SurveyingI(130601)

CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4

CURVES

20September2013
Question asked in GTUTheory
QuestionaskedinGTU Theory
1)) Describe
esc be tthee p
procedure
ocedu e o
of sett
settingg out o
of ssimple
pe
circular curve by (i) Perpendicular offset from
tangent, and (ii) Rankines method of tangential
angle..
l Dec2009
2) Why transition curves are introduced on
h i t l curves off highways
horizontal hi h or railways?
il ? Dec
D
2009
3) Describe the method of setting a circular curve
by the method of offsets from the long chord.
Dec2010
20September2013
Question asked in GTUTheory
QuestionaskedinGTU Theory
4)) Discuss the method of settingg out a circular curve
with two theodolite. What are its advantages
and disadvantages over Rankines method Dec
2010
5) What are the elements of simple circular curve?
Define with figure and give their relationship.
March2010
6)Whyarecurvesprovided?Statevarioustypesof
curves with sketch
curveswithsketch.
7)Drawtheneatsketchofsimplecircularcurve
g
showingvariouselementsofit.Dec2011
20September2013
Question asked in GTUTheory
QuestionaskedinGTU Theory
8) Enumerate the parts of a compound curve
and describe the relationship between them
Jan 2013.
Jan2013
9) What is vertical curve? Explain different types
of vertical curves.
curves Jan2013.
Jan 2013
10) Explain following terms (i) Compound curve
(ii) Point
P i off intersection
i i (iii) Tangent
T Di
Distance
(iv) Mid Ordinate May2012.

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Lecture outline
Lectureoutline
Introduction
Theoryandsettingoutmethodsofsimple
circular curve
circularcurve
ElementsofcompoundandReversecurve.
Transitioncurve
Transition curve
TypesofTransitioncurve
Combinedcurve
C bi d
Typesofverticalcurve.

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What is curve?
Whatiscurve?
WhyCurve?
Why Curve?

UseofCurve.
fC

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 Components of Highway Design

Horizontal Alignment
Plan View

V ti l Alignment
Vertical Ali t

Profile View

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 Horizontal Alignment
Todays
T d Class:
Cl
Components of the horizontal alignment
Properties of a simple circular curve

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 Types of Curve
TypesofCurve
Curves

Horizontal Curve Vertical Curve

Circular Curve Transition Curve Summit Curve Valley Curve

1) Simple curve 1) Cubic parabola
2) Compound Curve 2 ) Spiral Curve
3) Reverse Curve 3) Lemniscate
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TypesofCircularCurve

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TypesofCircularCurve

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TypesofCircularCurve

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DefinitionandNotationofSimpleCurve

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20September2013
DefinitionandNotationofSimpleCurve
1) Back tangent or First Tangent AT
Pervious to the curve
2) Forwardd Tangent or Second
d tangent B T
Following the curve.
3) Point of Intersection ( P.I.) or Vertex. (v)
If the tangents AT and BT .are produced they
will
ill meett in
i a point i t called
ll d the
th point i t off
intersection
4)Point of curve ( P.C.)
P C ) Beginning
Beginning Point T T of a
curve. Alignment changes from a tangent to
curve.
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DefinitionandNotationofSimpleCurve
5)) Point off Tangency PT
End point of curve ( T ) is called..
6)) Intersection Angleg ( )
The Angle AVB between tangent AV and tangent VB is
called...
7) Deflection Angle ( )
The angle at P.I. between tangent AV and VB is called..
8)Tangent Distance
It is the distance between P.C. and P.I.
9) External Distance CI
The distance from the mid point of the curve to P.I.
It is also called the apex distance.
10) Length of curve l
I is
It i the
h totall length
l h off curve from
f P C to P.T
P.C. PT.
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DefinitionandNotationofSimpleCurve
11) Long Chord
It is the chord joining P.C. to P.T., T T is a long chord.
12) Normal Chord:
A chord between two successive regular station on a curve is
called normal chord. Normally , the length of normal chord is 1
chain ( 2o mt).
13) Sub chord
The chord shorter than normal chord ( shorter than 20 mt) is
called sub chord)
14) Versed sine Distance CD
The distance between mid point of long chord ( D ) and the apex
point C, is called versed sine. It is also called mid ordinate ( M).
15) Right hand curve:
If the curve deflects to the right of the direction of the progress
of survey.
16) Left hand curve
If the
th curve deflects
d fl t tot the
th left
l ft off the
th direction
di ti off the
th progress
of survey.
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Designationofcurve
Thesharpnessofthecurveisdesignatedbytwo
ways.
(1)Byradius(R)
( 2) B D
(2)ByDegreeofCurvature(D)
fC t (D)

(1)Byradius(R)
Curve is known by the length of its radius R
Curveisknownbythelengthofitsradius

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Designationofcurve
(2) ByDegreeofCurvature(D)

ChordDefinition ArcDefinition
The Angle subtended at The Angle subtended at
the centre of curve by a the centre of curve by an
chord
h d off 30 or 20 mt. is
i arc of 30 or 20 mt.
called degree of length is called degree of
curvature. curve.

If an angle subtended at Used in America, canada,

the centre of curve by a India etc.
etc
chord of 20 mt is 5 , the
curve is called 5 curve
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RelationbetweenRadiusanddegreeofcurve.
( ) Bychorddefinition
(a) B h d d fi iti
The angle subtended at the centre of curve
by a chord of 20 mt. is called degree of curve.

R=radiusofcurve.
D=degreeofcurve.
PQ=20mt.=Lengthofchord.
g

FromTrianglePCO

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RelationbetweenRadiusanddegreeofcurve.

WhenDissmall,maytakenequalto

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RelationbetweenRadiusanddegreeofcurve.
(b)ByArcDefinition:
The angle subtended at the centre of curve by
an arc of 20 mt. length is called degree of
curve.

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve

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 Elements of simple circular curve
Elementsofsimplecircularcurve

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve
T=P.C.=Pointoftangency=Pointofcurve.
T =P.T.
T P.T.=Secondpointoftangency.
Second point of tangency.
VorI=P.I.=Pointofintersection.
D fl ti
=Deflectionangle. l
=Intersectionangle.
R=Radiusofcurve.
CD=Midordinate(M)
CD Mid ordinate (M)

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Example1
A circular curve has a radius of 150 mt and 60
deflection angle. What is its degree(i) By arc
definition and 9ii) by chord definition.
Solution:
(i) By arc definition Assuming chord length 30mt

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve
1)Lengthofcurve(l)
*IfcurveisdesignatedbyRadius:
g y
l=LengthofarcTCT
=R* WhenisinRadian

Whenisindegree.

*Ifcurveisdesignatedbydegree:
Lengthofarc=20mt.
Lengthofcurve

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve
2)Tangentlength(T):
VTandVTarethetangentslengthElements
VT and VT are the tangents length Elements
ofsimplecircularcurve
T=VT=VT=tangentlength
T VT VT t t l th
FromVTO

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve
3)Lengthofchord(L):Elementsofsimple
circular curve
circularcurve
InthefigureT,Tisalongchord.
Lengthoflongchord=L=TT=2*(TD).
L th f l h d L TT 2 * (T D)
FromtriangleTDO,

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve
4)ExternalDistance(E):orApex
distanceElements ofsimplecircularcurve
InthefigureVCisanexternaldistance.
Externaldistance=E=VC=OVOCLengthof
FromtriangleVTO.

E=OVOC(OC=R)

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ElementsofSimplecircularcurve

5)Midordinate(M):=Distance CD
Alsoknownasversedsineofthecurve.
Midordinate=M=CD=OCOD
From TDO
FromTDO

M=OC OD

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SettingoutofsingleCircularcurve
Firststep Locatetangentpoint
Bytapemeasurements.
IntersectionofbothtangentspointV Point
ofintersection.
SettheodoliteatVandmeasureangle
( Measurebytheodolite)

Calculatetangentlength
FixpointTT

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SettingoutofsingleCircularcurve
Chainage oftangents:
PointAisthestartingpointofchainline
Chainage ofpointV,B,Daremeasuredfrom
p
pointA.
Chainage ofT=Chainage ofV T(Tangentlength)
T Chainage ofT+Lengthofcurve(l)
T=Chainage of T + Length of curve (l)

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SettingoutofsingleCircularcurve
NormalchordandSubchord:
N l h d dS b h d
For alignment pegs are driven.
The
h distance
di b
between two pegs is
i normally
ll 20m
20
Peg station are called main stations.
The chord joining the tangents point T and the first
main peg station is called First sub chord.
All the
th chord
h d joining
j i i adjacent
dj t peg stations
t ti are
called full chord or normal chord.
The length of normal chord is 20 mt.mt
The point joining last main peg station and tangent
T is called last sub chord.
chord
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MethodsofSettingoutofsingleCircularcurve
TwoMethods
1)LinearMethods
2)AngularMethods.

1)LinearMethods
(i)Byoffsetsorordinatefromthelongchord.
() ff d f h l h d
(ii)Bysuccessivebisectionofarcsorchords.
(iii)Byoffsetsfromthetangents.
(iv) By offsets from the chord produced
(iv)Byoffsetsfromthechordproduced.
20September2013
 (i) By offsets or ordinate from the long chord.

R=Radiusofcurve
R = Radius of curve
O0=Midordinate
Ox=Ordinateatdistancex
T1,T2=tangentspoint
L=Lengthoflongchord.

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(ii) By successive bisection of arcs or chords.

T1T2=L
T1 T2= L
T1C=L
T2C=L
CC1,CC2=L
,
C1T1,C2T2=L

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(iii) By offsets from the tangents.
Two types
Radial offset Perpendicular
p offset

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Angular Method
Used when length of curve is large
More accurate than the linear methods.
methods
Theodolite is used

The angular methods are:

1) Rankine method of tangential angles.
OR
One theodolite method
2) Two theodolite method.

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Obstacles in setting out simple curves

Case I -When P.I. is inaccessible

C
Case II
II -When
Wh P.C.
P C iis inaccessible
i ibl
Case III -When P.T. is inaccessible
Case IV - When both P.C. and P.T. is
inaccessible.
Case V - When obstacles to chaining.

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TRANSITION CURVE

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 Requirement of transition curve
Tangentialtostraight
M t i l
Meetcircularcurvetangentially
t ti ll
Atorigincurvatureshouldzero.
Curvatureshouldsameatjunctionofcircular
curve.
Rateofincreaseofcurvature=rateincreaseof
p
superelevation.
Lengthoftransitioncurve=fullsuper
elevation attained
elevationattained.
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 Purpose
p of transition curve
Curvatureisincreasegradually.
Mediumforgradualintroductionof
Medium for gradual introduction of
superelevation
ProvideExtrawideninggradually
Provide Extra widening gradually
Advantages
Increasecomforttopassengeroncurve
Increase comfort to passenger on curve
Reduceoverturning
Allowhigherspeed
Lesswearongear,tyre

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Typesoftransitioncurve
Cubicparabola
Forrailway
For railway
SpiralorClothoid
Idealtransition
Radius Distance
Lemniscates
Usedforroad
Used for road

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Verticalcurve

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Length of vertical curve
Lengthofverticalcurve
Total change of grade
Totalchangeofgrade
Lengthofverticalcurve=
Rate of change of grade
Rateofchangeofgrade
g2 g1
=
r
g1, g2=Gradesin%
r=Rateofchangeofgrade
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