Name of Student

Name of Instructor

Course ID

Date

The mobilization of people between distant geographical regions is called tourism. Travel and
tourism is an ever-growing industry worldwide especially in the case of study abroad.

1. What are the sources of capital used to create this form of tourism?

The socio-economic status and race plays an important part in study abroad participation.
Studies have shown that students social network, habits and cultural capital shape their
experience in study abroad (Salisbury et al, 2009). There are also many scholarships available
funded by the governments that are being advertised everyday to expand the horizon for students
who cannot fund their studies aboard (Simon & Ainsworth, 2012)

2. Are they all morally acceptable to you, in the sense of being something you think should
legitimately be used as capital?

The federal governments have continued to increase the funding for scholarship abroad
programs. It is because the trends have been biased excluding economically underprivileged
students out from picture. It is also a critical thing to consider whether these capital investments
are with it and expected to give the results that are anticipated. This investment is morally
acceptable as it has a very positive impact on the economic growth and it increases the
intellectual competence.

3. Are these sources of capital being used in sustainable ways in creating this tourism
phenomenon (i.e., are the sources of capital being used up faster than they can likely be
renewed or replaced by substitutes)?

The capital being used for study abroad experiences is expected to give sustainable benefits.
There is a long accepted and popular idea that is on the back of increasing investment and focus
of study aboard at both institutional and federal level that this experience will enhance the
intercultural skills of the participating students. However, there is still a question that this
emphasis on increased participation in study abroad programs have drained the efforts to make
sure the educational experiences are effective. However, it is quite visible that this capital used
for educational purpose plays a role in increasing the economy that is a return for investment
being made as it increases consumerism in the host countries and improves skills for these
students participating.

4. Is this form of tourism rooted in individualistic or collectivist values (or both)?

The main idea of individualism is to stick out and collectivism is to fit it. Both motivations
present but stronger motivation in the study abroad experiences is most of the times collectivism.
Many times the students, who go to the host countries, idealize their culture and want to be the
part of it and try to fit in (Salisbury et al, 2009). This behavioral trend is many times exploited by
the advertisers. Advertisements are shown that target these tourist students from foreign countries
fitting in the culture of their host countries.

5. Is it rooted in economic competition or economic cooperation (or both)?

Tourism in study abroad promoted both the economic competition and economic
cooperation. Competition coexists with the cooperation as the students compete for the funding
they get from the governmental scholarships programs and corporation is present between the
institutes at national and international levels to promote cultural exchange programs with their
formal partnerships, alliances and networks.

6. Are these motivations consumeristic?

As our economy is driven by consumerism, it is inevitable that this trend is also involved in
study abroad. When the students go to the host countries, they have to experience everything
and they consume everything from there. However, sometimes, this behavior of consumerism is
not very desire bale.

7. What messages does this advertising send?

The advertisement has different brands pictures like Coca-cola, star bucks, Disney, Fed-
Ex, Sony and many others that promoted consumerism across the nation. These are very
well-established and popular brands throughout the world and promote the consumer culture
where people have faith in these brands and they tend to buy the products because of the brand
image. This consumer culture is spread across the countries and the idea is implanted in the mind
of consumers to buy goods from these brands based on any tagline or bran image.

8. Does this form of tourism help to reconfigure participants identities along consumeristic lines
(i.e., expanding the social domains in which people view themselves as in a consumerproducer
relationship with others), or does it do the opposite?

Many times while being on an exchange program the experience resembles like of customer
and customer service providers. They discuss the deficiencies in the program or just
compromise. Sometimes the whole consumertic attitude of the exchange students is reconfigured
during their study abroad because of their collectivist approach to bet included in the couture of
the host city and colonialism. Students get personal satisfaction that supersedes the wish to study
and they try to accept the culture and get accepted within it.

9. Does the legacy of colonialism play any role in this form of tourism? In the way its
advertised? In the way its managed? In the motivations for participating in it?

The students are many times willing to be included in the culture of the country they are
staying. They want to get accepted and become the part of that culture. This is the base of
colonialism. This is quite supported for the growth of thee cultural exchange program however,
there must be some line between the hosts and guests (Salisbury et al, 2013). This idea of being
included in the couture is advertised to increase the tourism for study. Tourism is very important
to bring about the progression in the culture and it enhances all the corners of the wealth flower.
The wealth flowers shows financial wealth, built wealth, social wealth, natural wealth and human
wealth that is enhanced by the tourism in study abroad and exchange of talents (Sharpe, 2015)

10. Does this form of tourism create or worsen any corrosive disadvantagesthose which in turn
reduce other capabilities/functionings, creating a negative domino effect or a vicious circle?

According to the human capital theory, human tend to gather all the productive capacities
i.e. talents, knowledge and skills for better power, and earning. While making decisions
about study abroad programs all the aspects of monetary and non-financial benefits are taken in
account. It can be seen that these benefits outweigh any negative effects hence tourism for study
abroad is beneficial (Salisbury et al, 2013). Abroad study not only increases the economical
growth but also gives opportunities for personal growth and development and lead to
improvement in financial status.

11. Does the economic growth produced by this form of tourism come from things that are good
or bad for the people involved?

The economic growth comes from consumer behavior and capital that is invested for studying by
the foreign students that is good for both parties. Most of the time students come from well-
established financial backgrounds that give the chance to both parties to grow and improve either
financially or intellectually (Salisbury et al, 2009). However, consumerism is a negative trend
that is promoted in this experience.

12. Does any of the economic growth come from marketizing something that used to be free?

People who come to the foreign countries for studying want to be more than just tourists as
they want to be the part of culture that is being advertised. Educational experiences are being
advertised and brands are also advertised to promote the consumer culture. Students want to be a
part of community and hence adapt all those things that are advertised to be the part of that
culture (Simon & Ainsworth, 2012)
13. Based on your answers above, does this form of tourism contribute more to economic growth
(as in the GDP), more to progress in well-being (as in the GPI), or equally to both?

The consistent increase in the trend of study abroad has resulted in significant economic
growth. In America, in 2015, the contribution of international students was $35.8 billion to the
American economy. Most of these students get their funds outside form United States and many
times they get assistance from their governmental scholarship programs that increases GPI and
also improves the GDP of host country (Sharp, 2015)
References:

Salisbury, M. H., An, B. P., & Pascarella, E. T. (2013). The effect of study abroad on intercultural
competence among undergraduate college students. Journal of Student Affairs Research
and Practice, 50(1), 1-20.

Salisbury, M. H., Umbach, P. D., Paulsen, M. B., & Pascarella, E. T. (2009). Going global:
Understanding the choice process of the intent to study abroad. Research in higher
education, 50(2), 119-143.

Sharpe, E. K. (2015). Colonialist Tendencies in Education Abroad. International Journal of

Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 27(2), 227-234.

Simon, J., & Ainsworth, J. W. (2012). Race and socioeconomic status differences in study abroad
participation: The role of habitus, social networks, and cultural capital. ISRN Education,
2012.