Lesson 1 Light

The visible spectrum: It is the light energy that can be seen.

- Sources of light:
Natural Artificial
Sun: main source of light on Earth. Electric pulp
Moon: dark, but looks shiny: Because it reflects the sunlight falls on its surface. Candle
Stars Kerosene lamp

The properties of light

1- Light travels in straight lines.

- G.R: Formation of images through narrow holes: Because light travels in straight lines.
-The image is minimized and inverted.
Shadow: It is the darkened area which is formed as a result of falling light opaque object.
- Nearer object to light source has bigger shadow.
-G.R: Formation of shadow.: : Because light travels in straight lines.

2- Transmitting of light through different materials.

A- Transparent materials: B- Semi-transparent C- Opaque materials
Allow most light to pass through. Allow some light to pass Dont allow light to pass

Ex.: Clear glass - Clear water-Air. Ex.: Tissue paper. - Ex.: Wood - people.

G.R: Our bodies are opaque materials: Because they dont allow light to transmit through.
G.R: The clear glass is a transparent material: Because it allows most light to pass through.

3- light reflection: It is the bouncing (returning back) of light rays when light falls on a surface
Regular reflection: Irregular reflection:
reflection of light when it falls on smooth and reflection of light when it falls on rough
shiny reflecting surface light rays are reflected reflecting surface the light rays are reflected in
in one direction. different directions.
Ex.: Mirror surface. Ex.: White paper.

4- Light refraction: change in direction of light rays when light passes through the separating
surface between two transparent media due to the change in the light speed.

- Light speed through air is faster than that through water

- G.R: A spoon appears broken. Due to the light refraction.
- G.R: The light refracts: Because its speed changes when it passes between two different
transparent media.

5- Separation of light: splitting of white light into seven colors called spectrum colors.

- White light consists of seven spectrum colors,

- The seven spectrum colors: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
- glass prism: is used to separate white light into seven spectrum colors.
- During raining rainbow appears in the sky: Because drops of rain water acts as a prism and
separate the sunlight into seven spectrum colors.
 Lesson (2): Seeing colored objects
- Seven light colors mixed together and produce white light.

Seeing the colored objects:

1- Seeing the colored transparent (translucent) objects:

- Absorbs all colors of light and permits its own color only to pass through it.
- G.R: The red transparent glass appears red when white light falls on it:
Because it absorbs all the light colors that falls on it and allows the red light only to transmit.

2- Seeing the colored opaque objects: Don't allow light to transmit through
Opaque objects are divided into: White Black Colored

A- Seeing the white opaque object as it is: As it reflects all the light colors that falls on it.

B- Seeing the black opaque object as it is: As it absorbs all the light colors.
- G.R: We wear black clothes in winter: As they absorb all light colors cause feeling of warmth.

C- Seeing the colored opaque objects:

1- Through transparent objects: it absorbs all light colors and reflects its own color only.
we see the banana is yellow

2- Through colored transparent objects:

We see the opaque object in its real color through a transparent object has the same color.
- We see an colored opaque is dark when its color is differ from the color of colored transparent
object. Ex: the orange appears black through blue glass.

Mixing the colored lights:

- Primary colored lights: Red Green - Blue

Colored lights which impossible to be produced by mixing two of the other colored lights.

- Mixing all primary colored lights gives the white light.

- Secondary colored lights: Colored lights produced by mixing two of primary colored lights.

- Red + Green Yellow.

- Red + Blue Purple (magenta)
- Blue + Green Cyan
 Lesson (3): Magnetism
Types of magnet:
1- Natural magnet: black rock. - Magnetite: iron ores.
2- Artificial magnet: manmade.
The magnet doesn't attract all materials
Magnetic materials Attracted to the magnet iron- cobalt- nickel- steel
None-magnetic materials Not attracted to the magnet glass-chalk-aluminum-copper

G.R: The magnet attracts iron, but doesn't attract copper.

Because iron is magnetic materials, but copper is none-magnetic material.

The properties of the magnet:

1- Has two ends (poles): [north(red) south(blue)].

Two poles: regions (areas) of magnet which have attraction magnetic force.
Magnetic force: it's ability of the magnet to attract materials in its field.
Magnetic field: it's the space around the magnet in which magnetic force appears.

Magnetic force is concentrated at the 2 poles and decreases until disappears in middle.

2- The freely moving (suspended) magnet takes north-south direction.

The north pole: points (refers) to the north direction of the Earth.

3- Like (similar) poles repel, but opposite poles attract each other:

Compass: a set is used to identify (locate) the main four geographical directions.
 Lesson (4): Magnetism and Electricity

1- The magnetic effect of the electric current.

- When an electric current passes through a copper wire (coil) winding around a wrought iron bar:
the iron bar becomes a temporary magnet (The electromagnet).

The electromagnet: it's the magnet which is made by electricity.

The electromagnet converts the electric energy (electric current) into magnetic energy (magnet ).
By cutting the electric current, the wrought iron nail (electromagnet) loses its magnetic force.
G.r: A wrought iron nail is used for making the electromagnet:
Because it gains and loses the magnetism easily.
*When the electromagnet passes through the coil of the electromagnet, it will attract the iron blocks.

- The magnetic force of the electromagnet increased by: increasing the number of
A- Coil turns. B- Batteries: As the intensity of electric current passing increases.

Electromagnet:
used in: 1- lifting heavy iron blocks. 2- Making: electric bell electric mixertv.

2- The electric effect of the magnet.

- When a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, an electric current passes through the coil.
- Moving the copper wire inside the (U) shaped magnet, produce electricity.

The dynamo (the electric generator): changes the kinetic energy into electric energy.

- The electric current increases by increasing the motion of coil between the two poles of
magnet.

- Huge dynamo (electric generator): used in electric stations to generate electricity for lightening.

- Increasing electricity by:

A- Increasing the number of coil turns.
B- Using a strong magnet.
 Unit (2)
Lesson (1): Mixtures

pure substance Sugar Distilled water It's made of one type of identical particles
Mixture Milk Concrete It consists of more than one type of particles

Types of mixtures Examples of Mixtures Definition

Solid Solid Fruit salad -Vegetable salad consists of 2 or more different solid materials
Liquid Liquid (Vinegar-water) (Oil-Water) consists of 2 or more different liquid materials
Solid Liquid (Sand-water) (Salt-Water) It consists of solid and liquid matter
Gaseous Gaseous Atmospheric Air It consists of different gases
Gaseous Liquid Soda water It consists of gaseous and liquid matter
Soda water (when Carbon dioxide gas dissolves in sugar solution)

formation of mixtures:
Solid materials (Salt-Pepper) mixed by: Shaking Grinding
Liquid materials (Strawberry-Banana) mixed by: Shaking Stirring
Solid and Liquid materials (Salt-Water) mixed by: Shaking Stirring

properties of mixtures:
- Components of mixture:
- can be mixed at any ratio.
- keeps its own properties, so the properties of mixture are the same properties of its components.
- don't react (join) together, so mixture can be separated easily.

Separation of mixtures:
Magnetic attraction Sand-Iron fillings To separate magnetic material from solid mixture
Filtration process Sand-Water To separate solid material (insoluble) in water
Evaporation process Salt-Water To separate solid material (soluble) in water
Separating funnel Oil-Water To separate liquid material (insoluble) in water

Heterogeneous We Can distinguish between its components Vegetable salad (Sand-water)

mixtures
Homogeneous We Can't distinguish between its components Milk (Salt-water)
mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures: makes Solutions
 Lesson (2): Solutions
Heterogeneous mixtures: mixture in which We Can distinguish between its components.
Homogeneous mixtures: mixture in which We Can't distinguish between its components.
Homogeneous mixtures which formed by dissolving in liquids: makes Solutions.
Solution consists of: Solvent Solute.
Solvent: substance in which solute disperses (dissolves). Water: common solvent.
Solute: substance which dissolves in a solvent.
Solution: homogeneous mixture in which the solute breaks down into its basic particles and
spread throughout the solvent.
Solubility process: process by which a solute dissolves in a solvent.
Factors increases the speed of the solubility:
1- Increasing the quantity of solvent.
2- Decreasing the quantity of solute.
3- Increasing the temperature. 4- Stirring - Shaking. 5- Kind of solute.
 Unit (3): Lesson (1): Food relationship among living organisms
Food: main source of energy for all living organisms.
Plants are: producers (autotrophic organisms): because they make their own food.

Food relationships among living organisms: Predation Symbiosis Saprophytism.

(1) PREDATION: Food relationship among living organisms where living organism devours another.
Predation: temporary relation, ends up by killing or attacking the Prey.
Predator: animal devours Prey.
Prey: (devoured animal).
Predator animals: lion - tiger - wolves - cats- sharks spider (make woven to catch insects).
Predation in plants: less common: because they make their own food (Carbohydrates Protein).
Some plants prey INSECTS: to get their required elements to make protein.
- INSICTIVOROUS plants: DROSERA.
- Some animals appeal to defend themselves by: Camouflage Mimicry
(A): CAMOUFLAGE: phenomenon changing color to Simulate the surrounding environment
Chameleon: simulates the surrounding environment color.
Frog: changes its color: to hide from its enemies.
Butterfly: stands on tree with similar color.
Cuttlefish (sepia): ejects black fluid to hide from enemies.
(B): MIMICRY: phenomenon in which the harmless living organism Imitate other harmful living
Bee: looks like wasp: to fear enemies and escape.

(2) Symbiosis: Food relation between two organisms.

A- Mutualism: Food relationship in which two organisms get benefit without harmful.

1- Nodular bacteria: provide Leguminous plants with Nitrogen (in an Inorganic form).
Leguminous plant provides bacteria with Sugar.
2- Primitive organism Termites: Primitive digest cellulose.

B- COMMENSALISM: relation between 2 organisms, one benefits, the other neither benefit nor harmed

1-Bird - Crocodile: pick up food remains between teeth of.

2-Tiny aquatic - SPONGE: get food and shelter from fissures and canals inside.
3- Bee - flower: feed on Nectar - transfer Pollen grains to accomplish pollination.
4- Hippopotamus - Bird: get rid of bites of ticks (hide in skin).
5- Shark Remora fish: pick up food remains

C- Parasitism: relation between 2 organisms, one benefits (Parasite), other is harmed (Host).

1- External parasitism: parasite sucks blood of host, convey diseases to host:

Ex: Mosquitoes (malaria) -Lice Ticks Bugs Fleas (small pox) - JAWLESS LAMPERY: sucks fish's blood.

2- Internal parasitism: parasite inside host's body, feed no its cells or shares its digested food.
Ex: Ascaris (anaemia) Flaria (elephantiasis) Tape - Liver Bilharzias

(3) Saprophytism: relation saprophyte (decomposer) decompose food remains of dead organisms
Decomposers: Mushroom fungus Bread mold fungus Penecillium fungus decomposes orange.

* In Fish Aquarium: animals feed on Elodea plant which absorbs carbon dioxide produced from
their respiration.
 Lesson (2): Environmental Balance
Ecosystem: natural area including living organisms and non-living things.
1-Small Eco: water pond.
2-Large Eco: desert forest ocean.
3-Very large: universe.
Factors disturb environmental balance:
natural changes man interference (cut down trees burning forests pollute environment).
Dinosaurs extinction: as natural conditions of environment changed.
Factors keep environmental balance:
G.R: Predation Saprophytism: as predation organizes number of preys.
What happen if there is no predator or bacteria: environmental balance will be disturbed.
Saprophytism: get rid of dead bodies recycle chemical elements.

Predation: predator (Consumer) preys the prey (devoured animal)

(Cat rat) * (lion deer)
Plant: producer
Drosera (insectivores plant).
Mutualism:
(nodular bacteria bean) * (primitive - termites).

Commensalism:
1- Bird - Crocodile
2- Tiny aquatic SPONGE
3- Bee flower
4- Hippopotamus Bird
5- Shark Remora fish

Parasitism: Parasite - Host

1- External parasitism: Mosquitoes Lice Ticks Bugs Fleas Jawless lamprey.
2- Internal parasitism: Ascaris Flaria Tape Liver Bilharzias

Diseases:
- Mosquitoes (malaria)
- Fleas (small pox)
- Flaria (elephantiasis)
- Ascaris (anaemia)

Saprophytism: saprophyte or decomposer