Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-Reni Raju
Topics Covered
aConcept
aDefinition
aMethods of Solving Turbulent Equations
aNavier Stokes Equation
aModels
2
Turbulence
aExamples:
aWake of a water near the columnn of a
bridge.
aDispersion of Smoke in the atmosphere.
3
Definition
a A Fluid motion in which velocity,pressure, and other flow quantities
fluctuate irregularly in time and space.
4
Methods for Solving
Turbulent Equations
5
Navier Stokes Equation
u v w
+ + =0
x y z
u u u 1 dp 2u 2u 2u
u +v + w = + 2+ 2+ 2
x x x dx x y z
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For turbulent flow,
u (t ) = u + u '(t )
[ ]
1 t +T 1 t +T
u' =
T t
u ( t ) u dt =
T
t
u ' ( t )dt = 0
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Time averaged Navier Stokes Equation
2
( zx u ' w') ( zy w' v') ( zz w' )
8
Turbulence Models
aIntegral Method
aEddy-Viscosity Models
`Zero-Equation Models
`One-Equation Models
`Two- Equation Models
Advantages
-Computational Simplicity and Ease.
-Useful for same kind of flow.
-Easy to interpolate with experimental bench marks.
Disadvantages
-Lack of Flexibility.
10
2.Eddy Viscosity models
Momentum Equation,
u u 1 dp u
u +v = +v 1 +
x y dx y v y
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(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
u
= l . l
i
y
0 = 0 . 0168 (u
0
e u ) dy
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(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Simplest of Models satisfying the requirements.
Disadvantages
-Some ad hoc assumptions have to be made regarding boundary layer and
velocity.
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(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
u
q2 2
x
+v
q2 2
y
=v
y
[
1 + ( r ) ]
q2 2
y
+ v S ij
u i
xi
[ ] q2
Cv 1 + (r ) 2
2l
where
q 2 u '2 + v'2 + w'2 Turbulence Kinetic Energy
= ,
2 2
= Dimensionless Turbulent Viscosity
1 ui u j
Sij = + Mean Strain Rate
2 x j xi
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(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Additional assumptions can be avoided.
-Break from the equilibrium concepts in a practical consderation.
Disadvantages
-The length scale is still a algebraic quantity.
-Computationally more difficult.
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(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Turbulence K.E.
T k
2
k u i k 1/ 2
u j = ij + + + 2
x j x j x j k x j x j
Dissipation Rate
T
2
u i 2 2 T u 2
u j = C1 ij + + C2 + 2
x j k x j x j x j k x 2
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(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Overcomes the short comings of zero and one equation model.
Disadvantages
-Not appropriate to use in a viscous sublayer.
-Still need to make assumptions.
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3.Reynolds Stress Models
Advantages
-More General than Eddy-Viscosity Models.
-Better Prediction for flow with sudden changes.
-Possible Ultimate turbulence models.
Disadvantages
-None of the equations can be solved exactly.
-Computational difficulty because of more no. of PDE.
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aCauses of Turbulent Motion .
aSteady State.
aMass Weighted averaging.
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