Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data:
Data is a collection of information such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols, images, sound,
video.
Data Communication:
Data communication means exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as cable or wire or even wireless
1. Delivery:
The system must deliver the data to the correct designation.
2. Accuracy:
The system must deliver the data accurately.
3. Timeliness:
The system must deliver the data in timely manner. The Data delivered late are
useless.
4. Jitter: jitter refers to the variation in the packets. (when the data passing through
network which has broken in to number of small sections, this section of data are
called packets)
Networking:
Networking is the practice of linking two or more devices such as computers, mobile
phones, etc together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of
computer hardware and computer software.
Network Types:
There are three types of network, they are
LAN: (Local Area Network)
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office
building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a
LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. The communication speed is from 10
Mbps to 100 Mbps (Mega bits per second)
A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state or country. WANs often
connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro
area networks (MANs). The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
Network Structure:
Advantages:
1. The network is easy to operate.
2.The resource sharing is very simple.
Disadvantages:
1.It can not be used for larger networks.
2.It is not used for database applications.
Advantages:
1.This network can be used for large
networks.
2.The network is more secure.
Disadvantages:
1.It is difficult to install the network.
2. The cost of the network is high
Network Topology:
Topology is the arrangement of computers, cables and connecting devices in a network.
There are four different types of topologies, they are
1. Star Topology:
In this topology, all terminals are connected to a central computer,
(server) or hub. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure
by connecting all of the systems to a central node.
Advantages:
` 1. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
2.There is no possibility of data collision.
3.More computers can be easily added to the network.
Disadvantages:
1. It requires dedicated server. If server fails entire network gets
collapsed.
2.It is more expensive to install.
3.It requires large amount of cable.
2.Bus Topology
In this topology all terminals are connected to common cable called as a bus.
This topology may have problems when two clients want to transmit at the
same time on the same bus. Commonly has a slower data transfer rate than
other topologies.
Advantages:
1. It is not expensive to install.
2. It is easy to expand the network.
Disadvantages:
1. It is difficult to detect cable fault.
2. It does not require dedicated server.
3.Ring Topology:
In this type of network topology all the nodes(computers) are connected in a
circular series of a cable. A ring topology provides only one pathway between
any two nodes, ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link
Advantages:
1. It uses less amount of cable.
2. It gives consistent performance in case of heavy traffic.
Disadvantages:
1. In case of node failure entire network fails.
2. It is very difficult to detect fault.
4.Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, each of the network computer and other devices, are
interconnected with one another. Every node not only sends its own signals but also
relays data from other nodes. In fact a true mesh topology is the one where every
node is connected to every other node in the network. This type of topology is very
expensive as there are many redundant connections, thus it is not mostly used in
computer networks.
Advantages:
1) Data can be transmitted from different devices
simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic.
2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an
alternative present. So data transfer doesnt get affected.
3) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without
disrupting other nodes.
Disadvantages:
1) Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to
other network topologies.
2) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult.
Even administration of the network is tough.
Network Media:
1.Wire-Based Media:
b) Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable is an electrical cable with an inner conductor
surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a
tubular conducting shield. The cable can not have electro magnetic
interface. These cables are used in Television transmission, long
distance telephone Communication and LAN.
c) Optical Fibers:
A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system that fiber-
optics is replacing. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to
transmit information down fiber lines instead of using electronic pulses
to transmit information down copper lines. At one end of the system is
a transmitter. This is the place of origin for information coming on to
fiber-optic lines. The transmitter accepts coded electronic pulse
information coming from copper wire. It then processes and translates
that information into equivalently coded light pulses. A Light-Emitting
Diode (LED) can be used for generating the light pulses.
The cable has high bandwidth and data rate up to 2Gbps.These cables
are used in long distance telephone communication, military
applications WAN and MAN.
2.Wireless Media:
In this type of network, connection is established using high frequency
radio signals, Infrared signals or microwaves. The computers in the network
use a transceiver antenna to transmit and receive information.
Network Hardware:
1.MODEM:
MODEM stands for MODulation and DEModulation. Modem is used to convert the
analog signal into digital and digital signal into analog as the computer does not
understand analog signal, only understands digital (binary) signal.
A hub joins multiple computers together to form a single network segment. On this
network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other. A hub
contains multiple ports. When a data arrives at one port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all data. A hub runs in half-duplex
mode, means allowing each machine either to send or receive at any given time.
3.SWITCH:
4. Bridge:
Network bridges are used to connect two similar networks. It can also be used to
connect two similar network. A bridge reads the address of all the signals it receives
and according to the address, it decides appropriate route for the signal.
5.Router:
Router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected
to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a MAN and its ISPs
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks
connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for
forwarding the packets, and they use protocols to communicate with each other and
configure the best route between any two hosts.
Network Protocols:
A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and rules for
exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in
telecommunications. Eg: TCP/IP , HTTP
The Application layer which provides services directly to the users such
as Email, File transfer etc.
2. Pesentation Layer:
The presentation layer which provides services to translate, encrypt and compress
data.
3. Session Layer:
The session layer tracks connections, also called sessions. The session layer should
keep track of multiple file downloads from a web server. This layer establishes,
manage and terminate sessions.
4. Transport Layer
The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination
hosts to carry on a conversation. It verifies correct packet arrival.
5. Network Layer
Network Access layer defines details of how data is physically sent through the
network, including how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices
that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or
twisted pair copper wire.
The Physical layer is responsible for the ultimate transmission of data over network
communications media. It operates with data in the form of bits that are sent from
the Physical layer of the sending (source) device and received at the Physical layer of
the destination device. Hubs and Cables are a part of the Physical layer. At the
Physical layer, data are transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the
physical medium such as electric voltages (pulses), radio frequencies or light rays.
Internet:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical
networking technologies.
Access service offers large organizations LAN users a direct access to Internet with
dedicated high-speed connection and unlimited access. Evermore, Internet Dedicated
Access provides domain names and static IP addresses to enable you to host your
own corporate email and web servers.
This is same as TCP/IP access but provides faster data transmission. This
method is expensive than TCP/IP and gives error free transmission through
ISDN(Phone line) line.
WEBSITE:
WEB BROWSERS:
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified
by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or
other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to
navigate their browsers to related resources.
Eg:
1.Internet Explorer
2 Netscape Navigator.
3 Mozilla Firefox.
4 Opera
A popular protocol for sending e-mail is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and a popular
protocol for receiving it is POP (Post Office Protocol).
Email service provider (ESP) is an organization which provides email servers to send,
receive, and store email for the general public.(e.g. Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, Gmail, and many
others). An Internet Service Provider (ISP) which provides Internet access to end users is
almost always an ESP (email service provider) too. An ESP's services are typically paid for
by subscription, as part of membership, or through advertising.
BLOGS:
A weblog, sometimes written as weblog, is a Web site that consists of a series of entries
arranged in reverse chronological order, often updated on frequently with new information
about particular topics like images, audio or video. The information can be written by the
site/image owner, gleaned from other Web sites or other sources, or contributed by users.
The weblog seems popular because the viewer knows that something changes every day,
there is a personal point-of-view, and, on some sites, there is an opportunity to collaborate
or respond with the Web site and its participants. Weblog analyzes a Web site's access log
and reports the number of visitors, views, hits, most frequently visited pages, and so forth.
Domain Name is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet
however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name,
therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address.
For example, the domain name www.google.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.
Domain Names:
The three or two letter code indicating whether the address is a business (.com), a
non-profit orgination (.org), a branch of the government (.gov), a part of the imltary (.mil),
a college or university (.edu), academic institution (.ac), india (.in), England (.uk), Australia
(.aus) and so on. For end user domain names are in text format because it is easy to
remember but for computers it is in number form(IP Address). The DNS is converting this
text format to number format.
i) AND:
If you want to search printer and scanners then you should use the
word AND. Now the search engine looks only for pages that include
both terms and ignores pages that include only one of them.
ii) OR: The search engine looks for pages that include either or both of
the terms
iii) NOT: The search engine looks for pages that include the term printer,
but do not also include the term scanner. The engine ignores any
pages that include both terms.
c) Meta Search:
Meta search engine is software which can search through many internet
search engines simultaneously. The user search request is sent to number of
search engines like Google, Msn, India times, yahoo, etc. The user can check
the results obtained from the multiple searches and then connect to any web
page he wants.
24. A network where individual computers or nodes share the processing and
storage of data with the server is ______
a) client/server based network b)MTTP network
c) peer to peer network d) none of these
a) HTML b) Browser
d) Visual Basic d) None of these
28. In _________ topology all the nodes are connected with the single cable.
a) Bus b)ring
b) Star d)none of these
29. The domain name ____is used for commercial purpose websites.
a) .edu b).com
b) .ind.co.in d).org
30. In _____ topology all nodes are connected directly to a central system.
33. The protocol which is used to send and receive computer programs and
information is
a)FTP b)POP c)TCP/IP d)none of these
35. A _______ area Network covers many cities, states, countries or even
continents.
a) Local b) Metropolitan c) Wide d)None of these
36. In _____ topology all nodes are connected directly to a central system.
a) busb)ring c)star d)Mesh
37. A _______ area Network covers many cities, states, countries or even
continents.
a) Local b) metropolitan c)Wide d)None of these
38. ______________ consists of solid copper conductor surrounded by a flexible
plastic insulation, braided copper shielding and an outer jacket.
44. In _________ topology all devices are connected to common shared cable.
a) Star b) Ring c) Bus d) Tree
50. The protocol to download email and store it in your computer is __________
a) POP b)NNTP c)FTP d)HTTP
51. In which of the following data is transmitted using lively beams of light.
85. Which OSI layer is responsible for adding a header that includes routing
information?
a) Network Layer b) Transport Layer c) Physical Layer
d) Presentation Layer
86. Which OSI layer is considered the media access control layer?
a) Data Link Layer d) Presentation Layer b) Transport Layer c) Physical Layer
87. Which OSI layer combines messages and segments into packets?
b) Transport Layer d) Presentation Layer c) Physical Layer
a) Network Layer
88. Which OSI layer is responsible for the mechanical connection to the network?
a. Physical Layer d) Presentation Layer d) Presentation Layer
89. The OSI layer responsible for data compression and encryption is
which layer?
a. Presentation Layer c) Physical Layer d) Application layer
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