CH 8

New Empires
and New Faiths

Each civilization that you will study in this unit made
important contributions to history.

The Romans invented concrete and used the arch in building.

The Christians helped shape the Wests religious beliefs.

The Muslims spread the religion of Islam and invented algebra.
500 B.C. 100 B.C.

Ancient 509 B.C. 312 B.C. 146 B.C. 44 B.C.
Rome Rome Romans Rome Julius Caesar
Cha pte rs 8 & 9 becomes a build destroys is killed
republic the Carthage
Appian Wall painting of a
young couple of
Way ancient Rome
Rise of c. A.D. 30 c. A.D. 100

Christianity Jesus preaches Churches founded
Chap t er 10 in Galilee and throughout Roman
Judaea world
St. Matthew
Islamic
Civilization
C h a p te r 1 1
Islamic
prayer rug
254
(l)Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
N
0 30E 0 30E
W N
E
Chapters 8 & 9
S W E
Chapter 10
Chapter 11 S
60N 60N 60N
EU R O P E Caspian Sea
E UR OP E Caspian Sea E UR OP E
Caspian
Sea
Black Sea Black Sea Black Sea
Tig
Tig
Tig
Eu Eu Eu
p
r is t es
p ph
r is
r is t es
r R r a R r R
R.
h
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30N
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30N 30N
us
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R. R. R.
Ind
Persian
AFRICA Persian AFR IC A AFR IC A
.
Gulf
.
.
Nile R
Nile R
Nile R
Gulf Red Persian

Sea Gulf
Red Red
Sea Sea
60E
0N 0 0N
Chapters Chapter Chapter

8&9 10 11 0
0
1,000 mi.
1,000 km
0 30E Mercator projection
A.D. 300 A.D. 700 A.D. 1100

A.D. 476 A.D. 534
Western Justinian
Roman reforms Gladiators
Empire Roman law in battle
ends
A.D. 392 A.D. 1054

Christianity Eastern Orthodox
becomes Romes and Roman
official religion Catholic Churches
separate
Church of Hagia Sophia
(Holy Wisdom)
A.D. 624 c. A.D. 830 c. A.D. 1200

Muhammad Baghdad reaches its Muslim rule
founds Islamic height as center of reaches to
state in Arabia Islamic learning northern India
Mosque in
Baghdad
(t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler

EUROPE
1
1 Roman aqueduct
2
3
See Ancient Rome

Mediterranean Sea
Chapters 8 & 9 4
2 Roman Pantheon
AFRICA
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 8 & 9
c. 6 B.C . A.D. 30
63 B.C .A.D. 14 Crucifixion led to rise of c. A.D. 1065 c. A.D. 280337
Roman emperor Christianity Christian thinker Roman emperor
Chapter 8, page 289 Chapter 10, page 346 Chapter 10, page 349 Chapter 9, page 321
256
256257 Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Ric Ergenbright, (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)Danita
Delimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY
3 Hagia Sophia
ASIA
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 8 & 9
4 Mount of the Beatitudes
See Rise of Christianity

Chapter 10
5 Kaaba
5
Arabian
Sea See Islamic Civilization
Chapter 11
c. A.D. 570632
A.D. 354430 Muslims believe Allah A.D. 10481131
Christian C . A.D. 500548 dictated the Quran to Islamic poet
philosopher Byzantine empress Muhammad and philosopher
Chapter 10, page 357 Chapter 9, page 331 Chapter 11, page 376 Chapter 11, page 392
257
(t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS, Bettmann/CORBIS
258259 Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images
The
R
ise of Rome
Ruins of the Forum in Rome, Italy
500 B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100

451 B.C. 267 B.C. 27 B.C. A.D. 96
Romans Rome controls Octavian Rule of the
adopt the most of Italy becomes Romes Good Emperors
Twelve Tables first emperor begins
Chapter Preview Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
While the Chinese civilization arose in East Asia, the of Chapter 8.
Romans created an empire that covered much of the
Mediterranean world. Read this chapter to discover how
the Romans were able to win control of such a large area.
View the Chapter 8 video in the World History:
Journey Across Time Video Program.
Romes Beginnings
The civilization of Rome began in Italy. Rome grew from a small city
into an economic and military power.
The Roman Republic

Rome was a republic for almost 500 years. During this time, it
gradually expanded the right to vote. After many years of war and
following the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire, Rome took
control of the Mediterranean region.
The Fall of the Republic

As Romes territory grew, the army gained political power. The Roman
Republic, weakened by civil wars, gave way to the Roman Empire.
The Early Empire

Augustus and many of his successors governed well. Romes empire
grew larger and wealthier.
Know-Want-Learn Make this foldable to help you organize what you know, what
you want to know, and what you learn about the rise of Rome.
Step 1 Fold four sheets of paper Step 3 Place the folded papers one Reading and Writing
in half from top to bottom. on top of the other. Staple the four Before reading the
sections together and label the top chapter, write what you
four tabs: Romes Beginnings, The already know about the
Roman Republic, The Fall of the beginning of Rome, the
Republic, and The Early Empire. rise and fall of its
republic, and the early
Romes Roman Empire under the
Step 2 On each folded paper, make a Staple here.
Beginnings tabs of your foldable.
cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap. Also write one question
you have on each tab. As
Cut 1 inch from you read, summarize
the edge through the what you learn under
top flap only. each tab.
259
Taking Notes
Note Taking
Did you know that when you take notes, you remember more
than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why it
is important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading.
Read this paragraph from Section 3.
Trouble in the Republic
Romes armies were victorious wher-

ever they went. Yet problems were build-
ing at home. Dishonest officials stole
money, and the gap between rich and poor
was growing. Thousands of farmers faced
ruin, and the cities were becoming over-
crowded and dangerous.
from page 278
ooks
u t h o r s of textb ng Here is one method of note taking for the
A aki
h note t above paragraph.
help wit o u heading
s
i n g y
by giv If you
s u b h e adings. ain
and r e of the m Main Topic Important Details
t s u
are no a safe bet Republics Problems 1. dishonest officials
c , i t is
topi old
a t h e a d ings in b 2. gap between rich
th
or tant. and poor
are imp
3. farmers faced ruin
4. cities overcrowded
260
Make a T-Chart Read to Write
On page 273, read about
Read the first few pages of Section 2 and Romes first code of
use this T-chart as a guide to help you practice laws, the Twelve Tables.
taking notes. Come up with your
own 12 Tables of School
Law, and explain why
Main Topic Important Details each one should be
used to govern the
Romes government 1. students in your school.
2.
Social groups in Rome 1.
2.
Roman law 1.
2.
As you read Section 1, write the

names of important people or places
on the left column of your note-taking
paper. On the right side, list details
from your reading.
261
Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
Romes
Beginnings
Whats the Connection? Meeting People
In previous chapters, you learned Romulus (RAHM yuh luhs)
about the civilization of ancient and Remus (REE muhs)
Greece. Greek ways did not die with Aeneas (ih NEE uhs)
the end of Greeces freedom. They Latins (LA tuhnz)
were adopted and spread widely by Etruscans (ih TRUHS kuhnz)
another civilization, Rome. Tarquins (TAHR kwihnz)
Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary

Geography played an important role republic (rih PUH blihk)
in the rise of Roman civilization.
legion (LEE juhn)
(page 263)
The Romans created a republic and Reading Strategy

conquered Italy. By treating people Summarizing Information Use a
fairly, they built Rome from a small diagram like the one below to show
city into a great power. (page 265) how the Etruscans affected the
development of Rome.
Locating Places
Sicily (SIH suh lee)
Apennines (A puh NYNZ) Etruscans
Latium (LAY shee uhm)
Tiber River (TY buhr)
Etruria (ih TRUR ee uh)
650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.

ITALY c. 650 B.C. 509 B.C. 267 B.C.
Rome Etruscans rule Rome becomes Rome controls
Rome a republic most of Italy
Sicily
AFRICA
262 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

The Origins of Rome Italy 500 B.C.
Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
PS
Reading Focus If you were founding a new city, what AL
45N Po R.
natural features would influence your choice of a build-
ing site? As you read this section, think about the
Ad Se
ETRURIA
ria a
choices that the early Romans made. N
KEY
tic
W
E Carthaginians
Tib
Etruscans
Italy is in an important location in the
er R.
S
Greeks
Corsica
APE
middle of the Mediterranean region. It is a Latins
long, narrow peninsula with a distinctive LATIUM
NN
Rome N
ES
I
shape: it looks like a high-heeled boot jut-
ting into the sea. The heel points toward CA
Sardinia Tyrrhenian M
Greece and the toe toward the island of Sea
PA
NI
0 100 mi. 40N
Sicily (SIH suh lee). Across the top of the
A
0 100 km
boot are the Alps, craggy mountains that Azimuthal Equidistant projection
separate Italy from European lands to the Ionian

Sea
north. Another mountain range, the Me
dit
err Sicily
Apennines (A puh NYNZ), runs all the way Carthage anea Strait of
down the boot from north to south. nS Messina
AFRICA ea
The landscape of Italy is similar to that 10E 15E
of Greece, but the Apennines are not as

rugged as Greeces mountains. They can be
crossed much more easily. As a result, the
people who settled in Italy were not split up In 500 B.C. the Etruscans and the Greeks
occupied much of Italy.
into small, isolated communities as the
1. Which civilization do you think most
Greeks were. In addition, Italy had better influenced the Latins who settled Rome?
farmland than Greece. Its mountain slopes Explain your answer.
level off to large flat plains that are ideal for 2. How was Romes location advantageous
for the Latins conquest of Italy?
growing crops. With more capacity to pro-
Find NGS online map resources @
duce food, Italy could support more people www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
than Greece could.
Historians know little about the first
people to live in Italy. There is evidence, Where Was Rome Located? Geography
however, that groups from the north played a major part in the location of
slipped through Italys mountain passes Rome. The site chosen for Rome was
between about 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C. about 15 miles (24 km) up the Tiber River
Attracted by the mild climate and rich soil, (TY buhr) from the Mediterranean Sea. The
a small but steady stream of newcomers set- Tiber River gave the Romans a source of
tled in the hills and on the plains. Among water and a way to the rest of the
these peoples were a Latin-speaking people Mediterranean world. At the same time,
who built the city of Rome on the plain of Rome was far enough from the sea to
Latium (LAY shee uhm) in central Italy. escape raids by pirates.
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 263

boys were abandoned near the Tiber River.
Rescued by a wolf and raised by a shep-
The Aeneid herd, they decided to build a city in 753 B.C.
Two legends describe the beginning of Rome. The twins quarreled, however, and Remus
One says that after Troy was destroyed, made fun of the wall his brother was build-
Aeneas and the other Trojans went in search ing. In a fury, Romulus lashed out at Remus
of another place to live. and killed him. Romulus went on to
Weeping, I drew away become the first king of Rome, the
from our old country. . . . new city he named after himself.
I took to the open sea,
The seeds of Rome are traced
borne outward into exile
with my people, my son, even farther back in the Aeneid, a
my hearth gods, and the famous epic by the Roman poet
greater gods. . . . Now Virgil. The Aeneid is the story of the
making landfall under Trojan hero Aeneas (ih NEE uhs) .
the southwind there, I He and a band of followers are said
plotted out on that to have sailed the Mediterranean
curved shore the walls of
Sea after the Greeks captured Troy.
a colonythough fate
opposed itand I After many adventures, the Trojans
devised the name landed at the mouth of the Tiber.
Aeneadae for the people, Virgil Through warfare and then marriage to the
from my own. local kings daughter, Aeneas united the
adapted from Virgil, Aeneid Trojans and some of the Latins (LA tuhnz),
the local people. He thus became the
father of the Romans.
What type of person do you think Aeneas
was to build a new city after having the Historians are not sure how Rome
first one destroyed? began. They think that Latins lived in the
area of Rome as early as 1000 B.C. They built
huts on Romes hills, tended herds, and
In addition, Rome was built on seven grew crops. Sometime between 800 B.C. and
hills. The Romans did this on purpose. The 700 B.C., they decided to band together for
hills were very steep, making it easy to protection. It was this community that
defend the city against enemy attack. Rome became known as Rome.
was also located at a place where people
could easily cross the Tiber River. As a Early Influences After about 800 B.C.,
result, Rome became a stopping place for other groups joined the Romans in Italy.
people traveling north and south in western Two of these groups, the Greeks and the
Italy and for merchant ships sailing in the Etruscans (ih TRUHS kuhnz), played a major
western Mediterranean. role in shaping Roman civilization.
Many Greeks came to southern Italy
How Did Rome Begin? Two different leg- and Sicily between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C.,
ends describe how Rome began. The tradi- when Greece was busily building overseas
tional story is that twin brothers named colonies. From the Greeks, Romans learned
Romulus (RAHM yuh luhs) and Remus to grow olives and grapes. They also
(REE muhs) founded the city. As babies, the adopted the Greek alphabet, and they

Francis Schroeder/SuperStock
Etruscan
The Birth of a Republic
jewelry The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built
Rome from a small city into a great power.
Reading Focus Have you heard the phrase winning
hearts and minds? It means convincing people to support
you rather than just forcing them to obey. Read on to learn
how the Romans not only conquered other people in Italy
but also won their hearts and minds.
The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than

100 years. Under the Etruscans, Rome
became wealthy and powerful. However,
would eventually model their architecture, the ruling family, called the Tarquins
sculpture, and literature after the Greeks. (TAHR kwihnz), grew more and more cruel.
Romes early growth was influenced Finally, in 509 B.C., the Romans rebelled.
most, however, by the Etruscans. The They overthrew the Tarquins and set up a
Etruscans lived north of Rome in Etruria republic (rih PUH blihk). A republic is a form
(ih TRUR ee uh). After 650 B.C., they moved of government in which the leader is not a
south and took control of Rome and most of king or queen but someone put in office by
Latium. citizens with the right to vote. In a republic,
The Etruscans were skilled metalwork- the citizens have the power. The rise of the
ers who became rich from mining and Roman Republic marked the beginning of a
trade. They forced enslaved people to do new chapter in Romes history.
the heaviest work and made their own lives
comfortable. Their tomb paintings show
men and women feasting, dancing, and
playing music and sports. Some murals also
show bloody battle scenes, revealing the
Etruscans pride in their military.
The Etruscans changed Rome from a vil-
lage of straw-roofed huts into a city of
wood and brick buildings. They laid out
streets, temples, and public buildings
around a central square. Etruscans also
taught Romans a new style of dress, featur-
ing short cloaks and togasloose garments
draped over one shoulder. More impor-
tantly, the Etruscan army would serve as a
model for the mighty army the Romans
Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes
eventually assembled.
of daily life, such as religious ceremonies or
Explain How did geography people enjoying music and feasts. How did
help the Romans prosper? the Etruscans become wealthy?

(t)file photo, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY
At the time Rome became a republic, it Why Was Rome So Strong? Rome was
was still a small city, surrounded by ene- able to conquer Italy because the Romans
mies. Over the next 200 years, the Romans were excellent soldiers. In the republics
fought war after war against their neigh- early days, every male citizen who owned
bors. In 338 B.C. they finally defeated the land had to serve in the army. Discipline
other Latins living nearby. Next they was harsh, and deserters were punished by
attacked the Etruscans and defeated them death. The tough discipline helped mold
in 284 B.C. By 267 B.C., the Romans had also Roman soldiers into fighters who did not
conquered the Greeks in southern Italy. give up easily. In addition, they were prac-
With this victory, the Romans became the tical problem solvers.
masters of almost all of Italy. For example, Roman armies at first
fought like Greek armies. Row upon row of
Roman Legionary soldiers marched shoulder to shoulder,
keeping their shields together and holding
long spears. Roman generals soon realized
A soldier's armor was made of that this way of fighting was slow and hard
iron strips joined by leather ties.
to control. They reorganized their soldiers
into smaller groups called legions (LEE
juhnz). Each legion had about 6,000 men and
was further divided into groups of 60 to
120 soldiers. These small groups could
quickly cut through enemy lines.
Roman soldiers, or legionaries, were
armed with a short sword called a gladius
and a spear called a pilum. Each unit also
carried its own standarda tall pole
topped with a symbol. In battle, standards
helped keep units together because the sol-
diers could see them above the action.
The long iron Shrewd Rulers The Romans were not only
point on the good fighters but also smart planners. As
spear was made they expanded throughout Italy, they built
to bend after
the spear was Shields were permanent military settlements in the areas
thrown, made from they conquered. Then they built roads
sheets of wood
preventing an between these towns. These roads allowed
enemy from glued together
and covered troops to travel swiftly to any place in their
using it.
with leather or growing territory.
cloth. To rule their new conquests, the
Romans created the Roman Confederation.
At first, the Roman army was made up of ordi-
Under this system, Romans gave full citi-
nary citizens. Later the army contained well-
trained professional soldiers and was one of the zenship to some peoples, especially other
best fighting forces in the world. What was a Latins. They could vote and serve in the
standard, and why did the army carry them? government, and they were treated the

Stock Montage
same as other citizens under the law. The
Romans granted other peoples the status of
allies.
Allies were free to run their own local
affairs, but they had to pay taxes to the
republic and provide soldiers for the army.
The Romans made it clear that loyal allies
could improve their position and even
become Roman citizens.
With these policies, the Romans proved
themselves clever rulers. They knew that
conquered peoples would be more loyal to
the government if they were well treated.
Romes generosity paid off. As a result, the
republic grew stronger and more unified.
All the same, Rome was not afraid to
use force if necessary. If conquered peoples
revolted against Roman rule, their resist-
ance was swiftly put down.
This mosaic, or picture made from bits of stone,
Describe How did Rome shows a group of Roman legionaries. How
rule its new conquests? many soldiers made up a legion?
Study CentralTM Need help with the

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What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. Where did the Greeks live in
Italy, and how did they influ-
4. Summarize Describe the
Roman conquest of Italy.
Review the ence Roman civilization?
The Romans, a Latin-speaking 5. Compare and Contrast
people, settled the region of 2. Describe the two legends that How did geography affect the
Rome on the west side of Italy. tell of the founding of Rome. development of civilization in
The regions geography, as well as Then describe how and when Greece and Italy?
Etruscan and Greek ideas, helped Rome was actually founded. 6. Expository Writing Write a
Rome grow. Critical Thinking short essay discussing the rea-
3. Geography Skills Draw a sons Rome was so successful in
In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrew diagram like the one below. List its conquest of Italy.
Etruscan rule and established a examples of how geography
determined Romes location. 7. Taking Notes
republic. By about 275 B.C .,
Use the blue subheads in
Roman legions had conquered
Section 1 to create notes
most of Italy. The Location of Rome about Romes beginnings. List
each subhead on the left of a
T-chart and details on the
right.

Prenestino Museum, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock
The
Roman Republic
Romans had suffered under cruel Cincinnatus (SIHN suh NA tuhs)
Etruscan kings. When they had the Hannibal (HA nuh buhl)
chance to create their own govern- Scipio (SIH pee OH)
ment, they chose something very
different. Building Your Vocabulary
patrician (puh TRIH shuhn)
Focusing on the plebeian (plih BEE uhn)
Romes republic was shaped by a consul (KAHN suhl)
struggle between wealthy landowners veto (VEE toh)
and regular citizens as it gradually praetor (PREE tuhr)
expanded the right to vote. (page 269)
dictator (DIHK TAY tuhr)
Rome slowly destroyed the Carth-
aginian Empire and took control of Reading Strategy
the entire Mediterranean region. Categorizing Information Complete
(page 274) a chart like the one below listing the
government officials and legislative
bodies of the Roman Republic.
Locating Places
Carthage (KAHR thihj) Officials Legislative Bodies
Cannae (KA nee)
Zama (ZAY muh)
450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.

451 B.C. 264 B.C. 146 B.C.
ITALY Romans adopt the Punic Wars Rome destroys
SPAIN Rome Twelve Tables begin Carthage
Carthage
GREECE

Romes Government Both patrician and plebeian men were
Michael Holford
Roman citizens. They had the right to vote

Romes republic was shaped by a strug- and the responsibility to pay taxes and
gle between wealthy landowners and regular citi- serve in the army. However, plebeians had
zens as it gradually expanded the right to vote. less social status. Marriage between mem-
Reading Focus Do you know where our word bers of the two classes was forbidden.
republic comes from? It is made up of two Latin words Plebeians also lacked an important political
meaning thing of the people. Read on to learn about right: they could not hold public office.
the republican government that early Romans created.
How Did Romes Government Work?
Early Romans were divided into two Rome had a tripartite, or three-part, govern-
classes: patricians and plebeians. The ment. One group of people ran the govern-
patricians (puh TRIH shuhnz) were wealthy ment, another group made laws, and a third
landowners. These nobles made up Romes group acted as judges. It had checks and
ruling class. Most of Romes people, how- balances so that one group could not get too
ever, were plebeians (plih BEE uhnz). This strong, but it did not separate powers like
group included artisans, shopkeepers, and our government does today. In the Roman
owners of small farms. Republic, the top government officials were
In
Motion
Growth of the Roman Republic 500146 B.C.

50
N 10W 0 10E 20E 30E
0 500 mi.
0 500 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
N
W E
A LPS S
PYR Po R.
ENE
40 ES Dan u b e R
.
AP
N
Black Sea
Ad NIN
Tiber R.
PE
SPAIN
ria
cS
N
ti
Corsica ea
Rome
MACEDONIA
ES
New
Carthage Sardinia ITALY
ASIA
GREECE MINOR
Carthage Corinth
Sicily SYRIA
AFRICA Rhodes
40E
Crete Cyprus
30 Mediterranean Sea
N
KEY
During the early years of the Rome, 500 B.C.
Territory added by 264 B.C.
Republic, Rome gained territory
Territory added by 146 B.C.
N il e R.
around the Mediterranean Sea.

1. What major islands did Rome
conquer?
2. Why do you think Rome did not Roman consul
expand farther north?
Romes most important legislative, or
lawmaking, body was the Senate. This was
A Roman Triumph a select group of 300 patrician men who
Sometimes military leaders returning to served for life. In the beginning, the Senate
Rome after a victory took part in a great only gave advice to the consuls. Over time,
parade called a triumph. the power of the Senate grew. By the
Thus arrayed [decora- 200s B.C., it could also propose laws, hold
tively dressed], they debates, and approve building programs.
entered the city, hav-
Another legislative body was the
ing at the head of the
procession the spoils Assembly of Centuries. It elected consuls
and trophies and fig- and praetors, and passed laws. Like the
ures representing the Senate, the Assembly of Centuries was
captured forts, cities, under the control of the patricians.
mountains, rivers,
lakes, and seas
everything, in fact,
Plebeians Against Patricians As you might
that they had taken. . . . expect, plebeians complained about having
Roman soldiers so little power in the Roman Republic. After
[When] . . . the victori-
ous general arrived at the Roman Forum . . . he all, they fought alongside patricians in the
rode up to the Capitol. There he performed certain army, and their tax payments helped the
rites and made offerings. republic thrive.
Zonaras, A Roman Triumph Eventually, the plebeians took action to
bring about change. In 494 B.C. many ple-
beians went on strike. They refused to serve
Why do you think the military leaders and in the army. They also left the city to set up a
their troops were dressed decoratively republic of their own. These moves fright-
before the triumph? ened the patricians into agreeing to share
power.
In 471 B.C. the plebeians were allowed to
set up their own body of representatives,
the consuls (KAHN suhlz). Two consuls called the Council of the Plebs. The assembly
both patricianswere chosen every year. elected tribunes who brought plebeian con-
They headed the army and ran the govern- cerns to the governments attention. The trib-
ment. Because they served such short unes also won the right to veto government
terms, there was little risk that they would decisions. In 455 B.C. plebeians and patricians
abuse their power. The consuls also kept were allowed to marry, and in the 300s B.C.,
each other in line because each could veto plebeians were allowed to become consuls.
(VEE toh), or reject, the others decision. The The most far-reaching political reform
word veto is Latin for I forbid. Rome had came in 287 B.C. In that year, the Council of
other important officials called praetors the Plebs finally gained the power to pass
(PREE tuhrz). Their main job was to interpret laws for all Romans. Now all male citizens
the law and act as judges in court. Various had equal political standing, at least in the-
other officials performed specialized ory. In practice, a few wealthy patrician fam-
dutieskeeping tax records, handling public ilies still held most of the power, and women
festivals, and so forth. remained without a voice in government.

Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
The Roman Republic had become more rep-
The Art Archive/Archeological Museum Beirut/Dagli Orti
resentative, but it was far from a full-fledged

democracy.
Who Was Cincinnatus? An unusual fea-

Roman Dinner Parties Before Rome
ture of the Roman Republic was the office
of dictator (DIHK tay tuhr). We define a dic- became a powerful empire, Romans
tator today as an oppressive ruler with ate simple meals of porridge, dried
complete control over the state. Roman dic- vegetables, and greens. People rarely
tators also had complete control, but they ate meat or seafood. After Romes
served the people and ruled on a temporary conquests, the dining habits of wealthy
basis during emergencies. The Senate Romans changed. Newly rich Romans
appointed a dictator in times of great dan- showed off their wealth with expensive
ger. As soon as the danger was past, Roman feasts that included exotic foods and
dictators gave up their power. lively entertainment for their guests.
The best-known early Roman dictator is At Roman dinner parties, guests
Cincinnatus (SIHN suh NA tuhs). About reclined on couches. The enslaved
460 B.C., a powerful enemy had surrounded servants served the food, which would
a Roman army. Officials decided that the
be carried into the banquet room on
crisis called for a dictator and that
great silver platters. Roman dishes
Cincinnatus was the man for the job. The
officials found Cincinnatus plowing his
might include boiled stingray garnished
fields. A loyal and devoted citizen, with hot raisins; boiled crane with
Cincinnatus left his farm and gathered an turnips; or roast flamingo cooked with
army. He defeated the enemy in short order dates, onions, honey, and wine.
and returned to Rome in triumph.
A wealthy Roman woman
Although he probably could have contin- reclining on a couch
ued ruling, Cincinnatus did not want
power. Having done his duty, he returned
to his farm a mere 15 or 16 days later.
Romans strongly believed in civic duty,
or the idea that citizens have a responsibility
to help their country. Cincinnatus was
widely admired for his civic duty in his own
time and in later ages. George Washington,
for one, took inspiration from his example.
Like Cincinnatus, Washington was a farmer
when he was asked to head an army: the
Continental Army in the American War for
Independence. After leading the Americans
to victory, Washington returned to his plan-
Connecting to the Past
1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome
tation home. Only later, and with some became wealthy and powerful?
reluctance, did he agree to become the first 2. Describe how their eating habits changed.
president of the United States.
North Wind Picture Archives
LUCIUS QUINCTIUS
CINCINNATUS
c. 519438 B.C.
atly
The loyal devotion of Cincinnatus gre
. In his
impressed the Roman historian Livy
ders to
History of Rome, Livy advised his rea
cinnatus,
listen to the worthwhile story of Cin
ards
whose virtue rose high above any rew
that wealth could bring.
in
According to Livy, Cincinnatus lived
re field
Rome but owned and worked a four-ac
On the
on the other side of the Tiber River.
cinnatus,
day that the officials looked for Cin
field,
they found him hard at work in his
atus was
covered with dirt and sweat. Cincinn
to put
surprised when the officials asked him
ed the
on his toga and listen as they explain
wishes of the Roman Senate
y
The officials explained the emergenc Cincinnatus is asked to lead Rome.
to the
situation to Cincinnatus. He agreed
a dict ator.
Senates request that he become
d the
Cincinnatus and the officials crosse
Tiber River to Rome. The next mornin
g, The city was in the
before daylight, Cincinnatus went to
atta
the
ck
grip of fear.
Forum and gathered his forces to Livy, The Rise of Rome
the enemy.
The story of Cincinnatus was
important to the ancient Romans for
several reasons. He was victorious in
battle and yet quickly gave up the think
Name a modern-day leader that you
dictatorship. Perhaps more impor- historians will write about with great
tantly, he did his civic duty by admiration. Explain why.
responding to a call to serve.
Roman Law One of Romes chief gifts to
the world was its system of law. The legal
system of the United States owes much to
the Roman system.
Romes first code of laws was the Twelve
Tables, adopted about 451 B.C. Before
this time, Romes laws were not written
down. As a result, plebeians claimed that Twelve Tables c. 451 B.C.
patrician judges often The Twelve Tables were laws written
favored their own class. on tablets that described the rights
They demanded that the of each person in the Roman Republic.
laws be put in writing for The laws were the first set of rules
everyone to see. to govern Rome. Writing the laws
The patricians finally down and putting them on public
agreed. They had the laws display ensured that everyone
carved on bronze tablets knew the laws and that judges did
that were placed in not apply the laws differently to
Romes marketplace, or different people.
the Forum (FOHR uhm). The laws on the Twelve Tables
The Twelve Tables became These bundles of explained a persons rights concerning
the basis for all future rods and axes, property, wills, public behavior, family
Roman laws. They estab- called fasces, law, and court actions. The Twelve
lished the principle that symbolized the Tables were the first step toward
legal authority of
all free citizens had the equal rights for citizens of all classes
Roman leaders.
right to be treated equally in ancient Rome. They were also a
by the legal system. first step toward the idea of the rule
The Twelve Tables, however, applied of law that we still uphold today.
only to Roman citizens. As the Romans took
over more lands, they realized that new
rules were needed to solve legal disputes
between citizens and noncitizens. They cre- is called the rule of law. In the age of Rome,
ated a collection of laws called the Law of the rule of law was still a new idea. In many
Nations. It stated principles of justice that lands, people at the top of society often had
applied to all people everywhere. special privileges and did not have to obey
These standards of justice included ideas the same laws or use the same courts as peo-
that we still accept today. A person was seen ple lower down. In some places, people at the
as innocent until proven guilty. People bottom of society did not have any legal
accused of crimes could defend themselves rights at all. The rule of law is one of the key
before a judge. A judge had to look at the ideas that the Romans gave to the world. It is
evidence carefully before making a decision. still the basis of our legal system today.
The idea that the law should apply to Contrast Before 471 B.C.,
everyone equally and that all people should what right did patricians have that plebeians
be treated the same way by the legal system did not?

Alinari/Art Resource, NY
Rome Expands 800 B.C. by the Phoenicians. As you learned
earlier, the Phoenicians were sea traders from
Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian the Middle East.
Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean Carthage ruled a great trading empire
region. that included parts of northern Africa and
Reading Focus When you achieve a victorywhether southern Europe. By controlling the move-
it is in academics, sports, or some other fielddo you ment of goods in this region, Carthage
then strive for more success? That may have been how made itself the largest and richest city in the
the Romans felt once they had taken over Italy. Read on western Mediterranean.
to learn how they continued to expand their power.
The First Punic War Both Carthage and
While Rome developed its government, Rome wanted to control the island of Sicily.
it also faced challenges abroad. The Romans In 264 B.C. the dispute brought the two
had completed their conquest of Italy. powers to blows. The war that began in
However, they now faced a powerful rival in 264 B.C. is called the First Punic War.
the Mediterranean area. This enemy was the Punicus is the Latin word for Phoenician.
state of Carthage (KAHR thihj) on the coast of The war started when the Romans sent an
North Africa. It had been founded around army to Sicily to prevent a Carthaginian
N
The Punic Wars 264 146 B.C. In
Motion
KEY
N
Rome at the start of
ATLANTIC 1st Punic War
OCEAN W Carthaginian Empire
E
Hannibals route
S GAUL Scipios route
40E
Battle
ALPS
PYR Po R.
ENE
40 ES Dan u b e R
.
N Black Sea
Ad
Tiber R. at
ri
SPAIN ic
Se
Corsica a
Rome Cannae MACEDONIA
10W New ITALY
Carthage Sardinia ASIA
GREECE MINOR
Carthage Sicily Corinth
SYRIA
Rhodes
Zama Crete Cyprus
AFRICA Mediterranean Sea
30
N
0 500 mi.
After winning the Second Punic EGYPT
War, Rome became the strongest 0 500 km
N il e R.

Mediterranean power. 20E 30E
1. From what direction did Hannibal
attack Rome?
2. Why do you think Hannibal took
the route he did instead of sailing
straight across to Rome?
takeover. The Carthaginians, who already not happy about Carthage gaining land on
had colonies on the island, were deter- the European mainland west of Rome. They
mined to stop this invasion. helped the people living in Spain rebel
Up until then, the Romans had fought against Carthage. Of course, Carthaginians
their wars on land. However, they soon were angry. To punish Rome, Carthage sent
realized they could not defeat a sea power its greatest general, Hannibal (HA nuh
like Carthage without a navy. They quickly buhl), to attack Rome in 218 B.C. This started
built a large fleet of ships and confronted the Second Punic War.
their enemy at sea. The war dragged on for Hannibals strategy was to take the
more than 20 years. Finally, in 241 B.C., fighting into Italy itself. To do this,
Rome crushed Carthages navy off the coast Hannibal gathered an army of about
of Sicily. Carthage was forced to leave Sicily 46,000 men, many horses, and 37 elephants.
and pay a huge fine to the Romans. The He landed his forces in Spain and then
island then came under Roman rule. marched east to attack Italy.
Even before reaching Italy, Hannibals
The Second Punic War To make up for its forces suffered severe losses crossing the
loss of Sicily, Carthage expanded its empire steep, snowy Alps into Italy. The brutal
into southern Spain. Roman leaders were cold, gnawing hunger, and attacks by
In December 218 B.C., Hannibals forces and the Roman army met in bat-
tle near the Trebbia River in northern Italy. In a well-planned attack, the
Carthaginian forces badly defeated the Romans. Hannibal made good use
of his elephants in the attack, but most died following the battle. At
what other battle in Italy were the Romans defeated by Hannibal?
275
mountain tribes killed almost half of the More Conquests While Carthage was no
soldiers and most of the elephants. The longer a military power, it remained a
remaining army, however, was still a pow- trading center. In 146 B.C. Rome finally
erful fighting force when it reached Italy. destroyed its great rival in the Third Punic
The Romans suffered a severe loss in War. Roman soldiers burned Carthage and
216 B.C. at the Battle of Cannae (KA nee) in enslaved 50,000 men, women, and chil-
southern Italy. Even though Hannibals army dren. Legend says that the Romans even
was outnumbered, it overpowered the Ro- spread salt on the earth so no crops would
man force and began raiding much of Italy. grow. Carthage became a Roman province,
The Romans, however, raised another or regional district.
army. In 202 B.C. a Roman force led by a During the Punic Wars, Rome success-
general named Scipio (SIH pee OH) in- fully battled states in the eastern Med-
vaded Carthage. Hannibal, who was wag- iterranean. In 148 B.C. Macedonia came
ing a war in Italy, had no choice but to under Roman rule. Two years later, the rest
return home to defend his people. of Greece became Roman. In 129 B.C. Rome
At the Battle of Zama (ZAY muh), Scipios gained its first province in Asia. It was no
troops defeated the Carthaginians. Carthage wonder that the Romans began to call the
gave up Spain to Rome. It also had to give up Mediterranean mare nostrumour sea.
its navy and pay a large fine. Rome now Describe How did Rome
ruled the western Mediterranean. punish Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War?

What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. Who were the top government
officials in the Roman Republic,
4. Geography Skills Where was
Carthage located, and why did
Review the and what were their duties? it compete with Rome?
During the Roman Republic, the
government changed as the ple- 2. What does mare nostrum 5. Summarize What other
beians, or lower classes, and the mean, and why did the Romans conquests did Rome carry
patricians, or ruling class, strug- use the term? out during the period of the
gled for power. Punic Wars?
Critical Thinking
3. Sequencing Information 6. Evaluate Why do you think
Draw a diagram to describe the legacy of Roman law is
Beginning in 264 B.C., Rome
the sequence of events from considered so important?
fought and won a series of wars
with Carthage and other powers the start of the First Punic War 7. Persuasive Writing Write a
and gained control of the to the start of the Second speech demanding equal rights
Mediterranean region. Punic War. for plebeians in the early
republic.
Rome
Invades
Sicily

The Fall of the
Republic
By the end of the Third Punic Julius Caesar
War, Rome ruled the Mediterranean (jool yuhs SEE zuhr)
world. All was not well, however. Octavian (ahk TAY vee uhn)
Closer to home, the republic faced Antony (AN tuh nee)
increasing dangers that would soon Cicero (SIH suh ROH)
lead to its end. Augustus (aw GUHS tuhs)
Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary
The use of enslaved labor hurt latifundia (LA tuh FUHN dee uh)
farmers, increased poverty and
triumvirate (try UHM vuh ruht)
corruption, and brought the army
into politics. (page 278) Reading Strategy
Military hero Julius Caesar seized Finding the Main Idea Use a chart like
power and made reforms. (page 280) the one below to identify the main ideas
of Section 3 and supporting details.
The Roman Republic, weakened by
civil wars, became an empire under Main Idea
Augustus. (page 282)
Supporting Supporting Supporting
Locating Places Detail Detail Detail
Rubicon (ROO bih KAHN)
Actium (AK shee uhm) Supporting Supporting Supporting
Detail Detail Detail
100 B.C. 60 B.C. 20 B.C.

GAUL 82 B.C. 44 B.C. 27 B.C.
Sulla becomes Group of Octavian
ITALY
SPAIN dictator of senators murder becomes Romes
Rome ASIA Rome Julius Caesar first emperor
MINOR
GREECE

Trouble in the Republic Rome had few privileged citizens com-
pared with the many Romans who farmed
The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, small plots of land. In the 100s B.C., how-
increased poverty and corruption, and brought the ever, these farmers were sinking into
army into politics. poverty and debt. Why? Many of them had
Reading Focus Poverty, corruption, unemployment, been unable to farm because they were
crime, and violence are problems we hear about today. fighting in Romes wars. Others had suf-
Read on to learn how the Romans struggled with these fered damage to their farms during
same issues 2,000 years ago. Hannibals invasion of Italy.
Moreover, small farmers could not com-
Romes armies were victorious wher- pete with wealthy Romans who were buy-
ever they went. Yet problems were building ing up land to create latifundia (LA tuh
at home. Dishonest officials stole money, FUHN dee uh), or large farming estates.
and the gap between rich and poor was These rich landowners used a new source
growing. Thousands of farmers faced ruin, of laborthe thousands of prisoners
and the cities were becoming overcrowded brought to Italy during the wars. By using
and dangerous. these enslaved people to tend their crops,
wealthy Romans could force owners of
Rich Versus Poor As you read in Section 2, small farms out of business.
most of the people who ruled Rome were Faced with debts they could not pay
patriciansrich people who owned large off, many farmers sold their land and
farms. These rich landowners ran the Senate headed to the cities, desperate for work.
and held the most powerful government However, jobs were hard to find. Enslaved
jobs. They handled Romes finances and people did most of the work. If free men
directed its wars. Despite some gains for the were lucky enough to be hired, they
plebeians, many people became very earned low wages. These conditions cre-
unhappy about this situation. ated widespread anger.
This image shows Romans farming their land. Why were Roman farmers
becoming poor in the 100s B.C.?
The Art Archive/Archeological Museum Aquileia/Dagli Orti
Roman politicians were worried about Tiberius Gracchus
riots breaking out, but they quickly turned (left) and his
brother Gaius
the situation to their advantage. To win the believed that mov-
votes of the poor, they began providing ing poor Romans
cheap food and entertainment. This policy from the city to
farms would help
of bread and circuses helped many dis- solve the republics
honest rulers come to power. problems. What
happened to the
Why Did Reform Fail? Not all wealthy peo- Gracchus brothers?
ple ignored the problems facing the Roman
Republic. Two prominent officials who
worked for reforms were Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus (GRA kuhs). These brothers thought poor. In return for their service, he paid
that many of Romes problems were caused them wages and promised them the one
by the loss of small farms. They asked the thing they desperately wantedland.
Senate to take back public land from the rich Marius changed the Roman army from
and divide it among landless Romans. citizen volunteers to paid professional sol-
Many senators, however, were among diers. The new troops, however, were
those who had claimed parcels of public motivated by material rewards rather than
land. Putting their own interests above the a sense of duty. They felt loyal to their
general welfare, they fought the Gracchus general, not to the Roman Republic. This
brothers proposals. A band of senators even gave individual generals a great deal of
went so far as to kill Tiberius in 133 B.C. influence and good reason to become
Twelve years later, Gaius met the same fate. involved in politics. They needed to get
These were dark days for the Roman laws passed that would provide the land
Republic, when the people charged with they had promised their soldiers.
making and upholding the laws could so Mariuss new military system led to
shockingly violate them. new power struggles. It was not long before
Marius faced a challenge from a rival gen-
The Army Enters Politics Matters only
eral with his own army, a man named Sulla.
worsened as the Roman army took on a new
In 82 B.C. Sulla drove his enemies out of
role. Until now, the army had mostly stayed
Rome and made himself dictator.
out of government affairs. Things changed
Over the next three years, Sulla changed
when a military leader named Marius
the government. He weakened the Council
became consul in 107 B.C. Previously, most
of the Plebs and strengthened the Senate.
soldiers were owners of small farms. Now
Then he stepped down from office. He
because this type of farmer was disappearing,
hoped that the Roman Republic could heal
Marius began to recruit soldiers from the
its wounds and recapture its glory. Instead,
Rome plunged into an era of civil wars for
the next 50 years. Ambitious men saw how
Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and Sulla used an army to seize power. They
click on Chapter 8Student Web Activity to decided to follow the same path.
learn more about the rise of Rome.
Explain What change did
Marius make to the Roman army?

Scala/Art Resource, NY
Julius Caesar Caesars Military Campaigns The mem-
bers of the Triumvirate each had a military
Military hero Julius Caesar seized command in a remote area of the republic.
power and made reforms. Pompey was in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and
Reading Focus Did you know that George Washington, Caesar in Gaul (modern France). While in
Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Gaul, Caesar battled foreign tribes and
Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower all com- invaded Britain. He became a hero to
manded armies before becoming president? Read to Romes lower classes. Senators and others
learn about a famous Roman who made a similar jump back home in Rome feared that Caesar was
from military leader to political leader.
becoming too popular and might seize
power like Sulla.
After Sulla left office, different Roman After Crassus was killed in battle in
leaders battled for power, supported by 53 B.C., the Senate decided that Pompey
their loyal armies. In 60 B.C. three men were should return to Italy and rule alone. In
on top: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar 49 B.C. the Senate ordered Caesar to give up
(jool yuhs SEE zuhr). Crassus was a mili- his army and come home. Caesar faced a
tary leader and one of the richest men in difficult choice. He could obey the Senate
Rome. Pompey and Caesar were not as rich, and perhaps face prison or death at the
but both were successful military men. hands of his rivals, or he could march on
Drawing on their wealth and power, they Rome with his army and risk a civil war.
formed the First Triumvirate to rule Rome. Caesar decided to hold on to his 5,000
A triumvirate (try UHM vuh ruht) is a loyal soldiers. He marched into Italy by
political alliance of three people. crossing the Rubicon (ROO bih KAHN), a
Caesars Rise to Power

Caesar was part of the First Triumvirate,
whose members are shown below.
A scene showing a battle between Romans and Gauls
Caesar
280 CrassusCHAPTER 8 The Pompey

Rise of Rome
(tl)Archaeological Museum, Venice/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (bl)Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
small river at the southern boundary of his more free workers. These measures made
(l)SuperStock, (c)Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library
command area. By doing so, Caesar knew Caesar popular with Romes poor.
that he was starting a civil war and that there Caesar also created a new calendar with
was no turning back. The phrase crossing 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year. The
the Rubicon is used today to mean making Julian calendar, as it was called, was used
a decision that you cannot take back. throughout Europe until A.D. 1582. That
Pompey tried to stop Caesar, but Caesar year it was modified slightly to become the
was the better general. He drove Pompeys Gregorian calendar. This calendar, based on
forces from Italy and then destroyed the birth of Christ, has been used in the
Pompeys army in Greece in 48 B.C. United States since its beginning and is
used by most countries in the world today.
Caesars Rise to Power In 44 B.C. Caesar While many Romans supported Caesar,
had himself declared dictator of Rome for others did not. His supporters believed he
life. This broke with the Roman tradition was a strong leader who brought peace and
that allowed dictators to hold power for order to Rome. His enemies, however,
only short periods of time. To strengthen his feared that Caesar wanted to be king. These
hold on power, Caesar filled the Senate with opponents, led by the senators Brutus and
new members who were loyal to him. Cassius, plotted to kill him. Caesar ignored
At the same time, Caesar knew that a famous warning to beware the Ides of
reforms were needed. He granted citizen- March (March 15). On that date in 44 B.C.,
ship to people living in Romes territories Caesars enemies surrounded him and
outside the Italian peninsula. He started new stabbed him to death.
colonies to provide land for the landless and
created work for Romes jobless people. He Explain Why did Brutus,
ordered landowners using slave labor to hire Cassius, and others kill Caesar?
Caesar crossing the Rubicon
Brutus (left) was one of

the senators who killed
Caesar. Antony (above)
supported Caesar and
his nephew Octavian
and fought against
Caesars assassins.

Rome Becomes an Empire
The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
Cicero Calls
wars, became an empire under Augustus. for War
Reading Focus Have you ever been in a traffic jam This excerpt is from Ciceros sixth speech
and wished that a police officer would show up to get about the struggle between Octavian and
things moving? Read on to learn how Romans wel- Antony (Marcus Antonius):
comed the arrival of a strong new ruler. Therefore, when I saw that a nefarious [evil]
war was waged against the republic, I thought
that no delay ought to be interposed to our
Caesars death plunged Rome into pursuit of Marcus Antonius;
another civil war. On one side were forces and I gave my vote that
led by the men who had killed Caesar. On we ought to pursue with
the other side was Caesars grandnephew war that most audacious
Octavian (ahk TAY vee uhn), who had [bold] man, who . . . was
at this moment attack-
inherited Caesars wealth, and two of
ing a general
Caesars top generals, Antony (AN tuh of the Roman
nee) and Lepidus. After defeating Caesars people. . . .
assassins, these three men created the I said further,
Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C. that . . . the
garb of war
The Second Triumvirate The members of should be
the Second Triumvirate began quarreling assumed by
almost at once. Octavian soon forced the citizens, in
order that all men might Cicero
Lepidus to retire from politics. Then the
apply themselves with more
two remaining leaders divided the Roman activity and energy to avenging
world between themselves. Octavian took the injuries of the republic.
the west; Antony took the east. Cicero, The Sixth Oration of
In short order, though, Octavian and M.T. Cicero Against
Marcus Antonius
Antony came into conflict. Antony fell in
love with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII
and formed an alliance with her. Octavian
Why did Cicero want Rome to fight
told the Romans that Antony, with Antony?
Cleopatras help, planned to make himself
the sole ruler of the republic. This alarmed
many Romans and enabled Octavian to
declare war on Antony. over, but so was the republic. Octavian
In 31 B.C., at the Battle of Actium (AK would lay the foundation for a new system
shee uhm) off the west coast of Greece, of governmentthe Roman Empire.
Octavian crushed the army and navy of
Antony and Cleopatra. The couple then fled Who Was Augustus? Octavian could
to Egypt. A year later, as Octavian closed in, have made himself dictator for life, like
they killed themselves. Octavian, at the age Julius Caesar did. He knew, though, that
of 32, now stood alone at the top of the many people favored a republican form of
Roman world. The period of civil wars was government. One such person was

Bettmann/CORBIS
Cicero (SIH suh ROH), a political leader,
writer, and Romes greatest public speaker.
Cicero had argued against dictators and
called for a representative government with
limited powers.
Ciceros speeches and books swayed
many Romans. Centuries later, his ideas
would also influence the writers of the United
States Constitution.
Although Cicero did not live to see Octavian
rule, he had supported him, hoping he would At the Battle of Actium, Octavians forces
defeated those of Antony after Cleopatras
restore the republic. In 27 B.C. Octavian ships retreated. How did the Battle of Actium
announced that he was doing just that. affect the history of Rome?
He knew the Senate wanted this form of
emperor. Octavian also took the title of
government. However, Octavian also knew
Augustus (aw GUHS tuhs)the revered or
that the republic had been too weak to solve
majestic one. From this point on, he was
Romes problems. Although he gave some
known by this name.
power to the Senate, he really put himself in
charge. His title, imperator, translates to Explain How did Octavians
commander in chief, but it came to mean government reflect the ideas of Cicero?

What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. What is a triumvirate? 5. Analyze What was the bread
2. Who was Cicero, and how did and circuses policy, and how
Review the
he influence the writers of the did Roman politicians benefit
As the gap between the ruling from it?
class and the poor in Rome United States Constitution?
increased, a number of reforms 6. Analyze What reforms did
Critical Thinking
failed, and generals began to Julius Caesar put in place that
3. Understanding Cause and increased his popularity with
gather power. Effect Draw a diagram like the poor and working-class Romans?
one below. Fill in the chain of
Julius Caesar became dictator effects that was caused by the 7. Persuasive Writing Imagine
and carried out reforms to aid you are a Roman citizen. Decide
thousands of enslaved prison-
Romes poor. Later he was assas- whether you would have been
ers that were brought to Italy
sinated by members of the for or against Julius Caesars
from Romes many wars.
Senate. rise to power and his reforms.
Then write a newspaper edito-
Caesars grandnephew Octavian rial explaining your views. Be
defeated Antony and Cleopatra sure to include facts to support
and became Augustus, the first your opinions.
Roman emperor. 4. Summarize What reforms did
the Gracchus brothers suggest?

North Wind Picture Archive
Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY
Was Caesar a Reformer
or a Dictator?
at R e f o r m e r r an
e
Gr his life, Julius Caesar was Was Ca
u s d
es
ic
a
ta
r
to
a
r?
g re a t reformer o
Those who sa
w him as
ambitio id that he
During
y many people.
He was
at lead er an d reformer sa
ired b ag re iers
greatly ad m
by many oth
ers. ort of his sold
also hated a n d fe a re d
itious won the supp itary leadership
el ie v ed h e was too amb through his m
il
Some b er
ly eag er for fame and pow and strategy
exceptional keep him of his defeate
d
a t h is a m b ition would treated many usly and
and th terest.
ti n g in Romes best in enemies gener
o
from ac me of them
appointed so
tusto gov-
including Bru
tions
ernment posi
le of corrupt
ended the ru
s
Roman noble
to
b ro ug h t ord er and peace

Rome
that had
restored cities by the
been destroyed
republic
and
strengthened ate of
e st
expanded th
Rome
c jobs pro-
started publi e poor
th
grams to aid
an citizen-
granted Rom om for-
fr
ship to people
or states.
eign countries
The assassination
of Julius Caesar
284 284
Ambitious
Bridgeman Art Library
Dictator y enemies, man

Caesar also had s
who had been hi
including some dan-
w Caesar as a
friends. They sa
d thought he was
gerous dictator an g
e of his growin
taking advantag
power.
They said that he
y when he
became an enem e Senates
th
refused to follow
to Rome
order to return
that led
started a civil war the
n of
to the destructio
republic
mber
increased the nu
d to his
of senators to ad
ters
number of suppor
ed enemies
treated his defeat
with cruelty
ho wanted
punished those w ons and
iti
to uphold the trad
blic
laws of the repu
nate to gain
weakened the Se
er Rome
absolute power ov Julius Caesar
facts that did
kept hidden any brave and
ok
not make him lo
intelligent
himself at the
sought glory for blic.
pu
expense of the re
Checking for Understanding
1. Define ambition. Identify some
ways ambition can be a positive
characteristic and some ways it
can be a negative characteristic.
2. What could Caesar have done to
show his enemies that he was
not abusing his power?
3. Do you think Caesar was a great
leader and reformer or an ambi-
tious dictator? Write a brief
essay that explains how you
view Caesar. Use facts to
support your position.
285
The
Early Empire
You learned in Section 3 that Caligula (kuh LIH gyuh luh)
when Octavian became Augustus, the Nero (NEE roh)
Roman world began to change. The Hadrian (HAY dree uhn)
republic gave way to an empire, and
peace and prosperity spread Building Your Vocabulary
throughout the Mediterranean. Pax Romana
(pahks roh MAH nah)
Focusing on the aqueduct (A kwuh DUHKT)
By expanding the empire and currency (KUHR uhn see)
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created a new
era of prosperity. (page 287)
Reading Strategy
Cause and Effect Use a chart like
Romes system of roads, aqueducts, the one below to show the changes
ports, and common currency made Augustus made in the Roman Empire
the empire rich and prosperous. and the effect of each change.
(page 290)
Causes Effects
Locating Places
Rhine River (RYN)
Danube River (DAN YOOB)
Puteoli (pyu TEE uh LY)
Ostia (AHS tee uh)
BRITAIN
A.D. 10 A.D. 110 A.D. 210
GAUL A.D. 14 A.D. 96 A.D. 180
ITALY GREECE Augustus dies Rule of the Good Pax Romana
SPAIN
Rome Emperors begins ends
PALESTINE
EGYPT

The Emperor Augustus This force consisted of about 9,000 men in
charge of guarding the emperor. The
By expanding the empire and reorgan- Praetorian Guard later became very influ-
izing the military and government, Augustus cre- ential in Roman politics.
ated a new era of prosperity. Augustuss legions conquered new ter-
Reading Focus What makes a good or bad leader? ritories and added vast stretches of north-
Think about this question as you read about Augustus ern Europe to the empire. All of Spain
and other Roman emperors. and Gaul came under Roman rule, as did
land in what is today Austria, Hungary,
Augustus paved the way for 200 years of Romania, and Bulgaria.
peace and prosperity in Rome. The emperors Meanwhile, Augustus rebuilt Rome with
who followed him were not all good rulers, stately palaces, fountains, and splendid pub-
but they helped the Roman Empire reach its lic buildings. I found Rome a city of brick,
peak. For centuries, the Mediterranean he boasted, and left it a city of marble. The
region had been filled with conflict. Under arts flourished as never before, and Augustus
Augustus and his successors, the region was also imported grain from Africa to feed the
under the control of one empire. A long era poor. He knew that a well-fed population
of peace began with Augustus and lasted would be less likely to cause trouble.
until A.D. 180. It was called the Pax Romana Augustus devoted much of his energy to
(pahks roh MAH nah), or Roman Peace. improving Romes government. During his
reign, more than 50 million people lived in
What Did Augustus Achieve? Upon the Roman Empire. To rule this huge popu-
becoming emperor in 27 B.C., Augustus set lation, Augustus appointed a proconsul, or
out to make the empire strong and safe. To governor, for each of Romes provinces.
provide security, he built a permanent, These new officials replaced the politicians
professional army of about 150,000 men who had been chosen by the Senate.
all Roman citizens. Augustus also created a Augustus often traveled to the provinces to
special unit called the Praetorian Guard. see how the governors were doing.
The city of Rome at the height of the Roman Empire

Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library
The Julio-Claudian Emperors Augustus also reformed the legal
system. He created a set of laws for
Emperor Accomplishments people in the provinces who were
Tiberius 1437 A.D. not citizens. As time passed, how-
ever, most of these people gained cit-
Great military leader; regulated business izenship. The laws of Rome then
to prevent fraud; kept Romes economy applied to everyone, although the
stable
legal system generally stressed the
authority of the government over
Caligula 3741 A.D. the rights of the individual.
Abolished sales tax; allowed people in
exile to return; increased court systems Who Came After Augustus?
power After ruling for almost 40 years,
Augustus died in A.D. 14. No law
Claudius 4154 A.D. stated how the next emperor was
to be chosen. Augustus, however,
Built new harbor at Ostia and new had trained a relative, Tiberius,
aqueduct for Rome; conquered most
of Britain to follow him. The next three
emperorsCaligula (kuh LIH gyuh
luh), Claudius, and Nero (NEE
Nero 5468 A.D.
roh)also came from Augustuss
Constructed many new buildings; gave family. They are called the Julio-
slaves the right to file complaints; Claudian emperors. Unfortunately,
assisted cities suffering from disasters they were not all fit to lead.
Tiberius and Claudius ruled capa-
bly. Caligula and Nero, however,
proved to be cruel leaders.
The four emperors who followed Augustus Mental illness caused Caligula
were all relatives of Augustus.
1. Under which emperor was Britain to act strangely and to treat people
conquered? cruelly. He had many people mur-
2. Conclude Why do you think the Roman dered, wasted a lot of money, and
Empire remained at peace even with weak even gave his favorite horse the
emperors such as Caligula and Nero?
position of consul. Eventually, the
Praetorian Guard killed him and
Augustus also reformed the Roman tax put Claudius on the throne.
system. Previously, individual tax collectors Nero was also a vicious man. Among
paid the government for the right to do the those he had killed were his mother and two
job. To make their investment worthwhile, wives. He is best remembered for having
tax collectors were allowed to keep some of fiddled while Rome burned. According to
the money they gathered. Many of them, legend, he was playing music miles from
however, were dishonest and took too much. Rome when a fire destroyed much of the city
Augustus solved this problem by making in A.D. 64. Eventually, he committed suicide.
tax collectors permanent government work- Explain What did Augustus
ers. This change made the tax system fairer. do to make the empire safer and stronger?

(t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tc)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bc)The Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Dagli Orti, (b)The Art Archive/Staatliche Glypothek Munich/Dagli Orti
Augustus
AU.G.U. S. 14TUS
63 B C AD
ily in a
Octavian was born to a wealthy fam
e. During his
small Italian town southeast of Rom
illnesses. He refused
youth, Octavian suffered a number of
life, however, showing
to let his illnesses interfere with his
ke him Romes first
the determination that would later ma
emperor.
r, but it was
Octavians father was a Roman senato
who first
Octavians great-uncleJulius Caesar
Rome. In his late
introduced Octavian to public life in
ca and then the
teens, Octavian joined Caesar in Afri
18, while Octavian
following year in Spain. At the age of
t his great-uncle
was studying at school, he learned tha
had adopted
had been murdered. In his will, Caesar
made Octavian his
Octavian as his son. Caesar had also
umed would be
heira position that Antony had ass
n went to Rome
his. Against his familys advice, Octavia
he reached Rome,
to claim his inheritance. By the time
s papers and
however, Antony had seized Caesar
avian. With
money and refused to give them to Oct
e so young,
remarkable political savvy for someon
in his favor. He
Octavian turned the situation around
and the
won the hearts of Caesars soldiers I extended the frontiers
lic games
people of Rome by celebrating the pub
that Caesar had started. of all the provinces of the
n as
In his rise to power and during his reig Roman people.
himself and
Emperor Augustus, Octavian pushed Augustus, Res Gestae: The
rgy. In his
his loyal followers with relentless ene Accomplishments of Augustus
private life, however, he lived
simply and quietly and shunned
personal luxury. He was devoted
illness and
to his wife, Livia Drusilla, and Augustus overcame the obstacles of
emperor.
spent his spare time with her at political enemies to become a great
ividuals
their home on the outskirts of Can you think of any present-day ind
something?
Rome. who overcame obstacles to excel at
289
Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers
Unity and Prosperity rebellions in the empire, including the
(l)Seamus Culligan/ZUMA/CORBIS, (r)Jonathan Blair/CORBIS

Jewish rebellion in Palestine. Troops com-
Romes system of roads, aqueducts, manded by his son Titus defeated the Jews
ports, and common currency made the empire rich and destroyed the Jewish temple in
and prosperous. Jerusalem in A.D. 70.
Reading Focus Do you find that you are more pro- During his reign, Vespasian began con-
ductive when you are not worried about conflicts at struction of the Colosseuma huge
home or school? Read to learn how the Roman Empire amphitheatrein central Rome. His son
prospered during its time of peace. Titus, then his other son Domitian, ruled
Rome after he died. Both sons oversaw an
After Nero committed suicide, Rome era of growth and prosperity in Rome.
passed through a period of disorder until During Tituss reign, two disasters struck
Vespasian, a general and one of Neros pro- the empire. The volcano Mount Vesuvius
consuls, took the throne. Vespasian restored erupted, destroying the city of Pompeii,
peace and order. He put down several and a great fire badly damaged Rome.
Living in the Shadow of Mt. Vesuvius Mt. Vesuvius today

Ancient Pompeii was a busy port town. Its
citizens were going about their day on August 24,
A.D. 79, when Mt. Vesuvius erupted and buried
the town in volcanic ash. About 20,000
people escaped, but thousands of others
died. Not until centuries laterin the
1500swere the preserved ruins at
Pompeii discovered.
Today, about 600,000 people

live near Mt. Vesuvius. Some people
even live on the volcanos beautiful
green slopes. Scientists warn that the
volcano is overdue to erupt again and
suggest that people move away from the
highest-risk areas. Would you choose to live near
Mt.Vesuvius? Why or why not?
The ruins of Pompeii
290
The Good Emperors At the beginning
Ric Ergenbright
of the A.D. 100s, a series of rulers who were

not related to Augustus or Vespasian came
to power. These five emperorsNerva,
Trajan, Hadrian (HAY dree uhn), Antoninus Roman Aqueducts Transporting
Pius, and Marcus Aureliusare known as water is a complex problem. Roman
the good emperors. They presided over
engineers solved it by building
nearly a century of prosperity, from A.D. 96
aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried
to A.D. 180. Agriculture flourished, trade
water across a valley or hillside using
increased, and the standard of living rose.
During this time, the emperor came to gravity, aboveground stone arches, and
overshadow the Senate more than ever underground pipes made of stone or
before. The five good emperors did not clay. Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226,
abuse their power, however. They were 11 aqueducts were built to bring water
among the most devoted and capable rulers to Rome from as far away as 57 miles.
in Romes history. They improved Roman Once the water made it to Rome, it
life in many ways, naming trained officials was held in collecting tanks. Most
to carry out their orders. people gathered water from these
Among the achievements of these public tanks. Only the rich and high-
emperors were programs to help ordinary ranking officials had private water
people. Trajan gave money to help poor tanks in their homes.
parents raise and educate their children. Many Roman aqueducts still stand
Hadrian made Roman law easier to under-
and are used today. Engineers in ancient
stand and apply. Antoninus Pius
Persia, India, and
passed laws to help orphans. All the
Egypt built similar
emperors supported public build-
ing projects. They built arches and water systems
monuments, bridges and roads, hundreds of years
and harbors and aqueducts. An before the
aqueduct (A kwuh DUHKT) is a Romans. However,
human-made channel for carrying historians agree
water long distances. that the Romans
were the greatest
A Unified Empire Later emperors
aqueduct builders
continued to conquer new territory
of the ancient
for Rome. The empire reached its
world.
largest size under Trajan. It spread
well beyond the Mediterranean, Roman aqueduct
including Britain in the north and
part of Mesopotamia in the east.
Trajans successors, however, realized
Connecting to the Past
1. How did the Romans transport water
that the empire had grown too big to rule to the city of Rome?
effectively. Hadrian began to pull back. He 2. Why do you think that only the
removed troops from most of Mesopotamia. rich and powerful had private water
supplies?
The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion In
Motion
Extent of Roman Extent of Roman Extent of Roman

N Empire, 146 B.C. N Empire, 44 B.C. N Empire, A.D. 14
W W W
E E E
S S S
40
N
ITALY Black Sea
40N ITALY Black Sea 40N ITALY Black Sea
SPAIN Medit Rome ASIA SPAIN Medit Rome ASIA SPAIN Medit Rome ASIA
erra MINOR er ra er ra
n n MINOR n MINOR
Carthage an Carthage an Carthage an
e
Se a GREECE
e
0 500 mi. Sea GREECE Sea GREECE
0 500 mi. 0 500 mi.
0 500 km 0 500 km 0 500 km

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
The Good Emperors of the Pax Romana
Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius

A.D. 9698 A.D. 98117 A.D. 117138 A.D. 138161 A.D. 161180
Reformed land Expanded the Built Hadrians Promoted art and Helped unite
laws in favor of empire to its Wall in Britain; science; built new the empire
the poor; revised largest size; built made Roman public works; economically;
taxes many new public laws easier to passed laws to aid reformed
works understand orphans Roman law
In Europe, he set the empires northern empire, though, were Roman law, Roman
boundaries at the Rhine River (RYN) and rule, and a shared identity as Romans.
Danube River (DAN YOOB). He also built Roman culture had been carried into
Hadrians Wall across northern Britain to every province by the soldiers who
keep out the Picts and Scotstwo warlike protected the empire and by the officials
people who lived in northern Britain. sent to govern. The Romans were gener-
In the A.D. 100s, the Roman Empire was ous in granting citizenship. In A . D . 212
one of the greatest empires in history. It every free person was made a Roman
included about 3.5 million square miles citizen.
(9.1 million square km). Its people spoke dif-
ferent languagesmostly Latin in the west A Booming Economy Most people in the
and Greek in the east. They also practiced Roman Empire made a living from the
different local customs. What unified the land. Small farms dotted northern Italy. In

(l)Roma, Museo Nazion/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Staatliche Glypothek, Munich, Germany/E.T. Archive, London/SuperStock, (others)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS
KEY
Roman Empire, Horses ICE
S Spices
A.D. 200
SP
10W 0 10E 20E 30E 40E 50E Marble Timber

Hadrians
North Trade route Wild animals
50 Sea
N Metals
N Wall
E
Traded goods: Olive oil Wine
ATLANTIC BRITAIN W
Perfume Wool
Glassware
OCEAN S
Rhi n
Grain Silk
e R.
Da
n ube
GAUL R.
Ca
i 60E
sp
an
SPAIN Massalia
Ad
40 ITALY ati Black Sea
Se
ri
N
Tarraco CorsicaRome c
a
S Byzantium
Ostia ea
Puteoli From
Sardinia Ti Ch i na
GREECE ASIA g
SP
IC ES
ris
MINOR
Athens
ric
R
Carthage SYRIAEuph
.
Sicily
Af
om
Fr Cyprus
rat
es
Crete Sidon
R.
30N Mediterranean Sea PALESTINE
Alexandria
0 500 mi. EGYPT Red ARABIA
0 500 km Ni
Sea
AFRICA eR
F ro
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection l .
m
S
Ind
ICE
SP
ia
At its height, the Roman Empire had conquered
an area about the size of the United States.
1. What feature made up the far northern border
of the Roman Empire?
2. Describe in general the trade items that came
from the various regions of the empire.
southern and central Italy, latifundia, produced goods and cities became centers
or large estates worked by enslaved for making glass, bronze, and brass.
people, were common. On these estates Traders came from all over the
and in the provinces of Gaul and Spain, empireand beyondto ports in Italy.
farmers produced grapes and olives. The Two of the largest port cities were Puteoli
making of wine and olive oil became (pyu TEE uh LY) on the Bay of Naples and
big business. In Britain and Egypt, the Ostia (AHS tee uh) at the mouth of the
chief crops were grains. Bountiful harvests Tiber. The docks were lively places. Luxury
from these regions kept Romes people items, including silk goods from China and
well fed. spices from India, poured in to satisfy the
Agriculture was the most important rich. Raw materials, such as British tin,
part of the economy, but industry was Spanish lead, and iron from Gaul, went to
important too. Potters, weavers, and jewelers the workshops of Roman cities.

Roads and Money
(tl)B. Wilson/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (others)The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY
A good transportation
network was vital to the empires trade.
During the Pax Romana, Romes system of
roads reached a total length of 50,000 miles
(80,000 km). On the seas, the Roman navy
helped to rid the Mediterranean of pirates.
Goods could be shipped more safely to and
from Romes ports.
Romes trade was helped by a common
Roman coins could be used throughout most of
currency (KUHR uhn see), or system of
the empire, making trade much easier. How
money. Roman coins were accepted through- else did Rome improve trade during the empire?
out the Mediterranean region by A.D. 100.
Merchants could use the same money in Gaul Shopkeepers, merchants, and skilled work-
or Greece as they did in Italy. The Romans ers benefited from the empires trade. Rich
also created a standard system of weights and Romans built great fortunes and lived in
measures. This made it easier for people to luxury. However, most city dwellers and
price goods, trade, and ship products. farmers remained poor, and many
remained enslaved.
Ongoing Inequality The Roman Empires Identify Who were the
prosperity did not reach all of its people. Good Emperors, and what did they accomplish?

What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. What was the Pax Romana? 4. Sequencing Information
2. What products came from the Describe the sequence of
Review the
farms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain? emperors who ruled Rome,
Augustus conquered new lands from Augustus through the
and created a professional mili- Critical Thinking Good Emperors.
tary and a system of proconsuls. 3. Organizing Information
He improved the tax system and 5. Analyze Why was Romes
Draw a diagram like the one creation of a common currency
the legal system, ushering in the below. Add details about the
Pax Romana. important?
improvements and changes
Augustus made to the Roman 6. Evaluate Who do you think
Empire during his reign. was a more important leader,
Under Vespasian, his sons, and
Julius Caesar or Augustus?
the five good emperors, Romans
Explain.
continued to be prosperous. They
built an elaborate system of 7. Creative Writing Write a
roads and developed a common short play in which several
Changes Under Augustus
currency that promoted trade Roman citizens discuss one
and economic growth. of the emperors mentioned
in this section and his
accomplishments.

Study anywhere, anytime!
Download quizzes and flash cards
Section Romes Beginnings to your PDA from glencoe.com.
Vocabulary Focusing on the

republic Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization.
legion (page 263)
The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power. (page 265)
Section The Roman Republic

patrician Romes republic was shaped by a struggle between
plebeian wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it grad-
consul ually expanded the right to vote. (page 269)
veto Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire
praetor and took control of the entire Mediterranean region.
dictator (page 274)
Roman consul
Section The Fall of the Republic

latifundia The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and
triumvirate corruption, and brought the army into politics. (page 278)
Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. (page 280)
The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under
Augustus. (page 282)
Section The Early Empire

Pax Romana By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government,
aqueduct Augustus created a new era of prosperity. (page 287)
currency Romes system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous. (page 290)

Michael Holford
Review Vocabulary Section 2 The Roman Republic
Each of the following statements is false. 9. How did the roles of patricians and ple-
Replace each word in italics with a word that beians differ in Roman society?
makes the statement true. Write the correct 10. Explain how Rome gradually defeated the
words on a separate sheet of paper. Carthaginians.
___ 1. A legion is a form of government in Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
which the citizens choose their leader. 11. How did slavery weaken the Roman
___ 2. Patricians included artisans and Republic?
shopkeepers. 12. How did Augustus change the Roman
___ 3. The judge in a Roman court case was a Republic?
consul. Section 4 The Early Empire
___ 4. In early Rome, the role of praetor lasted 13. Was Augustus a successful ruler? Explain
only until a crisis had passed. your answer.
___ 5. Large farming estates that used 14. How did the Roman Empire change dur-
enslaved people to tend crops were ing the Pax Romana?
called aqueducts.
___ 6. A veto was a human-made channel for Critical Thinking
carrying water. 15. Compare In the chapter, Cincinnatus is
compared to George Washington. Think of
Review Main Ideas another person or character who is similar to
Section 1 Romes Beginnings Cincinnatus. Explain how they are similar.
7. Describe the role geography played in the 16. Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey?
rise of Roman civilization. 17. Predict What do you think would have
8. How did treating people fairly help Rome happened if Hadrian had tried to further
to increase its power? expand the Roman Empire?
Taking Notes Note Taking

18. Read the following paragraph from page 269. Take notes on the information by
making a T-chart.
Early Romans were divided into two classes: patricians and

plebeians. The patricians were wealthy landowners. These nobles
made up Romes ruling class. Most of Romes people, however,
were plebeians. This group included artisans, shopkeepers, and
owners of small farms.
To review this skill, see pages 260261.

Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for the
Geography Skills Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com
Study the map below and answer the follow-
ing questions.
19. Place Which areas did Rome control after Building Citizenship
the Punic Wars? 24. Making Connections Use the Internet
20. Human/Environment Interaction What and your local library to research the
does the building of Hadrians Wall say Twelve Tables. Work with your classmates
about the Picts and Scots? to design a similar series of laws, and
21. Region Why was it important to the record them, using modern language. How
Romans to control Mediterranean lands? is your law code similar to and different
from the Twelve Tables?
Using Technology
Growth of Rome 25. Creating Promotional Materials Use the
Hadrians
Internet to find at least five places related
North 10E 20E 30E
Wall Sea N
to ancient Rome that can be visited by
BRITAINR tourists. Create a guidebook or brochure
h
W E on the computer advertising these links to
ine .
as the past and persuading people to visit

R
S
C
GAUL R. that area. Share your final product in a

pi
Da
n u be
an
40
N
ITALY Black Sea report to the class.
Sea
SPAIN Rome ASIA Ti

g
GREECE MINOR
ri s
Eup R.
Carthage Actium hra
tes
Mediterranean Sea R.
AFRICA PALESTINE SYRIA
0 500 mi.
0 500 km
EGYPT
Analyze
Re
R.

dS
e
30N
Nil
ea
0 Augustus wrote a historical document

describing his accomplishments.
This passage is about his military
leadership.
KEY About 500,000 Roman citizens were under
Rome after Punic Wars, 146 B.C.
military oath to me. Of these, when their
Territory added by Caesars death, 44 B.C.
Territory added by Augustuss death, A.D. 14 terms of service were ended, I settled in
Territory added by A.D. 130 colonies or sent back to their own munici-
Battle site palities a little more than 300,000, and to
all these I allotted lands or granted money
as rewards for military service.
Read to Write
22. Persuasive Writing Suppose you were Augustus, Res Gestae: The
working with Tiberius and Gaius to reform Accomplishments of Augustus
Rome. Write a letter or speech that
explains why reform is needed and what
types of reforms should occur.
26. Why did Augustus give money to his
23. Using Your Use your foldable retired soldiers?
to write a series of questions about the 27. Why do you think Augustus did not
chapter. With a partner, take turns asking explain the reasons for his actions?
and answering questions until you have
reviewed the entire chapter.

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New Empires

and New Faiths

500 B.C. 100 B.C.

Rise of c. A.D. 30 c. A.D. 100

60N 60N 60N

Black Sea Black Sea Black Sea

Gulf Red Persian

Chapters Chapter Chapter

A.D. 300 A.D. 700 A.D. 1100

A.D. 392 A.D. 1054

A.D. 624 c. A.D. 830 c. A.D. 1200

(t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler

See Ancient Rome

4 Mount of the Beatitudes

See Rise of Christianity

500 B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100

The Roman Republic

The Fall of the Republic

The Early Empire

Trouble in the Republic

Romes armies were victorious wher-

Social groups in Rome 1.

As you read Section 1, write the

Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary

The Romans created a republic and Reading Strategy

650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.

262 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

separate Italy from European lands to the Ionian

of Greece, but the Apennines are not as

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 263

264 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 265

266 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

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What Did You Learn?

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 267

450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.

268 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

Roman citizens. They had the right to vote

Growth of the Roman Republic 500146 B.C.

around the Mediterranean Sea.

270 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

resentative, but it was far from a full-fledged

Who Was Cincinnatus? An unusual fea-

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Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

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276 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

100 B.C. 60 B.C. 20 B.C.

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 277

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 279

Caesars Rise to Power

280 CrassusCHAPTER 8 The Pompey

Caesar crossing the Rubicon

Brutus (left) was one of

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282 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

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CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 283

Dictator y enemies, man