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Adolescent Parents Values: The Role
Played by Retrospective Perceptions of The
Family-of-Origin

Ana Prioste, Isabel Narciso, Miguel

M.Gonalves & Ccero R.Pereira

Journal of Child and Family Studies

ISSN 1062-1024

J Child Fam Stud

DOI 10.1007/s10826-015-0211-x

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1 23
 Author's personal copy
J Child Fam Stud
DOI 10.1007/s10826-015-0211-x
ORIGINAL PAPER
Adolescent Parents Values: The Role Played by Retrospective
Perceptions of The Family-of-Origin
Ana Prioste1 Isabel Narciso2 Miguel M. Goncalves3 Ccero R. Pereira4
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Family-of-origin is an important system in in-
dividuals lives, and its influence is extensive over the life
cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a sample
of adolescents parents, whether their retrospective per-
ceptions of parenting and relationship qualities within their
families-of-origin during adolescence predicted their cur-
rent collectivist and individualist values. Participants in-
cluded 110 Portuguese adults with a mean age of
46.86 years old. The results of structural equation model-
ing supported that retrospective perceptions of parenting
and relationship qualities in the family-of-origin predicted
the adults collectivist values but not their individualist
values. This study highlights the importance of retrospec-
tive perceptions of supporting and non-rejecting parenting
for value acquisition. The results also suggest that values
that preserve and protect family connections and col-
laborations are more likely to be socialized by families.
Implications for practice and for the theories on parenting,
values, family-of-origin influences and family intergen-
erational transmission are discussed.
& Ana Prioste
anaprioste@gmail.com
1
Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda
da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
2
Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,
Portugal
3
Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga,
Portugal
4
Instituto Ciencias Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,
Portugal
Keywords Collectivist values
Individualist values

Relational climate
Family-of-origin
Parental practices

Retrospective perceptions
Introduction
Values represent a set of structuring principles of a per-
sons life and social organization (Rohan 2000); values
have essential roles in the lives of individuals and groups
(Roest et al. 2006; Rokeach 1973; Schwartz 1994). Per-
sonal values are influenced by the interrelations of macro
(e.g., social, political, educational and economic contexts),
micro (e.g., family-of-origin, nuclear family) and
chronosystemic variables (e.g., individual and family life
cycle stages) (Bengtson et al. 2002; Brofenbrenner 1986).
Family-of-origin is a particularly influential system in in-
dividuals lives that mediates its effects through genetic,
affective, cultural and mythological inheritances (Hall
1981). Several theoretical perspectives, namely, social
learning theory (e.g., Bandura 1977), attachment theory
(e.g., Byng-Hall 2008; Bowlby 1988) and family system
theories (e.g., Bowen 1978; Imber-Black 1993; Minuchin
1984; Palazzoli et al. 1980), converge in the assumption
that certain values and behaviors (e.g., parenting behaviors)
are assimilated from ones experiences within the family
(Belsky et al. 2009; Marin et al. 2013). So, considering the
associations between values and parenting (Grusec 2002),
and between parenting behaviors and childs adjustment
(Campbell and Gilmore 2007), positive parenting seems to
be a key variable for promotional, preventive and
therapeutic interventions with families.
Beyond the influences of family-of-origin, individuals
also have agentic roles in determining their value orienta-
tions as they face several challenges, demands and changes
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 Author's personal copy
throughout their life spans (e.g., becoming a member of a
new family, transitions to work and career development
and parenthood) (Roest et al. 2009). Thus, past and current
contexts act as a continuum that shapes an individuals
values.
Research on family transmission of values has mainly
focused on similarities between childrens, parents and
grandparents values and on the process of the transmission
of these values (e.g., Grusec and Goodnow 1994; Rohan
and Zanna 1996). Moreover, research has highlighted the
roles of familial and parental variables on this process
(Bengtson et al. 2002; Grusec 2002; Pinquart and Sil-
bereisen 2004; Prioste et al. 2015; Roest et al. 2009; Yi,
Chang et al. 2004). However, the particular role played by
the retrospective relationship qualities in the family-of-o-
rigin in parents values and its contents has been poorly
explored in the literature (Roest et al. 2009).
Existing models [e.g., value acquisition model (Grusec
and Goodnow 1994) and filter model (Schonpflug and Bilz
2009] and perspectives [e.g., salience (Pinquart and Sil-
bereisen 2004) and evolutionary (Schonpflug 2001;
Schonpflug and Bilz 2009)] underline the selectivity of the
acquisition and transmission process regarding the contents
of values. Considering that the values content is a core
component in these processes (Schonpflug and Bilz 2009)
and determinant to order the valuespersonal versus so-
cial outcomesproposed by Schwartz et al. (2012), we
focused on the two higher order motivational values types
measured by the Schwartz Values Surveys (SVS): col-
lectivist and individualist. Collectivist values refer to
group-oriented or values focused on social outcomes; and
individualist values mean self-oriented values or values
focused on personal outcomes (Prioste et al. 2015;
Schwartz et al. 2012).
The majority of previous studies on family values had
highlighted the following relationships: (a) the influences
of variables such as parental emotional support and par-
ental rejection on the (in)effectiveness of value acquisition
(e.g., Grusec and Goodnow 1994; Grusec et al. 2000;
Pinquart and Silbereisen 2004; Taris 2000; Taris et al.
1998) regardless of the class of values; and (b) the role of
family relationship quality as a mechanism that filters so-
cialized values and selects and reinforces collectivist val-
ues via relationship pattern modeling (Prioste et al. 2015).
Research also points out that positive parenting, i.e., par-
ental practices embedded in affect, support and discipline
focus, is strongly associated with family relational climate
(Kolak and Volling 2007; Stattin et al. 2011) and family
relations (Trommsdorff 2009). Thus, it is possible that the
effects of parenting and family relations on adolescent
collectivist values are similar to those in adulthood because
the motivational principles that collectivist values represent
involve the maintenance and promotion of family practices
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J Child Fam Stud
(Schwartz 1994). Indeed, more positive perceptions of
parental practices and family relationships lead to an
elevated likelihood that those perceptions will constitute a
source of an individuals values (Yu et al. 2008).
To study the relation between values and retrospective
perceptions of family-of-origin, we adopted: (a) the family
system theories (e.g., Byng-Hall 2008; Falcke and Wagner
2005; Imber-Black 1993; Miermont 1994; Palazzoli et al.
1980), suggesting the impact of the values and experiences
that were lived and learned within the family-of-origin on
current behaviors and values (Belsky et al. 2009; Marin,
et al. 2013); and (b) the theory of human values developed
by Schwartz (1992), proposing that values serve as moti-
vating factors guiding all socializing aspects of individuals
life. Thus, the relevance of specific values or type of values
means more motivation to attain goals underlying those
values, i.e., individuals that endorse values that set stan-
dards for how to interact with others would be motivated to
achieve those standards in their relationships.
From a developmental perspective, different stages in
the individual and family life cycle and respective tasks
influence values (Trommsdorff 2009). For instance, the
individuals values may be continued or changed by life
experiences associated to marriage, divorce or remarriage
which means that family configuration (e.g., intact family,
monoparental cohabitation, remarried family) must be
considered as an influential variable in the study of values
transmission through generations (e.g., Martin 2012).
On the other hand, values affect relationships and de-
velopmental tasks over the life span and over the gen-
erations. For example, families with adolescent children
are focused on caring for their children and their indi-
viduation-socialization development, caring for their own
parents, and balancing individual and family wellbeing
(McGoldrick and Shibusawa 2012). Because of this, the
generation of parents with adolescent children is com-
monly named as sandwich generation (Trommsdorff and
Nauck 2006). Thus, collectivist values, as guiding princi-
ples, might be more relevant to individuals who are in-
volved in an intact family with adolescent children and
sandwiched between their children and parents needs
and requests. So, parents report of parenting and rela-
tionship qualities in their family-of-origin simultaneously
influenced their own values and is influenced by their own
values.
Therefore, we sought to explore the roles of retrospec-
tive perceptions of parenting and relationship qualities with
the family-of-origin in the collectivist and individualist
values of parents within adolescent children aiming of
contributing to knowledge about the transmission of values
within the family-of-origin and to the underlying literature
on values and family influences (e.g., Bengtson et al. 2002;
Grusec et al. 2000; Rudy and Grusec 2006; Taris et al.
 Author's personal copy
J Child Fam Stud
1998). Exploration of the roles of retrospective perceptions
on parents actual values seems to be highly relevant be-
cause the narratives that are built about the past can be
more influential than the actual reality of the past (Wat-
zlawick et al. 1975). We expect that positive retrospective
perceptions of parenting and relationship quality within the
family-of-origin (i.e., retrospective perceptions of sup-
porting and non-rejecting parenting support and positive
family relational climate) will positively predict the col-
lectivist values but not the individualist values of parents.
Indeed, individualist values might represent a threat to in-
group/family identities by reinforcing individual needs
over family cohesion and cooperation (Schonpflug 2001).
Thus, parents perceptions of the qualities of parental
practices and family relationships in the family-of-origin
can be separated from their adhesion to individualist values
because the motivational principles that these values entail
imply the pursuit of autonomy and independence of action
and thought (Schwartz et al. 2012). The source of these
motivational principles may be found in the unique man-
ners in which individuals interact and perceive the world
and not in the socialization processes of their families-of-
origin.
Method
Participants
This sample of 110 (N = 110) parents with adolescent
children was comprised of 52 mothers (47.27 %) and 58
fathers (52.73 %) ranging in age between 33 and 58 years
(M = 46.86; DP = 4.81). All participants were involved in
intact marriages and had adolescent children (between 15
and 19 years old). Regarding educational levels, 37.3 % of
the participants had received higher education, 32.7 % had
received between 10 and 12 years of education and 30 %
had received between 6 and 9 years of education. The
majority had no histories of significant psychological or
psychiatric complaints (87.3 %) or serious health problems
(83.6 %). In regard to religion, 53.6 % were non-practicing
religious believers. The participants lived in the following
Portuguese geographic regions: 64.5 % in Lisbon and
surrounding areas, 16.4 % in the North, 16.4 % in the
Center, and 2.7 % in other regions of the country.
Procedures
The participants were selected from a larger sample com-
posed of 238 participants (the larger sample was composed
of parents with adolescents who were involved in intact,
single-parent or divorced families) who were participating
in a broader study about intergenerational family
(dis)similarities in values and relationship patterns. For
inclusion in the present study, participants were required to
be parents who were involved in intact families. The par-
ticipants were recruited over a 2-year period with a non-
probabilistic sampling strategy. Using a snowball process,
we collected data on 66.4 % of the sample, and with the
collaboration of the Portuguese Association of Large
Families (APFN), we recollected data on another 33.6 % of
the sample. The questionnaire packets were delivered
personally to the participants or were mailed in cases of
large families. In both cases, one researcher, consistently
for all participants, was available by e-mail and telephone
to assist participants in completing the questionnaires if
questions arose. Participants were informed about the main
objectives of the research via a written document. The
voluntary nature of their participation was also explained
and confidentiality was assured. Informed consent docu-
ments had previously been signed by all participants.
Measures
Value assessment. The Personal Values Questionnaire
(SVS, Schwartz 1992; translation and adaptation by
Menezes and Campos 1991 and Prioste et al. 2012) in-
cludes a single list of 63 values that are rated as guiding
principles of life on a scale that ranges from (1) Not
important to (6) Fundamentally important. The SVS
assesses eight types that are organized into two classes of
valuesIndividualist and Collectivist. The Collectivist
class is composed of Relational, Traditionalism, Social
Concern and Spirituality types and refers to the importance
of interdependent values; i.e., this class emphasizes values
that focus on how one connects with others. The Indi-
vidualist classcomposed of Social Power, Adventure,
Personal Balance and Personal Achievement typesac-
cesses the importance of values that emphasize ones dis-
connection from others.
In a previous study (Prioste et al. 2015) of a sample of
505 Portuguese adolescent children, the Collectivist and
Individualist classes showed good internal consistencies
(a = .90 and a = .86 for the Collectivist and Individualist
classes, respectively). In the current study, we also found
good internal consistencies for the Collectivist (a = .88)
and Individualist classes (a = .88).
Quality assessment of memories of paternal and ma-
ternal rearing practices. The participants completed the
Egna Minnen av Barndoms UppfostranMy memories
(EMBU-M; Perris et al. 1980; adapted for the Portuguese
population by Canavarro (1996), which examined the
participants retrospective perceptions about their parents
parenting styles. The EMBU-M includes 23 items that are
rated by the participants (separately for their mothers and
fathers) on a four-point Likert scale (1 = no, never;
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 Author's personal copy
4 = Yes, most of the time) and assesses the following missing data, and all parameters were estimated using the
three dimensions of parenting style: Emotional Support,
Rejection and Overprotection. In this study, we used only
the Emotional Support and Rejection dimensions to eval-
uate the participants perceptions of the quality of the
practices of their parents, since we found unsatisfactory
internal consistency for the Overprotection sub-scale
(perceptions of Overprotection by the mother and father,
a \ .5). However, we found good internal consistency
values for Emotional Support (perceptions of Emotional
Support by the mother, a = .82, and a = .82 for the father)
and Rejection (perceptions of Rejection by the mother,
a = .85, and a = .76 for the father).
Family Relationship Qualities. The participants com-
pleted the Interpersonal Relationships dimension of Family
Environment Scale (FES; Moos and Moos 1989; Por-
tuguese adaptation: Matos and Fontaine 1992), which ex-
amines their perceptions about the quality of their family
relations. The Interpersonal Relationships dimension in-
cludes 27 items that are measured on three sub-scales
(Family Cohesion, Family Expressivity and Family Con-
flict) and rated on a scale that ranges from 1 (Totally dis-
agree) to 6 (Totally agree). Cohesion includes items such
as We have lots of time and attention to each other.
Conflict comprises items such as In my family we are
angry often.
In a Portuguese validation study of the FES with a
sample of children and adolescents, Santos and Fontaine
(1995) found two factors among the complete scale that
had good internal consistencies, Centripetal Families
(a = .85) and Centrifugal Families (a = .70). Because of
the strong divergence of the factorial structure of the FES
scale between the original version (Moos and Moos 1989)
and the Portuguese validation study of the FES (Santos and
Fontaine 1995), we decided to perform an exploratory
factorial analysis on the Interpersonal Relationships di-
mension of the FES using the principal-axis factor method
with obliquin rotation and we have found two factors
Cohesion, which involved 14 items (1, 2, 11, 12, 21, 22, 31,
32, 42, 51, 61, 71, 81, 82; items 2, 11 and 61 were in-
verted), and Conflict, which involved 9 items (3, 13, 23, 33,
41, 43, 52, 53, 83; items 3, 23, 41, 43, 53 and 52 were
inverted)that explained 45 % of the variance. We de-
cided to retain the items with saturation upon .30. We
found good internal consistency values for Cohesion
(a = .89) and Conflict (a = .85).
Data Analyses
We tested the proposed model with a set of structural
equation models with latent variables. We used a variance
covariance matrix of the items with pairwise deletion of
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J Child Fam Stud
maximum likelihood algorithm with AMOS 19. To address
our aims, we specified the following two models: a model
with six latent variables in which the adults Collectivist
values were predicted by retrospective perceptions of par-
enting and relationship qualities in the family-of-origin
(see Fig. 1) and a model in which we specified the retro-
spective perceptions of parenting and relationship qualities
as predictor variables of the Individualist values of the
adults (see Fig. 2). In both models, retrospective percep-
tions of parenting and relationship qualities in the family-
of-origin (PRQFO) were high-order latent variables mea-
sured by the adults perceptions of parental rejection (PR),
the adults perceptions of parental emotional support (PES)
and the adults perceptions of their family-of-origin rela-
tionships quality (FRQ). PR was measured as the fathers
and mothers rejection. PES was measured as fathers and
mothers emotional support. FRQ was measured as cohe-
sion (C) and conflict (CO). Our dependent variables were
specified as second-order latent variables and measured as
multi-item parcels of the four dimensions of the SVS.
Specifically, Collectivist Values (CV) were measured as
Relational (R), Traditionalism (T), Social Concern (SC)
and Spirituality (S), and Individualist Values (IV) were
measured as Social Power (SP), Personal Balance (PB),
Adventure (A) and Personal Achievement (PA). We used
multi-item parcels to specify the latent variables to simplify
the model and reduce the number of paths estimated (see
Little et al. 2002). To guarantee the statistical identification
of the models, the factor loading of one of the indicators of
each latent variable was constrained at 1.00.
Results
We started by analyzing the retrospective perceptions of
parenting and relationship quality in the family-of-origin as a
predictor of adults Collectivist values. The estimated pa-
rameters (see Fig. 1) showed that retrospective perceptions
of parenting and relationship quality in the family-of-origin
were a reliable predictor of the collectivist values of the
adults (b = .34, p \ .01). Importantly, this model exhibited
an acceptable fit to the data (v163 = 262.41, p \ .001,
CFI = .90, GFI = .81, AGFI = .76, RMSEA = .07).
Regarding the Individualist values, the estimated pa-
rameters of model 2 (see Fig. 2) revealed that the retro-
spective perceptions of parenting and relationship quality in
the family-of-origin (b = .12, ns.) were not a predictor of the
individualist values of the adults, despite this model ex-
hibiting an having an acceptable fit to the data (v163 =
261.01, p \ .001, CFI = .90, GFI = .81, AGFI = .76,
RMSEA = .07).
 Author's personal copy
J Child Fam Stud

Fig. 1 Standardized maximum

likelihood coefficients for the
structural equation model
depicting the relationship
between retrospective
perception of parenting and
relationships quality in family-
of-origin and Collectivist
values. PRQFO retrospective
perception of parenting and
relationships quality in family-
of-origin; PR perception of
rejection; PES perception of
emotional support; FRQ
perception of family relations
quality; C cohesion; CF
conflict; CV collectivist values;
R Relational; T Traditionalism;
SC Social Concern;
S Spirituality. Solid lines
represent significant coefficients
(p \ .05) and dashed lines
represent non-significant
coefficients

Fig. 2 Standardized maximum

likelihood coefficients for the
structural equation model
depicting the relationship
between retrospective
perception of parenting and
relationships quality in family-
of-origin and Individualist
values. PRQFO retrospective
perception of parenting and
relationships quality in family-
of-origin; PR perception of
rejection; PES perception of
emotional support; FRQ
perception of family relations
quality; C cohesion; CF
conflict; IV individualist values;
SP social power; PB personal
balance; A adventure; PA
personal achievement. Solid
lines represent significant
coefficients (p \ .05) and
dashed lines represent non-
significant coefficients

123
 Author's personal copy
Discussion
This study investigated whether perceived quality of parental
practices would predict collectivist and individualist values
of parents with adolescent children. Our findings support our
hypothesis: positive perceptions of parenting and relation-
ship quality in the family-of-origin predict collectivist values
but not individualist values. The results are consistent with
studies that have emphasized the importance of supportive
and non-rejecting parenting to value acquisition (Grusec
et al. 2000; Pinquart and Silbereisen 2004; Taris 2000).
The data also support the perspective of family and social
solidarity (Bengtson et al. 2002), the evolutionary perspective
(Schonpflug 2001; Schonpflug and Bilz 2009) and the results
of previous studies (e.g., Prioste et al. 2015). Together, these
findings suggest that values that preserve and protect family
connections and collaboration are more likely to be socialized
by families. Values, as a component of family myths
(Palazzoli et al. 1980) or mythology (Linares 1996), also
contribute to the process of identification with the family that
help to guarantee the continuity of the family identity (Cigoli
and Scabini 2006). Thus, collectivist values serve as repre-
sentations of the need to maintain the status quo (Pereira et al.
2005; Schwartz 1994) and can be stimulated by the family or
perceptions of the family, contrarily to individualist values.
Individualist values might represent a threat to in-group/-
family cohesion and adaptive dynamics (Schonpflug 2001;
Schonpflug and Bilz 2009); thus, self-needs tend to be
stimulated by other social systems (Prioste et al. 2015). The
data support the theory of value organization (Schwartz 1992)
in that different motivations, such as self- and social-interests,
cannot be stimulated by the same source of values.
Furthermore, it is possible that our results are reinforced
by the familys life cycle stage of the sample. In one hand,
adolescent parents may be more oriented to collectivist
values that are more congruent with their family concerns
and needs and the overload of caring requests. On the other
hand, at this stage, the parental roles are focused on the
regulation of autonomy processes and on the maintenance of
proximity and family harmony and to better support ado-
lescent identity construction process (Sabatier and Lan-
negrand-Willems 2005). In this line, parents individualist
values may be a major threat in this specific familys life
cycle stage. So, it is also possible that the perception of this
threat influence the construction of the narratives built about
the past, shaping the perceptions of parenting and relation-
ship quality experienced within the family-of-origin.
Implications for Research and Practice
The results of the present study contribute to the field of
intergenerational transmission by acknowledging the influ-
ence of the family-of-origin, specifically the extensiveness
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J Child Fam Stud
of family and parental influences on values. Despite the
changes in social context and personal roles that occur over
the life cycle, representations of the family-of-origin still
influence values in adulthood, which highlights the conti-
nuity and importance of the role of family in the socialization
of children (Bengtson et al. 2002). Moreover, these results
also have implications for the literature on parenting, given
the emphasis of this literature on the extent of the influence of
rearing practices into adulthood. Specifically, our findings
show that positive parenting, i.e., supporting and non-re-
jecting, is important to collectivist values maintenance over
the life cycle.
This work highlights the importance of perceptions of
family relations on values and shows that retrospective
perceptions of the family-of-origin alone can be a source of
collectivist values. Thus, our findings provide support for
the existence of different sources of values that vary with
the class of value and its underlying motivations.
Our findings can potentially guide family psychologists
and therapists in the development and the implementation
of specific interventions to work on family mythology
(Linares 1996), illuminating psychological practices to
promote positive parenting by focusing on the following
issues: which values have been transmitted by the family-
of-origin through parenting and family relational climate?;
which values are actually being transmitted to children
through parental practices and family relationships?; how
are relational patterns experienced in the family-of-origin
associated with parental values and roles?
Limitations and Future Studies
The exploratory nature of our study, the small sample size
and the selection of the sample via a non-probabilistic
sampling strategy limit the rigor of the analyses and preclude
generalization of the results to the Portuguese population.
Replications with larger samples are necessary to increase
confidence in current findings. Additionally, only a single
measure was used to assess values as guiding principles of
life, and this measure was self-reported; thus, it is unclear
whether these findings can be generalized to other measures.
Because of the specificities of the sample (e.g., married
parents with adolescent children), the findings of the study
cannot be generalized to parents who belong to another
family configuration (e.g., monoparental or reconstituted
families) or to another stage of family life cycle. Finally, this
study was a cross-sectional, and thus we cannot infer causal
associations between the variables analyzed here.
Our results should be examined in future work involving
more complex methodological designs and data analysis
procedures; specifically, longitudinal studies, mixed
methodologies, larger and more diverse samples should be
used in future work.
 Author's personal copy
J Child Fam Stud
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Ph.D. grant of
the first author (SFRH/BD/62182/2009), financed by Technology and
Science Foundation (FCT).
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