NAME OF EXPERIMENT:

Shell and tube heat exchanger

STUDENT NAME:
Yasser Ajlan
STUDENT ID:
213189412
DATE:
14/12/2016

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 Full report evaluation sheet
Reporting, interpreting and analyzing SO(b) Grade Out of

1 Abstract, Objectives, Apparatus, Procedure, theory and equations 15

2 Table of measurements. 5

3 Table of results and calculations. 5

4 Sample calculations 15

5 Discussion, sources of error , conclusion and recommendations 25

Total 65

Writing, Editing, and Presentation SO(g)

1 Cover Page, table of content 5

2 Numbering of Pages, tables, figures, and organizing the report 10

3 Language and typing 10

4 Appendices and References 10

Total 35

Report Grade 100

Notes:.

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Table of Contents

Topic Page Number

Cover page 1
Evaluation Sheet 2
Table of contents 3
Objective
4
Abstract
Apparatus 5
Theory 6
Procedure 7
Measurements 8
Results and Sample of Calculation 9
Discussion 10-11
References 12

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Objectives:

1. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient using shell and tube heat
exchanger.
2. To investigate the effect of flow pattern (co-current or counter current) on the
heat transfer coefficient.
3. To establish energy balance on the heat exchanger.

Abstract:
The experiment was to determine the overall heat transfer. The experiment was
mainly focusing on designing one type of a heat exchanger, which is shell and tube
heat exchanger. Bothe co-current and counter current flow. In co-current flow, the hot
water (tube flow) and cold water (shell flow) were flow in the same direction.
Moreover, in the counter current flow, they were in the in reverse direction. The
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) was calculated. The area of the
shell and tube was assumed, then U and Q was calculated. The experiment has
showed that the heat was exchange more in the counter current more than co-current
flow.

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Apparatus:

Our experiment will determined by Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. We will use both
co-current and counter current.

. In this small exchanger, baffles inside the shell increase the velocity of the fluid and
hence, the rate of heat transfer increases. This heat exchanger has one shell and seven
tubes with two transverse baffles in the shell.

In normal operation the hot fluid from the hot water circulator enters the header at
one end of the shell and passes through the bundle of stainless steel tubes. The cold
fluid from the cold water supply passes through the cylindrical shell. This
arrangement minimizes heat loss from the exchanger without the need for additional
insulation and allows the construction of the exchanger

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Theory and equations:

Heat exchangers can be classified on various parameters- design and construction,

flow arrangement, transfer process and number and state of fluids

Co-current (Parallel) flow- As the name suggests, the flow of the hot and the cold
fluid is taking place in the same direction in this case. As the graph shows, the
temperature difference between the hot and the cold fluid keeps on decreasing from
one end to the other.
Counter current flow- In this setup, the hot fluid enters from one end of the exchanger and
the cold from the opposite end. This results in nearly constant temperature difference between
the hot and the cold fluid. This is a significant aspect and makes counter current exchangers
preferable over co-current exchangers. We will discuss this point later when we talk about
LMTD.

The equation of conservation of energy was used to determined the value of heat transfer:

Q= m cpTlog
Hot Stream Inlet Temperature (T1)
Hot Stream Outlet Temperature (T2)
m= mass flow rate = volume flow rate * density
cp = heat capacity = 4.18 for water
Tlog= LMTD

Where
Cold Stream Inlet Temperature (t1)
Cold Stream Outlet Temperature (t2)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U
U= Q/(A*Tlog)

Q=quantity of heat transfer

A= correctional area

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 PROCEDURE:

We will use the simulation program to run the experiment

The program is fixed to flow rate of shell and tubes from 0.00001 to 0.0001 m3/sec.

Record the temperatures every 1 min until it reach the steady state.

Selecting the flow rates for both shell and tubes sides.( 0.00005m3/sec for tube and
0.00008 m3/sec for shell)
Calculating the Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Calculating Q
Calculating U if the area of shell is known Calculating the area if U is calculated ).

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 Measurements:

Table 1 Counter-current Co-current

Time Thot2 Tcold2 Thot2 Tcold2
[s]
[C] [C] [C] [C]

0 90 25 90 25
60 85.74 30.36 86 30.06
120 81.85 35.24 82.56 34.42
180 78.34 39.67 79.59 38.17
240 75.21 43.67 77.04 41.4
300 72.42 47.28 75.02 44.98
360 69.94 50.54 73.07 46.93
420 68.50 53.5 71.34 48.62
480 65.83 56.17 69.94 50.39
540 63.04 58.58 68.75 51.92
600 62.00 60.78 67.73 53.23
660 61.2 62.77 66.87 54.36

* We found the average temperature of both shell and tube to use the
density and heat capacity of water at that temperature.

Table 3 LMTD
Table 2 Flow
[C]
rate
[m3/s]
Counter-Current 31.789
Shell 0.00005
(Cold) Co-Current 26.56
Tube 0.00008
(Hot)

Table 4 Counter-Current Co-Current

Tube Shell Tube Shell

Average Temp.
[C]
72.83917 46.96333 75.65917 43.29
Q -9.4 7.81 -7.558 6.08
[kW]

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 Results and Sample of Calculation:

For counter-current,

(90 62.77) (61.2 25)

= (9062.77)
= 31.789
( )
(61.225)

For co-current,

(90 25) (66.87 54.36)

= (9025)
= 26.56
((66.8754.36))

We found the average temperature of both shell and tube to use the density and heat
capacity of water at that temperature.

= = 0.00008976.6 4.191(61.2 90) = 9.4

Calculation of U and A

For counter-current, U, assuming that transfer area is 0.5m2,

7.81
= = = = 0.5 /2
0.5 31.789
The transfer area, U is 0.5 KW/2 ,

7.81
= = = = 0.49 2
0.5 31.789

For co-current,

6.08
= = = = 0.458 /2
0.5 26.56

6.08
= = = = 0.499 2
0.458 26.56

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Discussion:
Plotting shell and tube temperatures against time for both flow pattern,

Counter-Current Flow
100

80

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)

Figure (2)

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Co-current flow
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)

Figure (3)

The red line for cold

The blue line for hot

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This experiment shows that the shell and tube heat exchanger follows the basic law
of thermodynamics. In (co-current) flow , the exit temperature of the hot fluid is
always higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. from the graphs the hot and
cold fluid temperature distributions associated with co-current flow heat exchanger
are shown in Figure (3). The temperature difference is initially large and It is
important to note that, for such an exchange, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid
never exceeds that of the hot fluid.

The hot and cold fluid temperature distributions associated with a counter flow heat
exchanger are shown in Figure (2) we note that the outlet temperature of the cold
fluid may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid. So the co-current flow is
preferred if the two fluids are desired to have nearly the same temperatures. it is clear
that for heat exchanger, counter current flow has a higher effectiveness than the co-
current flow.

From table 4, the heat lost by the hot fluid is not equal to the heat gained by the cold
liquid. For the counter-current flow, the cold water gained less heat than what was lost
by the hot water. However, the difference is very little that can be neglected. For co-
current flow, the hot water lost heat that is near the heat gained by the cold water. the
difference in the heat gained and lost may lost in the system or transfer to the atmosphere
Generally, the experiment was successfully done because it has achieved the objective of the
experiment.

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References:
http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/CLUE-Chemistry/chapters/chapter5txt-3.html

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3537277/

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FERMENT/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient

http://iitkgp.vlab.co.in/?sub=35&brch=107&sim=1174&cnt=4

Lab manual

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