Pile

Version 18.2
 Oasys Ltd

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Oasys Ltd. 2007

Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Oasys Ltd. 2007

All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or
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written permission of the publisher.

Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the
respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document
or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be
liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or
indirectly by this document.

This document has been created to provide a guide for the use of the software. It does not provide engineering advice,
nor is it a substitute for the use of standard references. The user is deemed to be conversant with standard
engineering terms and codes of practice. It is the users responsibility to validate the program for the proposed design
use and to select suitable input data.

Printed: April 2007

 I Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Table of Contents

Part I About Pile 2

1 General Program
...................................................................................................................................
Description 2
2 Program Features
................................................................................................................................... 2
3 Components
...................................................................................................................................
of the User Interface 3
Working with
.........................................................................................................................................................
the Gateway 3

Part II Method of Analysis 5

1 General ................................................................................................................................... 5
Shaft Friction
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Total Stress ..................................................................................................................................................
Approach 6
Effective Stress
..................................................................................................................................................
Approach 6
Limiting Shaft ..................................................................................................................................................
Friction 7
Negative Skin ..................................................................................................................................................
Friction 7
End Bearing ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Total Stress ..................................................................................................................................................
Approach 7
Effective Stress
..................................................................................................................................................
Approach 7
Limiting End ..................................................................................................................................................
Bearing 8
Bearing Capacity
......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Ultimate Capacity
.................................................................................................................................................. 9
Plugged Capacity
.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Unplugged ..................................................................................................................................................
Capacity 10
Allowable..................................................................................................................................................
Capacity - Working Load Approach 12
Design Resistance
..................................................................................................................................................
- Limit State Approach 13
Solution Algorithm
......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Skin Friction..................................................................................................................................................
Computation 15
End Bearing ..................................................................................................................................................
Computation 16
Berezantzev ...........................................................................................................................................
method 17
Bolton method ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Part III Input Data 19

1 Assembling
...................................................................................................................................
Data 19
2 Opening ...................................................................................................................................
the Program 19
Intranet link
.........................................................................................................................................................
and emails 20
3 Data Input
................................................................................................................................... 21
Titles ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Titles window..................................................................................................................................................
- Bitmaps 23
Units and.........................................................................................................................................................
Preferences 23
Analysis Options
......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Design Options
.................................................................................................................................................. 24
Calculation ..................................................................................................................................................
Options 25
Pile Geometry
......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Pile Properties
.................................................................................................................................................. 27
Cross-section..................................................................................................................................................
Dimensions 28
Underream ..................................................................................................................................................
Data 30

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 Contents II

Material Properties
......................................................................................................................................................... 30
General Properties
.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Total Stress.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Effective ..................................................................................................................................................
Stress 32
Material Layers
......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Groundwater
......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Effective Stress
.........................................................................................................................................................
Profiles 36
Nq-Phi Curves
......................................................................................................................................................... 36

Part IV Output 39
1 Analysis ...................................................................................................................................
and Data Checking 39
2 Tabulated...................................................................................................................................
Output 40
3 Graphical...................................................................................................................................
Output 41

Part V Manual Example 45

1 General ................................................................................................................................... 45

Part VI Brief Technical Description 47

1 Pile ................................................................................................................................... 47

Index 48

Oasys Ltd. 2007

About Pile

Part

I
 About Pile 2

1 About Pile
1.1 General Program Description
Pile Pile Load and Settlement

Pile is a program which calculates the vertical load carrying capacities of a range of individual
piles in a layered soil deposit. The theory is based on both conventional and new methods for
drained (frictional) and undrained (cohesive) soils. The program currently does not perform
settlement calculations, which will be added at a later date.

1.2 Program Features

The main features of Pile are summarised below:

The soil is specified in layers. Each layer is set to be drained(frictional) or undrained(cohesive)

and appropriate strength parameters are specified. Maximum values can be set for ultimate
soil/shaft friction stress and end bearing stress within each layer.

The user has four choices for selecting datum - Depth below ground level, depth below
mud-line, elevation above Ordnance Datum, and finally a user-specified datum.

Porewater pressures within the soil deposit can be set to hydrostatic or piezometric.

The user has the option to calculate the pile capacity for a range of pile depths, for different
cross-section shapes such circular, square and H-section. The circular and square
cross-sections may be hollow or solid, where as the H-section is only solid. In addition,
under-reams or enlarged bases may be specified.

There are two approaches available to calculate the capacity of the pile - Working load
approach and Limit-state approach.

The graphical output depicts the variation of different pile capacities such as shaft resistance,
end bearing, total bearing capacity of the pile etc. with pile depth. This may be exported in WMF
format.

The text output contains the tabular representation of the above data together with the input
data. The user also has the option of exporting these results in CSV format.

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 3 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

1.3 Components of the User Interface

The principal components of Pile's user interface are the Gateway, Table Views, Graphical Output,
Tabular Output, toolbars, menus and input dialogs. These are illustrated below.

1.3.1 Working with the Gateway

The Gateway gives access to all the data that is available for setting up a Pile model.

Top level categories can be expanded by clicking on the `+ symbol beside the name or by
double clicking on the name. Clicking on the `- symbol or double clicking on the name
when expanded will close up the item. A branch in the view is fully expanded when the
items have no symbol beside them.

Double clicking on an item will open the appropriate table view or dialog for data input.
The greyed out items in the gateway are disabled.

Oasys Ltd. 2007

Method of
Analysis

Part

II
 5 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

2 Method of Analysis
2.1 General
The soil is split up into a number of layers, for which the user defines how skin friction and end
bearing will be calculated.

The program will calculate bearing capacity at discrete elevations, either to provide a single
bearing capacity at a single elevation specified by the user or to develop a bearing capacity
versus depth profile over a specified range of elevations.

The calculation procedure will involve identifying a number of sub-layers within each specified
soil layer corresponding to:

Depths at which capacity is to be assessed where these fall within a layer.

Depths at which capacity is to be assessed to allow a graph to be produced.
Changes in pile properties (i.e. under-reams).
Changes in groundwater/pore-pressure profile.

If there are n layers between the ground surface and the toe of the pile:

Where is the incremental external skin friction accumulated within a soil layer outside the
pile.

Within the layer:

Where:

is the layer thickness of layer j.

is the average external perimeter of outside the pile in contact with soil in layer j.

is the average external skin friction in layer j outside the pile.

Similarly:

Where:

is the incremental internal skin friction accumulated within a soil layer inside the pile

is the average internal perimeter of inside the pile in contact with soil in layer j.

is the average internal skin friction in layer j inside the pile.

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 Method of Analysis 6

2.1.1 Shaft Friction

Two basic methods are available, total stress and effective stress based. The former is
appropriate to clays and soft rocks and the latter to cohesion less soils and also clays for long
term loading where the stress conditions are likely to change.

2.1.1.1 Total Stress Approach

The friction per unit area, fs is given by fs = a cu , where:
a is an adhesion factor.
cu is the average undrained shear strength in the layer.

a specified by the user

The adhesion factor may be entered directly by the user.

API Method 1
The current API code recommends that for driven tubular steel piles:
a = 0.5 Y -0.5, Y < 1.0
a = 0.5 Y-0.25, Y > 1.0
Y = cu / sv', where
sv' = vertical effective stress.

Caution is required for cases where Y is greater than 3 or for long flexible piles (program
warning is generated).

API Method 2
Earlier editions of the API code advised that:
a = 1.0, cu < 24kPa
a = 0.5, cu > 72kPa
with linear interpolation between these values.

2.1.1.2 Effective Stress Approach

The friction per unit area, fs is computed by the following two methods:

Beta Method
The Beta method relates friction directly to vertical effective stress, sv':

fs = bsv'

Earth Pressure Method

More conventionally,

fs = sh'tan(d)

Where:

sh' = average horizontal effective stress in layer.

d = soil/pile friction angle.

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 7 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

sh' is either supplied by the user or calculated using

sh' = Ksv', where

K = earth pressure factor.

2.1.1.3 Limiting Shaft Friction

Irrespective of the approach followed, the skin friction per unit area, fs may be limited to a user
specified value.

If this value is set to zero, then the friction is assumed to increase continuously with depth.

2.1.1.4 Negative Skin Friction

Some layers may be defined as providing downdrag, in which case the cumulative capacity
cannot contribute to the bearing capacity. The calculated negative skin friction Qnsf must be
calculated separately to ensure that the factors of safety or partial load factors are applied
correctly.

In all the bearing capacity calculations, negative skin friction is always calculated separately -
cumulative skin friction is always exclusive of negative skin friction.

Note: The negative skin friction is not taken into account when calculating the tension
capacities, and for limit state design.

2.1.2 End Bearing

Two basic methods are available, total stress and effective stress based. The former is
appropriate to clays and soft rocks and the latter to cohesionless soils and also clays for long
term loading where the stress conditions are likely to change.

2.1.2.1 Total Stress Approach

In this approach, end bearing stress, qb is given by
qb = Nccu

For solid piles Nc = 9 for embedment of over about 2D. In the case of shallow embedment ( <
2D), Nc is taken as zero, and a warning to this effect is generated.

For hollow sections or H-piles, the pile wall acts more like deep strip footing, therefore Nc 6 is
more appropriate.

2.1.2.2 Effective Stress Approach

In this approach, end bearing stress , qb is given by

qb = Nqsv', where

sv' is the vertical effective stress at the base of the layer being considered.

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 Method of Analysis 8

Nq Specified
The value of Nq can be specified directly by the user.

Nq Calculated Based on Friction Angle

The most commonly used method used to assess Nq is that proposed by Berezantzev, as a
function of drained friction angle f'. The relationship can be defined explicitly or as a look-up
table.

Nq Based on Mean Effective Stress, Relative Density and Friction Angle

A more refined approach is given by Bolton (1984) taking into account dilatancy effects and the
influence of stress level, particularly with heavily loaded piles.

This is an iterative approach based on the following expressions:

IR = ID (10 - ln p') -1
Where:
IR is the corrected relative density (0 to 1).
ID is the original relative density (0 to 1).
p' is the mean effective stress (kPa), calculated as

p' = (sv'+ 2sh')/3

f' = fcv' + 3IR (degrees), where

fcv' is the critical state angle of friction (degrees).

p' (Nq)*sv'

And Nq is estimated using the Berezantzev method.

To start the process it is suggested that Nq is first estimated using fcv'.

2.1.2.3 Limiting End Bearing

Irrespective of the approach followed, the end bearing stress qb may be limited to a user
specified value.

If this value is set to zero, then the end bearing stress is assumed to increase continuously with
depth.

2.1.3 Bearing Capacity

The following capacities are calculated by the program:

Solid piles:
Ultimate Capacity
Allowable Capacity
Design Capacity

Hollow piles:
Plugged Capacity
Unplugged Capacity (fixed and changing internal soil level)

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 9 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Ultimate capacity
Allowable capacity
Design Capacity

Solid piles

The total bearing capacity of solid piles is:

Q = Qse + Qb, Where

Qse is the cumulative skin (or shaft) riction and Qb is the end bearing.

For piles in tension Qb = 0.

Hollow piles

The total bearing capacity of hollow piles is the lesser of:

Qplugged = Qbp + Qbw + Qse, and

Qunplugged = Qbw + Qse + Qsi

Where
Qsi is the cumulative internal skin friction (kN).
Qse is the cumulative external skin friction (kN).
Qbp is the end bearing acting over the soil plug area (kN).
Qbw is the end bearing acting over the pile wall area (kN).

For piles in tension Qbw = Qbp = Qsi= 0.

2.1.3.1 Ultimate Capacity

Solid Piles

The ultimate bearing capacity, Q, of solid piles is:

Q = Qse + Qb - Qnsf

Where,

Qse is the cumulative skin (or shaft) friction

Qb is the end bearing, and
Qnsf is the negative skin friction.

For piles in tension Qb = Qnsf = 0.

Hollow piles

The ultimate bearing capacity, Q, of hollow piles is given by:

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 Method of Analysis 10

Q = Minimum(Qplugged , Qunplugged,case1 , Qunplugged,case2)

Where
Qplugged , is the plugged capacity of the hollow pile.
Qunplugged,case1 is the unplugged capacity for case 1.
Qunplugged,case2 are the unplugged capacity for case 2.

The above quantities are described shortly.

2.1.3.2 Plugged Capacity

The plugged capacity of hollow piles is given by:

Qplugged = Qbp + Qbw + Qse - Qnsf,Ext

Where,
Qse is the cumulative external skin friction exclusive of negative skin friction (kN).
Qbp is the end bearing acting over the soil plug area (kN).
Qbw is the end bearing acting over the pile wall area (kN).
Qnsf,Ext is the external negative skin friction.

For piles in tension,

Qbp = Qbw = Qnsf,Ext = 0.

2.1.3.3 Unplugged Capacity

The unplugged capacity of hollow piles is given by:

Qunplugged = Qbw + Qse + Qsi - Qnsf,Ext - Qnsf,Int

Where
Qsi is the cumulative internal skin friction exclusive of negative skin friction (kN).
Qse is the cumulative external skin friction exclusive of negative skin friction (kN).
Qbw is the end bearing acting over the pile wall area (kN).
Qnsf,Ext is the external negative skin friction.
Qnsf,Int is the internal negative skin friction.

When driving hollow piles (or H-piles) it may not be possible to mobilise the full theoretical
internal friction; this may be too great to allow the plug end bearing force to push the soil up
inside the pile (typically in clay soils). In this situation the pile becomes plugged and the
level of soil inside is lower than that outside. If the end bearing later increases within a
deeper layer, the accumulated internal friction will be fully mobilised again and more material
will be pushed up inside the pile;however the internal capacity will be less than if the plug
level is at the ground surface.

Thus, there are two cases for calculation of unplugged capacity:

Case 1: Internal soil level is the same as external soil level, where in the internal skin
friction is calculated assuming internal soil profile similar to external soil profile.Thus, the
external and internal friction in this case will be in the ratio of external perimeter to internal
perimeter of the pile.

Case 2: Internal soil level changes with the driven pile depth. In this case, calculations are
made at each depth increment to ensure that soil is pushed inside the pile only if the entire

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11 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

skin friction has been mobilised, as follows:

Consider two pile embedment depths d1 and d2 such that d1 < d2.

Assume that the incremental layer does not contribute to negative skin friction.

If
Qsi,d1 - Qnsf,Int,d1 + Qsi,inc < Qbp,d2

Then,
Qsi,d2 = Qsi,d1 + Qsi,inc

Else,
Qsi,d2 = Qsi,d1
Where,

Qsi,d1 is the internal skin friction at a pile embedment depth d1.

Qsi,d2 is the internal skin friction at a pile embedment depth d2.
Qnsf,Int,d1 is the cumulative internal negative skin friction accumulated over depth
d1.
Qsi,inc is the incremental internal skin friction between depths d1 and d2,
Qbp,d2 is the bearing capacity at depth d2 over the plug area alone - excluding the
wall area.

However, if the incremental layer contributes to negative skin friction,then

If
Qsi,d1 - Qnsf,Int,d1 - Qsi,inc < Qbp,d2

Then,
Qnsf,Int,d2 = Qnsf,Int,d1 + Qsi,inc

Where,

Qsi,d1 is the internal skin friction at a pile embedment depth d1.

Qsi,d2 is the internal skin friction at a pile embedment depth d2.
Qnsf,Int,d1 is the cumulative internal negative skin friction accumulated over depth

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 Method of Analysis 12

d1.
Qnsf,Int,d2 is the cumulative internal negative skin friction accumulated over depth
d2.
Qsi,inc is the incremental internal skin friction between depths d1 and d2,
Qbp,d2 is the bearing capacity at depth d2 over the plug area alone - excluding the
wall area.

Note:
The reported unplugged capacity from case 2 will be the minimum of the capacities from
case 1 and case 2.
For piles in Tension, Qbw = Qnsf,Ext = Qnsf,Int = 0.

2.1.3.4 Allowable Capacity - Working Load Approach

Traditionally global factors of safety are applied to the ultimate end bearing capacity and the skin
friction to take into account uncertainties in soil properties, loads, installation method and the
calculation method and also to limit settlement.

Solid Piles

The factored load is termed the allowable or working load. For solid piles, this is defined as the
lesser of:

Pd = (Qs + Qb)/Fg - Qnsf

Pd= Qs /Fs1 + Qb /Fb - Qnsf
Pd= Qs /Fs2
Pd= (fallowable)*(Ap)

Where,

Qs is the skin friction (excluding negative skin friction).

Qnsf is the negative skin friction.
Qb is the end bearing capacity of the solid pile.
Ap is the cross-section area of pile.
fallowable is allowable stress in pile at working load.
Fg is a global factor applied to the calculated ultimate bearing capacity.
Fs1 is a partial factor applied to the ultimate skin friction component.
Fb is a partial factor applied to the ultimate end bearing component.
Fs2 is a factor applied to the ultimate skin friction component.

In tension, Qb and Qnsf are both zero, and the four criteria reduce to

Pd = Qs/Fg
Pd = Qs /Fs1
Pd = Qs /Fs2
Pd = (fallowable)*(Ap)

Where, the individual terms are as already described above

Hollow piles

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 13 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

For hollow piles, however, we have the following criteria to consider owing to plug condition of
the pile:

Pd = (Qse + Qsi + Qb)/Fg - Qnsf,e - Qnsf,i

Pd = (Qse + Qsi + Qb)/Fg - Qnsf,e - Qnsf,i,autoplugging
Pd = (Qse+ Qb+ Qplug)/Fg - Qnsf,e
Pd= (Qse + Qsi) /Fs1 + Qb /Fb - Qnsf,e - Qnsf,i
Pd= (Qse + Qsi) /Fs1 + Qb /Fb - Qnsf,e - Qnsf,i,autoplugging
Pd = (Qse) /Fs1 + (Qb+ Qplug)/Fb - Qnsf,e
Pd= (Qse) /Fs2
Pd= (fallowable)*(Ap)

Where,

Qse is the external skin friction (excluding negative skin friction).

Qsi is the internal skin friction (excluding negative skin friction).
Qnsf,e is the external negative skin friction.
Qnsf,i is the internal negative skin friction - In this case, the top of internal soil at the same level
as ground level.
Qnsf,i,autopluggingis the internal negative skin friction - In this case, internal soil level changes with
driven pile depth.
Qb is the end bearing capacity of the hollow pile(over the wall area).
Qplugis the bearing capacity of the plugged portion of the hollow pile(excluding wall area).
Ap is the cross-section area of pile.
fallowable is allowable stress in pile at working load.
Fg is a global factor applied to the calculated ultimate bearing capacity.
Fs1 is a partial factor applied to the ultimate skin friction component.
Fb is a partial factor applied to the ultimate end bearing component.
Fs2 is a factor applied to the ultimate skin friction component.

In tension, Qb, Qplug, Qnsf,e and Qnsf,i are all zero, and there are just four criteria:

Pd = Qs/Fg
Pd = Qs /Fs1
Pd = Qs /Fs2
Pd = (fallowable)*(Ap)

Where, the individual terms are as already described above.

2.1.3.5 Design Resistance - Limit State Approach

In limit state codes it is usual to assess the ultimate limit state (ULS) for one or more
combinations of factored applied loads and material properties. Additional factors may be
applied relating to the pile type and calculation method.

In EC7 terms The design action, based on factored loads, is compared with the design bearing
resistance calculated using factored soil parameters and other related factors. Different factors
are used, appropriate to one or more Load Cases. Other codes use a similar approach. Using
EC7 notation, although the approach is applicable to other codes, the design bearing resistance
is:

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 Method of Analysis 14

Rd = Rsd + Rbd

Where:
Rbd is the design base resistance.
Rsd is the design shaft resistance.

These are determined using:

Rbd = Rbk/ gb
Rsd = Rsk/ gs

Where:
Rbk is the characteristic base resistance.
Rsk is the characteristic shaft resistance.
gb and gs are base and shaft resistance factors.

For solid piles the above definitions are straight forward. However, for hollow piles in
compression, there are three conditions to be considered:

Unplugged condition - (Internal soil level remains at ground level)

In this case,
Rbk is obtained by calculating bearing capacity only over the wall area.
Rsk is obtained by adding the contributions of external skin friction and internal skin friction,
assuming the internal soil level remains at ground level.

Unplugged condition - (Internal soil level changes with driven pile depth)

In this case,
Rbk is obtained by calculating bearing capacity only over the wall area.
Rsk is obtained by adding the contributions of external skin friction and internal skin friction, with
the internal soil level not necessarily at ground level.

Plugged condition

In this case,
Rbk is obtained by calculating bearing capacity only over the wall area, and the plug area.
Rsk is obtained by considering only the external skin friction.

The design resistance is the minimum of the above calculated resistances.

For hollow piles in tension, again the definition is straight forward with Rbk = 0.

Depending on the load case under consideration, the characteristic resistances may or may not
be determined using partial material factors. However, presently, partial material factors are
always applied when "Design Resistance" option is chosen. They are specified in the
Material Properties | General Properties table.

When calculating pile capacity it is important to note that the calculated bearing resistance is
neither an allowable working load or an ultimate capacity, and must be compared with the
appropriately factored combination of applied loads, dependent on the design case being
assessed.

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 15 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Note: Presently, in the program, the negative skin friction is treated as an "Action" and is not
included in the calculation of design resistance.

2.1.4 Solution Algorithm

Overview of calculation procedure

1. Divide the soil into required number of layers, based on

Material layers
Effective stress profiles/ Ground water profiles
Depth of the pile (Single or range)
Changes in the pile properties (eg. under-ream).

2. Calculate the vertical stress profile and vertical effective stress profile (if not specified).

3. Compute the skin friction and end bearing (if necessary) of each layer.

4. Compute the cumulative positive skin friction and negative skin friction , taking into account
layers which contribute to negative skin friction.

5. Compute the end bearing capacity of the pile.

6. Compute the working load or the design resistance of the pile, based on user's choice.

7. Store the values obtained in steps 5 and 6, in order to plot the variation of the above
quantities with depth.

2.1.4.1 Skin Friction Computation

Computation of Skin friction

1. Check whether the material is "Total stress" or "Effective stress".

2. If "Total stress"

Get the profile of cu across the layer.

Get the profile of a across the layer (Get user specified value or from API methods 1 or
2).

Get the profile of fse and fsi(if necessary) across the layer taking into account, the limiting
skin friction in the layer.

Get the average value of fse and fsi for the layer.

Get the perimeter P of the pile in the layer(both external and internal).

Compute external and internal skin friction provide by the layer.

Else If "Effective stress"

Check whether using b method or Earth pressure method.

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 Method of Analysis 16

If "b method"
i. Get the user specified value b.

ii. Get the profile of fs from sv' profile using the relation
fs = b*sv'.

Else If "Earth pressure method"

i. Get the profile of sh' ( User specified or using the value of earth pressure
coefficient K, supplied by the user viz. sh'= Ksv' ).

ii.Get the profile of fs using the relation, fs = sh'tan(d), where d is the friction angle
between the pile and soil.

Get the average value of fse and fsi for the layer.

Get the perimeter P of the pile layer(both external and internal).

Compute external and internal skin friction provide by the layer.

2.1.4.2 End Bearing Computation

Computation of End bearing capacity

1. Check whether the material is "Total stress" or "Effective stress".

2. If "Total stress"

a. Get the profile of undrained cohesion, cu across the layer.

b. Get value of Nc (User-specified or calculated) based on embedment depth.

c. Get the profile of bearing pressure from qb = Nccu.

Else If "Effective stress"

a. Get the profile of sv' across the layer(either calculated or user specified).

b. Get the value of Nq either form user, or Berezantzev Method or Bolton method.

3. Get the bearing pressure, qb from qb = Nqsv'.

4. Get the cross section area of the pile base, pile wall, and soil plug as appropriate.

5. Compute end bearing capacity of the pile.

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 17 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

2.1.4.2.1 Berezantzev method

This method essentially interpolates the value of Nq for a given drained friction angle f'.

The following two steps are implemented in the calculation algorithm:

1. Get the user specified value of drained friction angle f'.

2. Get the value of Nq based on user specified equation or user specified look-up table.

2.1.4.2.2 Bolton method

This is a more refined approach is given by Bolton (1984), taking into account dilatancy effects
and the influence of stress level, particularly with heavily loaded piles.

It involves the following steps:

1. Get the user specified values of fcv' and IR, where

IR is the corrected relative density (0 to 1).

2. Get the value of f' = fcv' + 3IR.

3. Get the value of Nq using Berezantzev method.

4. Get the value of mean effective stress p', using the relation p' (Nqsv').

5. Get the value of IR using the relation IR = ID (10 - ln p') -1, where
IR is the corrected relative density (0 to 1)
ID is the original relative density (0 to 1).

6. Get the value of f' = fcv' + 3IR.

7. Get the value of Nq using Berezantzev method.

8. If difference between the new value of Nq and value of Nq from step 3 is within tolerance, stop
the iteration, else repeat the steps 4 to 8.

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Input Data

Part

III
 19 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

3 Input Data
3.1 Assembling Data
It is best to make a sketch of the problem before the computer is approached. This should
comprise the representation of the soil layer and groundwater data, with correct elevations for
the interfaces between soil layers, ground water levels, and pile depths.

Details of the following should be gathered:

The drained/undrained parameters of the different soil materials at the proposed site.
Ground water data - phreatic surface location and piezometric pressure distribution elevations
if needed.
Soil layer levels.
Geometry of the pile - cross-section information, and depth of the pile.

3.2 Opening the Program

The following provides details of all the information required to run the Pile program.

On selection of the Pile program the main screen will open.

This is the main screen within which all data, graphics and results are entered and viewed. All
further information appears in a series of smaller or "child" windows, which are placed inside the
main screen.

To start a new project file select "Create a new data file" option on the opening screen.

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 Input Data 20

If the start-up dialog has been disabled, click File | New button or the corresponding icon .

This will open a new Titles window and allow you to proceed.

It is possible to open more than one data file at any one time. The file name is therefore
displayed in the title bar at the top of each child window.

3.2.1 Intranet link and emails

To view the latest information regarding the Pile program or contact the support team click on

the internet

or support team buttons on the Start screen or select the options from the toolbar.

List of information required and actions before contacting support team:

Version of Pile (see top bar of program or Help | About Pile)

Spec of machine being used
Type of operating system
Please pre-check all input data
Access help file for information
Check web site for current information
Should you report a program malfunction then please attempt to repeat and record process
prior to informing the team.

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 21 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

The web site aims to remain up to date with all data regarding the program and available
versions. Should any malfunctions persist then the work around or fix will be posted on the web
site.

In addition, if the user wants to email the input file that he/she is currently working on, to the
support team, he/she can do so by clicking File|Email... button.

3.3 Data Input

Data is input via options that are available via the Data menu, or via the Gateway.

The information can be entered in any order, but Material Properties should be entered before
specifying Material Layers.

Once the data has been entered the program places a tick against that item in the menu list.

For options other than "Units and Preferences" and "Analysis Options", a check mark is placed
once data has been entered.

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 Input Data 22

3.3.1 Titles
The first window to appear, for entry of data into Pile, is the Titles window.

This window allows entry of identification data for each program file. The following fields are
available:

Job Number
allows entry of an identifying job number. By clicking the drop-down button, the user can access
the job numbers previously used.

Initials
for entry of the users initials.

Date
this field is set by the program at the date the file is saved.

Job Title
allows a single line for entry of the job title.

Subtitle
allows a single line of additional job or calculation information.

Calculation Heading
allows a single line for the main calculation heading.

The titles are reproduced in the title block at the head of all printed information for the
calculations. The fields should therefore be used to provide as many details as possible to
identify the individual calculation runs.

An additional field for notes has also been included to allow the entry of a detailed description of
the calculation. This can be reproduced at the start of the data output by selection of notes using
File | Print Selection.

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 23 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

3.3.1.1 Titles window - Bitmaps

The box to the left of the Titles window can be used to display a picture beside the file titles.

To add a picture, place an image on to the clipboard. This must be in a RGB (Red / Green /
Blue) Bitmap format. Select the "Paste Bitmap" button to place the image in the box.

The image is purely for use as a prompt on the screen and can not be copied into the output
data. Care should be taken not to copy large bitmaps, which can dramatically increase the size
of the file.

To remove a bitmap select the button "Remove Bitmap".

3.3.2 Units and Preferences

This option allows the user to specify the units for entering the data and reporting the results of
the calculations.

Automatic file backup

This option allows a time interval to be set for automatically saving the data file. Automatic
saving can be disabled if required by clearing the "Save file.." check box.

Note! It is good practice to save your file after every new entry of data in each dialog box or
table is completed. The Save icon on the Standard Toolbar or Ctrl + S quick keys can be used

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 Input Data 24

to save the file.

Units

Default options are the Systme Internationale (SI) units - kN and m. The drop down menus
provide alternative units with their respective conversion factors to metric.

Standard sets of units may be set by selecting any of the buttons: SI, kN-m, kip-ft kip-in.

Once the correct units have been selected then click 'OK' to continue.

SI units have been used as the default standard throughout this document.

Company info.

The company information button "Company Info" allows the user to change the company name
and logo on the top of each page of print out. To add a bitmap enter the full path of the file. The
bitmap will appear fitted into a space approximately 4cm by 1cm. The aspect ratio will be
maintained. Note! For internal Arup versions of the program the bitmap option is not available.

3.3.3 Analysis Options

The following general data is entered to define the outline of the problem and type of analysis to
be carried out.

Design Options: The type of approach used in calculating the pile capacity - Working Load or
Limit State Design, is specified here, along with the associated factors of safety.

Calculation Options: The datum information, calculation profile and information whether
effective stresses are user -defined or calculated is specified here.

3.3.3.1 Design Options

Method: There are two options available:

Working Load

Design Resistance

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 25 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Working Load: The following factors of safety have to be specified:

Global Factor on ultimate Capacity

Partial Factor on ultimate Skin Friction

Partial factor on End Bearing

Factor applied to ultimate Skin Friction

Design Resistance: The following factors have to be specified by the user:

Shaft Resistance Factor

Base Resistance Factor

Limiting Pile Material Stress at Working Load: The value of the maximum stress in the pile
material.

3.3.3.2 Calculation Options

Calculation Profile:

Single: If the capacity of a pile for a single depth is required.

Range: If the capacity of pile for a range of depths is required.

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 Input Data 26

Length of Pile: The total length of the pile. This is available only if "Single" is selected for
calculation profile.

The following three items are required if the user selects "Range":

Minimum Pile Length: The minimum pile length for which the pile capacity has to be
calculated.

Maximum Pile Length: The maximum pile length for which the pile capacity has to be
calculated.

Number of Increments: The number of increments between the minimum and maximum pile
depth for which the pile capacity has to be calculated.

Depth of the Top of the Pile below the highest Soil Layer: This is the difference in height
between the highest soil layer and the top of the pile. If this value is positive, it is used to
represent basement piles. If this value is negative, this is used to represent general and local
scour if the water table is above ground level.

Effective Stresses: The user can select either of the following two options:

Calculated: The effective stresses in the soil layers are calculated by the program.

User-Defined: The user specifies the effective stress profiles-(both vertical stress profile and
horizontal stress profile) to be used by the program in calculating the pile capacity.

Datum Information: There are four choices for datum that have to be specified by the user:

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 27 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Depth below Ground Level

Depth below Mud Line: used for offshore piles.

Elevation (above Ordnance Datum)

User-defined: custom datum.

Depth of rigid Boundary below Ground Level: This is used for settlement calculations alone.

3.3.4 Pile Geometry

The information regarding the about the type of pile, cross-section and under-ream dimensions
of the pile is entered here.

3.3.4.1 Pile Properties

The following information about the type of pile is entered here.

Pile Type:

Solid

Hollow

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 Input Data 28

H-Pile

Pile Cross-section:

Circular

Square

Pile Condition:

Plugged

Unplugged

Under-reams (Solid only): This option is available only if the user selects "Solid" pile type.

With Under-ream

Without Under-ream

Reduction Factor for Internal Skin Friction: The reduction factor to be used in calculating the
internal skin friction.

3.3.4.2 Cross-section Dimensions

Based on the type of pile chosen, the following dimensions need to be entered by the user.

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29 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Circular cross-section:

Shaft Diameter outside

Shaft Wall Thickness (for hollow piles only)

Wall Thickness at Base (for hollow piles only)

Square cross-section:

External Side Width

Shaft Wall Thickness (for hollow piles only)

Wall Thickness at Base (for hollow piles only)

H-Pile:

Depth along Web

Width along Flanges

Average Web Thickness

Average Flange Thickness

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 Input Data 30

3.3.4.3 Underream Data

The following under-ream data needs to be entered. This option is available only for
solid piles.

Base diameter

Height of the Under-ream

Height above Top of Under-ream where Skin Friction is neglected.

Note: This option is available ONLY for solid piles.

3.3.5 Material Properties

The general material properties, the total stress and effective stress parameters are entered
here.

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 31 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

3.3.5.1 General Properties

Each record in the "General Properties" table consists of the following items:

Material Description -Brief descriptions for each of the material types can be entered here.
Type - Whether total stress or effective stress material.
Bulk Unit Weight - bulk unit weight of the soil layer.
Material Factor for Soil Strength - material factor that needs to be applied to cohesive strength
or friction angle depending on type of material.
Contribute to Negative Skin Friction- whether the material contributes to negative skin friction.

3.3.5.2 Total Stress

Each record in the "Total Stress" table consists of the following items:

Material Description -This is an read-only field which shows brief descriptions for each of the
"Total Stress" material types.
Soil Strength(Cu) - Top - Undrained shear strength of the total stress material at the top of the
layer.
Soil Strength(Cu) - Bottom - Undrained shear strength of the total stress material at the top of
the layer.

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 Input Data 32

Following fields related to skin friction data:

Method - Method of calculating Alpha, the adhesion factor. This is one of API method 1, API
method 2, or user-specified value of Alpha.
Alpha - Adhesion factor, if specified by the user.
Limiting Value - Limiting value of frictional shear stress at the pile-soil interface.

Important: When the limiting value of the frictional shear stress is entered as zero, the
maximum allowable
frictional shear stress between the pile and the material is assumed to be infinite.

Following fields related to end bearing data:

Method - Method of calculating Nc, the bearing capacity factor. This is one of user specified or
calculated.
Nc - Value of bearing capacity factor, if specified by the user.
Limiting Value - Limiting value of bearing stress in the material layer.

Important: When the limiting value of the end bearing stress is entered as zero, the maximum
allowable
end bearing stress for the given material is assumed to be infinite.

For information about the methods used to evaluate pile capacities using total stress approach
please refer to the following topics:
Shaft friction - Total stress approach
End bearing - Total stress approach

3.3.5.3 Effective Stress

Each record in the "Effective Stress" table consists of the following items:

Material Description -This is a read-only field which shows brief descriptions for each of the
"Effective Stress" material types.

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33 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Following fields related to skin friction data:

Skin Friction computation method - one of Beta Method or Earth Pressure Method.
Beta - value of Beta.
Delta - Friction angle.
Horizontal effective stress profile - whether user-defined or calculated.
Coefficient of Earth Pressure, K - value of K.
Limiting value - Limiting value of frictional shear stress at the pile-soil interface.

Important: When the limiting value of the frictional shear stress is entered as zero, the
maximum allowable frictional shear stress between the pile and the material is assumed to be
infinite.

Following fields related to end bearing data:

Nq computation Method - Method of calculating Nq, the bearing capacity factor. This is one of
user specified, Bolton or Berezantzev.
Nq - Value of bearing capacity factor Nq.
Phi' - Value of effective friction angle for the material layer.
Phicv' - Value of critical state angle of friction.
Ir - Value of the corrected relative density (0 to 1).
Limiting Value - Limiting value of bearing stress in the material layer.
Nq-Phi Curve - Non-linear curve data that is used for calculating the value of Nq from friction
angle, Phi. This is accessed from "Nq-Phi Curves" button in the Pile Data Menu or the
Gateway. This option becomes available for Berezantzev and Bolton methods.

Important: When the limiting value of the end bearing stress is entered as zero, the maximum
allowable end bearing stress for the given material is assumed to be infinite.

For information about the methods used to evaluate pile capacities using effective stress
approach please refer to the following topics:
Shaft friction - Effective stress approach
End bearing - Effective stress approach

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 Input Data 34

3.3.6 Material Layers

Each record in the "Material Layer" table consists of the following items.

Level at Top - Level of the top of each layer according to the datum chosen.
Material - The soil material that is present in the layer.

3.3.7 Groundwater
A single groundwater profile is entered to surround the pile. This can be hydrostatic or
piezometric.

Each record in the "Material Layer" table consists of the following items:

Level - Level at which the pressure is the specified pressure is known.

Material - The soil material that is present in the layer.
Unit Wt of Water - The value of unit weight of water. The entry in the first record alone is
available for input.

This first line of the table allows a single value for the unit weight of water to be added. On
subsequent lines, levels and pressures can be entered to create a piezometric profile.
Interpolation between the points is linear and the water profile beneath the lowest point is
assumed to be hydrostatic.

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35 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

If only one data point is entered, the program will also assume a hydrostatic groundwater
distribution.

For hydrostatic distributions the water pressure (u) is calculated from

u = zwgw

where
zw = depth below water table level
gw = specified unit weight of water

Thus a partial hydrostatic condition can be modelled by specifying a value of gw less than
10kN/m3.

For piezometric profiles the level and pressure at each known point must be entered. If more
than one data point is entered, the program will assume that the points represent piezometers,
and the ground water pressure will be interpolated vertically between the specified points. Below
the lowest point, groundwater pressure will be assumed to extend hydrostatically.

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 Input Data 36

3.3.8 Effective Stress Profiles

Each record in the "Effective Stress Profiles" table consists of the following items.

Material Layer - The soil material that is present in the layer.

Vertical Effective Stress at the Top of Layer- The value of vertical effective stress at the top of
the layer.
Vertical Effective Stress at the Bottom of Layer- The value of vertical effective stress at the
bottom of the layer.
Horizontal Effective Stress at the Top of Layer- The value of horizontal effective stress at the
top of the layer.
Horizontal Effective Stress at the Bottom of Layer- The value of horizontal effective stress at
the bottom of the layer.

The vertical and horizontal effective stresses at any intermediate level are linearly interpolated.

3.3.9 Nq-Phi Curves

Each record in the "Nq-Phi Curves" table consists of the following items.

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37 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Phi' - The effective friction angle.

Nq - The value of bearing capacity factor, Nq at the given friction angle.

This table is used by the Berezantzev and Bolton methods for calculating Nq.

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Output

Part

IV
 39 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

4 Output
4.1 Analysis and Data Checking
The data can be analysed by clicking Analysis | Analyse button.

Prior to analysing the data the program performs various checks and gives warnings/errors
if the data is not consistent. The user may ignore any warnings and analyse. However, the
user cannot perform analysis if there are any errors. Any errors must be corrected before
analysis can be performed.

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 Output 40

4.2 Tabulated Output

Tabulated output is available from the View menu, the Gateway or the Pile toolbar. This output
may include input data and results - if an analysis has been performed.

The results are provided in a tabular form, containing the levels corresponding to the depth(s) of
the pile and the various load capacities at the given level.

The lists of tabulated output can be highlighted and then copied to the clipboard and pasted into
most Windows type applications e.g. Word or Excel. The output can also be directly exported to

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 41 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

various text or HTML formats by selecting Export from the File menu.

4.3 Graphical Output

Graphical output of data and results is accessed via the View menu, the Gateway or the Drive
toolbar.

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 Output 42

The graphical representation of the soil layers, the pile and the cross-section of the pile is shown
here.

Graphical toolbar buttons

Axis : Provides a reference grid behind the drawing.

Set Scale : This allows the user to toggle between the default 'best fit' scale, the
closest available engineering scale. e.g. 1:200, 1:250, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1250,
1:2500, or exact scaling. The same options are available via the View menu "Set
exact scale" command.

Save Metafile : this save icon allows the file to be saved in the format of a
Windows Metafile. This retains the viewed scale. The metafile can be imported
into other programs such as word processors, spreadsheets and drawing
packages

Zoom Facility : Select an area to 'zoom in' to by using the mouse to click on a
point on the drawing and then dragging the box outwards to select the area to be
viewed. The program will automatically scale the new view. The original area can
be restored by clicking on the 'restore zoom' icon as shown here.
Smaller/Larger font : allows adjustment of the font sizes on the graphical output
view

Edit colours: allows line and fill colours to be edited

The graphics toolbar also has buttons corresponding to different physical quantities like

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43 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

porewater pressure,
effective stresses in the soil layers, and the various pile capacities.

When the user makes the appropriate selection, the corresponding plot is shown.

When the graphical output view is open the Graphics menu shows the following options.

The plot can be exported in WMF format.

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Manual Example

Part

V
 45 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

5 Manual Example
5.1 General
The data input and results for the Pile manual example are available in the 'Samples' sub-folder
of the program installation folder. The example has been created to show the data input for all
aspects of the program and does not seek to provide any indication of engineering advice.

This example can be used by new users to practice data entry and get used to the details of the
program.

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Brief Technical
Description

Part

VI
 47 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

6 Brief Technical Description

6.1 Pile
Pile is a program which calculates the vertical load carrying capacities of a range of individual
piles in a layered soil deposit. The theory is based on both conventional and new methods for
drained (frictional) and undrained (cohesive) soils. The program currently does not perform
settlement calculations, which will be added at a later date.

The main features of Pile include

The soil is specified in layers. Each layer is set to be drained(frictional) or undrained(cohesive)

and appropriate strength parameters are specified. Maximum values can be set for ultimate
soil/shaft friction stress and end bearing stress within each layer.

The user has four choices for selecting datum - Depth below ground level, depth below
mud-line, elevation above Ordnance Datum, and finally a user-specified datum.

Porewater pressures within the soil deposit can be set to hydrostatic or piezometric.

The user has the option to calculate the pile capacity for a range of pile depths, for different
cross-sections shapes such circular, square and H-section. The circular and square
cross-sections may be hollow or solid, where as the H-section is only solid. In addition,
under-reams or enlarged bases may be specified.

There are two approaches available to calculate the capacity of the pile - Working load
approach and Limit-state approach.

The graphical output depicts the variation of different pile capacities such as shaft resistance,
end bearing, total bearing capacity of the pile etc. with pile depth. This may be exported in
WMF format.

The text output contains the tabular representation of the above data together with the input
data. The user also has the option of exporting these results in CSV format.

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 Index 48

Checking 39

Index Circular 27
Cohesive 2, 47
Company Info 23

A Components of the User Interface

Critical State Angle of Friction 7
3

Cross-section 2, 27
Adhesion 6 Cross-section Dimensions 28
Allowable Working Load 13 CSV 2, 40, 47
Alpha 31 Cumulative Capacity 7
Analysis 39
Analysis and Data Checking 39 D
Analysis Options 24
Analysis Parameters 21 Data Input 21
API 15, 6 Data Input Scrrens 19
Assembling Data 19 Data Menu 21
Average External Skin Friction 5 Datum 25
Average Flange Thickness 28 Deep Strip Footing 7
Average Internal Skin Friction 5 Delta 32
Average Perimeter 5 Depth 2, 25
Average Web Thickness 28 Design Action 13

B Design Base Resistance 13

Design Options 24
Design Resistance 24
Base Diameter 30 Design Shaft Resistance 13
Base Resistance Factor 24 Dilatancy 7
Bearing Capacity 8 Drained 2, 47
Bearing Pressure 16 Drained Friction Angle 17, 7
Bearing Resistance 13 Drained/Undrained 19
Berezantzev 16, 32, 36, 7
Berezantzev Method 17 E
Beta 32, 6
Beta Method 32, 6 Earth Pressure 15, 32, 6
Bitmap 23 Earth Pressure Method 6
Bolton 16, 32, 36, 7 EC7 13
Bolton Method 17 Effective Stress 30, 32, 36
Boundary 25 Effective Stress Approach 6, 7
Bulk Unit Weight 31 Effective Stress Profiles 36

C Elevation 2
Email 20
Embedment 7
Calculation Options 24, 25 End Bearing 12, 15, 7, 8
Calculation Procedure 15 End Bearing Capacity 16
Cays 6 End Bearing Computation 16
Characteristic Base Resistance 13 Examine 39
Characteristic Shaft Resistance 13 Example 45

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 49 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

Export 40
External 15
L
External Side Width 28
Layers 34
F Length 25
Level 34
Factored Load 12 Limit State Approach 13
Factors of Safety 12 Limiting End Bearing 8
Frew Toolbar 3 Limiting Shaft Friction 7
Friction Angle 32 Limiting Value 32
Frictional 2, 47 Limit-state 2, 47
Load 2, 47
G Load Cases 13

Gateway 3 M
General 5
General Program Description 2 Manual 45
General Properties 31 Mass Data 27
Geometry 19 Mass-Ground Connections 30
Global Factor 24 Material 34
Graphical Output 3, 41 Material Description 31, 32
Graphics Toolbar 3 Material Factor 31
Ground Level 2 Material Layer 36
Groundwater 34 Material Layers 15
Groundwater Data 19 Material Properties 30
Groundwater Pressure 34 Mean Effective Stress 7
Mud-line 2
H
N
Height of the Under-ream 30
Hollow 27 Nc 7
Hollow Piles 8 Negative Skin Friction 10, 31, 7
Hollow Sections 7 Non-Linear Curves 32, 36
Horizontal 36 notes 22
H-Pile 27, 28 Nq 17, 32, 36
H-piles 7
H-section 2
O
Hydrostatic 2, 34
Ordnance Datum 2
I
P
Image 23
Incremental External Skin Friction 5 Partial 34
Internal 15 Partial Factor 24
Intranet Link and Emails 20 PDF 45
Ir 32 Peizometric 2

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 Index 50

Perimeter 15
Phi' 32, 36
T
Phicv' 32
Phreatic 19 Table View 3
Picture 23 Tabular Output 3
Piezometric 19, 34 Tabulated Output 40
Pile 19, 2, 25, 27, 47, 5 Tension 8
Pile Capacity 2 Titles 22
Pile Depths 2 Titles Window - Bitmaps 23
Pile Geometry 27 Toolbar 3, 41
Pile Wall 8 Total Bearing Capacity 2, 8
Plot 41 Total Stress 15, 31, 6
Plugged 27 Total Stress Approach 6, 7
Plugged Capacity 10 Type 27, 31
Porewater 2
Program Features 2
U
Properties 27
ULS 13
R Ultimate Bearing Capacity 12, 9
Ultimate Capacity 13, 9
Reduction Factor 27 Ultimate Limit State 13
Relative Density 7 Ultimate Skin Friction 24
Results 40 Under-ream 27, 30
RGB 23 Underream Data 30
Undrained 2, 47, 6
S Unit Wt 34
Units 23
Settlement 12 Units and Preferences 21, 23
Shaft 13 Unplugged 27
Shaft Diameter outside 28 Unplugged Capacity 10
Shaft Friction 6 User Interface 3
Shaft Resistance 2, 47 User-defined 25
Shaft Resistance Factor 24 User-specified 16
Shaft Wall Thickness 28 User-specified Datum 2
Shear 6
SI 23
V
Skin Friction 24, 30, 32
Skin Friction Computation 15 Vertical Effective Stress 7
Soil Plug 8 Vertical Stress Profile 15
Soil Strength 31
Solid 27
W
Solution Algorithm 15
Square 27 Wall Thickness at Base 28
Standard Toolbar 3 Warnings/Errors 39
Stress 2 Web 28
Support 20 Width along Flanges 28

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 51 Pile Oasys Geo Suite for Windows

WMF 2, 41, 47
Working Load 24, 47
Working Load Approach 12

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 52

Endnotes 2... (after index)

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