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Point Mass
(1) An object can be considered as a point object if
during motion in a given time, it covers distance
much greater than its own size.
(2) Object with zero dimension considered as a point
mass.
(3) Point mass is a mathematical concept to simplify
the problems.
Inertia
(1) Inherent property of all the bodies by virtue of
which they cannot change their state of rest or uniform
motion along a straight line by their own is called
inertia.
(2) Inertia is not a physical quantity, it is only a
property of the body which depends on mass of the
body.
(3) Inertia has no units and no dimensions
(4) Two bodies of equal mass, one in motion and
another is at rest, possess same inertia because it is a
factor of mass only and does not depend upon the
velocity.
Linear Momentum
(1) Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of
motion contained in the body.
(2) It is measured in terms of the force required to stop
the body in unit time.
(3) It is also measured as the product of the mass of
the body and its velocity i.e., Momentum = mass
velocity.
If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v then its
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
P P
m = constant v = constant
2. Inertia of motion
3. Inertia of direction.
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
F
Body starts moving. Here force
changes the state of rest.
u=0 v>0
(1) The rate of change of linear momentum of a In a small interval of time, force
body is directly proportional to the external force F u decreases the magnitude of
v<u speed and direction of motion
applied on the body and this change takes place
remains same.
always in the direction of the applied force.
v In uniform circular motion only
(2) If a body of mass m, moves with velocity v then its F
direction of velocity changes,
linear momentum can be given by p mv and if force F speed remains constant. Force is
dp
dp v always perpendicular to velocity.
F is applied on a body, then F FK
dt dt
In non-uniform circular motion,
dp v
or F (K = 1 in C.G.S. and S.I. units) elliptical, parabolic or hyperbolic
dt motion force acts at an angle to
d the direction of motion. In all
dv F = mg
or F (mv) m ma these motions. Both magnitude
dt dt
and direction of velocity
dv changes.
(As a acceleration produced in the body)
dt
(2) Dimension: Force = mass acceleration
F ma Force = mass acceleration
[F ] [M][LT 2 ] [MLT 2 ]
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
mg cos C
mg mg B
called the tension. The direction of tension is so as to (6) Lamis Theorem : For three concurrent forces in
pull the body. equilibrium
F1 F
2 3
F
sin sin sin
T=F
(iv) Spring force: Every spring resists any attempt to To every action, there is always an equal (in
change its length. This resistive force increases with magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction.
change in length. Spring force is given by F Kx ;
where x is the change in length and K is the spring
constant (unit N/m).
F = Kx
x
(1) When a body exerts a force on any other body, the
second body also exerts an equal and opposite force
on the first.
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
mg
(b) In inertial frame of reference Newtons laws of
motion holds good.
(c) Inertial frame of reference are also called non-
accelerated frame of reference or Newtonian or
(ii) Swimming is possible due to third law of motion. Galilean frame of reference.
(iii) When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward Example: The lift at rest, lift moving (up or down)
(action). The gun recoils backward (reaction) as shown with constant velocity, car moving with constant
in above fig. velocity on a straight road.
(iv) Rebounding of rubber ball takes place due to third (ii) Non-inertial frame of reference
law of motion.
(a) Accelerated frame of references are called non-
inertial frame of reference.
R sin (b) Newtons laws of motion are not applicable in non-
R inertial frame of reference.
R cos Example: Car moving in uniform circular motion, lift
which is moving upward or downward with some
acceleration,
(v) While walking a person presses the ground in the
Impulse
backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground
pushes the person in forward direction with an equal
(1) When a large force works on a body for very small
force (reaction). The component of reaction in time interval, it is called impulsive force.
horizontal direction makes the person move forward. An impulsive force does not remain constant, but
(vi) It is difficult to walk on sand or ice. changes first from zero to maximum and then from
(vii) Driving a nail into a wooden block without maximum to zero. In such case we measure the total
holding the block is difficult. effect of force.
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
(3) Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is interval of time resulting in a large force due to which
same as that of force. we are seriously injured.
(5) Dimension : [ MLT 1 ]
(6) Units : Newton-second or Kg-m- s 1 (S.I.)
Dyne-second or gm-cm- s 1 (C.G.S.)
(7) Force-time graph : Impulse is equal to the area
under F-t curve.
If we plot a graph between force and time, the area
under the curve and time axis gives the value of
impulse.
I Area between curve and time axis Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
1
Base Height If no external force acts on a system (called isolated) of
2
Force
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
(ii) A person left on a frictionless surface can get away Let m0 initial mass of rocket, v
from it by blowing air out of his mouth or by throwing m = mass of rocket at any instant t m
some object in a direction opposite to the direction in (instantaneous mass)
which he wants to move. mr residual mass of empty container
(iii) Recoiling of a gun: For bullet and gun system, of the rocket
the force exerted by trigger will be internal so the u = velocity of exhaust gases,
momentum of the system remains unaffected. v = velocity of rocket at any instant t
(instantaneous velocity) u u
dm
rate of change of mass of rocket
dt
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
LIFT
R
R mg = 0 Apparent weight
Lift is at rest v=0 a=0
R = mg = Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift moving upward
v = constant R mg = 0 Apparent weight
or downward with a=0
constant velocity R = mg = Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a v = variable R mg = ma Apparent weight
upward at the rate a<g
of 'a R = m(g + a) > Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
Lift accelerating R
g v = variable R mg = mg Apparent weight
upward at the rate a=g
R = 2mg = 2 Actual weight
of g
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a v = variable mg R = ma Apparent weight <
downward at the a<g
R = m(g a) Actual weight
rate of a
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating Apparent weight
g v = variable mg R = mg
downward at the a=g = Zero
R=0
rate of g (weightlessness)
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
Apparent weight
R mg R = ma
Lift accelerating a>g negative means the
v = variable
downward at the a>g R = mg ma body will rise from the
rate of a(>g) R = ve floor of the lift and stick
Spring Balance to the ceiling of the lift.
mg
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
f m2 F
m2 f
f m2a m1 m2
a
f F
B
m1 f m1a a
m1 m2
A
m2 F
m1
a
m1F
F f m2a f
f m2 F m1 m2
F f1 F
m1 F f1 m1a a
B
C m1 m2 m3
A
F m3
m1 m2
a
(m2 m3 )F
f1 f2 m2a f1
f1 f2 m1 m2 m3
m2
a
m3 F
f2
m3 f2 m3a f2
m1 m2 m3
a F
f1 m1a a
f1 m1 m2 m3
m1
C
A B
a
m3 F m1F
m1 m2
f1 f2 f2 f1 m2a f1
m2 m1 m2 m3
a
(m1 m2 )F
F f2 m3a f2
f2 F m1 m2 m3
m3
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
a
F
F T F T m1a a
m1 m1 m2
B
A a
F T m2 m2 F
m1 T T m2a T
m2 m1 m2
a
T1
F
m1 T1 m1a a
m1 m2 m3
a
C m1F
A B T1 T2 T2 T1 m2a T1
T1 T2 F m2 m1 m2 m3
m2 m3
m1
a
(m1 m2 )F
T2 F F T2 m3a T2
m3 m1 m2 m3
a
F
F T1 F T1 m1a a
m1 m1 m2 m3
a
C (m2 m3 )F
A B T1 T2 T1 T2 m2a T1
T1 T2 m2 m1 m2 m3
F m3
m1 m2
a
m3 F
T2 T2 m3a T2
m3 m1 m2 m3
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
T1
T2 2m1m2
m1 a m1a T1 m1g T1 g
P m1 m2
m1g
T1
T1
m1 T1
a
m2 a 4m1m2
A m2a m2 g T1 T2 g
m2 a m1 m2
m2g
B
T2
m m1
T2 2T1 a 2 g
m1 m2
T1 T1
T1 2m1[m2 m3 ]
m1 a m1a T1 m1g T1 g
m1 m2 m3
m1g
T3
p T1
T1 m2 a 2m1m3
m2a m2 g T2 T1 T2 g
T1 m2g + T2 m1 m2 m3
a m1
A
m2
B T T2
2
m3 a 4m1[m2 m3 ]
m3 a m3a m3 g T2 T3 g
m3g m1 m2 m3
C
T3
[(m2 m3 ) m1 ]g
T3 2T1 a
m1 m2 m3
T1 T1
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
T2 M
m1 2m2
m2 a m2a T2 m2g 2
T2 T1 g
M
m2g m1 m2
M R
2
T2 Torque (T1 T2)R I
m2 T1 a
a (T1 T2 )R I M
R
R m2 2m1
B a 2
m1 T2 g
1 a
(T1 T2 )R MR 2 M
A 2 R m1 m2
2
T2 T1 Ma
T1 T2
2
a m1a m2
a g
A m1
T P m1 m2
m1 T
T T m1a
m2 a
B
m2 a m1m2
m2a m2g T T g
m1 m2
m2g
T
a
P
m1 m m1 sin
T m1g sin m1a T m1g sin a 2 g
a T m1 m2
m1
A m2 a
B
T m1m2 (1 sin )
m2a m2g T T g
m2 a m1 m2
m2g
T
a
m1 (m2 sin m1 sin )
a g
a T m1g sin T m1g sin m1a m1 m2
T a
m1 m2
A
B
T a
m2 m1m2 (sin sin )
m2a m2g sin T T g
m1 m2
m2g sin
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
T
a
m1 m1g sin
m1g sin m1g sin T m1a a
m1 m2
P
T
a
m1
A
a
m2
T
B m2 T m2a 2m1m2
T g
4m1 m2
a1
A
P a
m1
T
m1 T
T m1a 2m2 g
T a1 a
4m1 m2
d 2 (x 2 ) m2 a2 m2 g
As a2
dt 2 4m1 m2
B
2
1 d (x 1 ) 2T
2 dt 2 2m1m2 g
a T
m2 m2 g 2T 4m1 m2
a1 m2 (a/2) 2
a2
2
m2g
a1 acceleration of block A
a 2 acceleration of block B
T1
(m1 m2 )
a m1 a m1a m1g T1 a g
[m1 m2 M ]
C
T2 T1 m1g
M
T1 T2
T2 m1(2m2 M )
m2a T2 m2g T1 g
a m2 m1 a m2 a [m1 m2 M ]
B A m2g
Ma m2 (2m2 M )
T1 T2 Ma T2 g
[m1 m2 M ]
T2 M T1
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
a
F (M m)a F
a
M m
M T1
T1 Ma
F
T1 M
T1 force applied by the string on (M m)
a
the block
m
M F
m/2
M T2 m (2M m)
T2 M a T2 F
2 2(M m)
T2 Tension at mid point of the
rope
L m F ma a F /m
T F F
x a
m = Mass of string
m [(L x)/L] L x
T = Tension in string at a L x T F
T T m a L
distance x from the end where L
the force is applied a
A (M/L)x B
F2 L Mxa F1 F2
F1 T F1 F1 T a
L M
A B a
x
M x x
M = Mass of uniform string F2 F1 F1 F2 Ma T F1 1 F2
L L
L = Length of string
a
T
A
A
Lx
L T B
B T T
x T
B
C
F x
M C
Mass of segment BC x F
L
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
Newton's first law of the motion defines the force. The change in momentum of a body depends on the
magnitude and direction of the applied force and the
Absolute units of force remain the same throughout the
period of time over which it is applied i.e. it depends on its
universe while gravitational units of force vary from place to
impulse.
place as they depend upon the value of g.
Newton's second law of motion gives the measure of force Guns recoil when fired, because of the law of
i.e. F = ma. conservation of momentum. The positive momentum
gained by the bullet is equal to negative recoil momentum
Force is a vector quantity. of the gun and so the total momentum before and after the
Absolute units of force are dyne in CGS system and newton firing of the gun is zero.
(N) in SI. m
1 N = 105 dyne. Recoil velocity of the gun is V v
M
Gravitational units of force are gf (or gwt) in CGS system
where m = mass of bullet, M = mass of gun and v =
and kgf (or kgwt) in SI. muzzle velocity of bullet.
1 gf = 980 dyne and 1 kgf = 9.8 N The rocket pushes itself forwards by pushing the jet of
The beam balance compares masses. exhaust gases backwards.
Acceleration of a horse-cart system is dm
Upthrust on the rocket = u . where u = velocity of
HF dt
a
M m dm
escaping gases relative to rocket and rate of consumption
where H = Horizontal component of reaction; F = force of dt
friction; M = mass of horse; m = mass of cart. of fuel.
The weight of the body measured by the spring balance in
a lift is equal to the apparent weight.
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)
THEORY & CONCEPTS FOR NEET & IIT (NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION)