There are seven important thermodynamic parameters (state functions).

P (pressure), V (volume), T (temperature), H (enthalpy), S (entropy), and E

(internal energy)
A spontaneous reaction is one that occurs without the continuous
addition of energy. A spontaneous reaction could require centuries before
measurable amounts of product are formed.
A spontaneous process is one that occurs without the continuous input of
energy.
Any reaction or process that is not at equilibrium will proceed
spontaneously toward equilibrium.
Spontaneous reaction is always irreversible. Not requiring an outside source of
energy to proceed (The universe has gained entropy). DS universe= DS system +
DS surroundings>0
Non-spontaneous reaction are reversible (manipulable by heat flow). DS= DS
system + DS surroundings = 0
Sys Surrounding Process
+ + Spontaneous
- - Non-spontaneous
+ - sys>surr
- + surr>sys
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Any spontaneous process increases the disorder or randomness of the
universe.
Entropy- A measure of molecular randomness, or disorder
Low order, higher entropy gas>liquid>solid high order, lower entropy
Calculating DS of the system

So = total entropy of the products total entropy of the reactants

So = nSo (products) - mSo (reactants)

Predict the sign for So and then calculate So

1. CO(g) + 2H2(g) = CH3OH(l)

So = 126.8 J/mol-K 197.9 J/mol-K 2(131.0 J/mol-K) = -333.1 J/mol-
K
2. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
So = 39.8 J/mol-K + 213.6 J/mol-K 92.9 J/mol-K) = 160.5 J/mol-K
Calculating So of the surroundings

Entropy changes occur whenever heat is transferred between a system and its
surroundings. The magnitude of the entropy change depends on the temperature
at which the process occurs. For a reaction taking place at constant temperature:

H orxn
S osurr
Trxn

1. Calculate Sosurr for the following reaction:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) = CH3OH(l) occurring at 1 atm and 298.0 K. (You already

calculated Horxn.)

kJ
128.2
S osurr mol
298.0 K
= 0.4300 kJ/mol-K = 4300 J/mol-K

6. Calculate Sosurr for the following reaction:

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) occurring at 1 atm and 298.0 K. (You already

calculated Horxn.)

kJ
- 178.0
S osurr mol
298.0 K
= -0.5973 kJ/mol-K = -597.3 J/mol-K
Activity: