Professional Documents
Culture Documents
System Stability
Chapter Objective:
System stability
Routh-Hurwitzs Stability Criterion
With .
For the case of 2, there will be poles of , or roots of the
Characteristic Equation 0
can also be written as, with 2 ,
2
Real Roots
Complex roots
Feb-17 C6.2
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
s
Higher-order System Response
For a unit step input, we can take from the earlier slide that
1
2
2
In which we assumed all roots are distinct.
Taking inverse Laplace Transform yields
sin 1
n 3, 1/3
Feb-17 C6.6
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Some Typical Responses
Stable systems
Feb-17 C6.7
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Some Typical Responses
Unstable systems
Feb-17 C6.8
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Effect of Closed-loop Poles on Response
Matlab program 10
g2=tf([10], [1 10]); 10
[y, t] = step(g2);
plot(t,y,blue);
hold on
1
g1 =tf([1], [1 1]);
1
[y, t] = step(g1);
plot(t,y,red);
g3 =tf([10], [1 11 10]);
[y, t] = step(g3); 5
plot(t,y,black); 10
1 10
-10 -5
-5
Feb-17 C6.9
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Effect of Closed-loop Poles on Response
10 1
G1 (s)
(s 10) (0.1s 1)
10( s 4) (0.25s 1)
-10 G4 ( s )
-5 4( s 1)( s 10) ( s 1)(0.1s 1)
10 1
G2 ( s )
-5 ( s 1)( s 10) ( s 1)(0.1s 1)
Feb-17 C6.10
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Concepts of System Stability
A system (linear or non-linear) will be BIBO
(bounded input, bounded output) stable if,
for every bounded input, the output is Im
bounded for all time.
A linear time-invariant system must have all
poles on the left-half of the s-plane (with Stable Unstable
Re
negative real parts) to make the system Region Region
stable.
If the poles lie on the imaginary axis, the
system is critically stable.
If any poles have positive real parts, the
system is unstable.
If the system is unstable, even in the absence
of any input, the output will grow without
bounds and becomes infinitely large as time
goes to infinity.
Feb-17 C6.11
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Higher-Order System response
For a unit step input, we can re-write in terms of partial fractions as
The time response will then be, by using the Inverse Laplace Transform
sin 1
For a stable response, the poles must all have negative real parts.
Feb-17 C6.12
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
A system is stable if all the roots of the systems characteristic
equation 1 0 or 0 have negative real parts.
Feb-17 C6.13
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Procedure
1) Form the characteristic equation
0, 0
Example:
6 3 5 10 0
2) If any of the coefficients is negative or zero, the system
is not stable.
3) If all the coefficients are positive, there is still no
guarantee that all the roots have negative real parts. We
then form the Routh Array and use the Routh
Criterion to determine the number of roots with positive
real parts.
Feb-17 C6.14
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Characteristic equation
0,
Routh Array , ,, 0
.
.
.
Feb-17 C6.15
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Characteristic equation
0,
Routh Array , ,, 0
.
.
.
Feb-17 C6.16
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Characteristic equation
0,
, ,, 0
Routh Array
Rouths Criterion states that the number of roots with positive real parts is
equal to the number of changes in sign of the coefficients in the first
column of the array.
Feb-17 C6.17
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Example 1:
Determine the conditions for the following equation to have all the roots
with negative real parts.
0, , , , 0
Routh Array
-5.07 0
4 0
Feb-17 C6.19
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
RSC Example 3
Problem:
Consider a system in the configuration
Feb-17 C6.20
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
RSC Example 3-a
Example 3:
Closed-loop characteristic equation is
10 31 1030 0
Routh Array
1 31
10 1030
10 31 1 1030
-72
1
0
720 1030 10 0
1030
720
0
Feb-17 C6.21
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion: Special Cases
Two special cases can occur:
(1) Zero only in the first column of a row (2) An entire row that consists of zeros.
Consider the characteristic equation: Consider the characteristic equation:
2 3 6 5 3 7 6 42 8 56
1 3 5 1 6 8
2 6 3 7 42 56
2 3 1 6 7 7 6 1 42
0 0 0 0 0
2 2 7
Cantproceed Cantproceed
Feb-17 C6.22
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Special case 1
A zero value occurs in the first column of any row while the remaining
terms are not zero, or there is no remaining term.
Solution: The zero term is replaced by a small positive number and
the array is calculated accordingly.
Example: Routh Array:
2 3 6 5 3 0
1 3 5 +ve
2 6 3 +ve
7
0 0 +ve
2
6 7
3 -ve
42 49 6
0 +ve
12 14
There are 2 sign change, therefore
2 unstable pole. 3 +ve
Feb-17 C6.23
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Special case 2
Im
If all the coefficients in a derived row are zero, it
means that there are roots of equal magnitude
located symmetrically about the origin. For
example, the characteristic equation have factors Re
such as ( s )( s ) or ( s j )( s j ) .
For such cases, one may form an auxiliary polynomial to take the place
of the all-zero row. The coefficients of this auxiliary polynomial is
obtained by taking the derivative of the polynomial above the all-zero
row.
Feb-17 C6.24
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
Rouths Stability Criterion
Special case 2 Example
7 6 56 0 42 8
4 2 7 0
Note that because not all the coefficients are positive, this indicates
that there is at least one root with a positive real part.
What is the maximum value for K such that the closed-loop system is stable.
For stability 0
Feb-17 C6.26
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.
The End
Feb-17 C5.27
Copyright ME, NUS. All Rights Reserved.