Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This study focuses on contingency case selection algorithm for IEEE 14-Bus System. The

study aims to create an algorithm which can be used in contingency search. With this Computer

Simulator, system operators and operations engineer for power systems will be able to select the

right contingency which can be used to diagnose the problem efficiently and effectively. The

creation of this software will follow the conceptual framework below: outage

System Flowchart

START

Generation of all possible

system cases using matlab

ETAP simulation of all

system outage and load
flow analysis

Establishment of data base

for all system outage using
Microsoft Excel

Development of the case

selection algorithm using
square of error method

END

Figure 3.a. System Flowchart

 The conceptual framework as shown in Fig. 3.a. shows the model of process in

determining the case for a specific condition. To model the single line diagram, the components

such as the generators, transmission lines, distributed loads and bus bars are needed. With the

parameters to be used came from the book Power Generation, Operation and Control by Allen J.

Wood, Bruce F. Wollenberg and Gerald B. Sheble, we can simulate the Power System. The

Distributed Generations (DG) values that will be used for the simulation will come from the

previous studies. Case 1 will serve as the reference case, whilst other cases will differ with what

DGs are attached to the system.

The load flow simulation for IEEE 14-Bus single line diagram will be associated with

ETAP Software using the respective ratings and specification from the reference data. The

simulation of all the possible cases will be done also in ETAP Software and all the required line

parameters will be obtained through load flow analysis per case.

The following are the required parameters for line: Active Power, Reactive power, per

unit voltage and angle for the buses.

3.1 Generation of Possible System Cases of Outages using the concept of Combination

Strategy

Using the concept of Combination Strategy, researchers can determine all the possible

system cases of outages. The Combination Strategy determines all the cases that are possible in

the parameters of the system. The parameters includes the values for the transmission lines,

generators, and loads. The (n-2) possible system outage will be generated using the equation

provided below.
2
Number of Cases= nCx (3.1)
x=1

The data provided denotes that it has 1 slack bus, 2 PV bus (Power and Voltage were present)

Based from the data provided, it has 1 slack bus, 2 PV bus (where a Distributed Generation was

connected) and 11 lines, a total of n=14, where in the thesis the required limit of contingencies is

n-2 and defined as two of the buses or two of the lines or each bus and line is in outage

condition. Getting the total number of n and knowing the limit number of outage in the system,

the combination for the possible list of outages or case was computed by using the combnk in

MatLab.

The data gathered from Matlab will be moved to Microsoft Excel for much easier
interaction with the Contingency Software.
Sla
Lines
ck DG
1- 1- 2- 2- 2-
Cases 1 2 3 2' 5' 5' 3' 4' ..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 8
9
10
..
.

..
.
Table 3.1. Generation of all possible system cases of outages

3.2 ETAP simulation of all system outages

The generation of outages was done using the Combination Strategy and by the use of

Matlab. The Data was transferred to Excel for much easier interaction with the algorithm

software to be created. The next step after the generation of all possible system cases for the

outages, the load flow analysis was then conducted in ETAP at steady state and by offline. The

parameters results from the simulation such as bus voltage and line complex power are

transferred to Microsoft Excel.

3.3 Create a data base for all system outage

After the generation of the cases and the ETAP Simulation, the data stored in excel such

as the bus voltage and Complex power was stored in Microsoft Excel. The data stored in

Microsoft Excel will be interrelated to C# for the purpose of generating the database as well as

the generation of the Computer Simulator. The table below shows all the data needed in each

case scenario.

CASE No.
From VOLTAG
Number To Number MW From Mvar From BUS E ANGLE
2 1 . . 1 . .
1 4 . . 2 . .
1 5 . . 3 . .
2 3 . . 4 . .
 2 4 . . 5 . .
. . . . 6 . .
. . . . . . .
Table 3.3. Base Case Data

3.4 Development of the case selection algorithm using square of error method

With the Generation of Cases, Load Flow Simulation via ETAP and creating data base

using Microsoft Excel, the development of the algorithm for the Case Selection was the next

step. The data that has been gathered in the simulation using the IEEE 14-Bus System will be

used to create the algorithm with the method of Square of Error for each contingency data

recorded. The key idea for assembly of the program was focused on the calculation of error

difference of the data base and developed IEEE Bus 14 parameters. See the flowchart Fig. 3.4.1

below for that was followed for the creation of the algorithm.

3.5 Modification of the Single Line Diagram

In reference with the book Power Generation, Analysis and Control, it states that if the

error is greater than 5%, the single line diagram of the IEEE 14-bus system needed to be

remodeled to reduce the error and meet the 5% tolerance for the error range. If the error between

the results is less than 5%, no need to remodel the single line diagram. The parameters like

generator ratings, line impedances, and so forth may vary in the creation of single line diagram.

The Single-line diagram takes a large part in the power flow studies. It portrays the paths for

power flow between entities of the system.

 Start

Input Desired Data

Calculation of
Square Error

Examination of Data
in the Data Base

Check if the Data is in the Data

Base

Yes

Case Selection

Display of the Selected Case

 End

Figure 3.4.1. Program Flowchart

3.6 Measurement of the abnormal operation load flow of the power system

The parameters that are needed such as bus voltage and power flows throughout electrical

system is computed for different case scenarios offline and online using ETAP software. In this

study, the simulated cases in the ETAP Software generates the bus voltage and power flows

which was transferred in Microsoft Excel.

3.7 Comparison of the measured data to the database values using square of error.

The data gathered in the online will be compared to the data base generated through

offline simulation which is stored in Microsoft excel. The method that will be used for the

comparison of data is the square of error difference (equation 1). The created/developed

algorithm or computer simulator using C# software will compute for the percentage error

between the generated data.

% DIFF (P line) % DIFF (Q line) % DIFF (V) % DIFF(ANGLE)

0 0 0 0


Table 3.7. Percent difference of line flow results of ETAP

3.8 Case Selection

 After the calculation of error for each case scenario using the C# software by the

principle of the Square of Error, the proposed algorithm will select the case in the data base

which has the least error compared to the individual scenarios. Through the use of graphical user

interface (GUI), the output can be displayed graphically.

CASE 1 ETAP
From Number To Number MW From Mvar From VOLTAGE ANGLE

CASE 1 PowerWorld
From Number To Number MW From Mvar From VOLTAGE ANGLE

3.8 Data Analysis

By statistical analysis, the sample size will be compared one by one to the reference value

to prove the hypothesis that the load flow data coming from PowerWorld, and ETAP are

acceptable. The reference value will be from MatPower wherein the which should have

5 tolerance. There are three hypothesis in this test which are:

a=b : This indicates that the actual is equal to the reference value.

a b : This indicates that the actual is greater than or equal to the reference value.

a b : This indicates that the actual is less than or equal to the reference value.

Reject: This indicates that the values are beyond the critical region.

Table 3.8.b Sample reference cases from ETAP

 Table 3.8.a Sample reference cases from PowerWorld
Table 3.8.c Sample reference cases from MatPower

CASE 1 ETAP
From Number To Number MW From Mvar From VOLTAGE ANGLE