Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2007-R0813-002
Arizona
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
Drug Market Analysis
May 2007 U.S. Department of Justice
UTAH COLORADO
NEVADA
MOHAVE
ARIZONA
MARICOPA
YUMA PINAL
OR ID SD
WY PIMA
NE COCHISE
NV UT
CO KS
CA SANTA
AZ OK CRUZ
NM
TX
Area of SWB
Arizona HIDTA ME X IC O HIDTA County
This assessment is an outgrowth of a partnership between the NDIC and HIDTA Program for preparation of
annual assessments depicting drug trafficking trends and developments in HIDTA Program areas. The report
has been vetted with the HIDTA, is limited in scope to HIDTA jurisdictional boundaries, and draws upon a
wide variety of sources within those boundaries.
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
1. High-level Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) are affiliated with large drug cartels.
2
National Drug Intelligence Center
3
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
the cocaine smuggled into the area is abused Southeast. In addition, Jamaican DTOs distribute
locally; however, additional quantities transit the Mexican marijuana in the Phoenix and Tucson
area destined for other U.S. locations. Most of the areas at an increasing rate.
heroin smuggled across the Arizona–Mexico border
is intended for consumption outside the HIDTA Caucasian criminal groups, independent deal-
region; however, the availability of Mexican black ers, Jamaican DTOs, OMGs, street gangs, and
tar heroin has increased in areas such as Lake prison gangs transport and distribute illicit drugs in
Havasu City and Bullhead City, which previously the Arizona HIDTA region, but the nature and
reported little or no heroin availability. Additionally, scope of their trafficking operations are relatively
increased quantities of Mexican black tar heroin minor compared with those of Mexican DTOs.
smuggled from sources in Chiapas, Jalisco, Micho- They transport wholesale to retail quantities of
acán, and Nayarit, Mexico, through Arizona have illicit drugs for distribution in the Arizona HIDTA
contributed to increased availability in areas sup- region and to other U.S. destinations.
plied by traffickers in Arizona—including areas
east of the Mississippi River, such as Nashville, Production
Tennessee, which historically had minimal or no Most of the marijuana available in the HIDTA
Mexican black tar heroin available. region is produced in the Mexican states of Guerrero,
Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas. Some
Drug Trafficking marijuana is produced locally, although seizure statis-
Organizations tics indicate that overall cannabis cultivation rates in
Mexican DTOs generally control drug traffick- Arizona are trending upward. Law enforcement offi-
ing in the Arizona HIDTA region. They use estab- cials in Arizona participating in the Drug Enforce-
lished smuggling routes and adapt their smuggling ment Administration (DEA) Domestic Cannabis
methods to increase the flow of illicit drugs into Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) seized
Arizona for distribution to drug markets through- 82,781 plants in 2006, a slight decrease from the
out the country. Many of these Mexican DTOs are 113,523 cannabis plants seized in 2005 but a sharp
family-based organizations; they protect their oper- increase from prior years; 26,774 cannabis plants
ations by employing relatives and friends living on were reported seized during the period of 2001
both sides of the border, making it difficult for law through 2004. Most local cannabis cultivation takes
enforcement agencies to penetrate them. In addi- place outdoors, often on federal public lands. The
tion, Mexican DTOs often exploit illegal immi- largest cannabis cultivation plots often are discovered
grants who wish to remain in the United States by along the Mogollon Rim, an area outside the HIDTA
soliciting them to backpack or “mule” illicit drug region but just north of Maricopa County. (See
shipments into remote areas of Arizona, thus pro- Figure 2 on page 5.)
tecting DTO members at virtually no cost.
Most of the methamphetamine available in the
Mexican DTOs have established a highly Arizona HIDTA region is produced in Jalisco,
sophisticated smuggling infrastructure consisting of Sonora, and Sinaloa, Mexico; however, Mexican
compartmentalization of duties; alliances with traffickers are also beginning the methamphetamine
other DTOs, criminal groups, and street gangs; and production process in Mexico and then transporting
nationwide networks. For example, several East the unfinished product into Arizona, where it is fur-
Coast-based Jamaican DTOs have formed associa- ther processed. For example, in December 2006
tions with Mexican traffickers to purchase 250- to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), in con-
500-kilogram loads of marijuana from Mexican junction with the DEA Tucson District Office,
traffickers operating in southern or central Arizona. arrested a Mexican trafficker and seized liquid
They then transport the drug to their Jamaican methamphetamine from inside the gas tank of a pri-
counterparts, particularly those in the Northeast and vate vehicle. The methamphetamine liquid was
4
National Drug Intelligence Center
UTAH
NEVADA Cannabis Eradication Sites, 2006
(January through November, 2006)
Mogollon
C A LI F O R N I A Rim Area
NEW MEXICO
LA PAZ
MARICOPA
1,757
PINAL
YUMA
PIMA
78
COCHISE
SANTA CRUZ
MEXICO
Figure 2. Cannabis eradication sites in the Arizona HIDTA region, 2006.
Source: Drug Enforcement Administration Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program; U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service; Arizona Department of Public Safety; Gila County Task Force;
Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office; Phoenix Police Department.
being smuggled from Mexico to Arizona, where it approximately 50 percent of all U.S. Border Patrol
was going to be separated, mixed with hydrogen (USBP) illicit drug seizures along the Southwest
chloride (HCl), “bubbled,” and then crystallized Border occur in Arizona; most also involve Mexi-
into ice methamphetamine. This smuggling tech- can DTOs or those working with them or on their
nique is increasingly used by Mexican traffickers, behalf. In addition, Mexican DTOs have started to
who take extra precautions to avoid law enforce- work more closely with U.S.-based gangs and
ment interdiction, particularly during production. Mexican groups that smuggle illegal aliens. Most
of the prison and street gangs with which Mexican
Transportation DTOs associate serve as distributors, surrogates, and
Mexican DTOs exercise substantial control enforcers for the DTOs. Some of the illegal alien
over the smuggling of cocaine, methamphetamine, smuggling groups reportedly transport individuals
and Mexican black tar heroin into Arizona from from special-interest countries—countries that har-
Mexico and pose formidable challenges to U.S. bor terrorists or promote terrorism—into the
law enforcement officers who secure border areas. United States. USBP agents in Arizona report that
According to law enforcement reporting and intel- they interdict hundreds of illegal aliens from
ligence, relatively few traffickers smuggle illicit special-interest countries each year. Many others,
drugs through plazas2 along the Arizona–Mexico especially those with professionally manufactured
border without Mexican DTO knowledge, false identification records, enter the country unim-
approval, and financial remuneration. In addition, peded; some quite likely are also drug traffickers.
5
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
3. Arizona is the only state along the Southwest Border that does not have U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) checkpoints. As a result, traffickers
often exploit Arizona roadways when transporting illicit drugs to and through the state.
4. Officers and agents with the USBP, Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife report that drive-throughs often result in the destruction of the
Saguaro cactus—the state flower and a cactus unique to extreme southeastern California, southern Arizona, and adjoining northwestern Mexico
that attracts tourists from all over the world. The Saguaro cactus grows very slowly—perhaps an inch in height a year—but can grow as high as
50 feet and, once destroyed, cannot be easily replaced.
6
National Drug Intelligence Center
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Vegas Sunrise
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Henderson Border Crossing
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smaller loads (20 to 100 kg) than they had trans- metropolitan area. The number of tunnels discov-
ported previously, particularly when smuggling ered in Arizona, particularly at the Nogales POE, is
cocaine, most likely to cut their losses in the event higher than the number discovered in any other
of law enforcement interdiction. Smaller drug border state. The Nogales metropolitan area often
loads typically are stored in stash houses in the is exploited by drug traffickers because it is located
Nogales area for consolidation and eventual bulk above an intricate system of underground drainage
transport to Tucson and Phoenix. Once in Tucson tunnels and sewage and irrigation systems. Some
and Phoenix, some of the drugs are distributed of the drug traffickers who exploit underground
locally; however, significant quantities are repack- tunnels or systems crack holes through existing
aged and shipped to other U.S. destinations, includ- pipes, which typically are concrete. The traffickers
ing Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, then construct man-made tunnels from these open-
Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Utah, and Wisconsin. ings in the pipes. The tunnels branch off in many
Most drug proceeds are transported in the reverse different directions, and most terminate at one of
direction, often in the same vehicles used to trans- the numerous homes or businesses located in the
port illicit drugs to the area. hills along the Arizona–Mexico border. For exam-
ple, in July 2006 USBP agents seized 250 pounds
High-level Mexican traffickers smuggle up to of marijuana and arrested two men for smuggling
hundreds of pounds of marijuana and occasionally the drug from Mexico through a sewer storm drain
other illicit drugs weekly through existing subterra- that terminated in Nogales.
nean infrastructures, particularly in the Nogales
7
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
Table 1. Illicit Drug-Related and Firearms-Related Seizures Between Ports of Entry in Arizona
by Number and Weight, FY2002–FY2006
Fiscal Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Seizures 1,198 1,840 2,161 2,264 3,876
Marijuana
Pounds 277,269 383,599 459,328 523,816 661,985
Seizures 28 40 53 66 83
Cocaine
Pounds 113 116 882 1,206 106
Seizures 5 7 7 7 6
Heroin
Ounces 24 17 37 2 1
Seizures 33 89 86 82 142
Methamphetamine
Pounds 1 29 9 17 8
Table 2. Illicit Drug Seizures at Ports of Entry in Arizona, by Number and Weight, FY2002–FY2006
Fiscal Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Seizures 640 827 710 521 412
Marijuana
Pounds 119,622 132,353 135,308 54,710 47,709
Seizures 4 1 10 12 27
Heroin
Pounds 10 11 294 75 189
Seizures 25 56 83 100 57
Methamphetamine
Pounds 704 2,529 3,304 1,781 884
Source: U.S. Customs and Border Protection as of 2/21/07.
Mexican traffickers on either side of the Arizona– the best times to conduct illicit drug smuggling
Mexico border often hire backpackers to carry operations. Backpackers who smuggle illicit drugs
marijuana-filled burlap bags, weighing 50 pounds across the Arizona–Mexico border pose additional
or more, north across the border. They transfer problems. For example, many of these smugglers
bundles of marijuana through holes in the fence or pilfer items such as food and clothing from local
throw bundles of drugs over the fence for retrieval residents or damage their properties, making many
by other traffickers in pickup trucks and other four- residents fear for their safety and, in some cases,
wheel-drive vehicles. As part of these operations, take the law into their own hands, increasing the
lookouts or individuals who reside on either side of threat of violence even more.
the border monitor patrol patterns and determine
8
National Drug Intelligence Center
9
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
Nogales and Lukeville in broad daylight wearing DEA, both the number of bulk currency seizures
Soviet-style vests and carrying AK-47 assault and the number of stash locations where drug pro-
rifles. No one was injured or killed during this con- ceeds were seized in Arizona increased dramati-
frontation; however, the incident illustrates the cally between 2005 and 2006. As of the third
level of brazenness that Mexican DTOs employ in quarter of fiscal year (FY) 2006, DEA reported a
testing smuggling routes. Additionally, assault sta- 128 percent increase in the number of bulk cur-
tistics indicate that drug smugglers have noticeably rency seizures (121 bulk currency seizures totaling
increased their level of violent assaults against $10,294,191 compared with 53 such seizures total-
USBP and other federal law enforcement officers ing $8,679,563 during the same period in 2005).
and agents who protect the border. Although most During those same periods, DEA also reported an
of these assaults involve rockings, smugglers are 850 percent increase in the number of bulk cur-
increasingly ramming USBP vehicles, attempting rency seizures at stash houses (38 events totaling
to run over agents, and firing upon agents, often $4,169,479 compared with 4 events totaling
with automatic weapons. $301,160). Most of these seizures involved cur-
rency that was smuggled in bulk from Phoenix and
Some smugglers, referred to as bajadores,5 rob Tucson using commercial airlines and private vehi-
other smugglers who successfully cross the border cles. Traffickers have also decreased the total
undetected, stealing their drug supplies, guns, and amount of illicit drug proceeds smuggled at one
illegal aliens. Many bajadores reportedly commit time in order to reduce their losses in the event of
such robberies while dressed as law enforcement an interdiction. Once traffickers smuggle illicit
officials. They obtain information regarding dates, proceeds into Mexico, they often deposit the funds
times, and locations of smuggling events from infor- in Mexican financial institutions, including casas
mants working with both the smuggler and the baja- de cambio (exchange houses) and banks for even-
dore. Once bajadores steal a shipment, the owners of tual transport back to the United States through
the drugs usually attempt revenge, occasionally electronic wire transfers or physical transport. In
through execution-style homicides. Although most addition, traffickers in the HIDTA region also regu-
bajadores are low-level traffickers, some work for larly structure bank deposits and money order pur-
high-level Mexican DTOs in Phoenix or Tucson and chases to avoid reporting requirements, or they
are becoming increasingly violent. launder illicit proceeds through retail stores, real
estate companies, and restaurants and by purchas-
Illicit Finance ing assets such as property, vehicles, jewelry, or
Mexican DTOs are the principal money laun- recreational vehicles.
derers in the Arizona HIDTA region. They exploit
the area because of the large number of stash Drug traffickers throughout the United States
houses in which drug proceeds can easily be con- often wire-transfer illicit drug proceeds to Phoenix
solidated for bulk shipment and the proximity of and Tucson for consolidation and eventual bulk
the area to the Arizona–Mexico border. In addition, transport to Mexico. However, this practice is
the large number of Mexican transporters operating occurring less frequently than in prior years. The
in the area helps traffickers move bulk drug pro- Arizona Attorney General’s Office reports that
ceeds into Mexico and South America. However, effective law enforcement efforts in the state have
Caucasian and Jamaican independent dealers as forced drug traffickers to reroute their wire trans-
well as street gangs, OMGs, and prison gangs also fers. Most of these traffickers now avoid Arizona
launder illicit proceeds in and from the area, but to and transfer their drug proceeds by wire to other
a lesser extent than Mexican DTOs. According to U.S. destinations or directly to Mexico.
5. Bajadores historically were Hispanic criminals; however, law enforcement reporting currently indicates that bajadores may or may not be
Hispanic.
10
National Drug Intelligence Center
Pima 12 9 5 10 3 39
11
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
UTAH COLORADO
NEVADA
MOHAVE
ARIZONA
NEW
CALIFORNIA MEXICO
LA PAZ
MARICOPA
YUMA PINAL
and Texas. For example, Mexican traffickers smug- prison gangs in the Phoenix area for further distri-
gle wholesale quantities of marijuana from Sonora, bution. (See Table 4 on page 13.) Most drug ship-
Mexico, into the Arizona HIDTA region through the ments from Mexico into the Phoenix area are
Tohono O’odham Indian Reservation, whose north- intended for immediate distribution to these organi-
ern border is within 20 miles of Phoenix. Law zations; however, large quantities of illicit drugs—
enforcement reporting indicates that when drug particularly marijuana and methamphetamine—are
smugglers enter Arizona through the reservation, often stashed in houses, apartments, and other
they typically transport illicit drugs north to Phoe- secured locations in the Phoenix area by Mexican
nix for distribution in that city or to Las Vegas and traffickers before being made available to other
other market areas throughout the country, often distributors and before being transshipped to other
using US 93. Many of these smugglers also now drug markets. The Phoenix metropolitan area is a
avoid using I-10 and I-40, which are heavily leading location for marijuana stash houses in the
patrolled by law enforcement. country. Phoenix Police Department reporting indi-
cates that stash houses are increasingly located in
Distribution areas surrounding the city—such as the West Val-
Mexican DTOs use familial ties and long- ley and Mesa—to avoid rising real estate costs and
established relationships to maintain control over increased law enforcement presence in Phoenix.
distribution groups in and around the Phoenix area.
Mexican DTOs supply wholesale quantities of Street gangs are the primary retail-level distrib-
methamphetamine, cocaine, Mexican black tar her- utors of illicit drugs in Phoenix; they typically dis-
oin, and marijuana to various street gangs, criminal tribute powder and crack cocaine, Mexican black
groups, local independent dealers, OMGs, and tar heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. (See
12
National Drug Intelligence Center
Street gangs Powder and crack cocaine, Mexican black tar heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine
Table 5.) Street gangs pose a particular threat to the resided in the Phoenix/Scottsdale/Mesa, Arizona,
city because of their propensity to use violence to area (which recorded 175.8 victim complaints per
protect drug distribution operations. Mexican crim- 100,000 residents). The individuals most frequently
inal groups and independent dealers, Caucasian affected by identity theft are migrant illegal aliens
criminal groups and independent dealers, OMGs, seeking employment within the Phoenix area and
prison gangs, white supremacist groups, and older citizens. Criminals who commit identity theft
Jamaican criminal groups also distribute retail often target migrant illegal aliens because they usu-
quantities of illicit drugs in the area, albeit to a ally view those individuals as more vulnerable on
lesser extent. account of language barriers or cultural differences;
they also view older citizens as more trusting about
Drug-Related Crime sharing their personal information with strangers.
Much of the violent and property crime in Identity theft may be a particular problem in the
Phoenix is attributed to drug-related gang activities; HIDTA region because of the relatively lenient pen-
however, in recent years, identity theft has become alties that had been previously mandated for the
a significant concern to law enforcement officers offense in Arizona. However, legislation enacted in
and community leaders. Methamphetamine abusers Arizona in 2005 and 2006 mandates stricter penal-
within the HIDTA region are increasingly commit- ties for the crime and should help reduce the rate of
ting identity theft to acquire funds to pay for the identity theft in Phoenix in the future.
drug. According to the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC), Arizona ranked first in the number of iden-
tity theft victims per 100,000 residents in 2006. Of
the 9,113 victims recorded that year, most (6,533)
13
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
14
National Drug Intelligence Center
Powder and crack cocaine, Mexican black tar heroin, marijuana, and metham-
Street gangs
phetamine
Outlaw motorcycle gangs Methamphetamine, marijuana, and Mexican black tar heroin
drugs to OMGs, Jamaican criminal groups, and crime. In fact, GIITEM and the Arizona Counter
prison gangs for distribution, but to a lesser extent. Narcotics Alliance report an increased level of vio-
In the case of methamphetamine, wholesale distrib- lence, particularly homicides, in Tucson that is
utors transport the drug to the Phoenix metropolitan attributed to increased drug trafficking activities
area and redistribute it to other distributors in Tuc- and the rising number of gang members who oper-
son. From Tucson the drug is redistributed in Sierra ate in the area.
Vista. (See Table 7.)
Outlook
Drug-Related Crime Mexican DTOs quite likely will expand their
Drug-related gang activity and violent crime illicit drug smuggling activities from Mexico into
pose an increasing concern within the Tucson met- Arizona, using established smuggling routes
ropolitan area. Law enforcement reporting indicates directly through Nogales, Douglas, San Luis, and
that gang activity in the Tucson metropolitan area is other Arizona POEs; they also will increasingly
increasing, most likely as a result of the relocation smuggle wholesale quantities of illicit drugs, par-
of gang members from California. The Arizona ticularly marijuana, through remote areas between
Department of Public Safety Gang Intelligence and POEs. Their dominance will remain unchallenged
Immigration Team Enforcement Mission in the foreseeable future, primarily because of the
(GIITEM) reports that a few particularly violent proximity of Mexico to Arizona and because Mexi-
street and prison gangs are distributing illicit drugs can DTOs have well-established distribution net-
in Tucson, heightening the level of drug-related works and transportation infrastructures.
15
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
Drug traffickers will increasingly exploit the Mexican traffickers most likely will expand
remote and rugged terrain adjoining the Arizona– their alliances with illegal alien smuggling groups
Mexico border, which includes the Tohono by requiring illicit drug smuggling in exchange for
O’odham Indian Reservation, Organ Pipe Cactus the safe passage of these individuals into the United
National Monument, and Coronado National For- States. If these relationships flourish, the number of
est. As a result, they will escalate the already high illegal aliens attempting to enter the United States
threat of violence against law enforcement person- from special-interest countries may increase.
nel and innocent civilians, particularly because
these smugglers are often and increasingly armed, It is highly unlikely that the current decrease in
sometimes with automatic weapons. Nonetheless, methamphetamine availability in the Arizona
the allocation of additional Border Patrol agents HIDTA region is permanent, particularly since
and National Guard troops along the Arizona– Mexican traffickers, many of whom operate in Ari-
Mexico border as part of Operation Jump Start has zona, are the principal methamphetamine suppliers
resulted in a greater number of Border Patrol throughout the United States. These traffickers will
agents participating in enforcement operations in quite likely respond to successful U.S. and Mexi-
the field. Their increased presence very likely will can law enforcement efforts that temporarily
curtail some of this violence and contribute to fur- reduced methamphetamine availability by adapting
ther increases in the total quantities of illicit drugs their trafficking techniques to maneuver around
seized in the near term. In addition, drug traffick- law enforcement; this will very likely rejuvenate
ers, particularly those who conduct drive-throughs, their methamphetamine supplies. However, in the
will continue to destroy Saguaro cactuses and other meantime, they will most likely make up for lost
vegetation that attracts tourists from all over the methamphetamine profits through increases in the
world. This destruction could have a negative amount of other illicit drugs that they smuggle
effect on tourism in the area. across the border, primarily marijuana.
Mexican traffickers will increasingly adapt their Identity theft most likely will remain a signifi-
smuggling methods and techniques in reaction to cant problem in Arizona, particularly in the Phoe-
increased law enforcement efforts along the nix–Scottsdale–Mesa area. However, recently
Arizona–Mexico border. Mexican traffickers who enacted legislation that enhances penalties associ-
once smuggled wholesale quantities of finished ated with the crime will quite likely reduce the rate
methamphetamine through the Nogales POE will of identity theft in the near term.
increasingly smuggle partially finished quantities
of the drug through Nogales and other POEs. Mexican DTOs will send an increasing number
Because more elaborate concealment methods are of bulk currency loads directly into Mexico to avert
often used to smuggle partially finished metham- law enforcement attention from wire transfers into
phetamine, including the smuggling of unfinished Arizona in the near term.
liquid methamphetamine in the gas tanks of private
vehicles, detection by law enforcement will become
increasingly difficult. Once in Arizona, smugglers
or those working with them most likely will com-
plete the methamphetamine production process so
that the drug can be distributed in the Arizona
HIDTA region and markets throughout the nation.
16
National Drug Intelligence Center
Sources
17
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
18
National Drug Intelligence Center
19
Arizona High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis
LEO https://cgate.leo.gov/http/leowcs.leopriv.gov/lesig/ndic/index.htm