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QUESTION BANK
(PREPARED BY Mr.K.ROBINSTON,M.E,A.P,IJCE,VALLANADU)
AE-73 VIBRATION&ELMENTS OF AEROELASTICITY
Unit - I (Basic Notations)
1. What is Vibration? List its main causes?
Any motion which repeats itself after an interval of time is called Vibration (or)
Oscillation. (Ex: Swinging of Pendulum, Motion of plucked string
Causes :
1. Unbalanced centrifugal force in a rotating machine element.
2. Elastic Nature of the System
3. External Excitation applied on the System
4. Dry friction between two mating surfaces
5. Misalignment of rotating shaft.
tp = Distance = 360 = 2
Velocity
9. Define Amplitude
Maximum Displacement of a body from its mean position is called as Amplitude.
13. Define Simple Harmonic Motion. State the mathematical expression of SHM.
The motion of a body to and for about a fixed point is called simple harmonic motion.
The motion is periodic and its acceleration is always directed towards the mean position and is
proportional to its distance from mean position.
Mathematical Expression of SHM
2
Differential Equation of SHM: 2 +2x=0
The solution is x =A Sin t
= A Cos t
= -A2 Sin t = -2x
15. What are the solution methods for vibration? (or) State Different methods of finding natural
frequency of a system?
Vibration problems can be solved by the following methods
m + kx = 0
(m + kx) = 0
m + kx = 0
1
fn=2 (for Torsional system)
If it is damped free vibration, all three elements the mass and spring and damper are
When one body is allowed to slide over the other, the surface of one body offers some
resistance to the movement of the other body on it. The resisting force is called force of
friction. Some amount of energy is wasted to overcome this friction as the surfaces are dry.
So this type of Damping is called coulomb damping (or) Dry friction damping.
General Expression for coulomb damping is
F = RN
CC 2 _ K = 0
2m m
m
CC _ K
2m
CC = 2m n
Damping ratio or Damping factor()
Official website: www.wingsofaero.in Email: wingsofaero@gmail.com
Phone: +918870705857/+918220125658
Address: 1/269 KPM puram, Alangulam, Tirunelveli Dt, Tamil Nadu, India - 627853
Official website: www.wingsofaero.in Email: wingsofaero@gmail.com
Phone: +918870705857/+918220125658
Address: 1/269 KPM puram, Alangulam, Tirunelveli Dt, Tamil Nadu, India - 627853
It is defined as the ratio of actual Damping Co- efficient (c) to the critical damping
Co-efficient (Cc) It is usually denoted as (zeta)
C
Damping ratio = Cc = 2
13. Define logarithmic Decrement ()If the Logarithmic decrement is Zero, What does it mean?
It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The amplitude
reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean
line.
When a machine is supported by a spring, the sprig transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support (or) foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
Examples: The devices such as springs, dampers are the examples for vibration isolations
which are places between foundation and machine.
Significance:
These devices isolate the vibrations by absorbing some disturbing energy.
Materials : Rubber, Felt, Cork & Metal springs.
Rubber:Shearloding, Corck:compressive load Metal spring:High frequency
ratio
1+ (2 )2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
2)Relative motion
The relative displacement of the mass with respect to the support.
2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
1 + (2 )2
=
(1 )2 + (2)2
As displacement takes place after applying force, the displacement vector lags the
force vector by some angle. This angle is known as phase lag. (or) phase difference.
= tan-1 2r where r = /n
1-r2
22. What do you know about vibration measuring instruments? Give some examples.
The instruments which are used to measure the displacement, velocity (or)
acceleration of a vibrating body are called as vibration measuring instruments.
Examples :
1. Vibrometer or Seismometer ((Displacement measuring instrument)
2. Accelerometer( Acceleration measuring instrument)
3. Frequency measuring devices.
2
Z= f where 2 is the acceleration of the vibrating body
When both Co-ordinates (,) appear in each eqn of motion, then 2 DOF system is called
coupling. The above eqns show that the system has rotary as well as translatory motion. So this 2
DOF system is said to be coupled.
6. Differentiate between static & Dynamic Coupling (or) What is Co -ordinate coupling?
Dynamic coupling :
Consider the eqns
m + (k1 +k2)x = 0
I + (k2l22 +k1l12)= 0
The above eqns show that translatory and angular motion can exist independently. These
are called uncoupled differential equations. This is called dynamic coupling.
Static coupling:
Consider the eqn
m + (k1 +k2)- (k2l2- k1l1)= 0
The above eqn show that the system has translatory as well as rotary motion (i.e) both Co-
ordinates and X appear in the above eqn. this 2 DOF system is said to be coupled.This is called
static coupling.
12 What is an Eigen value problems? Or What are eigenvalues and eigenvectors in multi DOF system
The Eigen value problems are a used to find the natural frequency and mode shape
of spring mass vibrating system by using following calculations
[I-C]=0
Where =2
unit matrix I =[M][M]-1
dynamic matrix C=[K][M]-1
further eigen vector is also called as characteristic vector and eigen value is also called as
characteristic value.
Eigen value and eigen vector:
The eigen vector of a square matrix are the non zero vector that after being multiplied by
the matrix either remain proportional to the original vector or become zero. For each eigen vector
,the corresponding eigen value is the factor by which the eigen vector changes when multiplied by
Applications:
Lagranges Equations are used to obtain the equations of motion and frequencies, if
energy expressions are available.
Kt Torsional Stiffness=GJ/l
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Phone: +918870705857/+918220125658
Address: 1/269 KPM puram, Alangulam, Tirunelveli Dt, Tamil Nadu, India - 627853
Official website: www.wingsofaero.in Email: wingsofaero@gmail.com
Phone: +918870705857/+918220125658
Address: 1/269 KPM puram, Alangulam, Tirunelveli Dt, Tamil Nadu, India - 627853
I - mass moment of inertia
16
Define continuous system? Distinguish it from discrete system
Continuous System :
There are systems such as beams, cables rods etc which have their mass and stiffness
distributed continuously through the length. Such systems are known as continuous systems. It
has infinite number of degree of freedom.
Discrete Systems :
It mass, stiffness & Damping were assumed to be acting only at certain discrete points,
such systems are discrete systems. It has finite number of degrees of freedom.
Longitudinal vibration: A body of mass m carried on one end of a weightless spindle, the other
end being fixed, If the mass m moves up and down parallel to the spindle axis, It is known as
longitudinal vibration.
Transverse vibration: When the particles of the body or shaft move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft this vibration is known as Transverse vibration.
Torsional vibrations: If the spindle gets alternatively twisted and untwisted on account of
vibratory motion of the suspended disc, it is known as Torsional vibration.(Fig:page no:9)
18. Write-down the frequency equation for longitudinal vibration of bar with both ends are free
1. What are the approximate methods which are used to find out the natural frequency of the
system.
a) This method is used to find the natural frequency of the system when transverse
point loads are acting on the beam (or) shaft.
b) This method is used to find the natural frequency of simply supported, cantilever,
fixed beam or shaft.
c) We can find the natural frequency of multi DOF system by using Rayleighs
method.
Explain about Holzer method?
8.
This is a trial and error method used to find the natural frequency and mode shapes
of torsional systems. (or multi mass lumped parameter system) This can be applied to both
free and forced vibrations. This method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped,
semi definite systems.
( + )
3 =
10. What are the advantages of Holzer method over Rayleighs method?
a) Holzer method is used to find the natural frequency of multi mass torsional systems
whereas by using Rayleighs method, we cannot find the natural frequency of
torsional system.
b) Holzer method is a trial and error method and frequency will be calculated by
considering assumptions whereas in Rayleighs method, formulas will be used for
determining frequency.
c) Holzer method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped, semi definite
systems.
a) Holzer method is a trial and error method used to find the natural frequency and
mode shapes of torsional systems. (or multi mass lumped parameter system)
b) This can be applied to both free and forced vibrations.
c) Holzer method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped, semi definite
systems with fixed ends having linear and angular motions.
3. What are the various Aero -elastic problems occurred in the aircraft
12. What is the difference between classical and non classical flutter?
Classical flutter :
The flutter of a wing in which both flexural and torsional Oscillating motion are
interacted that resultant motion is divergent is known as classical flutter.
15. What is meant by Aerodynamic coupling? And What are the types of coupling?
Neither motion will cause flutter but together, at critical values of amplitude and
phase angle, the forces produced by one motion excite the other. The two types of motion
are then said to be coupled.
Aerodynamic coupling is associated with changes of lift produced by wing rotation
(or) translation.
Types of Coupling :
1. Inertial coupling
2. Aerodynamic coupling
3. Elastic coupling
Unit - II
1. Damped free vibration problems (P.No: 115 to 141)
2. Forced Vibration - problems (P.No : 183 to 222)
3. Vibration measuring Instruments theory (P.No : 171 to 174)
CHAPTER - I
1. Two degree of freedom system - problems (Page No : 268, 269, 272, 273, 276, 278, 280,
297, 296, 302,308)
2. Torsional Vibration problems (Page No : 283, 291, 294, 309)
3. Lagrange an Equation -problems (270, 274, 277, 281, 288, 306)
4. Eigen value problem (multi D.O.F) 372, 376, 378, 402, 404
CHAPTER - 2
1. Vibration absorber - P.No 246 to 249
2. Lateral vibration of string - Derivation P.No 416 to 419
3. Longitudinal vibration of bar - Derivation P.No 421, 422, 429, 430
4. Torsional vibration of shaft - Derivation P.No 423, 424, 434, 444
UNIT IV
1. Rayleighs method -problem
Simply supported beam, cantileverbeam
2. Holzer method - problem
Torsional system, sprig mass system
Unit V
1. Aero elastic instabilities with collar triangle of forces and their preventive measures
2. Wing Divergense - Derivation
3. Reversal of Aileron control - Derivation
4. Flutter and its types and Preventive measures
5. Coupling and their types.