making them galvanically isolated from each other and from the rest of the module.
For configuration of the input signals, refer to section "Signal matrix for mA inputs
SMMI".
The analog inputs measure DC current in the range of +/- 20 mA. The A/D converter
has a digital filter with selectable filter frequency. All inputs are calibrated separately
The filter parameters and the calibration factors are stored in a non-volatile memory
on the module.
The calibration circuitry monitors the module temperature and starts an automatical
calibration procedure if the temperature drift is outside the allowed range.
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IEC99000504 V2 EN
22.2.11.3 Signals
Table 1082: MIM Output signals
Name Type Description
STATUS BOOLEAN Milliampere input module status
CH1 REAL Analog input 1
CH2 REAL Analog input 2
CH3 REAL Analog input 3
Table continues on next page
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22.2.11.4 Settings
Table 1083: MIM Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Operation Off - - On Operation Off/On
On
MaxReportT 0 - 3600 s 1 1 Maximum time between reports
EnDeadBandCh1 Off - - Off Enable amplitude deadband reporting for
On channel 1
DeadBandCh1 0.00 - 20.00 mA 0.01 1.00 Deadband amplitude for channel 1
IMinCh1 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 4.00 Min current of transducer for Channel 1
IMaxCh1 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 20.00 Max current of transducer for Channel 1
ValueMinCh1 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 4.000 Min primary value corr. to IMinCh1
- 10000000000.000
ValueMaxCh1 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 20.000 Max primary value corr. to IMaxCh1
- 10000000000.000
EnDeadBandCh2 Off - - Off Enable amplitude deadband reporting for
On channel 2
DeadBandCh2 0.00 - 20.00 mA 0.01 1.00 Deadband amplitude for channel 2
IMinCh2 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 4.00 Min current of transducer for Channel 2
IMaxCh2 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 20.00 Max current of transducer for Channel 2
ValueMinCh2 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 4.000 Min primary value corr. to IMinCh2
- 10000000000.000
ValueMaxCh2 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 20.000 Max primary value corr. to IMaxCh2
- 10000000000.000
EnDeadBandCh3 Off - - Off Enable amplitude deadband reporting for
On channel 3
DeadBandCh3 0.00 - 20.00 mA 0.01 1.00 Deadband amplitude for channel 3
IMinCh3 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 4.00 Min current of transducer for Channel 3
IMaxCh3 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 20.00 Max current of transducer for Channel 3
ValueMinCh3 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 4.000 Min primary value corr. to IMinCh3
- 10000000000.000
ValueMaxCh3 -10000000000.000 - 0.001 20.000 Max primary value corr. to IMaxCh3
- 10000000000.000
EnDeadBandCh4 Off - - Off Enable amplitude deadband reporting for
On channel 4
DeadBandCh4 0.00 - 20.00 mA 0.01 1.00 Deadband amplitude for channel 4
IMinCh4 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 4.00 Min current of transducer for Channel 4
IMaxCh4 -25.00 - 25.00 mA 0.01 20.00 Max current of transducer for Channel 4
Table continues on next page
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IED hardware
22.2.12.1 Introduction
The serial and LON communication module (SLM) is used for SPA, IEC
60870-5-103, DNP3 and LON communication. The module has two optical
communication ports for plastic/plastic, plastic/glass or glass/glass. One port is used
for serial communication (SPA, IEC 60870-5-103 and DNP3 port) and one port is
dedicated for LON communication.
22.2.12.2 Design
The SLM is a PMC card and it is factory mounted as a mezzanine card on the NUM
module. Three variants of the SLM are available with different combinations of
optical fiber connectors, see figure 642. The plastic fiber connectors are of snap-in
type and the glass fiber connectors are of ST type.
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
I
EC0500760=1=en=Or
igi
nal
.psd
IEC05000760 V2 EN
1 Receiver, LON
2 Transmitter, LON
3 Receiver, SPA/IEC 60870-5-103/DNP3
4 Transmitter, SPA/IEC 60870-5-103/DNP3
A Snap in connector for plastic fiber
B ST connector for glass fiber
Observe that when the SLM connectors are viewed from the rear side
of the IED, contact 4 above is in the uppermost position and contact 1
in the lowest position.
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22.2.13.1 Introduction
The Galvanic RS485 communication module (RS485) is used for DNP3.0 and IEC
60870-5-103 communication. The module has one RS485 communication port. The
RS485 is a balanced serial communication that can be used either in 2-wire or 4-wire
connections. A 2-wire connection uses the same signal for RX and TX and is a
multidrop communication with no dedicated Master or slave. This variant requires
however a control of the output. The 4-wire connection has separated signals for RX
and TX multidrop communication with a dedicated Master and the rest are slaves. No
special control signal is needed in this case.
22.2.13.2 Design
The RS485 is a PMC card and it is factory mounted as a mezzanine card on the NUM
module.
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
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Angle
bracket
Screw
1
terminal
X3 2
1
2 RS485
3 PWB
Screw
4
terminal
5
X1
6
Backplane
IEC06000517 V1 EN
Soft grounded: The IO is connected to the GND with an RC net parallel with a
MOV
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22.2.14.1 Introduction
The optical fast-ethernet module is used for fast and interference-free communication
of synchrophasor data over IEEE C37.118 and/or IEEE 1344 protocols. It is also used
to connect an IED to the communication buses (like the station bus) that use the IEC
61850-8-1 protocol (OEM rear port A, B). The process bus use the IEC 61850-9-2LE
protocol (OEM rear port C, D). The module has one or two optical ports with ST
connectors.
22.2.14.2 Functionality
The Optical Ethernet module (OEM) is used when communication systems according
to IEC 6185081 have been implemented.
22.2.14.3 Design
The Optical Ethernet module (OEM) is a PMC card and mounted as a mezzanine card
on the ADM. The OEM is a 100BASE-FXmodule and available as a single channel or
double channel unit.
IEC05000472=1=en=Original.vsd
IEC05000472 V3 EN
1: Transmitter
2: Receiver
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22.2.15.1 Introduction
The line data communication module (LDCM) is used for communication between
the IEDs situated at distances <110 km or from the IED to optical to electrical
converter with G.703 interface located on a distances <3 km away. The LDCM
module sends and rereceives data, to and from another LDCM module. The IEEE/
ANSI standard format is used.
The line data communication module is used for binary signal transfer. The module
has one optical port with ST connectors see figure 645.
Alternative cards for Long range (1550 nm single mode), Medium range (1310 nm
single mode) and Short range (850 nm multi mode) are available.
22.2.15.2 Design
The LDCM is a PCMIP type II single width format module. The LDCM can be
mounted on:
the ADM
the NUM
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
ST
IO-connector
ST
IEC07000087=1=en=Original.vsd
IEC07000087 V2 EN
Figure 645: The SR-LDCM layout. PCMIP type II single width format with two PCI
connectors and one I/O ST type connector
C
IEC06000393=1=en=Original.vsd
IEC06000393 V2 EN
Figure 646: The MR-LDCM and LR-LDCM layout. PCMIP type II single width
format with two PCI connectors and one I/O FC/PC type connector
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
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22.2.16.1 Introduction
The galvanic X.21 line data communication module is used for connection to
telecommunication equipment, for example leased telephone lines. The module
supports 64 kbit/s data communication between IEDs.
Examples of applications:
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IED hardware
22.2.16.2 Design
The galvanic X.21 line data communication module uses a ABB specific PC*MIP
Type II format.
C
en07000196.vsd
IEC07000196 V1 EN
1 4
1 8
9 15
3 2
en07000239.wmf
IEC07000239 V1 EN
1353
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
I/O
100kW 100nF
Soft ground
en07000242.vsd
IEC07000242 V1 EN
Earthing
Three different kinds of earthing principles can be set (used for fault tracing):
1. Direct earth - The normal earthing is direct earth, connect terminal 2 directly to
the chassis.
2. No earth - Leave the connector without any connection.
3. Soft earth - Connect soft earth pin (3), see figure 648
X.21 connector
Table 1092: Pinout for the X.21 communication connector
22.2.16.3 Functionality
The data format is HDLC. The speed for the transmission of the messages used is 64
kbit/s.
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A maximum of 100 meter of cable is allowed to ensure the quality of the data
(deviation from X.21 standard cable length).
Synchronization
The X.21 LDCM works like a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and is normally
expecting synchronization from the DCE (Data Circuit Equipment). The transmission
is normally synchronized to the Signal Element Timing signal when a device is a DTE.
When the signal is high it will read the data at the receiver and when the signal is low
it will write data to the transmitter. This behaviour can be inverted in the control
register.
Normally an external multiplexer is used and it should act like the master.
When two X.21 LDCM is directly communicating with each other one must be set as
a master generating the synchronization for the other (the slave). The DTE Signal
Element Timing is created from the internal 64 kHz clock.
22.2.17.1 Introduction
This module includes a GPS receiver used for time synchronization. The GPS has one
SMA contact for connection to an antenna. It also includes an optical PPS ST-
connector output.
22.2.17.2 Design
The GTM is a PCMIP-format card and is placed only on one of the ADM slots. The
antenna input connector is shielded and directly attached to a grounded plate to
eliminate the risk of electromagnetic interference.
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All communication between the GCM and the NUM is via the PCI-bus. PPS time data
is sent from the GCM to the rest of the time system to provide 1s accuracy at
sampling level. An optical transmitter for PPS output is available for time
synchronization of another relay with an optical PPS input. The PPS output connector
is of ST-type for multimode fibre and could be used up to 1 km.
22.2.18.1 Introduction
In order to receive GPS signals from the satellites orbiting the earth a GPS antenna
with applicable cable must be used.
22.2.18.2 Design
The antenna with a console for mounting on a horizontal or vertical flat surface or on
an antenna mast. See figure 650
1356
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
1 6
4 7
xx04000155.vsd
IEC04000155 V2 EN
where:
1 GPS antenna
2 TNC connector
3 Console, 78x150 mm
4 Mounting holes 5.5 mm
5 Tab for securing of antenna cable
6 Vertical mounting position
7 Horizontal mounting position
Antenna cable
Use a 50 ohm coaxial cable with a male TNC connector in the antenna end and a male
SMA connector in the receiver end to connect the antenna to GTM. Choose cable type
and length so that the total attenuation is max. 26 dB at 1.6 GHz.
Make sure that the antenna cable is not charged when connected to the
antenna or to the receiver. Short-circuit the end of the antenna cable
with some metal device, when first connected to the antenna. When
the antenna is connected to the cable, connect the cable to the receiver.
The IED must be switched off when the antenna cable is connected.
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22.2.19.1 Introduction
The IRIG-B time synchronizing module is used for accurate time synchronizing of the
IED from a station clock.
The Pulse Per Second (PPS) input shall be used for synchronizing when IEC
61850-9-2LE is used.
Electrical (BNC) and optical connection (ST) for 0XX and 12X IRIG-B support.
22.2.19.2 Design
The IRIG-B module has two inputs. One input is for the IRIG-B that can handle both
a pulse-width modulated signal (also called unmodulated) and an amplitude
modulated signal (also called sine wave modulated). The other is an optical input type
ST for optical pulse-width modulated signal (IRIG-B 00X).
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ST
Y2
A1
T
IEC06000304=1=en=Original.ai
IEC06000304 V2 EN
Figure 651: IRIG-B PC-MIP board with top left ST connector for optical IRIG-B
00X 820 nm multimode fibre optic signal input and lower left BNC
connector for IRIG-B signal input
22.2.19.3 Settings
Table 1097: IRIG-B Non group settings (basic)
Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
SynchType BNC - - Opto Type of synchronization
Opto
TimeDomain LocalTime - - LocalTime Time domain
UTC
Encoding IRIG-B - - IRIG-B Type of encoding
1344
1344TZ
TimeZoneAs1344 MinusTZ - - PlusTZ Time zone as in 1344 standard
PlusTZ
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
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22.3 Dimensions
A
D
B C
IEC08000164-2-en.vsd
IEC08000164 V2 EN
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K
F
G
H J
xx08000166.vsd
IEC08000166 V1 EN
Figure 653: Case without rear cover with 19 rack mounting kit
1361
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
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A C
B
E
D
IEC08000162-2-en.vsd
IEC08000162 V2 EN
1362
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
IEC06000182-2-en.vsd
IEC06000182 V2 EN
G
D
B
E
F
C
xx05000505.vsd
IEC05000505 V1 EN
1363
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
IEC04000471-2-en.vsd
IEC04000471 V2 EN
1364
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
[1.48]
[6.97]
[4.02]
[0.33] [18.31] [0.79] [7.68]
[18.98]
Dimension
mm [inches] xx06000232.eps
IEC06000232 V2 EN
[7.50]
en06000234.eps
[inches]
IEC06000234 V2 EN
Figure 659: Dimension drawing of a three phase high impedance resistor unit
1365
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
22.4.1.1 Overview
1/2 x 19
3/4 x 19
1/1 x 19
1/4 x 19 (RHGS6 6U)
Only a single case can be mounted in each cut-out on the cubicle panel, for class IP54
protection.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
IEC08000161-2-en.vsd
IEC08000161 V2 EN
1367
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
22.4.2.1 Overview
All IED sizes can be mounted in a standard 19 cubicle rack by using the for each size
suited mounting kit which consists of two mounting angles, fastening screws and
washers for the angles.
The mounting angles are reversible which enables mounting of IED size 1/2 x 19 or
3/4 x 19 either to the left or right side of the cubicle.
Please note that the separately ordered rack mounting kit for side-by-
side mounted IEDs, or IEDs together with RHGS cases, is to be
selected so that the total size equals 19.
Use only the screws included in the mounting kit when mounting the
plates and the angles on the IED. Screws with wrong dimension may
damage the PCBs inside the IED.
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1a
1a
IEC08000160-3-en.vsdx
IEC08000160 V3 EN
1369
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
22.4.3.1 Overview
All case sizes, 1/2 x 19, 3/4 x 19,1/1 x 19, can be wall mounted. It is also possible
to mount the IED on a panel or in a cubicle.
Use only the screws included in the mounting kit when mounting the
plates and the angles on the IED. Screws with wrong dimension may
damage the PCBs inside the IED.
If fiber cables are bent too much, the signal can be weakened. Wall
mounting is therefore not recommended for any communication
modules with fiber connection.
2
3
1 4
IEC130 00266-1-en.vsd
IEC13000266 V1 EN
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IED hardware
The IED can be equipped with a rear protection cover recommended to be used with
this type of mounting. See figure 663.
To reach the rear side of the IED, a free space of 80 mm is required on the unhinged
side.
3
1
80 mm 2
IEC06000135-2-en.vsd
IEC06000135 V3 EN
Figure 663: How to reach the connectors on the rear side of the IED.
1371
Technical manual
Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
22.4.4.1 Overview
IED case size 1/2 x 19 or 3/4 x 19 and RHGS cases can be mounted side-by-side up
to a maximum size of 19. For side-by-side rack mounting, the side-by-side mounting
kit together with the 19 rack panel mounting kit must be used. The mounting kit has
to be ordered separately.
Use only the screws included in the mounting kit when mounting the
plates and the angles on the IED. Screws with wrong dimension may
damage the PCBs inside the IED.
IEC04000456-3-en.vsd
IEC04000456 V3 EN
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IED hardware
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
IEC06000180-2-en.vsd
IEC06000180 V2 EN
Figure 665: IED in the 670 series (1/2 x 19) mounted with a RHGS6 case
containing a test switch module equipped with only a test switch and
a RX2 terminal base
22.4.5.1 Overview
If IP54 is required it is not allowed to flush mount side by side mounted cases. If your
application demands side-by-side flush mounting, the side-by-side mounting details
kit and the 19 panel rack mounting kit must be used. The mounting kit has to be
ordered separately. The maximum size of the panel cut out is 19.
1373
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
Use only the screws included in the mounting kit when mounting the
plates and the angles on the IED. Screws with wrong dimension may
damage the PCBs inside the IED.
1 2
IEC06000181-2-en.vsd
IEC06000181 V2 EN
Figure 666: Side-by-side flush mounting details (RHGS6 side-by-side with 1/2 x
19 IED).
1374
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 22
IED hardware
22.5.1 Enclosure
Table 1099: Case
Material Steel sheet
Front plate Steel sheet profile with cut-out for HMI
Surface treatment Aluzink preplated steel
Finish Light grey (RAL 7035)
Table 1100: Water and dust protection level according to IEC 60529
1375
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
IED hardware
90-250 V DC 20%
Interruption
interval
050 ms No restart
0 s Correct
behaviour at
power down
Restart time <300 s
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Section 22 1MRK505308-UEN B
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1378
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1379
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1380
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 23
Labels
Section 23 Labels
10
9 1
8 2
3
7
5
6
IE C15000506-1-en.vsd
IEC15000506 V1 EN
1381
Technical manual
Section 23 1MRK505308-UEN B
Labels
1
1 QR-code containing the
complete ordering code
9
3 mA input module (MIM)
4 Ordering and serial number
8
5 Manufacturer
6 Transformer designations
7
2 7 Transformer input module,
7 rated currents and voltages
8 Optional, customer specific
6 information
9 Order number, dc supply
6
3 voltage and rated frequency
10 Product type, description and
serial number
5
IEC15000504-1-en.vsdx
IEC15000504 V1 EN
4
en06000573.ep
IEC06000573 V1 EN
1382
Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 23
Labels
1 Warning label
2 Caution label
3 Class 1 laser product label
IEC06000575 V1 EN
4 Warning label
1383
Technical manual
1384
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 24
Connection diagrams
The connection diagrams are delivered on the IED Connectivity package DVD as part
of the product delivery.
1385
Technical manual
1386
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
25.1 Application
Stage 3
Time
Stage 2 Stage 2
Fault point
position
en05000130.vsd
IEC05000130 V1 EN
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
Time
Fault point
position
en05000131.vsd
IEC05000131 V1 EN
The inverse time characteristic makes it possible to minimize the fault clearance time
and still assure the selectivity between protections.
To assure selectivity between protections there must be a time margin between the
operation time of the protections. This required time margin is dependent of following
factors, in a simple case with two protections in series:
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A1 B1
Feeder
I> I>
Time axis
en05000132.vsd
IEC05000132 V1 EN
where:
t=0 is The fault occurs
t=t1 is Protection B1 trips
In the case protection B1 shall operate without any intentional delay (instantaneous).
When the fault occurs the protections start to detect the fault current. After the time t1
the protection B1 send a trip signal to the circuit breaker. The protection A1 starts its
delay timer at the same time, with some deviation in time due to differences between
the two protections. There is a possibility that A1 will start before the trip is sent to the
B1 circuit breaker. At the time t2 the circuit breaker B1 has opened its primary contacts
and thus the fault current is interrupted. The breaker time (t2 - t1) can differ between
different faults. The maximum opening time can be given from manuals and test
protocols. Still at t2 the timer of protection A1 is active. At time t3 the protection A1
is reset, that is the timer is stopped.
In most applications it is required that the times shall reset as fast as possible when the
current fed to the protection drops below the set current level, the reset time shall be
minimized. In some applications it is however beneficial to have some type of delayed
reset time of the overcurrent function. This can be the case in the following
applications:
If there is a risk of intermittent faults. If the current IED, close to the faults, starts
and resets there is a risk of unselective trip from other protections in the system.
Delayed resetting could give accelerated fault clearance in case of automatic
reclosing to a permanent fault.
Overcurrent protection functions are sometimes used as release criterion for other
protection functions. It can often be valuable to have a reset delay to assure the
release function.
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Technical manual
Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
If current in any phase exceeds the set start current value (here internal signal
startValue), a timer, according to the selected operating mode, is started. The
component always uses the maximum of the three phase current values as the current
level used in timing calculations.
In case of definite time-lag mode the timer will run constantly until the time is reached
or until the current drops below the reset value (start value minus the hysteresis) and
the reset time has elapsed.
For definite time delay curve ANSI/IEEE Definite time or IEC Definite time are
chosen.
The general expression for inverse time curves is according to equation 201.
A
t[ s ] = + B k
i p
-C
in >
EQUATION1189 V1 EN (Equation 201)
where:
p, A, B, C are constants defined for each curve type,
in> is the set start current for step n,
k is set time multiplier for step n and
i is the measured current.
For inverse time characteristics a time will be initiated when the current reaches the set
start level. From the general expression of the characteristic the following can be seen:
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Technical manual
1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
i p
(top - B k ) - C = Ak
in >
EQUATION1190 V1 EN (Equation 202)
where:
top is the operating time of the protection
The time elapsed to the moment of trip is reached when the integral fulfils according
to equation 203, in addition to the constant time delay:
t
i p
in > - C dt A k
0
EQUATION1191 V1 EN (Equation 203)
For the numerical protection the sum below must fulfil the equation for trip.
n i( j ) p
Dt - C A k
j =1 in >
EQUATION1192 V1 EN (Equation 204)
where:
j=1 is the first protection execution cycle when a fault has been
detected, that is, when
i
>1
in >
EQUATION1193 V1 EN
For inverse time operation, the inverse time characteristic is selectable. Both the IEC
and ANSI/IEEE standardized inverse time characteristics are supported.
For the IEC curves there is also a setting of the minimum time-lag of operation, see
figure 672.
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
Operate
time
tMin
Current
IMin
IEC05000133-3-en.vsd
IEC05000133 V2 EN
In order to fully comply with IEC curves definition setting parameter tMin shall be set
to the value which is equal to the operating time of the selected IEC inverse time curve
for measured current of twenty times the set current start value. Note that the operating
time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier k.
In addition to the ANSI and IEC standardized characteristics, there are also two
additional inverse curves available; the RI curve and the RD curve.
The RI inverse time curve emulates the characteristic of the electromechanical ASEA
relay RI. The curve is described by equation 205:
k
t[ s ] =
in >
0.339 - 0.235
i
EQUATION1194 V1 EN (Equation 205)
where:
in> is the set start current for step n
k is set time multiplier for step n
i is the measured current
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
The RD inverse curve gives a logarithmic delay, as used in the Combiflex protection
RXIDG. The curve enables a high degree of selectivity required for sensitive residual
earth-fault current protection, with ability to detect high-resistive earth faults. The
curve is described by equation 206:
i
t[ s ] = 5.8 - 1.35 ln
k in >
EQUATION1195 V1 EN (Equation 206)
where:
in> is the set start current for step n,
k is set time multiplier for step n and
i is the measured current
If the curve type programmable is chosen, the user can make a tailor made inverse time
curve according to the general equation 207.
A
t[ s ] = + Bk
i p
-C
in >
EQUATION1196 V1 EN (Equation 207)
Also the reset time of the delayed function can be controlled. There is the possibility
to choose between three different reset time-lags.
Instantaneous Reset
IEC Reset
ANSI Reset.
If instantaneous reset is chosen the timer will be reset directly when the current drops
below the set start current level minus the hysteresis.
If IEC reset is chosen the timer will be reset after a set constant time when the current
drops below the set start current level minus the hysteresis.
If ANSI reset time is chosen the reset time will be dependent of the current after fault
clearance (when the current drops below the start current level minus the hysteresis).
The timer will reset according to equation 208.
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
tr
t [s] = k
i
2
-1
in >
EQUATION1197 V2 EN (Equation 208)
where:
The set value tr is the reset time in case of zero current after fault clearance.
For the definite time delay characteristics the possible reset time settings are
instantaneous and IEC constant time reset.
For ANSI inverse time delay characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics
are available; instantaneous, IEC constant time reset and ANSI current dependent
reset time.
For IEC inverse time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are
instantaneous and IEC set constant time reset).
For the programmable inverse time delay characteristics all three types of reset time
characteristics are available; instantaneous, IEC constant time reset and ANSI current
dependent reset time. If the current dependent type is used settings pr, tr and cr must
be given, see equation 209:
tr
t [s] = k
i
pr
- cr
in >
EQUATION1198 V2 EN (Equation 209)
For RI and RD inverse time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are
instantaneous and IEC constant time reset.
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
Reset characteristic:
tr
t = k
(I 2
-1 )
EQUATION1250-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
I = Imeasured/Iset
I = Imeasured/Iset
I = Imeasured/Iset
I
t = 5.8 - 1.35 In
k
EQUATION1138-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1116: ANSI Inverse time characteristics for Line Differential Protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: k = (0.05-2.00) in steps of 0.01 ANSI/IEEE C37.112 ,
5.0% or 40 ms
whichever is greater
A
t= + B k + tDef
(
I P - 1
)
EQUATION1249-SMALL V2 EN
Reset characteristic:
tr
t = k
(I 2
-1 )
EQUATION1250-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1117: IEC Inverse time characteristics for Line Differential protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: k = (0.05-2.00) in steps of 0.01 IEC 60255-151, 5.0%
or 40 ms whichever is
A greater
t = P k
( I - 1)
EQUATION1251-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
I = Imeasured/Iset
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1118: RI and RD type inverse time characteristics for Line Differential protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
RI type inverse characteristic k = (0.05-2.00) in steps of 0.01 IEC 60255-151, 5.0%
or 40 ms whichever is
1 greater
t = k
0.236
0.339 -
I
EQUATION1137-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
I
t = 5.8 - 1.35 In
k
EQUATION1138-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
Table 1119: ANSI Inverse time characteristics for Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and
power protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: 0.10 k 2.00 ANSI/IEEE C37.112 ,
1.5 x Iset I 20 x Iset 5.0% or 160 ms
whichever is greater
A
t= + B k + tDef
(
I P - 1
)
EQUATION1249-SMALL V2 EN
Reset characteristic:
tr
t = k
(I 2
-1 )
EQUATION1250-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1120: IEC Inverse time characteristics for Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and
power protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: 0.10 k 2.00 IEC 60255-151, 5.0%
1.5 x Iset I 20 x Iset or 160 ms whichever is
A greater
t = P k
( I - 1)
EQUATION1251-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
I = Imeasured/Iset
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1121: RI and RD type inverse time characteristics for Sensitive directional residual
overcurrent and power protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
RI type inverse characteristic 0.10 k 2.00 IEC 60255-151, 5.0%
1.5 x Iset I 20 x Iset or 160 ms whichever is
1 greater
t = k
0.236
0.339 -
I
EQUATION1137-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
I
t = 5.8 - 1.35 In
k
EQUATION1138-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
Table 1122: ANSI Inverse time characteristics for Voltage restrained time overcurrent protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: 0.10 k 3.00 ANSI/IEEE C37.112 ,
5.0% or 40 ms
whichever is greater
A
t= + B k + tDef
(
I P - 1
)
EQUATION1249-SMALL V2 EN
Reset characteristic:
tr
t = k
(I 2
-1 )
EQUATION1250-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
Table 1123: IEC Inverse time characteristics for Voltage restrained time overcurrent protection
Function Range or value Accuracy
Operating characteristic: 0.10 k 3.00 IEC 60255-151, 5.0%
or 40 ms whichever is
A greater
t = P k
( I - 1)
EQUATION1251-SMALL V1 EN
I = Imeasured/Iset
U> = Uset
U = Umeasured
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
U< = Uset
U = Umeasured
U< = Uset
U = Umeasured
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
U> = Uset
U = Umeasured
1404
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070750 V2 EN
1405
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070751 V2 EN
1406
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070752 V2 EN
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070753 V2 EN
1408
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070817 V2 EN
1409
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070818 V2 EN
1410
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070819 V2 EN
1411
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070820 V2 EN
1412
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070821 V2 EN
1413
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070822 V2 EN
1414
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070823 V2 EN
1415
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070824 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070825 V2 EN
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
A070826 V2 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
A070827 V2 EN
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
GUID-ACF4044C-052E-4CBD-8247-C6ABE3796FA6 V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
GUID-F5E0E1C2-48C8-4DC7-A84B-174544C09142 V1 EN
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
GUID-A9898DB7-90A3-47F2-AEF9-45FF148CB679 V1 EN
1422
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 25
Inverse time characteristics
GUID-35F40C3B-B483-40E6-9767-69C1536E3CBC V1 EN
1423
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Section 25 1MRK505308-UEN B
Inverse time characteristics
GUID-B55D0F5F-9265-4D9A-A7C0-E274AA3A6BB1 V1 EN
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 26
Glossary
Section 26 Glossary
26.1 Glossary
AC Alternating current
ACC Actual channel
ACT Application configuration tool within PCM600
A/D converter Analog-to-digital converter
ADBS Amplitude deadband supervision
ADM Analog digital conversion module, with time
synchronization
AI Analog input
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AR Autoreclosing
ASCT Auxiliary summation current transformer
ASD Adaptive signal detection
ASDU Application service data unit
AWG American Wire Gauge standard
BBP Busbar protection
BFOC/2,5 Bayonet fibre optic connector
BFP Breaker failure protection
BI Binary input
BIM Binary input module
BOM Binary output module
BOS Binary outputs status
BR External bistable relay
BS British Standards
BSR Binary signal transfer function, receiver blocks
BST Binary signal transfer function, transmit blocks
C37.94 IEEE/ANSI protocol used when sending binary signals
between IEDs
CAN Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for
serial communication
1425
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Section 26 1MRK505308-UEN B
Glossary
CB Circuit breaker
CBM Combined backplane module
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephony. A United Nations-sponsored standards body
within the International Telecommunications Union.
CCM CAN carrier module
CCVT Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformer
Class C Protection Current Transformer class as per IEEE/ ANSI
CMPPS Combined megapulses per second
CMT Communication Management tool in PCM600
CO cycle Close-open cycle
Codirectional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves
two twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information
in both directions
COM Command
COMTRADE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange
format for Disturbance recorder according to IEEE/ANSI
C37.111, 1999 / IEC 60255-24
Contra-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves
four twisted pairs, two of which are used for transmitting
data in both directions and two for transmitting clock
signals
COT Cause of transmission
CPU Central processing unit
CR Carrier receive
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CROB Control relay output block
CS Carrier send
CT Current transformer
CU Communication unit
CVT or CCVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DAR Delayed autoreclosing
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US
developer of the TCP/IP protocol etc.)
DBDL Dead bus dead line
DBLL Dead bus live line
DC Direct current
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Glossary
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Glossary
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 26
Glossary
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Section 26 1MRK505308-UEN B
Glossary
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1MRK505308-UEN B Section 26
Glossary
1431
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Section 26 1MRK505308-UEN B
Glossary
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1433
Contact us
1MRK505308-UEN
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