Echinodermata

(sister group to chordates)

Urochordata
(tunicates)

Cephalochordata
(lancelets)

Ancestral deuterostome
Myxini
(hagfishes)

Notochord
Brain
Cephalaspidomorphi
(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes

Head
(sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Actinopterygii
Chordates

(ray-finned fishes)
Craniates

Actinistia
(coelacanthus)
Vertebral column
Vertebrates

Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Gnathostomes

Amphibia
(frogs, salamanders)
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lobed fins
Osteichthyans

Reptilia
Lobe-fins

(turtles, snakes,
Lungs or lung derivatives

crocodiles, birds)
Legs
Tetrapods

Mammalia
(mammals)
Amniotes

Milk

Amniotic egg
 Saurischians

Dinosaurs

Lepidosaurs

Archosaurs

Diapsids Synapsids

Reptiles

Ancestral
amniote
Class Mammalia
~ 5,300 species

Characteristics
(1) Hair

(2) Mammary glands that produce milk

(3) Diaphragm (muscular sheet that helps ventilate the lungs)

(4) 4-chambered hearts

(5) Endothermic

(6) Most born rather than hatched

(7) Placenta [eutherian (placental) mammals]

(8) Larger brains than other vertebrates

(9) Differentiation of teeth

Evolution of Mammals

Evolved from reptilian

stock earlier than birds
Ancestors were Synapsids
Mesozoic mammals =
small, nocturnal insect
eaters

Filled the adaptive zones

vacated by dinosaurs at
close of Mesozoic
Three Major Groups:
(1) Monotremes: Platypuses &
echidnas

Only living mammals that lay eggs

Found only in Australia & New
Guinea

(2) Marsupials: Opossums, Kangaroos,

Koalas etc.

Complete embryonic development in a

maternal pouch: marsupium

Animal born short time after fertilization 33

days

Opossums } only living marsupials outside of

Australian Region.
 (3) Eutherian (Placental) Mammals

Complete embryonic development within

uterus
Joined to mother by placenta

Marsupials & Placentals may have

diverged from common ancestor
80- 100X106 y ago

Evolutionary relationships among orders

not firm
Convergent Evolution
In Austrailia, convergent
evolution has resulted in a
diversity of marsupials
that resemble eutherians
in similar ecological
nitches in other parts of
the world.
Four main evolutionary lines for eutherian mammals
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Tubulidentata Rodentia Carnivora
Lagomorpha Cetartiodactyla
Hyracoidea
Afrosoricida (golden Primates Perissodactyla
moles and tenrecs) Dermoptera Chiroptera
(flying lemurs) Eulipotyphla
Macroscelidea
(elephant shrews) Scandentia (tree Pholidota
Monotremata Marsupialia Xenarthra shrews) (pangolins)

Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians

Possible phylogenetic tree of mammals. All 20

extant orders of mammals are listed at the top of
the tree.
Ancestral mammal
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Proboscidea Long, muscular trunk;

Elephants thick, loose skin;
upper incisors
elongated as tusks

African elephant
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Sirenia Aquatic; finlike

Manatees, forelimbs and no
dugongs hind limbs;
herbivorous
Manatee
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Tubulidentata Teeth consisting of

Aardvark many thin tubes
cemented together;
eats ants and termites

Aardvark
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Hyracoidea Short legs; stumpy

Hyraxes tail; herbivorous;
complex,
multichambered
Rock hyrax stomach
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Xenarthra Reduced teeth or no

Sloths, teeth; herbivorous
anteaters, (sloths) or
armadillos carnivorous
(anteaters, armadillos)
Tamandua
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Carnivora Sharp, pointed canine

Dogs, wolves, teeth and molars for
bears, cats, shearing; carnivorous
weasels, otters,
seals, walruses Coyote
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Perissodactyla Hooves with an odd

Horses, number of toes on
zebras, tapirs, each foot;
rhinoceroses herbivorous

Indian rhinoceros
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Cetartiodactyla Hooves with an even

Artiodactyls number of toes on
Sheep, pigs, each foot; herbivorous
cattle, deer,
giraffes
Bighorn sheep

Cetaceans
Aquatic; streamlined
Whales, body; paddle-like
dolphins, forelimbs and no
porpoises hind limbs; thick
layer of insulating
Pacific white-
sided porpoise
blubber; carnivorous
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Chiroptera Adapted for flight;

Bats broad skinfold that
extends from
elongated fingers to
body and legs;
Frog-eating bat carnivorous or
herbivorous
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Eulipotyphla Diet consists mainly

Core insecti- of insects and other
vores: some small invertebrates
moles, some
Star-nosed
shrews
mole
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Rodentia Chisel-like
Squirrels, continuously
beavers, rats, growing incisors worn
porcupines, down by gnawing;
mice herbivorous
Red squirrel
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Lagomorpha Chisel-like incisors;

Rabbits, hind legs longer than
hares, picas forelegs and adapted
for running and
jumping

Jackrabbit
 ORDERS MAIN
AND EXAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

Primates Opposable thumbs;

Lemurs, forward-facing eyes;
monkeys, well-developed
chimpanzees, cerebral cortex;
gorillas, Golden lion omnivorous
humans tamarin
Primates and the Phylogeny of Homo sapiens
First primates -small arboreal mammals
Descended from insectivores late in Cretaceous
By end of Mesozoic order was already defined

Traits shaped by demands of living in trees

(1) limber shoulder joints (to brachiate)

(2) dexterous hand with sensitive fingers flat nails &

opposable thumb (fully opposable in anthropoids)

(3) eyes close together on front of face

(4) excellent hand-eye coordination

Modern Primates Order = Primata
Three main groupings:
(1) Lemurs (Madagascar), lorises, bush babies (tropical Africa & S. Asia)

(2) Tarsiers (S.E. Asia)

(3) Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes and humans)

 First were monkey-like primates }
prosimian stock 40X106 y (Africa)
The prosimian ancestor was most
likely a tarsier
New World and Old World Monkeys
evolved separately for millions of
years

All New World are arboreal Old World } ground dwelling & arboreal
Anthropoid suborder also contains four Genera of apes

(1) Hylobates: gibbons

(2) Pongo: orangutans

(3) Gorilla: gorillas

(4) Pan: chimpanzees & bonobo

Emergence of Human Kind

Human ancestors were not modern apes

Chimps and humans represent two divergent branches of

the anthropoid tree that evolved from a common ancestor.

Human evolution is not a ladder, but a multibranched bush

with humans being the tip of the only twig still living.

Many people think human characteristics evolved in

unison: NOT!

Different features evolved at different rates = mosaic

evolution
 LE 34-41

Paranthropus Homo Homo

robustus neanderthalensis sapiens
0
Paranthropus Homo ?
boisei ergaster
0.5

1.0

1.5
Australopithecus
africanus

2.0
Kenyanthropus
Millions of years ago

platyops
2.5
Australopithecus
3.0
garhi Homo
Australopithecus erectus
anamensis
3.5
Homo
Homo habilis
4.0
rudolfensis

4.5
Ardipithecus Australopithecus
ramidus afarensis
5.0

5.5

6.0
Orrorin tugenensis

6.5
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
7.0
Hominins originated in Africa about 67 million
years ago (Sahelanthropus tchadensis)

Early hominins had a small brain but probably

walked upright, exhibiting mosaic evolution

Hominin diversity increased dramatically between 4

and 2 X 106 y ago (Australopiths)
In 1924, Australopithecus
africanus skull discovered in
South Africa
(3.0X106y2.4X106y)

(1) Walked fully erect

(2) Had human-like hands and

teeth

(3) Brain 1/3 the size of a modern

human
Homo ergaster 1.9-1.6 X 106 y ago

Larger brain than H. habilis (900 cm3)

Sexual dimorphism was significantly

reduced.
Neanderthals

Descended from an earlier species H. heidelbergensis

Earliest known fossils of H. sapiens 195,000 & 160,000 y old
in Ethiopia

DNA evidence strongly suggests that all living humans have

ancestors that originated as H. sapiens in Africa.

Oldest fossils outside of Africa 115,000 y ago

One population spread East, reaching Austrailia by 50-45,000

y ago.

A second population remained in Southwestern Asia or India

for 5-10,000 y then expanded and colonized Northern Africa,
temperate Europe and the Russian Plain.
 Early spread of modern humans
from east African source, 60,000 to
40,000 years ago
Later spread of modern humans
from west Asian source, 45,000 to
35,000 years ago

LAKE BAIKAL
Kostenki
CASPIAN SEA

Ksar Akil-

Haua Fteah

Hypothesized West Asian

Source area of modern northern
Eurasians and north Africans,
Hypothesized east African source
50,00045,000 years ago
area of modern humans, 80,000 to
60,000 year ago

Hofmeyer

Human pathways. Reconstructed spread of modern humans during the late Pleistocene, and locations of some key early Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites. Grine
et al., Olivieri et al., and Anikovich et al. provide new evidence confirming that early modern humans spread from southwestern Asia into northern Africa, Europe, and
Russia about 45,000 to 40,000 years ago.