Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof. Ke Xu
1
Take-home messages for atomic spectroscopy: 3
Resonance lines: transition between the ground state and first excited state.
Strongest!
Sodium lamp
Examples:
Solar
spectrum
(AA)
Identification
of elements
in fireworks!
(AE)
4
AE of different elements
5
Population of energy levels
Boltzmann distribution
Population
Nj gj ( E j E0 )
= exp
N0 g0 kT
Temperature
gj 6
E j E0 = h = =3
g0 2
Nj gj ( E j E0 )
= exp
N0 g0 kT
7
8
Implications for spectroscopy
P = P0 exp( abc)
Define:
P P
Transmission: T = T% = 100%
P0 P0
P0
Absorbance: A = log T = log
P
b: path length
Beers law: A = abc = bc a: absorptivity
9
: molecular absorptivity
Why exponential decrease? Why the definition of A?
Thought experiment:
b Transmission Absorbance
b1 b2
The same sample
P1 P2
divided into two: T1 T2
P0 P1
log(T1 T2 ) = A1 + A2
b1, b2. b = b1+b2
Addition of A!
The two systems should T = T1 T2 A = A1 + A2
give the same result
Ab for b = b1+b2
Similarly, A c
A = 0: T = 10-0 =100%
A = 1: T = 10-1 =10%
Definition ~pH!
10
Atomic line widths
T where T is temp in K,
= 7.2 10 7 M is atomic mass
M
(2000-3000 K)
(~20003000 K)
CaCl2 (s)
(desolvation)
CaCl2 (g)
(vaporization)
15
Flame atomization
Elongated along
the light path
16
Characteristics of the flame
Oxide formation
For the same element: Use the same part of the flame for calibration and measurements
Different element have different height dependence for signal strength
Larger height: longer exposure to heat signal
Larger height: formation of oxides signal
17
Performance of flame atomization
18
Electrothermal atomization (graphite furnace)
4 mm
2000-3500oC
350-600oC
100-200oC
Ashing
RT <<1 second
Dry
Introduce
Sample time
Signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Problem of using light with bandwidths much larger than the line width
22
Line source with extremely narrow bandwidth?
A = Kc
23