ABSTRACT

Automatic Block Working is a system of train working in which movement of the

trains is controlled by the automatic stop signals. These signals are operated
automatically by the passage of the automatic signalling sections. Following are the
essentials of Automatic Block System where trains are worked on Automatic Block
System: -
1. The line is track circuited throughout its length and divided into a series of
automatic signalling sections each of which is governed by an Automatic Stop
Signal.
2. The movement of trains is controlled by stop signals, which are operated
automatically by the passage of trains past the signals.
3. No Automatic Signal assumes 'OFF' unless the line is clear not only upto the
stop signal ahead, but also an adequate distance beyond it.

Here we transmit two signals one is recorded and second signal from mike. We use
one change over switch to select to signals. We feed data from mike, then mike
convert the audio signal into electrical signal and this electrical signal is coupled to the
pin no 2 at I.C 741. Here we use I.C 741 as a mike amplifier. Pin no 7 is connected to
the voltage at pin no4 is connected to the -
we voltage at pin no6 is output pin. Amplification factor of this I.c is depend on the
feedback between pin no 6 and input pin no2. Amplified output is available on pin
no6. For further Amplification we use transistor circuit. Output of Transistor circuit is
connected to the laser light. Actually second signal from transistor circuit is converted
into light. We use Zener diode with laser light to protect them from high voltage. Data
is now super impose on the laser light and we focus this laser light on the receiver. In
receiver section we use one photo sensor as a Receiver part. When laser light focus on
the photo sensor the photo sensor convert this light into voltage, this Small voltage in
the farm at signals is again fed to the pin no2 at I.c 741. Again Amplified output
available on pin no6 at I.c741 and further Amplified by a transistor circuit. Here we
convert explain the complete working at op-Amp, because these details are easily
available in the books. It is new project so, no detail is available in the book, thats
why I use very simple circuit

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to explain this concept. At present we use this project far up to the range of 50 feet. If
we want to increase the range them we use powerful laser for this purpose . Here we
use very simple laser for small range.
In this digital transmission we transfer the data in digital form. In digital form we use
one numeric keyboard and at the receiver section we use one numeric display circuit.
In transmitter section we use one DTMF signal generator for generating a signal in the
form of PWM (pulse width modulation.) for this purpose we use ic UM 91513 as a
transmitter.
In this digital transmission we transfer the data in digital form. In digital form we use
one numeric keyboard and at the receiver section we use one numeric display circuit.
In transmitter section, we use 9 switches for the nine decimal numbers and the output
circuit we use one seven segment display for the numeric display.

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