-1

-2
 -3
 -4
 -

, , , ,
, , , .

,



 -

U U2
h = K
2g




l U2
Darcy-Weisbach h= f
D 2g
,
:



(The civil
engineering
Handbook,
Fundamentals of
Hydraulics.
Purdue University)



:
=

Le/D=0.03 ,



1 2 3

D
.
,

3
1 2 ( ).

(
)


.



Developing Flow Developed Flow .
Region Region Le Le
1
= 0.058 Re 4.4 Re 6
Le D D
entrance length
 , ...

... .
 ,
,
:




-

V2,1
h f , = K
2g
2
A
K = 1 1
A2

V2, 2
h f , = K
2g
A
K = 0.42 1 2
A1

( )-
()

V2,1
h f , = K
2g

V2, 2
h f , = K
2g




2
l V
h f , = f + K
d 2g
R
l=
180
l =
=






,
.
 1


2
 Bernoulli