INDEX

Index Terms Links

AC ammeter 264
AC voltages, induced, hazards of 262
Accounting fundamentals 670
Accuracy of instruments 611
Acoustic line break detectors 591
AGA formula to calculate orifice flow in field 554
Air, moisture content of 174
Alternating current, measuring unwanted 264
Amortization 650
Annuities 658
Annular sections, calculate pressure loss in 407
Anode material for offshore pipelines, estimating 238
Anodes, graphite 245
Anodes, magnesium 242 244 246 247
Anodes, sacrificial, group installation of 246
Antifreeze 16
API gravity, convert to specific gravity 380
API gravity of blends (chart) 377
ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart 728
Aude, T. R., formula for calculating pressure drop and
flow rates 400
Avogadros law 283

Bare casing, number of magnesium anodes needed for

protection to 246
Barrels per mile 389
Basic ultrasonic flow equations, derivation of 387
Batch injection rate as per enclosure, determine 410
Belts and shafts 14
Bend 47 98

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Bending radius, minimum 132

Benjamin Miller formula for calculating pressure drop and
flow rates 400
Blends 377
Blow-down system, determining throat pressure in 359
Boyles law 282
Brake horsepower required to compress gas 333
Break-even point 681
Brush pig run 171
Btu, calculating 301 548
Bulk modulus, calculate 382
Buoyancy 111

Cable 8
Calculations
allowable working pressure 112
bends, length of 98
brake horsepower 333
Btu 301 548
bulk modulus 382
buoyancy 111
centrifugal compressor performance 323
contraction or expansion 109
floodlighting 139
gas flow 360
gas pipeline hydraulics 348
gas velocity in a pipeline 359
gas weight in a pipeline 361
hydraulics for multiphase systems 443
line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing
mains with air or gas 357
microwave hops on level ground 136
modeling 610
orifice flow in field 553
performance, for reciprocating compressors 315

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Calculations (cont.)
pressure drop 399 419
pressure loss in annular sections 407
pressure and temperature loss for viscous crudes 407
Reynolds number 371 417
rubber hose, pressure drop for 399
specific gravity of a blend 380
speed torque 464
square root 729
stress 114
velocity 359 384 385
viscosity 378 382
weight 105 110
CALM system 394
Calorific values of gases, conversion factors for 734
Capacities of gas pipelines, comparative 353
Capacity increase to investment increase, relationship of 355
Capacity increases, crude oil and products lines for 429
Carbon dioxide, measurement of supercritical 523
Carbon ground bed 247
Cash flow diagrams 656
Cash flow problems 660
Cathodic protection 229 242 245 252 270
598
Centigrade to Fahrenheit conversion 724
Centrifugal compressors 323 683
Centrifugal pumps 452 478
Charles law 282
Chemical cleaning 172
Chemicals, physical properties of selected (chart) 288
Coal-tar enamel, estimating 226
Coated lines, determining current requirements for 247
Coating defects 256
Coating materials, estimating 226
Coefficient of friction for coating materials 227
Coefficients (K), representative resistance, for valves and
fittings 411

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Comparative capacities of gas pipelines 353

Compressibility factor 168 321
Compressible fluids, calculating velocity of 384
Compression horsepower determination 319
Compressors 314
cost of 682
cylinder ills, diagnosing 322
installation, estimating fuel requirements for 335
performance 327
reciprocating 315
Computer systems 596 608
Concrete 46 220
Condensed formula to calculate orifice flow in field 554
Conductor size conversion chartMetric to AWG 141
Conduit size 132
Construction costs, estimating 639
Construction equipment 637
Contingency plan objectives in spills 628 630
Control systems 584
Control valve
losses 482
selection 193
sizing formulas 184
sizing for throughput 188
variable orifice rotary 202
Conversions
density and liquid gravity (chart) 378
factors for Calorific values of gases 734
fuel 732
specific gravity to API gravity 380
viscosity units 380
Copper conductors in steel conduit, voltage drop 135
Copper wires, resistance and weight 136
Corrosion-caused metal loss 689
Corrosion control at compressor stations 253
Corrosion hot spot, and magnesium anodes 244

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Cost estimating strategies 642

Costs of gas and alternate fuels, comparison of 739
Crossing bid, directional, guidelines for 81
Crude oil
and products lines for capacity increases, how to size 429
stocks, vapor pressure of 719
systems, how to size lines, estimate pressure drop, and
estimate station spacing for 419
transmission lines, estimate the optimum working
pressures in 429
viscosity, determining 376
viscous, calculate pressure and temperature loss for 407
Current, spacing of test leads to measure 245
Cylinders, sample, purges for 548

Debt payments 650

Decimal hours conversion table 739
Decision tree analysis 666
Defect growth rates, influence of 686
Defect size, failure pressure versus 686
Dense phase ethylene, orifice meters in 524
Densitometers 593
Density
conversion and liquid gravity (chart) 378
liquid 716 718
and specific volume of gases and vapors, calculating 296
Depreciation 651 679
Derivation of basic ultrasonic flow equations 387
Detectors, acoustic line break 591
Diesel and electric prime movers, cost comparison of 676
Diesel and natural gas, cost comparison of 675
Discharge, estimate rate of 426
Discharge pressure, estimating horsepower required to
pump at a given rate 489

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Discharge rate, velocity heads for various pipe diameters

and (table) 391
Ditching 45
Drag-reducing agents 423

Economic study, components of 650

Elbows, how to cut 26
Electrical design 122
Electrical formulas 131
Electric generators, portable 125
Electric power conductors, determining most economical
size for 135
Ells with tangents, dimensions of 117
Energy conversions 354 731 736
Energy measurement equipment, considerations for
selecting 297
Engine cooling water requirements, estimating 334
Engineering constants 737
Engine starter, air receiver for 29
English to metric conversions 723
Equations (see Calculations and Formulas)
Equivalent length 352 404
Ethylene, dense phase, orifice meters in 529
Ethylene decomposition 176
Excavations, angle of repose for 31

Fahrenheit to centigrade conversion 724

Failure pressure versus defect size 686
Fatigue crack growth 689
Federal income tax 651
Financial projects, decision and evaluation criteria for 661
Fittings and valves 411
Flanged fittings, how to identify series number of 117
Flanges, bolting dimensions for 21
Floodlighting 139

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Flow
conversion chart 731
of fuel gases 358
measurement 515 586
meter, multiphase 514
multiphase 366
rates, calculating pressure drop and 399
rates, natural gas, estimate 546
Fluids, compressible, calculating velocity of 384
Formulas
areas of two-dimensional forms 3
Aude, T. R. 400
electrical 131 136
fluid power 37
Hazen-Williams 400
Miller, Benjamin 400
orifice flow 554
pressure drop and flow rate 399
rate of return 2
surfaces and volumes of solids 4
Shell/MIT 399
tubular goods 108
valve sizing 184
Weymouths gas-flow 363
Fuel
conversions 732
gas line for a compressor station, size of 333
gases, flow of 358
load currents 131 134
oils, typical characteristics of 740
requirements for compressor installation, estimating 335
requirements for internal combustion engines, estimating 334
Future value 656 658

Gas
and alternate fuels, cost comparison of 739

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Gas (cont.)
chromatograph 299
conversion factors for 734
flow 360 362
in a given line section, determining 352
industry terms glossary 309
laws 282
lines 352
measurement 529
metering run, sizing 547
properties 284 288
system, low-pressure, determining pressure loss for 350
transmission lines 355
and vapors 296 540
weight, calculation for 361
Gas pipelines
estimating average pressure in 361
estimating comparative capacities of 353
hydraulics calculations 348
Gathering lines, gas, determining size of 354
Glossary of gas industry terms 309
Gradients, economic 659
Gradients, hydraulic 401
Graphite anodes 245
Graphite ground bed, in rectifier 247
Gravity
API, of blends (chart) 377
API, convert to specific gravity 380
liquid, and density conversion (chart) 378
specific, of a blend, calculate 380
specific, convert to API gravity 380
Ground bed resistance, calculating (chart) 241

Hazardous locations 123

Hazen-Williams formula for calculating pressure drop
and flow rates 400

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Headers for meter stations 560

Head loss due to friction, determining 428
Heat exchanger, magnesium rod used for cathodic
protection 245
Heat value conversions 735
Hex nuts, dimensions of 30
High voltage direct current (see HVDC)
Holes, estimate leakage amount through 390
Horsepower
brake, required to compress gas 333
of compressors, cost of (chart) 682 683
for pumping units, chart 137
per ampere for induction motors, table 137
required to compress natural gas, estimating 332
requirement of pumps 489 492
selection chart 333
Hose string, pressure loss in 397
HVAC lines, minimizing shock hazards on 269
HVDC effects on pipelines 248
Hydraulic gradients 401
Hydraulics calculations for multiphase systems, including
networks 443
Hydrocarbons
gas viscosity 722
light, mass measurement 522
liquid, viscosities of 378 392
physical properties of selected (chart) 288
vapor pressure of 720
Hydrostatic
pressure due to a column of liquid H feet in
height 430
test records 168
test water temperature 165
testing 157 687 689
testing, benefits and limitations of 146

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Ideal gas law 283

Injection rate, batch, as per enclosure, determine 410
In-line testing, benefits of 687
Inside diameter, using to estimate volume per linear foot 389
Instrument accuracy 611
Instrumentation, developments in 586
Interest 650 654
Interest rate of return on investment (profitability index) 679
Internal combustion engines, estimating fuel requirements for 334
Internal rate of return (IRR) method 663
Investment increase, relationship of to capacity increase 355
Investments, decision and evaluation criteria for 661
Irregular cash flows 656

K factor tables 411

Knockout dimensions 126
Ku band 602

Land descriptions, how to read 27

Land lease costs 650
Leak
causes and economic aspects of 606
detection systems 607
estimating 390
phenomena 609
system design 612
Leases 658
Lengths, equivalent 404
Line break detectors, acoustic 591
Linefill in barrels per mile 389
Line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing
mains with air or gas, calculating 357
Line puncture, estimating gas blown off through a 360

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Liquids
density 716
discharge, rate of 426
flow, gauge where no weir or meter is available 428
gravity and density conversion (chart) 378
hydrocarbons, viscosities of 378 392
measurement orifice plate flange taps 518
pressure drop of 419
surge pressure in liquid-filled pipeline 430
velocity of, calculating 384 385
Loans 658
Looped systems 406
Low-pressure gas system, determining pressure loss for 350

Machine screws, tap drills and clearance drills for 19

Magnesium anodes 229 242 244 246 247
Magnesium rod, current output of, used for cathodic
protection 245
Maintenance tips for positive displacement meters 556
Marine hose data 394
Mass measurement light hydrocarbons 522
Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase
ethylene 529
Measurement factors, variations in 548
Measurement rules, gas by orifice meter 549
Mechanical damage 693
Mensuration units 738
Mercury 25
Metal loss, corrosion-caused 689
Meters, maintenance tips for positive displacement 556
Meter stations, sizing headers for 560
Methane 303
Metric conversions 723
Miller, Benjamin, formula for calculating pressure drop
and flow rates 400

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Minutes to decimal hours conversion table 739

Modeling 609
Modeling for pipeline risk assessment 695
Modulus, bulk, calculate 382
Moisture content of air 174
Money, time value of 654
Monitoring systems 595 608 613
Mooring system, multi-point 395
Motor controller sizes 134
Motors for field gathering pumps, selecting 492
Multi-phase flow 366
Multi-phase flow meter 514
Multi-point mooring system 395

Nails, common 20
NAPCA specifications 222
National Electrical Code tables 127
Natural gas 308 332 362
equivalents of various fuel units 735
flow rates, estimate 546
specifications for 547
NEMA enclosure types 124
Net present value (NPV) method 664
Nuts, hexagonal, dimensions of 30

Oil, velocity of 389

Oil spills 628
Operating costs 650
Orifice
diameter, determine for required differential in gas
measurement 545
flow in field, calculate 553
meters 529 549
plate flange taps 518 536

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Parallel system, estimate pressure differential on a 547

Payback method 661
Payroll estimates 636
Perpetuities 657
Perturbations that cause surges 440
Petrochemical pipeline commissioning 176
Physical constants, of selected hydrocarbons and other
chemicals and gases 288
Pig-based monitoring systems 608
Pipe, polyethylene design data 118
Pipe, properties of 95
Pipe design, steel 90
Pipe-equivalent factors, determining 351
Pipe laying
arc, length in 53
degrees of bend 47
pipe bending 47 56
pipelay tables 54
pipe span between supports 55
Pipeline
cleaning 171
commissioning 176
cost estimating 674
cross country 80
dewatering 170
drying 172
flow measurement 515
leak detection techniques 606
modeling 609
monitoring systems 595
pigging 33
protection, advances in 255
samplers 594
Pipe lowering, existing pipeline in service 59

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Pipe size requirements for increasing throughput volumes

of natural gas, estimating 356
Pipe taps, drill sizes for 20
Planning in oil spills 628
Polyethylene pipe design data 118
Positive displacement meters, maintenance tips for 556
Power bill, monthly, estimating for cathodic protection
Rectifier 245
Present value 655
Pressure
conversion chart 729
differential, estimate on a parallel system 547
drop calculations for rubber hose 399
drop of liquids in lines for turbulent flow, calculating 419
drop method for determining gas line leakage 353
in gas pipeline, average 361
loss, determining for a low-pressure gas system 350
loss in annular sections, calculate 407
loss in hose string 397
loss through valves and fittings 411
sensors, smart 592
and temperature loss for viscous crudes, calculate 407
Pressure, hydrostatic, due to a column of liquid H feet in
height 430
Primer, how to estimate per mile 225
Profitability index 679
Project scoping data worksheet 40
Properties of gas and vapors 540
Proving devices 589
Pulsation control for reciprocating pumps 465
Pumping stations 138
Pumps
centrifugal 452 478
curve 478
field gathering, selecting motors for 492
reciprocating 465 489 490 493

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Pumps (cont.)
rotary 473 502
speed, determining 491
Puncture, line, estimating gas blown off through a 360
Purges for sample cylinders 548

Rate of return (ROR) method 662

Reciprocating compressors 315 682
Reciprocating pumps 465 489 490 493
Rectifier, determining voltage rating through ground bed 247
Rectifier cable, economical size of 243
Rectifier power cost, calculating (chart) 241
Reference electrode potentials, comparison to
coppercopper sulfate 240
Regulator, estimate temperature drop across a 546
Regulatory requirements in spills 628
Reid vapor pressure 719
Representative resistance coefficients (K) for valves and
fittings 411
Reserves, natural gas, categories and terminology 308
Revalidation 686
Revenues 650
Reynolds number, calculating 371 417
Right-of-way 42
Risk assessment, modeling for 695
Roll, estimate length of material contained in 16
Rope (see cable)
Rotary pumps 473 502
Rubber hose, pressure drop calculations for 399
Rupture disc sizing 199

Sacrificial anodes, group installation of 246

SALM system 394
Sample cylinders, purges for 548
Samplers 594

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Sand blasting, internal 171

SCADA systems 598 600
Scale-up of equipment or plant costs, estimating 676
Scale-up of tank costs, estimating 678
Schedule number, identification by direct measurement 110
Sensitivity analysis 653 665
Sensors, pressure 592
Series number, flanged fittings 117
Series systems 405
Shafting, steel 17
Shell/MIT formula for calculating pressure drop and flow
rates 399
Shock hazards, minimizing 269
Shut-in test on gas transmission lines, estimating time
required for 355
SI data 730
Sizing a gas metering run 547
Sizing pipelines for water flow 427
Slurries, viscosity of, calculating 382
Smart pressure sensors 592
Specific gravity 296 380 718
Spectacle blind thicknesses 117
Speed of pumps, determining 491
Speed torque calculation 464
Spills 34 628
Square root, determining 729
Steady state versus transient conditions 431
Steel pipe
allowable working pressure for 112
carbon 20
design 90
fitting dimensions 22
flanges 23
Stress 113
Stress-corrosion cracking 694
Subsurface temperature ranges, predicting 426

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Sum-of-years depreciation 679

Supercritical carbon dioxide 523
Supports 101 110
Surge pressure, determining 430
Surges, perturbations that cause 431
System design 598 612
System head curves 480 486
Systems
computer 596
monitoring 595 608
SCADA 598 600

T. R. Aude formula for calculating pressure drop and flow

rates 400
Tandem system 395
Tanks
capacity 619
costs, estimating scale-up of 678
dike computations 622
how to gauge 619
tank farm line sizing 440
vapor formation rate 621
vapor loss from 616
volume of 618 621
Tape for pipe coating and fittings 260
Technology, analysis of 601
Temperature
drop across a regulator, estimate 546
and pressure loss for viscous crudes, calculate 407
conversion 724
ranges, subsurface, predicting 426
specific gravity multipliers 364
specific gravity relationship for petroleum oils (chart) 718
Terminology, floodlighting 139
Test leads, spacing to measure current on 245

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Threads 103
Throat pressure in a blow-down system, determining 359
Throughput 356 427 428 675
Time value of money 654
Training for oil spills 633
Transformers 131 134
Transient pressure analysis 430
Transmission lines, crude oil, estimate the optimum
working pressures in 429
Trench shoring, 24
Turbulent flow, pressure drop of liquids in lines for calculating 419

Ultrasonic flow equations, basic, derivation of 387

Units of measurement, conversions 704
Unsupported line pipe, maximum allowable length of 110
Utilities, underground 31

Vacuum drying 179

Valve, control
instrumentation 590
losses 482
selection 193
sizing formulas 184
variable orifice rotary 202
Valve, relief; sizing, selection, installation, and testing 195
Valve flow-capacity coefficient (CV) 204
Valves and fittings 411
Valves for gas and vapor, sizing 204
Vapor or gas flow measurement, orifice plate flange taps 536
Vapor pressure 719
Vapors and gases 296 540
Variable speed operation 486
Velocity
of compressible fluids, calculating 384
of gas, calculating 359

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Velocity (cont.)
heads for various pipe diameters and different rates
of discharge (table) 391
of liquids, calculating 384 385
of oil 385
Viscosity
of a blend, calculate 380
conversions 725
of crude, determining 376
equivalents of absolute 715
hydrocarbon gas 722
of liquid hydrocarbons 378 392
natural gas, chart for determining 362
of slurries, calculating 382
temperature chart, ASTM standard 728
units, convert 380
Viscous crudes, calculate pressure and temperature loss For 407
Voltage drop 135 243
Voltage rating of rectifier, determining 247
Volume of a pipeline per linear foot 385
Volume of water required in hydrostatic testing 163
VSAT 602

WAC methodology 600

Water, determining resistivity of fresh 244
Water, weight per cubic foot 737
Water compressibility factor 168
Water flow, sizing pipelines for 427
Water requirements, estimating for engine cooling 334
Wattages for tools and appliances, typical 126
Weight
density and specific gravity of various liquids 718
estimate in metric tons per kilometer 109
of piping materials 112
of water per cubic foot 737

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Welding
brazing temperatures 63
electrodes, pounds required 73
lens shade selector 64
pipeline 64
pipeline repair, criteria for 74
rod required for per mile 73
rods, mechanical properties of 63
steel, preheating 62
terminology 79
welds per hour, average 73
Weymouths gas-flow formula 363
Wind chill chart 32
Wire resistance 25
Wrapping materials, estimating 226

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