Mathematics 185: Calculus II

Chapter 7: Techniques of Integration (Part I)

7.1 Integration by Parts
The technique of integration by parts allows us to reduce a complicated integral to a simpler integral.
The rule that corresponds to the Product Rule for differentiation is called the Rule for Integration by Parts.

The Product Rule state:

d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)
dx
Using definite Integrals, the equation becomes:

The above equation is the formula for integration by parts. It is easier to remember in the following notation: let
u f (x ) and v g (x) , then du f ( x)dx and dv g ( x )dx .
Integration by Parts:

Conditions for Integrating by Parts:

1.) The integrand can be written as the product of two factors, u and v .
2.) It is possible to integrate dv to get v and differentiate u to get du .
3.) The integral v du can be found.
xe
2 x
Ex.) Find dx .

1
Ex.) Find ln x dx .

3x
4 e 2 x dx .
2
Ex.) Find

Ex.) Find sin 1 x dx

2
 Ex.) Find e x cos 2 x dx .

We can combine the formula for the integration by parts and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate definite
integrals by parts:
b b

f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x) g ( x)a g ( x) f ( x)dx

b

a a

x
2
Ex.) Find ln xdx .
1

3
 3
Ex.) Find arctan 1 xdx .
1

x
2
Ex.) Find sin 2 x dx .
0

4
 Ex.) First make a substitution and then use integration by parts to evaluate the integral.

e
cos x
sin 2 x dx .
0

7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Remember the Trigonometric Identities from previous mathematics courses:

POWER-REDUCING IDENTITIES
1 cos( 2 x) 1 cos( 2 x) 1 cos( 2 x)
sin 2 x ; cos 2 x ; tan 2 x
2 2 1 cos( 2 x)

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 Differentiation Rules for Trigonometric Functions:

sin
m
When integrating problems of the form: x cos n x dx we generally try to write an integrand involving powers of
sine and cosine in a form where we have only one sine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of cosine) or
only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of sine). We can use the Pythagorean Identity to
convert between sine and cosine.

sin Strategy:
m
Powers of Sine and Cosine x cos n x dx
1.) m is odd, n is a real number Split off one power of sin x, rewrite the remaining even
number of powers of sin x in terms of cos x. Use a u-
substitution with u = cos x.

2.) n is odd, m is a real number Split off one power of cos x, rewrite the remaining even
number of powers of cos x in terms of sin x. Use a u-
substitution with u = sin x.

3.) m 0, n 0, both even Use half-angle formulas to transform the integrand into a
polynomial in cos 2x. Repeat former strategies as needed

6
Ex.) Find sin 3 x cos 4 x dx .

sin
5
Ex.) Find x dx .
0

2
1
sin x dx
2
Ex.) Find
0 3

7
 sin 3 x
Ex.) Find x dx

Ex.) Find cot 5 sin 4 d .

cos
2
Ex.) Find x sin 2 x dx .

8
 tan
m
We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form x sec n x dx . Since the derivative of tanx is equal
to sec2x, we can separate a sec2x factor and convert the remaining (even) power of secant to an expression involving
tangent using the Pythagorean Identity. Also, since the derivative of secx is equal to secxtanx, we can separate a
secxtanx factor and convert the remaining (even) powers of tangent to secant.

tan Strategy:
m
Powers of Tangent and Secant x sec n x dx
1.) n is even Split off sec2x, rewrite the remaining even number of
powers of sec x in terms of tan x. Use a u-substitution
with u = tan x.

2.) n is odd, m is odd Split off (sec x tan x), rewrite the remaining even
number of powers of tan x in terms of sec x. Use a u-
substitution with u=sec x.

tan
2
Ex.) Find x sec 4 x dx .

9
 tan
5
Ex.) Find x sec 3 x dx .

tan
4
Ex.) Find x dx .
0

cot
m
Integrals of the form x csc n x dx can be found by similar methods because of the Pythagorean Identity:
1 cot 2 x csc 2 x .
In addition we are able to use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate definite integrals.

10
 2

csc
4
Ex.) Find x cot 4 x dx .
4

To evaluate the integrals below we will use the product to sum trigonometric
identities:
1.) sin( mx) cos(nx) dx

2.) sin( mx) sin( nx) dx

3.) cos(mx) cos(nx) dx

Ex.) Find sin 2 sin 6 d

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7.3 Trigonometric Substitution
We have done substitution up to this point in effort to transform the complicated into a less complicated form. In this
section we will be doing the same thing, although it may temporarily look more complicated before it looks less
complicated.
Recall, the Pythagorean formula allows us to rewrite each side of a right triangle in terms of the other two sides.

x2
Ex.) Evaluate 9 x2
dx .

12
 dx
Ex.) Evaluate x 2
x 2 16
.

2
dt
Ex.) Evaluate
0 4 t2
.

13
 23
Ex.) Evaluate
0
4 9 x 2 dx .

x
Ex.) Evaluate 1 x2
dx .

23
dx
Ex.) Evaluate 2 3 x 5 9x 2 1
.

14
 dx
Ex.) Evaluate x 2 6 x 13
.

Exam 1 covers: Chapter 6 and 7.1 - 7.3.

Exam 1 is on:______________________________.

***No make-up exams are given, failure to attend class on the day of the exam will result in a grade of a zero for Exam
1.

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