Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 1 (2012) 261-270

Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932

D DAVID PUBLISHING

Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption

System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower

Saeed Sedigh, Hamid Saffari and Hamidreza Taleshbahrami

Liquefied Natural Gas Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak,
Tehran 16846, Iran

Received: July 25, 2011 / Accepted: August 30, 2011 / Published: February 20, 2012.

Abstract: Many researchers have studied single and double effect absorption cycles based on first and second lows of thermodynamics.
But so far the relation of different parameters inside these cycles to the second law of thermodynamics in boiler and cooling tower has
not been investigated. In this paper, a system comprised of a series flow double effect water-Lithium bromide absorption chiller, a
boiler and a cooling tower is studied based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and also exergy analysis is investigated. For
this purpose, mass and energy conservation laws governing the system are written, and coefficient of performance of the system, exergy
destruction (loss) of each component and exergy efficiency have been calculated.

Key words: Absorption chiller, thermodynamic analysis, cooling tower.

Nomenclature Relative humidity

COP Coefficient of performance Subscripts

ex Exergy per mass unit (kJ/kg)
i Number of the flow branch
E Exergy (kW)
i Input
g Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
0 Output
h Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
ev Evaporator
HPG High pressure generator
cd Condenser
LPG Low pressure generator
gh High pressure generator (HPG)
m Mass flow rate (kg/s)
gl Low pressure generator (LPG)
M Compensated water (kg/s)
p Pump
P Pressure (kpa)
o Surroundings
s Specific entropy (kJ/kgK)
v Surroundings
SHE Solution heat exchanger
g Vapour
T Temperature (K)
X Concentration (%)
1. Introduction
x Quality (%)
V Velocity (m/s) The environment circumstances of human being
Greek Symbols have direct influence on ones mental states, physical
situation, and working conditions. Since nowadays the
Exergy losses
majority of humans life is being spent in buildings,
Heat exchanger efficiency
Pump efficiency providing favourite environmental conditions in
Humidity ratio buildings is of crucial importance. Nowadays with the
increase of migration to large cities, the ventilation

Corresponding author: Hamid Saffari, assistant professor, industry has developed. One of the central cooling
Ph.D., research fields: HVAC&R, LNG, two-phase flow. sources in buildings is chillers which are used in order
E-mail: saffari@iust.ac.ir.
262 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower
to cool the water required for ventilation systems.
Absorption systems of water-lithium bromide are
widely used in ventilation systems.
With the increasing demand for energy and
restriction of the available energies, optimization
routines of energy consumption have been considered
and the essentiality for the change of energy
consumption patterns has been taken into account.
Because of the high prices of electric energy generation,
its replacement with heating energy will be very
outstanding. This replacement has been achieved in
absorption chillers, as their input energy is heat. On the
other hand, compression chillers use
carbon-felour-celour refrigerants which are destructive
to the Ozone layer [1], but absorption chillers do not
use these substances. Apart from these advantages, due
to not having compressor, absorption chillers have less
moving and spinning parts, and therefore lower noise
and vibration, and consequently higher useful lifetime.
However, these systems have some disadvantages such
as low coefficient of performances, crystallization,
corrosion, etc., which have attracted some
investigations.
The single effect water-lithium bromide cycle has
been analyzed based on the first law of
thermodynamics [2], second law of thermodynamics [3]
and exergy [4-6]. Ref. [7] focuses on the analysis of
single effect cycle for cooling and heating applications,
and Ref. [8] focuses on combined heat and power
generation applications. Similar analysis has also been
investigated for double effect water-lithium bromide
cycle [9-13]. Some investigators have also compared
the performances of single and double effect cycles
based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics
[14-17]. Aljundi et al. [18, 19] have also separately
analyzed the cooling towers. The analysis mentioned
above were the static analysis of water-lithium bromide
absorption cycles. Apart from these, some references
have dynamically analyzed the performance of these
systems [20, 21]. The results of experimental
investigations in absorption chillers are very limited
and sometimes unavailable [20-25]. On the other hand,
the price of conducting experiments for the evaluation
of the performance of designed instruments is very
high. Therefore, the practical tests have been replaced
with the numerical investigations in the field of
absorption chillers. As we saw, until now the
simultaneous analysis of absorption cycle, boiler and
cooling tower has not been investigated, and the effect
of changes of high pressure and low pressure
generators (HPG and LPG) temperatures on the boiler
and cooling tower performances have not been studied.
In this paper, the purpose is to analyze simultaneously a
series flow double effect water-lithium bromide
absorption cycle along with boiler and cooling tower
based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
For this purpose, the mass and energy conservation
laws governing the system are written and then the
system coefficients of performance, exergy losses of
each component and exergy efficiency are calculated.
2. System Descriptions
Fig. 1 shows the analyzed system, which is
composed of a chiller, a cooling tower and a boiler.
The chiller of this system is a series flow double
effect absorption chiller which is shown in Fig. 2. The
cycle includes two generators, a condenser, an
evaporator, a pump, two solution heat exchangers
(SHEs), two solution pressure reducing valves and two
expansion valves. This system has four temperature
levels which include high pressure generator (HPG)
temperature, low pressure generator (LPG)
temperature, condenser temperature and evaporator
temperature, and also three pressure levels which are
low pressure in evaporator and absorber, medium
pressure in condenser and low pressure generator
(LPG), and high pressure in high pressure generator
(HPG).
During the performance of the chiller system,
rarefied solution is pumped from generator to HPG.
Between the absorber and HPG, the solution passes
through two recycling heat exchangers and its
 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower
temperature increases. The solution receives heat in
HPG. The water vapour produced in line 11 exits from
HPG and enters LPG. The lithium bromide solution
with high concentration exits from the HPG in line 8,
and after heat recycling in heat exchanger II enters the
LPG. In the LPG, the heat produced by water vapour
exited from HPG causes the evaporation of the water in
the lithium bromide solution, and the water vapour
produced in this stage exits from HPG in line 14 and
enters the condenser. After passing two solution heat
exchangers and going under heat recycling, the highly
concentrated lithium bromide solution enters the
absorber. Water vapour from line 14 and saturated
vapour from line 13 enter the condenser and exit as
saturated liquid in line 1. This saturated liquid passes
through an expansion valve, and as a two-phase
Fig. 1 Double effect absorption cycle along with a cooling tower and a boiler.
Fig. 2 The absorption chiller of the investigated system [10].
263
mixture with low pressure and temperature enters the
evaporator and causes the required cooling. The
saturated vapour available in evaporator exits from line
3 and enters the absorber.
The concentrated solution of lithium bromide, from
line 17, enters the absorber and after the addition of the
water exits from line 4 as a rarefied solution.
3. Assumption and Input Parameters
The following assumptions have been made for the
analysis of the system:
The cycle is assumed in steady state conditions;
Condenser outlet refrigerant is assumed to be
saturated liquid;
Evaporator outlet refrigerant is assumed to be
saturated vapour;
264 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower

The lithium bromide solution in the absorber of energy, while the second law is used to describe the
outlet is a concentrated solution, and its temperature is quality of energy and material. For the thermodynamic
equal to the absorber temperature; analysis of the absorption system the principles of mass
Pressure drop is assumed to be negligible in all the conservation, first and second laws of thermodynamics
cycle lines, heat exchangers and generators; are applied to each component of the system.
The surroundings temperature and pressure are
4.1 Conservation of Mass
25 C and 1 atm, respectively;
The system produces cooled water, and the Mass conservation law for each component is
generator is heated by the outlet hot water from boiler. written as:
For the analysis of this cycle, some parameters are m i m o (1)
considered to be the working and constant parameters. This law for each component of the cycle is written as:
These parameters are shown in Table 1 and include: m 8 m 11 m 7 (2)
evaporator temperature Tev, condenser temperature Tcd, m 11 m 12 m 13 (3)
absorber temperature Tab, HPG temperature Tgh, LPG m 8 m 9 m 10 (4)
temperature Tgl, heat exchangers efficiencies I, II,
m 10 m 14 m 15 (5)
solution pump efficiency p, required cooling load Qev,
m 15 m 16 m 17 (6)
inlet and outlet water temperatures to and from the
m 3 m 17 m 4 (7)
HPG and evaporator, outlet water temperature from
m 14 m 13 m 1 (8)
condenser and inlet water temperature to absorber. The
m 1 m 2 m 3 (9)
condenser pressure, the evaporator pressure, the
absorber pressure, the generator pressure, medium Mass conservation for the cooling tower:
pressure and the concentration of concentrated solution The cooling tower used in this system is the
can be calculated. It should be noted that induced-draft counter flow wet cooling tower. The
thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide-water mass conservation for the cooling tower is as follows:
m a1 m a2 m a (10)
solution are obtain from Ref. [25].
m 20 m 21 m 25 m 24 (11)
4. Thermodynamic Analysis m M m a ( 2 1 ) (12)
The basis of thermodynamics is stated in the first and m
v (13)
second laws. The first law describes the conservation m a
Table 1 Input parameters [10].
Parameter Description Symbol Value Unit
Cooling Cooling capacity Qev 300 kW
Condenser Saturated temperature inside condenser Tcd 35 C
Outlet cooling water temperature Tocd 32 C
Absorber Absorber temperature Tab 35 C
Inlet cooling water temperature Tiab 27 C
Evaporator Evaporator temperature Tev 4 C
Cooled water inlet temperature Tichw 12 C
Cooled water outlet temperature Tochw 7 C
HPG HPG temperature Tgh 130 C
Outlet hot water temperature Tohw 140 C
Inlet hot water temperature Tihw 148 C
LPG LPG temperature Tgl 80 C
HE I Heat exchanger I efficiency I 70 %
HE II Heat exchanger II efficiency II 70 %
Pump Pump efficiency p 95 %
 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower 265

Pg Pg The circulation ratio is defined as:

0.622 0.622 (14)
Pa P Pg m 5
CR (33)
m 1
4.2 Conservation of Concentration
4.4 Analysis of the First Law of Thermodynamics for
The law of concentration conservation for each Cooling Tower
component is written as:
The first law of thermodynamics for the cooling
m i X i m o X o (15)
tower is written as follows:
This law for each component of the cycle is written
m 21h21 m a1h1 m
a ha1 m M hM
as: (34)
m 21h24 m a ha2 m a2 h 2
m 7 X 7 m 8 X 8 (16)
m 17 X 17 m 4 X 4 (17) 21(h24 h21)
m
a
m
(ha1 ha2 ) (2h2 1h1 )
m 10 X 10 m 15 X 15 (18)
m 21(h24 h21) (35)
X4 X5 X6 X7 (19) Cpair (Tdbsur Twbsur ) (2h2 1h1 ) (2 1 )hM
X 8 X 9 X 10 (20)
X 15 X 16 X 17 (21) Cp air 1.005 kJ/kg.o C (36)

4.3 Analysis of the First Law of Thermodynamics for hM hwater (To ) (37)
the System Cp water 1.88 kJ / kg.o C (38)
The first law of thermodynamics for the system is
4.5 Analysis of the First Law of Thermodynamics for
written as:
Boiler
QC ,V mh V
i i
2
mh V
gZ i i
2

gZ Wc , v
The first law of thermodynamics for the boiler is
(22) written as follows:
In general, by neglecting the changes of kinetic and Qboiler m 18 ( h18 h19 ) (39)
potential energies in the system, and assuming that the
4.6 Analysis of the System Exergy
system is in the steady state conditions, the first law of
thermodynamics is written per unit mass as: Many researchers report that the best method for the
q hi he w (23) evaluation of a process is the exergy analysis [4-6].
And also the first law for different components in the Exergy is the maximum work that a flow or a system
system is written as: can do, when it goes from the present state to the state
m 11 h11 m 10 h10 m 14 h14 m 15 h15 0 (24) of equilibrium with surroundings. The exergy analysis
h7 h6 II (h8 h9* ) (25) of a system is the combination of the first and second
h13 h12 (26) laws of thermodynamics, and is defined as the
h17 h16 (27) maximum work that a system or flow does, when it is
Qgh m 8 h8 m 11h11 m 7 h7 (28) in equilibrium with special conditions [26]. The
Qcd m 14 h14 m 12 h12 m 1 h1 (29) analysis of the system exergy is as follows:
Qev m 1 (h3 h1 ) (30) T
Qab m 15 h16 m 3 h3 m 4 h4 (31)
m e m e
i i o o Q 1 o W E D 0
T
(40)

Qev The first two terms are the sum of the inlet exergy
COPchiller (32)
Qgh m 4 w p flow and outlet exergy flow. The third term is the heat
266 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower

exergy, where it is positive when the heat is transferred
to the system. W is the mechanical work transferred to
or from the system and the last term, E D is the exergy
destroyed due to inside irreversibility. By neglecting
the kinetic and potential energies and noting that the
chemical exergy is zero, the specific exergy is defined
as [10]:
ex ( h h0 ) T 0 (s s 0 ) (41)
And the exergy losses for each of the components of
the system are written as:
Ecd m 14 e14 m 13e13 m 20e20 m 21e21 m 1e1
E ev m 2 e2 m 22 e22 m 3 e3 m 22 e22 (43)
ideal gas. According to Kotas [26], the third term is
negligible and can be ignored, and the vapour and
compensated water flow have no exergy entering the
tower, since they are in surroundings conditions. With
these assumptions, we have:
ECoolingTower m 21 e21 m 24 e21 m air eair flow o (55)
4.8 Analysis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for
Boiler
The second law of thermodynamics for boiler is
written as:
(42)
T
Eboiler m 19e19 m 18e18 Qboiler (1 o ) (56)
Tboiler

E ab m 3 e3 m 17 e14 m 4 e4 (44) 4.9 General Analysis of the System

E p m 4e4 m 5e5 Wp (45) For the general analysis of the system, we consider
Evalve1617 m 16 e16 m 17 e17 (46) the following expression for the system coefficient of
Eheat exchangerI m 15e15 m 5e5 m 16 e16 m 6 e6 (47) the performance:
Eheat exchangerII m 8 e8 m 6 e6 m 9 e9 m 7 e7 Qroom
(48) COPsystem (57)
Qboiler W p
Evalve 910 m 9 e9 m 10 e10 (49)
Egh m 7 e7 m 18e18 m 19e19 m 11e11 m 8e8 Exergy efficiency is defined as:
(50)
To
E gl m 10 e10 m 11e11 m 12 e12 m 14 e14 m 15e15 Qroom (1 )
(51) Troom
ex (58)
Evalve1213 m 12 e12 m 13e13 (52) T
Qboiler (1 o ) W p
Tboiler
Evalve12 m 1e1 m 2 e2 (53)
The total exergy loss of the system is the sum of the
4.7 Analysis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for obtained losses in the previous stages.
Cooling Tower
5. Results and Discussion
For the exergy analysis of the cooling tower, many
A code has been written for the analysis of the
of the references (such as Kilic and Kaynakli [27])
system. First, the analysis of the first law of
have divided the tower into elements and obtained the
thermodynamics has been investigated for each of the
air flow properties along the tower. Apart from
system components, and then having obtained the
thermodynamic exergy, some of the references have
properties of all the points of the system, the second
also considered the chemical exergy. The method we
law analysis has been carried out on different system
use here for the exergy analysis of the tower is based on
components. Table 2 shows the thermodynamic states
the method used in Ref. [28]. In this reference, the
for different points of the system.
exergy per unit air flow mass has been considered as:
Table 3 shows the results of the exergy analysis for
T
eairflow cpair cpv T To To ln( ) 11.068 RaTo ln( ) all the components of the system.
p
To p (54)
o
The results for coefficient of performance (COP),

RaTo 11.068 ln 11.068o / 11.068 1.608ln( / o ) exergy efficiency and circulation ratio are shown in
It should be noted that the above relation is based on Table 4.
the assumption that the vapour-air flow behaves like an Fig. 3 shows the changes for the total performance
 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower 267

coefficient of the system. As it can be seen, when the increase of the HPG temperature, the total coefficient
LPG temperature increases, the total coefficient of of performance of the system decreases.
performance of the system increases while with the As it can be seen, Fig. 3 is in good agreement with
Table 2 The thermodynamic properties for different points of the cycle.
Point hi m i Pi si ei Ti
1 146.76 0.12 5.58 0.50 1.73 35
2 146.76 0.12 0.80 0.53 -6.72 4
3 2508.1 0.12 0.80 9.05 -186.9 4
4 86.20 1.728 0.80 0.21 22.97 35
5 86.23 1.728 52.17 0.21 22.97 35.0
6 146.85 1.72 52.17 0.40 25.65 64.5
7 238.10 1.72 52.17 0.65 44.47 109.0
8 284.73 1.66 52.17 0.74 66.32 130
9 193.48 1.66 52.17 0.49 47.04 84.2
10 193.48 1.66 52.17 0.49 47.04 84.2
11 2647.3 0.06 52.17 7.54 392.21 130
12 345.90 0.06 52.17 1.10 20.68 130
13 345.90 0.06 5.58 1.18 7.08 35
14 2564.7 0.06 5.58 8.35 78.09 80
15 193.81 1.60 5.58 0.45 59.88 80
16 133.20 1.60 5.58 0.27 52.17 0.48
17 133.20 1.60 0.80 0.27 52.17 0.48
18 623.32 6.77 4.50 1.82 85.02 148
19 588.95 6.77 4.50 1.73 75.11 140
20 127.32 25.92 2.00 0.44 0.22 39.9
21 133.66 25.92 2.00 0.46 0.34 45
22 49.39 9.06 2.00 0.17 1.22 12
23 16.32 9.06 2.00 0.05 3.24 4
24 112.56 25.92 2.00 0.39 0.05 28
25 127.32 25.92 2.00 0.44 0.22 39.9

Table 3 Calculated exergy losses. Table 4 The result for coefficient of performance, exergy
E (kW )
efficiency and circulation ratio.
Exergy losses
E cd 2.8734 Variable Value
Eev 4.5517 COPsystem 1.2879
E gh 8.2558 ex 0.0285
E gl 1.4365 CR 6.3705

E p 0.0332 the results of Ref. [10] which are shown in Fig. 4.

E ab 14.8574 Fig. 5 shows the exergy efficiency of the system in
Evalve 1617 0 terms of HPG and LPG temperatures. As it can be seen,
Evalve 910 0 the exergy efficiency increases with the increase the
Eheat exchangerI 2.5277 LPG temperature, and the exergy efficiency decreases
Eheat exchangerII 4.7392
with the increase of the HPG temperature.
Evalve 1213
Heat exchanged:
0.8762
Figs. 6-8 show the heat exchanged in four components of
Evalve12 1.0751
the system including absorber, condenser, HPG and
ECooling Tower 8.6013
LPG in terms of the HPG and LPG temperatures.
Eboiler 0.9902
Fig. 6 shows that the heat exchanged in absorber
Qroom 41.0678
does not vary with HPG temperature, but when the
268 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower

72 C < Tgl < 91 C

Fig. 3 Calculated system coefficient of performance in terms of HPG and LPG temperatures.

Fig. 4 System coefficient of performance in terms of HPG and LPG temperatures (the result of Ref. [10]).

Fig. 5 The changes of exergy efficiency of the system with Fig. 6 The changes of the heat exchanged in absorber with
LPG and HPG temperatures. HPG and LPG temperatures.

LPG temperature increases, the heat exchanged in HPG temperature, but it decreases with the increase of
absorber decreases. Also the heat exchanged in LPG temperature, as it can be observed from Figs. 7
condenser and HPG does not vary with the changes of and 8.
 Thermodynamic Analysis of Double Effect Absorption System along with Boiler and Cooling Tower
Fig. 7 The changes of the heat exchanged in condenser with
HPG and LPG temperatures.
Fig. 8 The changes of the heat exchanged in HPG with
HPG and LPG temperatures.
6. Conclusion
Many researchers have investigated the absorption
chillers, and some have separately and independently
investigated the cooling tower parameters but until
now the simultaneous analysis of absorption cycle,
boiler and cooling tower has not been investigated. In
this paper, we have investigated a system composed of
a series flow double effect water-lithium bromide
absorption chiller, boiler and cooling tower.
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of
different cycle parameters on elements such as cooling
tower, high pressure generator (HPG), low pressure
generator (LPG), condenser, pump and heat
exchangers. At first the mass and energy conservation
laws governing the system are written. Then by having
269
properties (such as enthalpy, entropy etc.), the exergy
of different points are obtained. Then the exergy
analysis of the different elements of the system is
carried out and exergy losses are shown as
three-dimensional diagrams.
When the LPG temperature increases, the total
coefficient of performance of the system increases but
when the HPG temperature increases, the total
coefficient of performance of the system decreases.
The exergy efficiency of the system also increases with
the LPG temperature, and the exergy efficiency
decreases with the increase of the HPG temperature.
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