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UuuOoiLpj

Yupollki

Lpk

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some some of its of its Kip

PjKlpBy is a versatile preposition which can be used in a number of

situations. Today we take a look at some of its basic uses:

The way something is done

We use by to show how something is done:

We send a postcard or a letter by post.

We contact someone by phone or by email.

We pay for something by credit card or by cash.

Something happens by mistake, by accident or by chance.

Travel

We use by to show how someone travels:

They came by car/ by taxi/ by train/ by plane.

Note: do not use the, my or a when you use by. Instead use:

'On the plane.'

'In my car.'

'On a boat.

We can also use by with ing to show how something happened:

She passed her test by studying hard.

I got into the house by using my key.

By in passives

In passive sentences we use by to show who or what did an action:

This was painted by Picasso.

This house was built by my grandfather.

I was invited by Sarah.

By with adjectives

By can be used after the following adjectives:

We were surprised by the news.

I was shocked by his death.

She was astonished by his request.

Note: at can also be used in the above sentences.

They were impressed by my exam result. (with can also be used)

By as next to

By is also used to mean next to or beside.

My dog came and sat by me.

Use by for an amount

Take a look at this other use of by:

He is older than me by 3 years.

We sell tomatoes by the kilo.

By as no later than

In the following situations by means on or before:

Give me your homework by Friday.

The boy must be in bed by 9 oclock.

By as alone

By can be used with:

myself/yourself/himself/herself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves

These all show someone or something being alone:

I stayed at home by myself and read the newspaper.

The cat opened the door by himself.

OF - FROM

Many learners find it difficult to know when to use of and when to use from
in English.

Very often this comes from the fact that in a number of languages the same
preposition

is used for both 'of and from.

The clarifications below are intended to serve as a guide for English learners.

OF

Of for possession :

To denote possession, the apostrophe followed by s ('s), (for example: Tom's),

is used

for living things or groups and institutions.

Tom's house.

The dog's tail.

The government's policy.

Of is used when referring to inanimate objects, to mean that something
belongs

to something else.

The roof of the car.

The title of the book.

The name of the game.

'Of' is used in certain expressions such as :

It is nice (good /kind /generous /silly /stupid etc.) of (somebody) to do

(something)

- It was nice of you to invite me.

- It was generous of Tom to pay for lunch.

- It was stupid of Sam to leave the window open.

Of is used after adjectives :

There is no real pattern you need to learn them as you meet them. Here are
some examples, but please remember that this is not a complete list :

- afraid of

- ashamed of

- aware / unaware of

- capable of

- fond of
- proud of

- sure/certain of

- tired of

'Of is used after certain verbs :

Again, this is not a complete list, but here are some examples :

- accuse (somebody) of something

- complain of

- dream of

- hear of

- remind (somebody) of someone/something

- think of

FROM

From is used to refer to origins :

'From' is used to indicate that something originates or comes from something

else or

some person. For example,

- Kate comes from England

- The passage is from a poem written by Lord Byron.

From - To / From - Until :

'From' is used with the prepositions 'to' and 'until' to mark the beginning and
ending point of an action in time. For example,

- I work from 9 to 5 every day.

- We will be in London next week from Tuesday until Friday.

'From' after adjectives :

From is seldom used after adjectives but in British English we find :

- different from

From is used after certain verbs :

This is not a complete list, but here are some examples :

- borrow from

- disappear from

- discourage from

- prevent from

- protect from

Adverb

What is an Adverb?

An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an

adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or
phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify
nouns.

1. The adverbs and the adjectives in English

Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify

nouns (here: girl) or pronouns (here: she).

Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify
verbs (here: drive), adjectives or other adverbs.
adjective adverb

Mandy is a careful girl. Mandy drives carefully.

She is very careful.

She drives carefully.

Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the
adjective.

Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the
adverb.

2. Form

Adjective + -ly

adjective adverb

dangerous dangerously

careful carefully

nice nicely

horrible horribly

easy easily

electronic electronically

Irregular forms:

adjective adverb

good well

fast fast

hard hard

If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly:

happy happily

but:

shy shyly

If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly:

terrible terribly

If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly:

safe safely

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs:

adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly

nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy

verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply

There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.

3. Use of adverbs

3.1. to modify verbs

The handball team played badly last Saturday.

3.2. to modify adjectives

It was an extremely bad match.

3.3. to modify adverbs

The handball team played extremely badly last Wednesday.

3.4. to modify quantities

There are quite a lot of people here.

3.5. to modify sentences

Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.

4. Types of adverbs

4.1. Adverbs of manner

quickly

kindly

4.2. Adverbs of degree

very

rather

4.3. Adverbs of frequency

often

sometimes

4.4. Adverbs of time

now

today

4.5. Adverbs of place

here

nowhere

5. How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb?

John is a careful driver. In this sentences we say how John is careful. If we

want to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday we
have to use the adverb:

John did not drive carefully yesterday.

Here is another example:

I am a slow walker. (How am I? slow adjective)

I walk slowly. (Ho do I walk? slowly adverb)

6. Adjective or Adverb after special verbs

Both adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind
the change in meaning.

Here are two examples:

adjective adverb

The pizza tastes good.

(How is the pizza?) Jamie Oliver can taste well.

(How can Jamie Oliver taste?)

Peter's feet smell bad.

(How are his feet?) Peter can smell badly.

(How can Peter smell?)

Do not get confused with good/well.

Linda looks good. (What type of person is she?)

Linda looks well. (How is Linda? She may have been ill, but now she is fit
again.)

How are you? I'm well, thank you.

One can assume that in the second/third sentence the adverb well is used,
but this is wrong well can be an adjective (meaning fit/healthy), or an
adverb of the adjective good.

Conclusion:

Use the adjective when you say something about the person itself.

Use the adverb, when you want to say about the action.

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