Lecture 2: Control Mass (Closed

System) Analysis and 1st Law

First and Second Law for Closed System:

2.1
 Control Volume (Open System)
- Mass crosses the boundaries of the system
- Use control volume to analyze open systems

control
volume

massin massout

piston-cylinder

2.2
 1st Law
Open System:

2.3
 1st Law
Open System:
CV .
A mout
. B
min
. .
Q W

A: a small slug of fluid at the inlet enters the CV and

brings its energy with it.
B: a small slug of fluid leaves the CV

2.4
 Control Volume Analysis
CV
A
B

Conservation of mass:
At time t = 0,

At time t = dt,

2.5
 Continue Conservation of Mass
Taking the difference:

Dividing by dt and letting dt 0:

Generalizing to multiple inlets and outlets:

2.6
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems
CV
A
B

Conservation of Energy
At t = 0

At t = dt

Taking the difference:

2.7
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems
We know:

Solving for:

Consider dEA/dt and dEB/dt

If the regions A and B are

infinitesimally small, then
ei is constant
2.8
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems
Generalizing for multiple inlets and outlets, we obtain:

2.9
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems
Going back to the first law equation:

2.10
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems

Introducing enthalpy h:

This gives us the final form of the 1st law for open
systems:

2.11
 Continue 1st Law for Open Systems
Example 2.1: Assumptions:
Given: - adiabatic
- reversible
CV . => isentropic: s2=s1
Steam
p1 = 10 bars WT - steady-state, steady flow
T1 = 240oC - KE = PE = 0

p2 = 1.5 bars

Find: - Shaft work produced by turbine

per unit mass of steam
2.12
 Continue Example 2.1
Basic equations:
Mass balance:

dmCV
min mout
dt in out

Energy balance:

dE CV V2 V2
Q W min h gz m out h gz
dt in 2 in out 2 out

2.13
 Continue Example 2.1
Solution:
T p1=10 bars
T1=240oC 1
p2=1.5 bars

s1=s2
s
sf(p2) sg(p2)

From superheated steam tables: From saturated steam tables:

h1 = h(T1, p1) = 2920.4 kJ/kg sf(p2) = 1.4336 kJ/(kg K)
s1 = s(T1, p1) = 6.8817 kJ/(kg K) sg(p2) = 7.2233 kJ/(kg K)
2.14
 Continue Example 2.1
State 2 is in the 2-phase region:

- From saturated steam tables:

2.15