Effect of Zeros on The Response of Circuit

7799
Department of Electrical Engineering, FAST-NU, Islamabad, Pakistan.
28 April 2014
Abstract In this document I am discussing the topic
effect of zeroes on the response of circuits. Here I will
describe how zeroes affect the response. I will explain how
output change in presence of zeros or without zeroes
means response with or without zeros in transform
function. The whole discussion about the zeroes which take
part in the amplitude of the steady and natural response.
And how effect create in the time response which I will
explain through the graphs and how the system response
speeds up by adding a zero.
Keywords Affect on magnitude, Transfer function, pole
zero diagram, Time response, affect on pole.
I. INTRODUCTION
This document is describing about affect of zeros on the
response of circuit. In this document I will explain what are
zeros? How we can find zeros? Zeros of transfer functions.
Graphical explanation of zeros on response. There affect on
amplitude of response. How they affect the gaining factor.
Iwill discuss the time response and frequency response explain
the zeros behavior.This document is organized as follows:
Section II describes the background. Section III explains the
topic with examples. Section IV lists how would marks be
allocated and/or deducted for the project. Section V describes
the concept of peer-review.
II. Background
My whole topic is revolving about the zeros. In my topic I will
use Laplace transform, partial fractions, pole zero diagram.
Laplace transform is widely use in mathematics
physics and also in circuit analysis. Here I will discuss its use
in circuit analysis. We use Laplace transform in solving
different circuit which is very tough to solve in time domain
we convert a circuit in Laplace domain then after solving we
again return in time domain by inverse Laplace. We use this
definition to get s domain function :
F ( s )=L [ f ( t ) ]= est f ( t ) dt
0 time domain equations and I will explain by this way
In algebra, partial fraction of a rational fraction is the
operation that expresses the fraction as a sum of a polynomial
and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator. By
partial fraction we can easily obtained several fractions which
we can solve easily.
We locate zeros graphically on pole zero diagram. By
viewing pole zero diagram we can explain the behavior of the
response. In pole zero diagram there are two axis one real and
other one is imaginary axis where we can place pole and zeros
of a function a simple pole zero diagram of a function is given
from which we can take the idea of pole zero diagram.
Here -2 is zero and -2j ,+2j and -1 are poles.
I. Affect of zeros on response of circuit :
For a system, it is important to understand how the
system is behaving which we are studying. The
Laplace transform is a valuable technique that can be
used to solve differential equations and obtain the
dynamic response of a system. The Laplace transform
make possible to understand the behavior of the
system response without solving for the response. So
by poles and zeros of a system tell us the behavior of
the response without solving the whole equations to
get response. Here I will only discuss about the
behavior of zeros on the response of a circuit. Using a
graphical method of pole zero diagram we can
understand the affect more briefly. Now Conversion
of time domain circuits to s-domain circuits and
drawing the response of circuits on graph as a pole
zero diagram which explains more briefly than the
how zeros affect the response of a circuit.
First I want to explain what are zeros.
A rational function may be expressed as the ratio of
two factored polynomials. In other words we may
write a Laplace function F(s) as
( s + z 1 ) ( s + z 2 ) .. ( s+ zn )
F ( s )=k
( s+ p 1 )( s+ p 2 ) .. ( s+ pn )
Where k is a constant.
For example:
8 s 2 +120 s+ 400
F ( s )= 4 3 2
2 s +20 s +70 s +100 s+ 48
 s
4( 2+15 s+50)
s 4 +10 s 3+ 35 s 2+50 s+24
F ( s )=
2 ( s +5 ) ( s +10 )
F ( s )=
( s+1 ) ( s+ 2 )( s+3 )( s+ 4 )
So the roots of numerator are z1 z2 -zn
They are the values s at which F(s) becomes zero are
called zeroes of F(s). in above example -5 and -10 are
the zeros

Affect of zero on the response of a circuit can be

explained best by its poles and zeros diagram. Zeros
of a function may be complex as poles, so graphically ( s+ 2 )
H ( s )=
we plot their locations on the complex s-plane whose ( s+ 5 )
axes represent the real and imaginary parts of the Here -2 is a zero of a transfer function and -5 is
complex variable s. Such plots are known as pole
pole. Now we let us see the unit step of a transfer
zero plote. Zero location mark as circle (o) and a pole
location a cross (X) as in given below figure. The function. Let Y(s) is the response or output.
location of the poles and zeros provide qualitative ( s+2 )
Y ( s )=
analyses of a system response. s ( s+5 )
By partial fraction we solve it
First I want to explain what are zeroes of a transfer
A B
function ?. Let a transfer function H(s) which is as Y ( s )= +
y (s) s s+5
H ( s )= s+2
x ( s) A= at s=0
here the roots y(s) are called zeros of H(s) or the s+5
values of y(s) which gives the H(s)=0. For example a A=2/5 and
transfer function : s +2
B= at s=5
s+5 s
H ( s )= B=3/5
( s+ 3 ) (s +6)
So the
Here if we put s = -5 then the transfer function H(s)
will become zero or we say that -5 is the root of 2 3
nominator which are called zeros of a transfer 5 5
function and the roots of denominator are called
Y ( s )= +
s s+5
poles here I am explaining poles because it effects the Here in last one expression when we transfer
stability of circuit which are also a ffected by the it in time domain as
location of zero. I will first explain zeros in first 2 3
order system. Here I will discuss about simple y (t )= + e5t
example to know about the effect of zero in a simple 5 5
circuit response.[1] Here 2/5 and 3/5 resulted of zeros and poles
So we can say zeros take part in the generation of
amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the
So we can say zeros take part in the generation of
amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the response faster or slower
which affect the location of the zero with respect to a
pole. Zero does not affect the nature of the response.
II. Examples :

A transfer function H(s) of the circuit

 If a will far away from both b and c then the equation
could be written as
a
H ( s )=
( s+ b ) (s+c )

So here zero is simple a gaining factor if a is near the poles

and then it does not change the amplitude of the component
relative to response.

So we can say zeros take part in the generation of

amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the response faster or slower
which affect the location of the zero with respect to a
pole. Zero does not affect the nature of the response.
Let us see by increasing number of zeros and taking
fix value of poles let us start poles of a transfer
function (-1+2.82j) (-1-2.82j) and we will change the
values of zeros as -3 -5 and -10 we can see from
figure that if a zero is closer to the pole a general
expression to see the behavior of zeros as
s+ a
H ( s )=
( s+ b ) ( s+ c )
where a is zero of transfer function now by partial
fraction
A B
H ( s )= +
s+ b s+ c

b+a
A=
b+c
c+a
B=
c+b
b+a c +a
b+ c c +b
H ( s )= +
s+ b s+ c
 Circuit diagram;
Let us consider a circuit in s domain

Va Va
is+ + =0
2+7 s 10
s
10 ( 2+7 s )
H ( s )=
10+ s ( 2+7 s )
20+70 s
H ( s )= 2
7 s +2 s+10
20
Zero= =0.28
70
Poles= -0.142+1.86i.

this figure shows the affect of singal zeros one by one

which are added to the response. Here in this
example We can see that the closer the zero is to the
poles, the greater its effect on the transient response.
As the zero moves away from the dominant poles, the
response approaches that of the two-pole system.
This analysis can be understand via the partial-
Here filled dots represents poles and empty dot
fraction expansion. The case in which zeros in LHP
represent zero, if we are calculating the phase angle
We see that the major impact of the zero is to
w.r.t given point for example (s=jw) then we can
increase the overshoot, with little impact on the
calculate the phase angle just by subtracting the
settling time. But if the value of zero is positive then
phase angle of pole to the angle of zero. And
there will be a zero on the RHP then the response will
magnitude of H(s) is
be When the value of is negative, then there is a zero
on the RHP, also called a nonminimum-phase zero. III. REFERNCES
The transient response of the resulting system is quite
different. In fact, the overshoot is suppressed to the [1] http://aerostudents.com/files/aerospaceSystemsAndCon
point that the response first starts in the wrong trolTheory/Book/ControlSystemsEngineeringCH4.pdf
direction and then changes sign.[3] [2] http://parlos.tamu.edu/MEEN364/Lecture12.pdf
Example 3 : [3] Control Systems Engineering, International Student
Version, 6th Edition Norman S. Nise April 2011, 2011