Building Service Lab Report:

Lift

NAME ID GROUP
AZIB AZAMUDDIN BIN 2015853902 PEM1104A
JURI
MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN 2015848244 PEM1104A
BARDZAN
MOHD HAFIZ NAJMI BIN 2015814282 PEM1104A
HARITH
DANIEL HARIZ BIN 2015866666 PEM1104A
NOR RUL IMRAN
NOR KHALIF SYAFAA BIN 2015883044 PEM1104A
NOR AZMAL
Content

Introduction

Components of lift

Arrangement of lift

Conclusion
Introduction
What are lifts?
Lifts or elevators are vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people
between floors (levels, deck) of a building, vessel or other structure. It is generally powered
by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

In agriculture and manufacturing, a lift is any type of conveyor device used to lift
materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and
bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the
chain and paddles or forks of hay elevators.

History of lifts
The first elevator was built by Archimedes probably in 236 BC. It was reported that
the Roman architect, Vitruvius know about this. Some sources from later historical periods
mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals.

In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of an
elevator-like lifting device, in order to raise a large battering ram to destroy a fortress. During
17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and
France. Louis XV of France had a so-called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the
Chateau de Versailles in 1743.

Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders. The
invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in
elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger
elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter
Palace in 1793. Several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in
Arkhangelskoye near Moscow.

The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials
including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and
the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and
freight elevators in use today.

In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab
if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still
used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s); locking the elevator to its guides
should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York
exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the
first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23,
1857.

The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for
Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator
shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator
would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most
efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis
Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's
largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems. The Equitable Life Building completed in
1870 in New York City was the first office building to have passenger elevators.
Importance of Lifts
Elevators play an important role as a means of transporting passengers. It is a tool or
equipment which enables easy access and mobility to different levels or floors of a multi
storied building. Nowadays, the elevators have become very common in the world and people
have really started to make a habit of not using the stairs-evolution! But there are valid
reasons too. Lifts or elevators are important in our daily lives. It gives many advantages for
the mankind.

First of all, the elevators or lifts are very convenient in making easy access to different
floors of a building. Especially the people who are physically disabled find it very easy for
them to move from one floor to another. It is also used for carrying heavy materials or goods
up and sown the building very easily.

Next, for the building makers or the building constructors it may act as a strategy to
make more profit as it increases the floor area of the building. Thus, they can charge more
while selling it and have quite a bit of extra profit. With the increase in the rate or price of
land, the constructor use another strategy of installing elevator, as adding floor upward would
be very cheaper rather than constructing the building outward. If they build it outward, it will
increase their budget due to high land cost. So they tend to make more profits.

Besides, the elevators also come in different and uncommon shapes, designs and
looks rather than the one usually used with the grilled doors, like with glass doors, both way
open doors, sliding doors, doors with abstract designs, in-tube, etc and shapes like capsule
shaped, cylindrical, cubical, pyramid shaped, etc which add up to the interiors and the dcor
of the house. Hence it also increases the resale value of the house. Even installing a normal
elevator increases the resale value of the house since it helps a lot by diverting people or the
households towards a comfortable detour.

Other than that, building with more than six storey must provide lifts system. It was
included in UBBL. All the installation must be in accordance with the regulation of UBBL. It
is necessary for high building to add lifts system for the convenience of the users. Fire lifts
also must be provided in a building. Fire lift will be useful when fire occurred.

Lift Categories According to its Function

(a)Trade lift

Trade lift is a lift located at any high buildings including apartments, condominiums,
colleges, offices, shopping malls, hotels, skyscrapers and etc. This lift is crucial to the good
performance to clients of the buildings. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the
available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to
2,700 kg (1,0006,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments. Passenger elevators in buildings of
eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200
ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors,
electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above
ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (5002,000 ft/min).

Sometimes, passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For
example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes
passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel
located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro, the elevator that
provides access to the station from a hilltop neighbourhood doubles as city transportation: the
station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator
from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa.

(b)Hospital lift
 Hospital lift is a lift that is placed at hospital and treatment centre. The structure of
hospital lift is usually much bigger than the trade lift. It is designed bigger for the
transportation of large carts, hospital beds, stretchers, furniture and etc. It is more convenient
for the doctors to carry patients in this lifts if any emergency occurred rather than using the
trade lift. The requirement for the speed of this lift is 100-350ft/min. A lot of hospitals include
two sides door for its lift. The front and back doors are useful for the loading and unloading
facilities. The door width of this lift is between 900-1100mm. The maximum load for this lift
is 1600kg and the capacity is 8-33 persons at one time. Commonly found in hospitals, code-
blue service allows an elevator to be summoned to any floor for use in an emergency
situation. Each floor will have a code-blue recall key switch, and when activated, the elevator
system will immediately select the elevator car that can respond the fastest, regardless of
direction of travel and passenger load. Passengers inside the elevator will be notified with an
alarm and indicator light to exit the elevator when the doors open.

Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car
buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical
personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and
close the doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop to the
selected floor, and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car. Some
hospital elevators will feature a 'hold' position on the code-blue key switch (similar to fire
service) which allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is
deactivated.

(c)Residential lift

A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full
commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home
furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding
doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs
with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall
arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.
 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has a specific section of
Safety Code (ASME A17.1 Section 5.3) which addresses Residential Elevators. This section
allows for different parameters to alleviate design complexity based on the limited use of a
residential elevator by a specific user or user group. Section 5.3 of the ASME A17.1 Safety
Code is for Private Residence Elevators, which does not include multi-family dwellings.

Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine
room, and elevator hoist way. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional
elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-
room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators
have been available commercially since the mid 1990s; however cost and overall size
prevented their adoption to the residential elevator market until around 2010.

Also, residential elevators are smaller than commercial elevators. The smallest
passenger elevator is pneumatic, and it allows for only 1 person. The smallest traction
elevator allows for just 2 persons. However, this elevator needs regular maintenance because
high frequency of its use every day or possibility of vandalism.

(d) Vehicle lift

Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or areas with limited space (in place of
ramps), generally to move cars into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared
hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no
counterweights. To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform
may rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight
capacity of 2 tons.

Rare examples of extra-heavy elevators for 20-ton Lorries, and even for railcars (like
one that was used at Dnipro Station of the Kiev Metro) also occur.
(e)Freight lifts

A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that
the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight
elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to
be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight
elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator,
generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and
often has rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although
hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of
freight lifting.

(f)Stage lift

Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by
hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theatre stage. For example,
Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the
stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is
powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live
elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of
the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism.

(g)Store lift

Store elevators or lifts are used to transport heavy goods depends on the types of good
to be transported. It is usually used in shopping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse and etc.
The speed requirement for this elevator or lift is from 50-150ft/min. It can carry at about
5000lb-20000lb load which is 5000lb for normal load and maximum load haul of 20000lb.

Characteristics of lift
For the building which is more than 6 floors, it is necessary for that particular building
to have lifts or elevators. This is due to law that is stated in Uniform Building by- Law
(UBBL). The contractors which have chosen by the client need to follow all the laws stated in
UBBL. The installation of the lifts or elevators must be in accordance with the regulation in
UBBL. Basically, there is a speed requirement for the lift installation which is 100-150ft/min.
This speed range is considered as suitable. The lift or elevator that moves too fast will result
in a nervous breakdown to the user. Furthermore, the lift or elevator that moves slowly will
cause the lack of function. The floor space of a lift can be estimated based on an area of
0.2m^2 per person.

In order to make the users comfortable, there are some requirements that can be done
by the contractors. Firstly, the lift installation must have a good system. Every aspect should
be taken by the contractors to make sure the lift system is good. The lift system which has
quiet equipment, smooth journey, good condition, and safe at every
moment can be considered as good. The contractors must do regular maintenance to make
sure all the lift system good. Next, users want a lift that is low waiting time. At any floors
when the lift is stop, the waiting time is slow. So, they want minimum waiting time. Besides,
lift systems need to have aesthetic aspect. For example, the button panel is clear and the lift
can easily reached at appropriate level. Decorative lighting and comfortable are another
aspect which can increase the building value. Other than that, the movement of door plays an
important role in user requirements. The door movement must quiet and fast so that the user
can move in and move out easily when there is any emergency occurred.
 Component of Lift
Elevators Types and Classifications Part One
Elevators Types and Classification - Part Two

I explained the different types of elevators and today, I will explain the Basic elevator components as
follows.

introduction:

The electrical elevator: is a permanent lifting equipment serving two or more landing levels,
including a car for transportation of passengers and/or goods, running al least partially between rigid
guide rails, either vertical or inclined to the vertical by less than 15.

And to list the different components of the elevators, we must note the following:
all elevators are not built the same.
Elevator features and operation may vary from one elevator to another.

So, I will show the basic components for a standard type of elevators which included in all types of
traction elevators.

Standard Elevator Types:

The standard elevator is classified according to the rated load to the following types:

Type (I): starting from 320 Kg up to 800 Kg rated load.

Type (II): more than 800 Kg up to 1600 Kg rated load.

The Standard Elevators Layouts:

Standard elevators can be arranged in the following four layouts:

Arrangement (A): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at the back wall.

Arrangement (B): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at the back wall.
Arrangement (C): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at one side.

Arrangement (D): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at one side.
Basic Elevator Components:
 Basic Elevator Components

The standard elevators will include the following basic components:

1. Car.
2. Hoistway.
3. Machine/drive system.
4. Control system.
5. Safety system.

First : Elevator Car

Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying passengers and/or
goods, it is usually A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal and wood panels.

Elevator Car Types:

Standard elevator car/cabin can be classified according to the number of entrances and their locations
as follows:
1. Normal Cabin
2. Open Through Cabin
3. Diagonal Cabin

Elevator Car Types

Standard car size:

To prevent overloading of the car by persons, the available area of the car shall be limited and related
to the nominal/rated load of the elevator.

The following image shows the standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads.
 Standard car size

The number of passengers shall be obtained from the formula:

Number of passengers = rated load /75

Where 75 represent the average weight of a person in Kg.

The value obtained for the number of passengers shall be rounded to the nearest whole number.

The following definitions for the car dimenstion are very important:

Car Width (CW): The horizontal dimensions between the inner surfaces of the car walls measured
parallel to the front entrance and at 1m above the car floor.

Car Height (CH): The inside vertical distance between the entrance threshold and the constructional
 roof of the car. Light fittings and false ceilings are accommodated within this dimension.

Car Depth (CD): The horizontal dimensions between the inner surfaces of the car walls measured at
right angles to the car width and at 1m above the car floor.

Elevator Car Components:

Elevator Car is composed of the following components:

1. Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension,

2. The elevator cabin,
3. Mechanical accessories which are:
Car door and door operator.
Guide shoes.
Door Protective Device.

1- Car Sling:

Car Sling
Car Sling is load carrier element in the elevator car as well as its function of isolating vibrations due
to running.
 Car Sling Types:

Car slings have two main types as follows:

(1-1) Suspension.
(2-1) suspension.
They may come with braking or without braking system.

Car Sling Main Components:

A- Upper Transom:

Upper Transom

The upper transom is the suspension element of the car it can be (1-1) type or (2-1) using a couple of
polyamide pulleys 360 mm diameter, it is designed also to mount sliding or roller guide shoes.
Braking system catch clamps are mounted also in the upper transom.
B- Lower Transom:

Lower Transom

Lower transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure springs mounted in
the lower isolation subassembly. Safety gear catch clamps are also mounted in the lower transom and
their actuation action is done by a shearing linkage system.
C- Side Frame:

The adjustable height side frame is two pieces bolted together and fastened to both upper and lower
transom.
2- The elevator cabinet:

Elevator Car Components

Elevator cabinets shall be completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling, the only permissible
opening being are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.
A- Car Floor:

Car Floor

Car floor shall have sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces which will be applied during
normal operation, safety gear operation and impact of the car to its buffers.

Floor size is the same size of the car (width & depth) and Floor extension defines door opening,
location and side portal depth.

Floor will be recessed and covered by PVC covering or marble stone or granite and it can be also
customized according to client requirements.

B- Car Ceiling:

Car Ceiling

Car ceiling is designed to be able to support two persons during maintenance operation without
permanent deformation.

Car ceiling is prepared also to mount emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade.
 C-Car Walls:

Car Walls

Folded steel panels are used to enclose elevator car with different types, sizes and finshing

There are three main types of car panels as follows:

Side panels, which are the most common used panels, they can be used in side walls and in
the intermediate back wall.
Back panels, which are used only in right hand and left hand back corners.
COP panels, which is used to mount COP unit.
Car walls can be lined with stainless steel with different styles or painted in selected color upon client
requirements.
D- Front Panels:

Front Panels
The front panel assembly defines door opening height and location. There are two types of front
panels, side and upper panels.
E- Car Operating Panel COP

Car Operating Panel COP

Car operating panel COP is A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such as
call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other buttons or key
switches are required for operation.
 F- Hand Rail

Hand Rail
Hand Rail is a rail within the elevator car which passengers can use for support.
Elevator car in most cases is provided by a handrail at one side, two sides or on all sides of
the cabin.
At least one side of the car has a hand rail installed in case of using the elevator for
passengers including persons with disabilities.
Hand Rails come with different finishes like stainless steel styles or painted in selected color
upon client requirements.
There are two types of hand rail, cylindrical handrail and flat type hand rail.
 G- False Ceiling

False Ceiling

False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car, there are many different
designs for elevator lighting.
Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator
lighting and a combination of the two types can be used also.
 H- Emergency Trap Door Assembly

Emergency Trap Door Assembly

Emergency trap door can be easily opened from inside the car by using triangular key (1) and
from outside the car without a key by turning the link (2) to pull locking arms (3).
Electrical safety switches (4) that is fixed to the side frame of trap door causes the lift to stop
if the locking ceases to be effective; restoring the lift to service shall only be possible
after deliberate relocking.
Emergency trap door size is 600x400 mm to permit the rescue and evacuation of passengers.
 I- Balustrade

Balustrade
Car roof shall be provided with a balustrade where the free distance between the car ceiling
and the shaft wall exceeds 0.3 m.
J- Car Apron/Toe Guard

Car Apron/Toe Guard

A Car Apron/toe guard is present at the bottom of some cars. This guard protects the passengers from
being exposed to the open hoistway under the car if the doors are opened when it is not at the landing.
The guard is between 21 and 48 long.
 3- Mechanical accessories: which are as follows:

A- Car door and door operator

Car Door types:

There are (4) common types of car doors as follows:

Car Door types

Single slide door: consists of one power operated single panel sliding doors.
 Single speed center opening: consist of two power operated panels that part simultaneously
with a brisk, noiseless motion. faster passenger loading than side opening
Two speed side opening: consist of two power operated panels that are geared together. One
door moves twice as fast as the other door so that both doors will meet concurrently in the open
position.
Two speed center opening doors: same as one speed center opening doors but it consist of
four power operated panels.

Door operation method:

Elevator doors are normally opened by a power unit that is located on top of the elevator car. When an
elevator car is level with a floor landing, the power unit moves the car door open or closed. A pick-up
arm (clutch, vane, bayonet, or cam) contacts rollers on the hoistway door which releases the door
latch on the hoistway door. The power unit opens the car door which in turn opens the hoistway door.
The door rollers and pick-up arm may be different on various elevators but they all work on the same
principle.

Door Operator: A motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car
doors.

B- Guide shoes:

Guide shoes are Devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of the guide
rails. They also assure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a minimum as
they travel along the guide rails.

There are two types of guiding shoes as follows:

1- Roller Guides: Guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails (A set of three wheels that
roll against the guide rails) rather than sliding on the rails.

Roller Guides

2- Sliding Guides: guide shoes which simply slide along the faces of the rails; the sliding insert or gib
may be metal, requiring the guide rails to be lubricated, or may be plastic material which is self-
lubricating.

Sliding Guides

C- Door Protective Device

any type of device used with automatic power operated doors that detect obstructions to the normal
closing of the elevator doors (though contact may occur) and either causes the doors to change the
door motion by either stopping it, or causing it to reverse (reopen) or go into some other mode of
operation, such as nudging. A safe edge, a safety astragal, a photoelectric device (safe ray), and
electrostatic field device are examples of door protective devices.
LIFT ARRANGEMENT
Location of Lifts

It is recommended that the walking distance between the entrance or office and the lift group

should

not be greater than 6Om, preferably this should be kept to 45m maximum.

When lifts are arranged in a group it is recommended that all the lifts in that should serve the

same floors

Designing and Planning Considerations:

In larger, multistory buildings it is usual to locate the lifts at a central pedestrian circulation

point.

Lobbies in front of lift shaft entrances must be designed and arranged.

For a lobby in front of a single lift, the available min depth between the wall of the lift shaft

door and the opposite wall, measured in the direction of the lift car must be at least the same
as the depth of the lift car itself.

The building and its function dictate the basic type of lifts which need to be provided.

Lifts are mechanical installations which are required to have a long service life.

Grouping of Lifts

The lifts should be positioned to:

Minimize the walking distance between cars and hence the time taken to load passengers

which

will then improve overall quality of service.

Positioning of Grouped Elevators

Positioning of grouped elevators is as important as elevator zoning and independent elevator

position in a building. Generally, it should be placed in a way so that a walking distance for

users is minimal. In addition to the number of elevators in a group, the following should be

taken into consideration.

1. The car inside shall allow for the turning of a wheelchair

Minimum distance from wall to elevator door shall be not less than 1.5m.

2. Lobby must be open at both ends

When one end of the lobby is closed (alcove arrangement), the entrance of the lobby is often

crowded and elevators near the end are less used, reducing operating efficiency. However,
ancillary lobbies can be closed at one end because its traffic is less and congestion is less of

an issue.

3. Columns must not stick out into lobby

When a column sticks out into lobby, it is hard for users to see the elevator beyond the

column and they are likely to miss the elevator.

4. Entrance of elevators must not be excessively drawn

When the entrance of elevators is excessively drawn, it is hard for users to see and ride the

elevator.

-Two car groupings

side by side positioning is the most efficient but also the option having

the lifts positioned opposite one another is also an efficient arrangement.

1. Side-by-side arrangement

For a two-car group, side-by-side arrangement is best. Passengers face both cars and react

immediately to a direction lantern for an arriving car, with minimum walking distance. Two

cars facing each other constitute an acceptable alternative as the passenger needs only turn

around to be facing an elevator.

Separation of the elevators should be avoided. When the separation is great, it is hard to see

which elevator is coming and recognize them as a group.

Two cars opposite one arrangement makes walking distance shorter, but there is very little

difference in walking time with either of the three-car arrangements, as the turn-around
reaction time offsets the shorter distance. Moreover, three-car arrangements are more

aesthetically pleasing.

The lobby width should be about one and one-half times or

1.6m minimum.

Passengers should be able to stand back far enough to see the entrances of all three cars,

which requires more depth than two car arrangements. With the one-opposite-two

arrangement, lobby width should be from one and one-half to two times the car depth, or a

minimum 2.4m.

-Three-Car Groupings

The arrangement of three cars in a row is preferable because passengers can react

immediately to a direction lantern or arriving car. The lobby in front of the elevators should,

at a minimum, be as wide as the elevators are deep.(main floor is even wider) When the

lobby is too narrow, it takes more time for people overflowing the lobby to ride the elevator,

which slows down elevator operation as a result. When the cars are opposite each other, the

reguired area should be one and one-half to two times as deep.

-Four-Car Groupings

Two-Opposite-Two Arrangement
This arrangement is the most efficient with the minimum walking distance. The alternative

arrangement, four cars in a row, has some disadvantages because of the increased distance

between elevators at both ends.

The preferred two-opposite-two arrangement should have a lobby from one and one-half to

two times the depth of an individual elevator but no less than 3m in consideration for those

instances when all cars arrive at the main lobby filled and passengers entering or leaving

must pass each other.

For the four-car in a row arrangement, the lobby should be at least one and one-half times the

depth of an individual elevator but no less than 2.4m. This width will allow a person to stand

back far enough to see the directional lantern of any elevator.

-Five or Six-Car Groups

The arrangement of two-opposite-three, or three-opposite-three are preferred with the

minimum walking distance.

A six-car in a row arrangement makes distance between elevators at both ends too long. If the

two end cars arrive simultaneously, the passengers who could not board must run to the other

end and risk missing that car also. It is also hard to realize which elevator is coming, and may

miss the car without realizing that it has arrived.

The lobby width should be from one and three-fourths to two times the depth of an individual

elevator but no less than 3m.

For those instance when all cars arrive at the main lobby filled and passengers entering or

leaving must pass each other. If the lobby is to be used as a passage for people other than

elevator passengers, its width should be no less than 3.6m

-Seven or Eight-Car Groupings

Three-opposite-four, or four-opposite-four arrangements provide passengers the minimum

walking distance. All cars in a row arrangement makes the distance between elevators at both

ends too long. If the two end cars arrive simultaneously, the passengers who could not board

must run to the other end and risk missing that car also. It is also hard to recognize which

elevator is coming, and may miss the car without realizing it is arrived.

The lobby width should be about two times the depth of an individual elevator and never less

than

3m and the maximum width of the lobby should never exceed 4.3m for those instance when

all cars arrive at the main lobby filled and passengers entering or leaving must pass each

other. When the lobby is too wide, however, walking distance becomes too long and

passenger may miss the arriving car. With an excessively wide lobby, moreover, cars may not

be recognized as one group and some of them are mistaken as being in different groups

serving different floors.

 Fig.No.2 Shows the Lobbies in front of

lift shaft entrances must be designed and

arranged

Positioning of More Than One Group

When elevators are zoned in two or more groups, each group must be arranged with the

following in mind.

Border of groups must be distinct.

If the border is not distinct, passengers who intend to board low-zone elevators may ride in a

high zone elevator. Specifically, the following arrangements are desirable:

1. Set a passage between groups.

2. In case of face-to-face arrangements, have a wider lobby.
3. Arrange distinct face-to-face groups next to each other in the fashion of drawing

below.

Basic Regulations of Choice the kind of Vertical Communication

are:

Number of Storey.

Distance between floors.

Intensive use of elevator in each floor.

Location of the building.

Number of users in rush hours.

Services in the building.

Characteristics controls designing elevator are:

Speed of the Elevator.

Dimensions of the car

 Loads

Number of elevators.

Location of entrances in the building.

Location of the elevator area.

The invention concerns a method and a system for integrating electric elements of an

elevator in a single module, in the door operator of the elevator. Especially to reduce the

number of components to be installed and to enable the electric-elements of the elevator

system to be added to the door operator on the elevator car already at the manufacturing

stage. The basic idea of the method of the invention is to integrate electric components to be

placed in the elevator system, such as location elements, acceleration sensors and door zone

sensors, with the door operator or some other module already at the manufacturing stage of

the elevator by placing the active parts of the sensors in conjunction with the door operator

and the passive parts on the floor level side.

An elevator arrangement for an elevator includes a hoisting machine and a

maintenance panel. The hoisting machine is arranged in an elevator hoistway, and configured

to move an elevator car within the elevator hoistway via a hoisting rope arrangement. The

maintenance panel includes components for at least one of control and service of at least one

operation of the elevator arrangement. The maintenance panel is configured to slide out from

a landing wall into a landing doorway of the elevator arrangement.

CONTROL UNIT
 The control unit of an elevator system takes care of driving the elevator from floor to

floor. During normal operation, acceleration and deceleration, the elevator control unit takes

care of slowing down the elevator and stopping it at the right floor. For the control system to

be able to stop the elevator at the correct level, it has to know the position of the elevator in

the elevator shaft and the exact locations of the floors.

When the elevator car departs from a floor, its speed increases until it reaches the

nominal speed set for the elevator. As the elevator approaches the terminal floor, its speed is

slowed down and the elevator stops at the floor .

When an elevator is taken in use, it is first operated by performing a so-called setup

drive, during which the control unit stores the exact locations of the floors in memory. The

data thus stored in memory is a sort of floor table showing how far from each other the floors

are located. The locations of the floors can be stored on the basis of a floor code obtained

from a magnetic band, or by using special door zone sensors which, when the elevator is at

each floor during the setup drive, produce a signal when the door of the elevator car and the

landing door are mutually aligned.

In an existing elevator system, the door zone sensors consist of three inductive

switches in parallel. The switches are mounted on the elevator car while the floors are

provided with magnets or metal pieces. The switches are connected by cables to a cross-

connection box placed on the top of the car, so there are several electric cables to be

connected. The switches detect the presence of the elevator car at the floor. This is the way in

which the existing elevator system obtains door zone data, information indicating whether the

elevator car is above the floor, at the floor or below the floor. The elevator control system

utilizes this information in controlling the motion of the elevator from floor to floor.
 For reasons of safety, the doors of the elevator car and the landing doors have to be

opened simultaneously. In a general arrangement for opening the doors of the elevator, the

doors of the elevator car are provided with a motor which performs the opening, and the

landing doors are opened together with the elevator doors by means of a door coupler. In the

door opening arrangement, the motor which opens the doors may also be mounted on the

landing door. The elevator car is provided with a door control unit, which has a control

processor controlling the operation of a door operator. The door operator is a device mounted

on the elevator car to move the mechanical parts of the door. The door operator contains a

control processor, control electronics, a door actuating motor and a power transmission

system.

The position of the elevator car in the elevator shaft can be determined when its speed

at each instant of time is known. The speed of the elevator car can be measured using a

tachometer or resolver. A tachometer produces a voltage signal proportional to the rotational

speed of the traction sheave of the elevator, which signal is filtered and scaled before being

taken to an analog/digital converter. The A/D converter outputs a digital speed signal. A

resolver again performs a measurement on the traction sheave of the elevator, producing sine

and cosine signals proportional to position. From these signals, a resolver/digital converter

(RD converter) outputs a pulse when the angle changes. The speed can be determined by

counting the number of pulses received from the RD converter during a known period of

time.

The elevator control system stops the elevator smoothly at the terminal floor when the

elevator is approaching the end of the shaft. If normal stopping of the elevator by the control

system does not work, then smooth stopping of the elevator at the terminal floor is taken care

of by a Normal Terminal Slowdown (NTS) function. The NTS receives single-channel

continuous velocity data, on the basis of which it continuously calculates the position of the
elevator car in the elevator shaft. The NTS also receives data about the locations of the floors,

the exact locations of which it has stored in its non-volatile memory during the setup drive.

Based on these, the NTS continuously calculates the exact position of the elevator car in the

shaft and will know if the elevator is moving too fast or has not stopped at a sufficient

distance before the end of the shaft.

The NTS defines for the elevator motion an envelope 2 within which curve the

elevator motion should remain. If the NTS detects that the elevator car is moving too fast

towards the end of the shaft, then it will start forced deceleration and, if necessary, forced

stopping using the elevator motor. If there has been a power failure or the NTS otherwise

thinks its position data is wrong, it can limit the elevator ' s speed to a maintenance operation

speed, which is 0.63 m/s in Europe and 0.75 m/s in America .

If the Normal Terminal Slowdown (NTS) function fails to stop the elevator as it

reaches the end of the shaft, then the elevator will be stopped by an Emergency Terminal

Speed Limiting (ETSL) function by using the machine brake. The machine brake is an

electromechanical brake, which is generally arranged to engage the traction sheave of the

elevator when necessary. The ETSL receives twin-channel velocity data as well as floor data.

The ETSL, too, has stored the floor codes in its non-volatile memory during the setup drive.

Based on the speed and floor data, the ETSL continuously calculates the position of the

elevator in the shaft and will know if the speed of the elevator is too high or if the elevator

has not stopped at the terminal floor.

Placed near the end of the elevator shaft is a final limit switch. Mounted in the

elevator shaft are a pair of magnetic switches, which are attached to the wall of the shaft by

means of magnets. Correspondingly, the elevator car is provided with a magnet, which

triggers the switch as it is passing by it. If the elevator passes by the switch at an excessive
speed, then forced deceleration of the elevator car is activated. The final limit switch uses the

machine brake to stop the elevator car if the elevator passes the terminal position by 100 mm.

It appears from the above that the existing elevator system contains many components related

to location and door zone data , for example various switches , the installation of which

requires special accuracy and which additionally require maintenance actions . Especially the

sensors transmitting door zone data of the elevator contain a large number of components,

which are difficult to install in the elevator system.

CONCLUSION
On 14-02-2017 we did a site visit on lift at Bilik Lift in level 5 at Laman Perdana Uitm Pulau

Pinang. During the site visit we were taught about how the lift works. At the Bilik Lift we

were also exposed to the control system of the lift. After that we goes to the bottom floor to

take a look at the pit and learn about the safety features that are hidden from being seen. Then

we take a look at the component at the car lift. There we were exposed to the function of

every element in the lift car. These element are the cable, the counter weight, door, control,

sensor on the car lift. The lifespan of the cable are not so long, this is because of the daily

case. It needs to be check regularly for safety of measure. Other than that the lift car quantity

is based on the door lift (statement came from the technician during our visit). This is

because, if the door shut perfectly then the sensor are in good condition. The safety features

of the lift also include the maximum weight of the passenger in the lift at a time. The

maximum weight allowed must be less than the actual weight the lift can carry. Besides, the

lift also design to operate as usually even though one of the cables was broken. So it can give

the technician times to repair it before a disaster happen.