Viva- voce

Experiment No. 1
Q.1 Define hardness of water.
Ans. The property of water which restricts or check the lather formation with soap is
called hardness.

Q.2 What is temporary or carbonate hardness of water?

Ans. Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 it is caused by the presence of Carbonates and
bicarbonates mainly bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium and is removed by boiling of
water and sludge formation takes place.

Q.3 What is permanent or non carbonate hardness of water?

Ans. CaCl 2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4, FeSO4, Al2SO4 etc. it is caused by chlorides and
Sulphates of calcium and magnesium and can not be removed by boiling. For its
removal water has to be treated chemically. Besides Ca 2+, Mg2+the other ions causing
hardness of water ore; Fe2+,Fe3+, Al3+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ but these ions are present either in
very small or in negligible amount in water.

Q.4 How permanent hardness of water can be removed?

Ans. Permanent hardness of water can be removed by several methods.
(i) Lime soda process.
(ii) Zeolite process.
(iii) Ion exchange resins

Q.5 Which is the methods for hardness determination ?

Ans. The hardness of any given water sample may be determined by the following methods.
(i) O.henners method.
(ii) Soap titration method.
(iii) E.D.T.A. method.

Q.6 Which is the best method for hardness determination and why?
Ans. The best method for determining hardness of water is E.D.T.A. method because
(i) Greater accuracy.

1
 (ii) Convenience and
(iii)More rapid process.

Q.7 What is the principle of E.D.T.A. titration ?

Q.8 What is E.D.T.A. ? Write its structure.

Ans .The structure and name of E.D.T.A. given below,

HOOC CH2 CH2 COOH

N CH2
HOOC CH2-CH2 N NNNNNNNCH2 -N
CH2 COOH

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

Q.9 In what from E.D.T.A. is used? Give structure.

Ans. It is used as disodium salt of E.D.T.A., because E.D.T.A. is insoluble in water and
whose structure is given below,

HOOC
HOOC CH2
CH2 COO-Na+
Na+ -OOC
N
CH CH2
2CH2 -CH2 N NNNNNNNCH2 - N
CH2 COOH
Na+ -OOC
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Disodium salt)

2
Na+ O-
OII
S
Q.10 which indicator is employed usually in E.D.T.A. titration? Give II
its IUPAC name and
Structure. O

Ans. Eriochrome Black T is the usual indicator employed in these titrations.

Sodium1- (1-hydroxy -2-naphthylazo)-6-nitro-2 naphthol-4-sulphonate

Q.11 What are various units of hardness, and how are they related to each other?
Ans. Part per million (ppm) -: It is number of parts of CaCO 3 equivalent hardness
present in one million parts of water.
(ii) Milligram per litre (mg/L) -: It is number of parts of CaCO 3 equivalent hardness
present in one litre of water.
(iii) Degree Clark (0Cl) -: It is number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present
in 70,000 parts of water.
(iv) Degree French (0Fr) -: It is number of parts of CaCO 3 equivalent hardness
present in 105 (1 lac) parts of water.
* The above four units are correlated as given below,
1ppm = 1mg/L = 0.070 Cl = 0.10Fr

Q.12 Why do we add buffer solution during titration of hard water against E.D.T.A.
solution.
Ans. The indicator used in this titration (E.B.T.) shows colour change at a pH value of
about 10. So alkaline buffer (NH4Cl + NH4OH) mixture is used.

Q.13 What is meant by softening of water?

Ans. Usually it is a solution containing 1 gm. of CaCO 3 equivalent hardness in 1 litre i.e.,
1000 ppm or 1000 mg/L hardness water.

3
Q.14 What is the pH of buffer solution?
Ans. The pH of buffer solution is 10.

Q.15 What are complexometric titration?

Ans. . In complexometric titration, a complexing reagent forms complex ions with metal
ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+. Sodium salt of EDTA is often used as a complexing agent in
titrations.

Q.16 What is a buffer solution?

Ans. buffer solution is defined as a solution which resists any change in its pH value even
when small amounts of the acid or the base are added to it. A buffer solution gives
acidic as well as basic ions in solution which destroy the excess of any acid or base
added keeping the pH constant.

Q.17 Which type of ligand is EDTA?

Ans. It serves as a hexadentate legend and acts as a chelating agent.
.

Experiment No.2

Q.18 What is the significance of determining alkalinity in water?

Ans. The knowledge of alkalinity of water is necessary due to following :
For controlling corrosion of boiler.
In conditioning boiler feed water as highly alkaline water which may lead to caustic
embrittlement and deposition of precipitates and sludges in boiler tubes and pipes.
In calculating amounts of lime and soda required for water softening.
In neutralizing acidic solutions produced by hydrolysis of salts.
The amount of coagulant like aluminium sulphate and ferrous sulphate to be added
depends upon the amount of alkalinity of water.
To control of alkalinity of water being used for irrigation purpose.

Q.19 Alkalinity of water cannot be due to the simultaneously presence of OH -, CO32-, and
HCO3-. Explain.

4
Ans. The alkalinity of water can be considered to be mainly due to
1. Hydroxides
2. Carbonates
3. Bicarbonates
With respect to the constituents causing alkalinity in natural water the following situation
may arise.
1. Hydroxides
2. Carbonates
3. Bicarbonates
4. Hydroxides and Carbonates
5. Carbonates and Bicarbonates
The possibility of hydroxides and bicarbonates existing together is rules out owing to the
fact that they combine with each other forming the respective carbonates.
OH- + HCO3- CO32 - + H2O

The type and extent of alkalinity present in a water sample may be conveniently
determined by nitrating as aliquot of the sample with a standard acid to phenolphthalein
endpoint [P] and then continuing the titration to methyl orange end point [M] the reaction
taking place may be represented by the following equation.

(i) OH- + H+ H2O

(ii) CO32- + H+ HCO3- P M
(iii) HCO3-- + H+ H2O + CO2

The volume of acid run down up to phenolphthalein end-point [P] corresponds to the
completion to equation (i) and (ii) given above while the volume of acid run down after [P]
corresponds to the completion of equation (iii). The total amount of acid used from the
beginning of the experiment i.e. [M] corresponds to the total alkalinity and represents the
completion of reaction shown by equation (i) to (iii).

Q.20 Write the structural formula of methyl orange.

Ans. Methyl orange has following structures indifferent mediums:
In Neutral Medium
CH
HO3 N N N 3

5
 CH
(I) 3

In Alkaline medium
CH
3
O-3S N N N
CH
3
(Orange or Yellow)
(II)
In Acidic Medium
CH3

O-3S
O-3S NN NN N+
CH3

H
(Red)
(III)

Q.21 How does methyl orange function?

Ans. Methyl orange cannot be used for titrating a weak acid against strong base because
the H+ ions furnished by the weak acid at the end point are too few to combine with a
sufficient number of OH- ions of methyl orange to shift the equilibrium in favour of red
coloured Me+ ions. A sufficient excess of the weak acid has to be added to get the end point.

Q.22 Why phenolphthalein is not a suitable indicator for titrating weak base like NH 4OH,
against a strong acid?
Ans. Phenolphthalein is an acid base indicator which work in a pH range of 8.0 9.8. It is
colourless in acidic solution and pink in alkaline solution. When a weak base like
NH4OH is titrated with a strong acid, the OH - ions furnished by the weak base at the
end point of titration are too few to shift the equilibrium sufficiently towards the right
to raise the pH value to 8.3, at least and, therefore, the pink colour does not appear just
at the end point. A sufficient excess of weak base has to be added to get the pink colour.

Q.23 Why the alkalinity of irrigation water is determine?

Ans. It is because of the following two reasons:
6
 -H2O

(i) The extent of alkalinity controls the growth and development of different kind of
plants.
(ii) Alkalinity also effects the fertilizers being used. Different fertilizers are employed for
C different types of the vegetation and so it is significant that alkalinity is due to which
ion and the amount of that ion in irrigation water.

OH Q.24 What is the source of alkalinity of water?

Ans. An important characteristic of water is its alkalinity. Which is a measure of the
ability of water to neutralize the acids. The alkalinity of water is normally due to the
presence of bicarbonates, carbonates and the hydroxides of sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesium. Some of the salts, not all, which case alkalinity, also cause
OH
hardness. However presence of other bases such as borates, silicates, phosphates can
also contribute to the total alkalinity, through to a small extent.

Q. 25
C Write the structural formula of phenolphthalein.
Ans. Ans.
OH

COO-

O-

O-

I (colourless) II
OH-

COO-

7
OH
Excess
OH- OH

III (Red) C

C
C

IV (colourless)

Q.26 What is the pH of phenolphthalein and methyl orange ?

Ans. Phenolphthalein pH 8.3
Methyl orange pH 4.5

O
Q.27 During the titration of water sample with N/50 H2SO4 using phenolphthalein
indicator zero ml H2SO4 was used. What type of alkalinity is present?
Ans. Absent of CO32- and OH-. Only HCO3- may be present
.

O-

Experiment No.3
Q.28 What is the redox reaction?
Ans. In a chemical reaction,
C if any substance is oxidized the other is reduced. In other
words oxidation and reduction is simultaneously.

COO- 8
 Q.29 What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
Ans. Oxidation is define as the process of loss of one or more electron and reduction is the
gain of one or more electron by atom of ions.

Q.30 What is meant by internal indicator, external indicator and self indicator? Give one
example of each.
Ans. Internal indicator -: An indicator which is added to the reaction mixture to indicate
the end point of titration.
Example -: Phenolphthalein in acid base titrations.
External indicator -: An indicator which is not added to the reaction mixture. But it
is used externally to indicate end point of titration.
Example-: [K3 Fe (CN) 6] is used as an external indicator in titration of Fe +2 ions with
K2Cr2O7 solution.
Self indicator-: When one of the reactants it acts as indicator and no external
substance is required to indicate the end point of titration.
Example: - KMnO4 acts as self indicator in its titrations.

Q.31 what is equivalent weight of K2Cr2O7 ?

Ans. Cr2O72+ +14 H+ + 6e- 2Cr+3 + 7H2O
Equivalent weight of K2Cr2O7 = Molecular weight of K2Cr2O7
No. of electron gained by one mole

= 249/6 = 49
Q.32 List some iron ores of iron.
Ans. Iron mainly occurs in nature of oxides:
Haematite or red iron ore - Fe2O3
Limonite or brown iron stone - Fe2O3.H2O or FeO (OH).
Maganetite or Lode stone - Fe3O4
Less abundant ores are sulphides and carbonates:
Iron pyrites - FeS2
Chalkopyrites - CuFeS2
Siderite - FeCO3

Q.33 What do you mean by water of crystallization?

Ans. In a hydrated crystal definite amount of water molecules are combined with each
molecule. This is called water of crystallization.

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Q.34 What is the formula, chemical name and Equivalent weight of Mohrs salt?
Ans. Formula = [FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4.6H2O]
Molar mass = 392.10 (hydrated) 284 (anhydrated)
Chemical name = Ferrous ammonium sulphate
Equivalent weight = 392.10 (hydrated) 284 (anhydrated)

Q.35 Dil. H2SO4 is always added while preparing the standard solution of Mohrs salt?
Ans. To prevent the hydrolysis of Mohrs salt dil. H 2SO4 is added. FeSO4 in Mohrs salt
undergoes hydrolysis
FeSO4 + 2H2O Fe (OH) 2 + H2SO4.

Q.36 Why phosphoric acid is added when diphenylamine is used as an indicator?

Ans. During titration when about only 50% of Fe 2+ ions are oxidized to Fe 3+ ions, the high
concentration of Fe+3 may also cause oxidation of diphenylamine, which may indicate
a wrong end point. In order to prevent this H 3PO4 is added which forms a complex
with ferric ions [Fe(PO4)2]3- and prevent the oxidation of indicator before the end
point.

Q.37 What is the structure of diphenylamine?

Ans.
H oxidation
N N N N
(colourless) with Cr2O72-
(blue violet)
Diphenylamine Diphenyl benzidine complex

Q.38 For acidification of KMnO4 solution, only H2SO4 is used whereas other mineral acids
like HCl and HNO3 are not used.
Ans. HCl cannot be used because some of KMnO4 will oxidize HCl to Cl2 gas and thus
interferes in the quantitative estimations.
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10Cl- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2
HNO3 cannot be used because it is itself a strong oxidizing agent and may oxidize the
reducing agent, thereby introducing error.

10
Q.39 Why the oxalic acid solution is heated before titration with KMnO4 solution?
Ans. The reaction between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is very slow. Thus the increase the rate
of reaction the solution is heated.
.

Experiment No.4

Q.40 For acidification of KMnO4 solution, only H2SO4 is used whereas other mineral acids
like HCl and HNO3 are not used.
Ans. HCl cannot be used because some of KMnO4 will oxidize HCl to Cl2 gas and thus
interferes in the quantitative estimations.
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10Cl- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2
HNO3 cannot be used because it is itself a strong oxidizing agent and may oxidize
the reducing agent, thereby introducing error.

Q.41 KMnO4 is not a primary standard. Explain

Ans. It cannot be obtained in perfectly pure state as it always contains traces of manganese
dioxide.
KMnO4 may react with organic matter present in water in which is dissolved.
KMnO4 solution slowly decomposes when exposed to bright sun light, reducing gases
etc. Therefore, it is stored in dark coloured bottles.
KMnO4 solution can be standardized using a suitable primary standard such as oxalic
acid or Mohrs salt, which can be directly weighed.

Q.42 The titration involving KMnO4 are carried out in acidic medium. Explain
Ans. This is due to higher oxidizing power of permanganate ion in acidic medium then in
neutral or alkaline medium. Moreover the formation of brown coloured MnO 2 in
alkaline medium interferes with the detection of the end point.

Q.43 Why the oxalic acid solution is heated before titration with KMnO4 solution?
Ans. The reaction between oxalic acid and KMnO 4 is very slow. Thus the increase the
rate of reaction the solution is heated.

Q.44 What are the type of indicators according to their method of usage?
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Ans. Three type of indicators are there:
1. External indicators-: These indicators are not added in the titration flask but are kept
outside on a porcelain plate. The solution in the titration flask is withdrawn with a
dropper after each addition of the titrant from the burette and placed on indicator to
see the colour change. Example of external indicator K3[Fe (CN)6]
2. Internal indicators-: There are added to the solution taken in the titration flask.
Example includes phenolphthalein, methyl orange and starch solution.
3. Self indicators -: When one of the reactant acts as an indicator.

Q.45 Why is brown turbidity sometimes seen while titrating KMnO 4 solution with oxalic
acid?
Ans. The brown turbidity is due to MnO 2 produced as a result of insufficient amount of
H2SO4.
2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 7H2O K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 + 5MnO2 H2O
(Brown)

Q.46 Why does colour of KMnO4 disappears slowly in the beginning and quite fast
afterwards when titrated against a hot solution of oxalic acid containing dil. H2SO4.
Ans. The reaction is slow in the beginning but quite fast afterwards due to the formation of
MnSO4 as one of the products. The reaction is accelerated because MnSO 4 acts as a
catalyst.

Q.47 A brown layer is developed on the glass containing KMnO4 solution.

Ans. This is due to the formation of MnO2.

Q.48 Why it is not advisable to filter KMnO4 through a filter paper?

Ans. The organic matter of filter paper is oxidized by KMnO4.

Q.49 Water is also oxidized by KMnO 4 then why do we prepare aqueous solutions of
KMnO4?
Ans. Though KMnO4 can oxidize water but the rate is very slow and hence freshly
prepared KMnO4 solutions can be used.

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 Experiment No.5
Q.50 Why chlorine is added to water?

Q.51What are the disadvantages of excess of chlorine present in water?

Q.52 What is the action of chlorine on pathogens?

Q.53 Why and how pH is adjusted between 3 & 4?

Ans. pH is adjusted between 3 & 4 using acetic acid. At neutral pH, some combined
chlorine residuals do not liberate I2 by reaction with KI.

Q.55 What are iodine titrations?

Ans. The titrations involving the use of iodine are termed as iodine titrations. Iodine is a
mild oxidizing agent and is used in volumetric estimations.

Q.56 What is the difference between iodimetry and iodimetry.

Ans. Iodine titrations are of two types:
(a) Iodimetry-: All such titrations which involve the direct titration of iodine with a
reducing agent are grouped under iodimetry. Iodimetry is employed to determine the
strength of reducing agents such as sodium thiosulphate, sulphite, arsenite stannous and
ferrous ions in neutral or moderately acidic solutions.
(b) Iodometry-: In these titrations, iodine is liberated as a result of chemical reaction
involving oxidation of an iodide ion by a strong oxidizing agent in neutral or acidic
medium. The liberated iodine is then titrated with a reducing agent. Iodometry is used
to estimate the strength of oxidizing agents. For example the estimation of Cu 2+ with
thiosulphate.

Q.57 What type of indicator is used in these type of titrations?

Ans. The indicator is used in these type of titrations is starch solution which is used as an
internal indicator. Starch forms a dark blue complex with triodate ions. The blue colour
disappears when there is no more of free iodine.

Q.57Why always excess of KI is used?

Ans. This is because the solubility of I 2 in water is very low. But in the presence of KI it
forms an unstable complex salt, KI3. This soluble complex will release iodine slowly during
titration due to reversible reaction,

KI + I2 KI3

I- + I2 I3-
13
Q.58 What is the advantage of using starch as indicator in iodine titrations?
Ans. Starch reacts with iodine in the presence of iodide ion to form an intensely colored
blue complex, which is visible at very low concentrations of iodine, making it a very good
indicator in both direct and indirect iodometric titrations.

Q.59 The iodine titrations should be performed as pH below 8.

Ans. The blue colour produced is also destroyed by alkali and heat, so titrations involving
starch indicator should be conducted at a pH below 8 and at temperatures near room
temperature (this will also minimize loss of volatile iodine from the titration vessel.

Q.60 Why starch gives blue colour with iodine in presence of iodide?
Ans. This is due to the formation of starch iodine complex.
Starch can be separated in to two fractions- amylose and amylopectin- Amylose in starch is
responsible for the formation of a deep blue colour in the presence of iodine. The iodine
molecule slips inside of the amylose coil to form a blue coloured complex.

Q.61 Why starch is added near the end point of an iodine titration and not in the beginning.
Ans. This is because the concentration of iodine is very high in the beginning and it is
strongly adsorbed by colloidal starch particles. It is not released even at the end point this
making the detection difficult. The addition of the starch solution is thus delayed till the
reaction is nearly complete (near the end point) as shown by a colour change of solution
from deep red- brown to pale yellow. More ever, starch tends to decompose at high
concentrations of iodine.

Experiment No.6

Q.62 What is dissolved oxygen?

Ans. Oxygen gas that is dissolved into water is dissolved oxygen or DO. Dissolved oxygen is
essential for rivers, streams, lakes and aquatic life. It is a positive sign to have DO in
water. If there is an absence of oxygen in water, it can be a sign of severe pollution.
Water ranges from very high levels of DO to very low levels of DO. Sometimes the DO
is so low; there is hardly any aquatic life.

Q.63 What are the factors which contribute to the DO?

14
Ans. Many factors to contribute to how higher or low a DO level may be. Water
temperature is one of the causes. Oxygen and other gases dissolved more easily is
cooler water then in warmer water. Certain factors affect the water temperature.
These factors are seasons of the year, time of day, and water depth. DO is highest just
before dark because the plants have photosynthesized all day. At night, levels drop
because the plants are not photosynthesizing and are conducting respiration.

Q.64 Where does dissolved oxygen come from?

Ans. Most DO in water comes from the atmosphere or plants. The oxygen comes from
tumbling water on fast moving rivers that mix atmospheric oxygen with water.
Photosynthesis is another way of oxygen entering water. DO levels are often highest in
the afternoon because of high levels sunlight that cause plants and algae to
photosynthesize rapidly. Because photosynthesis does not occur at night. DO levels
exhibit diurnal and nocturnal cycles.

Q.65 Is dissolved oxygen necessary?

Ans. Dissolved oxygen in water is necessary for aerobic biological activities. In the absence
of sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen in water, the anaerobic degradation of the
pollutants makes the water foul smelling.

Q.66 Which method is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in water and
why?
Ans. Winklers method is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in water.
Oxygen is present in small amounts in water at concentrations often less then 310 -4
M. In contrast, air is roughly 21% oxygen. Any technique used to dissolved oxygen
must exclude atmospheric oxygen from the analysis or the sample is the highly
contaminated. Also the technique must be highly precise, so that small differences in
oxygen content of natural samples can be detected. In most of its versions, the winkler
method meets these two requirements.

Q.67 What is eutrophication?

Ans. Eutrophication is an increase in nutrients that can lead to an overgrowth of algae.
The overgrowth does not allow the plants to photosynthesize. If the plants do not

15
 photosynthesize, the levels of oxygen decrease possibly causing oxygen sensitive
organism to die.

Q.68 What cause low DO?

Ans. If BOD (biological oxygen demand) is too high, the DO content of the water becomes
depleted, and the DO content of the water becomes too low to support all the life in the
water. If a body of water has large amounts of decaying vegetation, like leaves or
aquatic microorganisms, then the amount of DO is reduced. Sometimes peoples dump
raw sewage, garbage, grass and other decay-able substances in the water. As these
things decay, the amounts of DO fall. When bacteria decompose food, leaves and faces,
they require a great amount of oxygen, lowering the DO level. Urban and agricultural
runoff, such a fertilizers, makes algae grow. The algae block the sunlight from the
other plants, and the plants die so bacteria again decompose this organic matter.

Q.69 How does DO affect water supplies?

Ans. High DO levels in a commonly water supply are good because it makes drinking water
taste better. On the other hand, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes.
Industries use water with the least amount of DO. In boiler waters it is important to
remove all oxygen. Slightly acid water containing both CO2 and O2 will be corrosive.

The acid water condition and CO2 initiate corrosion, but O2 is necessary for it to continue.
Salt water holds less O2 then fresh water.

Note: DO In boiler water is responsible for boiler corrosion, which can be controlled by
removing DO from the water by heating it under pressure and by adding calculated
quantity of Na2S, Na2SO3, hydrazine(N2H2) to the boiler water.
Dissolved oxygen in water is also necessary for aerobic biological activities. In the
absence of sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen in water, the anaerobic degradation
of the pollutants make the water foul smelling. DO test is helpful in determining the
pollution extent of sewage or any other pollutant.

Q.70 What do you understand by the phrase fixation of dissolved oxygen?

16
Ans. The DO in a sample is utilized to oxidize Mn +2 to Mn+4 in alkaline medium. This
process is known as fixation of oxygen. When acidified MnO (OH) 2 gives back an
equivalent amount of oxygen.
MnO (OH)2 +2H+ Mn+2 +2H2O + 1/2 O2

Q.71 Why starch solution is added near the end point?

Ans. Starch combines with traces of iodine to form blue coloured surface complex. If
concentration of iodine is high in solution, the complex formed is highly stable and can
not be easily broken by hypo to give the end point. Therefore, starch is added near the
end point, when concentration of iodine in solution is very less, as shown by pale
yellow colour of solution.

Q.72 What are iodometric titrations?

Ans. Iodometric titrations are those in which iodine is generated by the reaction of an
iodide with an oxidizing agent like KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Cu+ 2 etc.

Q.73 What are iodometric and iodometric titrations?

Ans. Iodometric and iodometric titrations are the type of redox titration in which iodine is
used as an oxidant. In case of iodimetric titrations, reductant is oxidized directly by
the iodine solution. In case of iodometric titrations, firstly iodine is librated from any
iodine salt with the help of some oxidant and then this indirectly librated iodine is
titrated with suitable reducing agent.

Q.74 What type of indicator starch is?

Ans. Adsorption indicator

Q.75 How does starch act as indicator in the iodometric titrations?

Ans. Starch adsorbs iodine and from deep blue or violet colour adsorption complex.

Q.76 Why only freshly prepared starch is used in the iodometric titrations?
Ans. As fungus growth can occur after some time. It also starts coagulation after keeping
for longer time.

17
Q.77 What is the type of reaction between starch and iodine?
Ans. There is no chemical reaction, it is purely a physical adsorption phenomenon.

Q.78 What is the type of starch- iodine complex?

Ans. It is an adsorption complex.

Q.79 What type of solution starch makes with water on heating?

Ans. It forms a colloidal solution of starch particles in water.

Q.80 What is the role of KI in iodometric titrations?

Ans. KI is used as a source of iodine.

Q.81 Why is KI used as a salt of iodine in iodometric titrations?

Ans. KI is quite a stable ionic compound of iodine, and iodine is librated easily at the room
temperature after ionization of KI.

Q.82 Why is starch indicator is added when the colour of the solution becomes pale yellow
in the iodometric titrations?
Ans. It is necessary so that the excess of iodine is not adsorbed on the starch particles to
delay the end point of the titrations.

Q.83 Why the iodometric titrations is essentially carried out in a narrow mouth conical
flask?
Ans. Otherwise the some of the liberated iodine will escape from the solution due to its high
volatility.

Q.84 What are iodine titrations?

Ans. The titrations involving the use of iodine are termed as iodine titrations. Iodine is a
mild oxidizing agent and is used in volumetric estimations.

Q.85 What type of substances are estimated using iodine titrations?

Ans. Iodine is a much weaker oxidizing agent than KMnO 4 and K2Cr2O7. It is used to
estimate the amount of various reducing agents like Na 2S2O3, sodium sulphite, sodium

18
arsenite and antimony salts in their solutions. Iodine can also be employed to estimate the
strength of oxidizing agents as well.

Q.86 Why iodine titrations are performed in cold?

Ans. Since iodine is volatile, titrations should be performed in cold. Moreover, the indicator
starch also loses its sensitivity at high temperatures.

Q.87 Why always excess of KI is used?

Ans. This is because the solubility of I 2 in water is very low. But in the presence of KI its
forms an unstable complex salt, KI 3. This soluble complex will release iodine slowly
during titration due to reversible reaction,
KI + I2 KI3
I- + I2 I3
When free iodine is used up in the reaction with thiosulphate, the equilibrium shifts to
the left releasing more I2

Q.88 What is the advantage of using starch as indicator in iodine titrations?

Ans. Starch react with iodine in the presence of iodide ion to form an intensely coloured
blue complex, which is visible at very low concentrations of iodine, making it a very
good indicator in both direct and indirect iodometric titrations.

Experiment No.7

Q.89 Define flash and fire point of an oil.

Ans. Flash point-: The lowest temperature at which the oil lubricant gives off enough
vapours that ignite for a moment, when a tiny flame is brought near it.

Fire point -: The lowest temperature at which the vapours of the oil burn continuously for
at least five second when a tiny flame is brought near it.
* The fire points are 5 to 400C higher than the flash point.

19
Q.90 What is the main significance of determining the flash and fire point of the lubricating
oil sample?
Ans.Flash and fire point tells us the maximum temperature up to which a lubricating oil
can be used. This ensures safety against fire hazard during its use.

Q.91 What are the factors affecting the flash and fire point?
Ans. . The main factors affecting the flash and fire point are :
(i) Presence of moisture
(ii) Vapour pressure of oil (Higher vapour pressure means lower flash and fire points).

Q.92 What is the affect of moisture on the flash and fire point?
Ans. Presence of moisture in the lubricant may increase or decrease the flash point. It is
increased when steam prevents vapour from igniting and decreased when steam
distillation of low molecular weight constituents present in oil takes place.

Q.93 Name of the instruments which are commonly used to measure flash and fire point of
liquid.
Ans. (i) Abels flash point apparatus (closed cup).
(ii) Pensky-Martens flash point apparatus (closed cup).
(iii) Cleve land flash & fire point apparatus (open cup).

Q.94 What is meant by freaky flash?

Ans. Freaky flash is the production of irregular flashes below the true flash point of an oil
due to presence of contamination of oil with small amounts of volatile organic substances.

Q.95 In Pensky martens apparatus what is the purpose of the air jacket surrounding the
oil cup?
Ans. Air being a bed conductor of heat ensures very slow and uniform temperature change
whether the oil is being heated or cooled.

Q.96 How water is removed from the oil before determining the flash point?

20
 Ans. Water is removed by
Filtration through suitable filter paper.
Absorption by anhydrous CaCl2
Centrifugal action.
Settlement and decantation.
..

Experiment No.8
Q.97 Define viscosity and viscosity index.
Ans. Viscosity is the property of liquid which offers resistant to its own flow. Viscosity
index is the variation of viscosity of a liquid with temperature.

Q.98 What is the effect of pressure on viscosity of a liquid?

Ans. The viscosity of the liquid increases with increase in pressure. As the pressure is
increased the molecules of the liquid come closer and it becomes difficult for liquid
molecules to move around and thus it becomes more difficult for them to flow.

Q.99 What is the difference between Redwood viscometer no. 1 and Redwood viscometer
no. 2
Ans. There are three main difference between Redwood viscometer no. 1 and Redwood
viscometer no. 2.
Redwood viscometer no. 1 is commonly used for determining viscosities of thin
lubricating oils and Redwood viscometer no.2 is used for measuring viscosities of
highly viscous oils.
The Redwood viscometer no. 1 has a jet of bore diameter 1.62mm and length 10mm.
On the other hand Red wood viscometer no.2 has a jet of bore diameter 3.82 mm
and length 15 mm.

Q.100 What is the significance of viscosity?

Ans. Viscosity is the only property of the lubricating oils which determines the performance
under the operating conditions. Lubricating oil should have sufficient viscosity to
enable it to stay in position.

Q.101 What is the effect of temperature on viscosity of a liquid?

21
Ans. The viscosity of a liquid decreases with increase of temperature. As the temperature
rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules increase and intermolecular forces of attraction
become weak, resulting in subsequent decrease in the viscosity.

Q.102 What are the applications of viscosity measurements?

Ans.
Ans. Viscosity measurements are useful in predicting the behavior of lubricants and
oil is hot and conditions.
Viscosity is also used for determination of molar masses of polymers.
For distinguishing between branched and chain isomers. Chain isomers generally
have high viscosities.

Q.103 Define a lubricant.

Ans. Any substance introduced between two moving/ sliding surfaces with a view to
reduce the frictional resistance between the two, is called lubricant.

Q.104 Why is lubricant needed?

Ans. During the motion of the sliding/ rubbing/ moving surfaces, a lot of frictional heat is
generated, which results in local high temperature. This may even lead to melting of
surfaces and finally formatted of welded junctions. To avoid wear and tear, melting
and seizure of the surfaces, a lubricant is introduced in between them. The lubricant
reduces frictional resistance between surfaces, thereby minimizing the destruction of
material composing sliding/ rubbing/ moving surfaces.

Q.105Name the instruments commonly used to measured viscosity is the liquids in the
laboratory.
Ans. (i) Redwood viscometer no. 1 and Redwood viscometer no. 2
(ii) Ostwald viscometer.

Q.106 Name a few lubricants with high viscosity index.

Ans. Silicones, polyglycol, ethers, diesters and triesters.

Q.107 What are the units of viscosity?

Ans. (i) In the C.G.S. system the unit of viscosity is dyne cm-2s and is known as poise.
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 Poise = dyne cm-2
(ii) In S.I. system the unit of viscosity is Pascal second (pas).
Hence 1 poise = 10-1 Pascal

Q.108 What is the common principle involved for measurement of viscosity by different
type of viscometer?
Ans. The same volume of different liquids is allowed to pass through a capillary tube. The
rate of flow through the capillary will depend upon the viscosity of each liquid. So,
the time taken by the same volume of different liquids to flow through the same
capillary would be different, which is noted.

Q.109 Function of lubricant.

Ans.
It reduces the frictional resistance.
It protects against wear and tear.
It takes away heat generated due to rubbing of the surface.
It provides protection against corrosion.
It prevents formation of welded junctions between asperities.
It reduces the maintenance and running cost of a machine.

Q.110 Requirements of a good lubricating oil.

Ans. Good lubricating oil have viscosity is two low so that it maintained the fractional
resistance between two moving surfaces. Lubricating oil should not change in viscosity
due to change in temperature.
Good lubricating oil should have flash point atleast above the temperature at which it
is to be used.
Lubricating oil have good oiliness stay in between the lubricated surfaces when they
are subjected to high pressure.
Lubricating oil should passes low cloud and pour point.
A good lubricating oil should passes a low steam emulsion number.
Good lubricating oil should have low volatility.
A good lubricating oil should deposit least amount of the carbon in use.
A good lubricating oil should passes a low sligh oxidation number.
A good lubricating oil should passes acid value less then o.1.
A good lubricating oil should not affect the copper strip.

23
Q.111 What is the significance of viscosity?
Ans.Viscosity is the only property of the lubricating oils which determines the performance
under the operating conditions. Lubricating oil should have sufficient viscosity to
enable it to stay in position.

Experiment No.9

Q.112 What is the conductance and what are its units?

Ans.The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. Its units are ohm -1 or mho or
Siemen(S)
C=I
R
Where, I = current, R = resistance

Q.113 What is the conductivity cell?

Ans. The vessel in which the measurement of conductivity of the solution is to be made is
known as conductivity cell. They are of various shapes and sizes depending upon the
nature of the solution taken.

Q.114 What is cell constant? How is it determined?

Ans. The observed conductivity must be multiplied by a factor 1/a say x in order to get the
value of specific conductance and is known as cell constant.
Specific conductivity = observed conductivity cell constant.
Cell constant is determined by taking a solution of known specific conductivity and the
observed conductivity measured usually, we take N/50 KCl solution in a conductivity
cell, say, at the room temperature 250C. Its unit is cm-1.

Cell constant = Specific conductivity = 0.002768

Observed conductivity observed conductivity

Q.115 What is the effects of dilution on conductance?

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Ans. Conductance increase with dilution because on dilution dissociation increases and
hence the number of ions increases.

Q.116 What are the advantages of conductometric titrations?

Ans. Conductometric titrations have a number of advantages over volumetric titration
Involving the use of indicators:
These titrations can be used for coloured solutions where ordinary indicators fail to
give the end point.
These can be used for the titration of even very dilute solutions of the order of 10 -4
M.
No extra care is needed near the end point as it is simply the intersection of two
lines.
These can be used for the titration of mixtures of weak and strong acids.

Q.117 Why conductance of a solution increase with increase in temperature?

Ans. Effect of temperature on conductivity:- The conductance of a solution increase with
increase in temperature. This is due to the,
Increase in the velocity of ions.
Decrease in the viscosity of the medium.
Decrease in the interaction between the ions.
In case of weak electrolytes, increase in the degree of ionization with increases in
temperature also results in increased conductance. Generally, conductance of aqueous
solution increases by about 2% per degree rise in temperature.
..

EXPERIMENT No. 10
Q.118 Define the term surface tension.
Ans. Surface tension of a liquid is the force acting per centimeter along the surface of the
liquid at right angle to any line on the surface of the liquid in any direction.
Or

25
 The surface tension is magnitude F of the force exerted parallel to the surface of a
liquid divided by the length L of the line over which the force acts:

=F
L

Q.119 Give the CGS and SI units of surface tension?

Ans. CGS units are dynes per cm and the SI units are Newton per meter. One SI unit is
1000 time of the CGS units.

Q.120 What are the forces responsible for surface tension?

Ans. The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon
known as surface tension

Q.121 What is the surface tension of water?

Ans. The surface tension of water is 72 dynes/cm at 25 0 C. It would take force of 72 dynes
to break a surface film of water 1cm long.

Q.122 Why is surface tension important?

Ans. If any formulation changes to molecular level then the surface tension will change. If
the formulation changes due to the addition of another chemical, the addition of surfactant,
or if anything contaminates the fluid in question, then the surface tension will change.
Measuring surface tension is a direct indicator of the quality of any chemical and any
formulation.

Q.123 Why hot water is considered better cleaning agent?

Ans. Hot water is a better cleaning agent because the lower surface tension makes it a
batter wetting agent to get into pores and fissures rather then bridging them with surface
tension. Soaps and detergents further lower the surface tension.

Q.124 What is the difference between adhesive and cohesive forces? On the basis of these

26
 forces discuss capillary action.
Ans. Molecules in liquid state experience strong intermolecular attractive forces. When
those forces are between like molecules they are referred to as cohesive forces. For
example the molecules of a water droplet are held together by cohesive forces, and the
especially strong cohesive forces at the surface constitute surface tension. When the
attractive forces are between unlike molecules, they are said to the adhesive forces. The
adhesive forces between water molecules and the walls of a glass tube are stronger then
the cohesive forces, then this leads to an upward turning meniscus at the wall of the
vessel and contribute to capillary action.

Q.125 How small insects can walk on water?

Ans. Small insects such as the water strider can walk on water because their weight is not
enough to penetrate the surface.

Q.126 Discuss capillary action.

Ans. Capillary action or capillary is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards
against the force of gravity. Capillary action is the result of adhesion and surface
tension. Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the
liquid at the edges end result in a meniscus which turns upward. The surface tension
acts to hold the surface intact, so instead of just the edges moving upward, the whole
liquid surface is dragged upward.

Q.127 What is the effect of temperature on surface tension?

Ans. Surface tension arises due to cohesive forces within the molecules. With increase in
temperature, kinetic energy of the molecules of liquid increases and hence force of
attraction between them decrease. Hence surface tension of a liquid decreases with
rise in temperature.

Q.128 What is the shape of liquid drop falling from capillary?

Ans. Liquid drops are spherical in shape.

27
Q.129 Which phenomena is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets?
Ans. Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets. Although easily
deformed, droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive
force of the surface layer.

Q.130What method do you use in laboratory determination of surface tension?

Ans. Surface tension can be measured by drop number method.

Q.131Why surface tension decreases with rise in temperature?

Ans. The decreases in surface tension of liquid with increase of temperature is due to the
fact that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the molecules (and hence
the speed of molecules) increase and therefore the intermolecular attractions
decrease.

Q.132 Which instrument is used for measuring surface tension?

Ans. Stalagmometer is used for measuring surface tension.

Q.133 What formulas is used for calculating the surface tension of a liquid?
nw d
l= w
l

Ans. nl d
w

Where w represents the surface tension of the water at same temperature n w and nl
represents the no. of drops from the same volume of the water and liquid respectively.
dw and dl represent the density of water and liquid.

Q.134 Why liquid rise in a capillary tube?

Ans. The rise of liquid is due to the inward pull of surface tension acting on the surface
which pushes the liquid in to the capillary tube.

Q.135 What do you understand by surface energy of liquid?

Ans. Surface energy of a liquid is the work required to extend the surface of the liquid by
one unit area.
.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 11

Q.136 Define the term pH.

Ans. pH value of a solution is define as the negative power to which [H +] concentration of a
solution (strictly speaking the activity of the H+ ion of the solution) is raised to express
the H+ concentration or H+ activity of the solution.
[H+]= 10-pH (for dilute solution)
aH+ = 10-pH (for solution in general)
Or
Taking logarithms, we get
-log [H+] = pH or log aH+ = pH
pH value of a solution may also be defined as the negative logarithm of [H +] of
reciprocal of logarithm of [H+] of the solution.

Q.137 What is the effect of temperature on pH?

Ans. The pH value of the solution increases with increase of temperature.

Q.138 What is the effect of dilution on pH of an acidic solution?

Ans. pH increases towards 7.

Q.139 What chemicals would you use to make a buffer of pH (i) 5 (ii) 10
Ans. (i) CH3COOH + CH3COONa
(ii) NH4OH + NH4Cl

Q.140 Name three electrodes, which are usually employed to measure pH of a solution.
Which one is more suitable?
Ans. Hydrogen electrode, Quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Glass electrode is
most suitable for this purpose.

Q.141 Why is hydrogen electrode not generally used in pH measurement?

Ans. (i) It is difficult to setup.
(ii) It cannot be used in redox system.
(iii)It cannot be in the presence of Hg, as, S, Fe3+, MnO4, Cr2O3- etc.

29
Q.142 Glass electrode is referred to Quinhydrone electrode is measuring pH of solution.
Give reasons.
Ans. Glass electrode is simple, not easily oxidized and attains equilibrium rapidly. It can
safely be used up to a pH value of 10%. Whereas Quinhydrone electrode can be used
up to pH of 8 only. Moreover, it cannot be used in redox solutions.

Q.143 How many types of electrodes?

Ans. There are two types of electrodes
1. Reference electrodes
2. Indicator electrodes
Reference electrodes -:
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
Calomel electrode.
Indicator electrodes-:
Quinhydrone electrode.
Glass electrodes.

Q.144What is the pH of acids?

Ans. The pH of acids is less than 7.

Q.145 What is the pH of bases?

Ans. The pH of bases is more then 7.

Q.146 What is the pH of neutral water?

Ans. The pH of neutral water

..

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