Report ICDS PDF

REPORT
ON
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
(ICDS) PILOT SURVEY
Report submitted to
JAMMU AND KASHMIR ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL

WORKERS (JKASW)
Submitted By
Aafaq Mirza
Balbir Singh
Muhammad Saleem Malik
(MSW Kashmir University)
Jammu & Kashmir Association of Social Workers,

Khayam Colony, Srinagar, Kashmir-190001
Contents
- Integrated Child Development Services Programme
- ICDS in Jammu and Kashmir
- Objectives of the study
- Methodology
- Tools of data collection
- Findings
- Graphical Representation of Data
- Suggestions
- Conclusion
Introduction
Since Independence, the Government of India has launched a number of Central
Schemes, Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and Community/Area Development
Programmes in the areas of health & family welfare, education, employment &
poverty eradication, agriculture, women & child development, sanitation, housing,
safe drinking water, irrigation, transport, tribal development, border area
development, social welfare, etc. both in rural and urban areas of the Country,
including Jammu & Kashmir. The main objectives of all these schemes are to
generate employment, improve quality of life, remove poverty and economic
inequality and human deprivation. Besides, these schemes are also aimed at creation
of basic infrastructure and assets essential for economic development in rural areas.
There is a general feeling that despite of huge allocations made by Government of
India through Central Schemes/Centrally Sponsored Schemes in Jammu &
Kashmir, the development in basic infrastructure and amenities/facilities are not
perceptible, especially in rural areas of the State. Further, the standard of living of
the people is still very poor and the employment opportunities to the young people
are still considered to be very limited and inadequate.
Hence, it becomes imperative at this stage to know as to what extent these schemes
have been in a position to achieve the stated objectives. Such an exercise will help to
identify the problems/short comings in implementing these schemes. It will also
help the policy makers and implementing agencies to introduce the necessary
interventions to enhance the efficiency of the programme and to ensure better
utilization of the resources.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) in India is the worlds largest
integrated early childhood programme, with over 40,000 centers nationwide. Since
its inception in 1975, the programme has matured and expanded, despite difficulties
in adapting to the vastly different local circumstances found on the Indian
subcontinent. UNICEF helped to launch the ICDS programme and continues to
provide financial and technical assistance along with the World Bank. The
programme today covers over 4.8 million expectant and nursing mothers and over
23 million children under the age of six. Of these children, more than half participate
in early learning activities. The purpose of ICDS is to improve the health, nutrition
and development of children. The programme offers health, nutrition and hygiene
education to mothers, non-formal preschool education to children aged three to six,
supplementary feeding for all children and pregnant and nursing mothers, growth
monitoring and promotion, and links to primary healthcare services such as
immunization and vitamin A supplements. These services are delivered in an
integrated manner at the Anganwadi, or childcare centre. Each centre is run by an
Anganwadi worker and one helper, who undergo three months of institutional
training and four months of community-based training. The cost of the ICDS
programme averages $10-$22 per child a year.
Launched on 2nd October 1975, today, ICDS Scheme represents one of the worlds
largest and most unique programmes for early childhood development. ICDS is the
foremost symbol of Indias commitment to her children Indias response to the
challenge of providing pre-school education on one hand and breaking the vicious
cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity and mortality, on the
other.
1. Objectives: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme was
launched in 1975 with the following objectives:
i. To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6
years;
ii. To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social
development of the child;
iii. To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school

dropout;
iv. To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the

various departments to promote child development; and
v. To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.
2. Services: The above objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of

services comprising:
i. Supplementary nutrition,
ii. Immunization,
iii. Health check-up,
iv. Referral services,
v. Pre-school non-formal education and
vi. Nutrition & health education.
The concept of providing a package of services is based primarily on the

consideration that the overall impact will be much larger if the different services
develop in an integrated manner as the efficacy of a particular service depends upon
the support it receives from related services.
Services Target Group Service Provided by
Supplementary Nutrition Children below 6 years: Anganwadi Worker and

Anganwadi Helper
Pregnant & Lactating
Mother (P&LM)
Immunization* Children below 6 years: ANM/MO

Mother (P&LM)
Health Check-up* Children below 6 years: ANM/MO/AWW

Mother (P&LM)
Referral Services Children below 6 years: AWW/ANM/MO

Mother (P&LM)
Pre-School Education Children 3-6 years AWW
Nutrition & Health Women (15-45 years) AWW/ANM/MO

Education
*AWW assists ANM in identifying the target group.
Three of the six services namely Immunization, Health Check-up and Referral
Services delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare.
2.1 Nutrition including Supplementary Nutrition: This includes
supplementary feeding and growth monitoring; and prophylaxis against vitamin A
deficiency and control of nutritional anemia. All families in the community are
surveyed, to identify children below the age of six and pregnant & nursing mothers.
They avail of supplementary feeding support for 300 days in a year. By providing
supplementary feeding, the Anganwadi attempts to bridge the caloric gap between
the national recommended and average intake of children and women in low
income and disadvantaged communities.
Growth Monitoring and nutrition surveillance are two important activities that are
undertaken. Children below the age of three years of age are weighed once a month
and children 3-6 years of age are weighed quarterly. Weight-for-age growth cards
are maintained for all children below six years. This helps to detect growth faltering
and helps in assessing nutritional status. Besides, severely malnourished children
are given special supplementary feeding and referred to medical services.
2.2 Immunization: Immunization of pregnant women and infants protects

children from six vaccine preventable diseases-poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus, tuberculosis and measles. These are major preventable causes of child
mortality, disability, morbidity and related malnutrition. Immunization of pregnant
women against tetanus also reduces maternal and neonatal mortality.
5.2 Nutritional Norms: - Revised vide letter No. 52.3 Health Check-ups: This
includes health care of children less than six years of age, antenatal care of expectant
mothers and postnatal care of nursing mothers. The various health services
provided for children by Anganwadi workers and Primary Health Centre (PHC)
staff, include regular health check-ups, recording of weight, immunization,
management of malnutrition, treatment of diarrhea, de-worming and distribution of
simple medicines etc.
2.4 Referral Services: During health check-ups and growth monitoring, sick or
malnourished children, in need of prompt medical attention, are referred to the
Primary Health Centre or its sub-centre. The Anganwadi worker has also been
oriented to detect disabilities in young children. She enlists all such cases in a special
register and refers them to the medical officer of the Primary Health Centre/ Sub-
centre.
2.5 Non-formal Pre-School Education (PSE)
The Non-formal Pre-school Education (PSE) component of the ICDS may well be
considered the backbone of the ICDS programme, since all its services essentially
converge at the Anganwadi a village courtyard. Anganwadi Centre (AWC) a
village courtyard is the main platform for delivering of these services. These
AWCs have been set up in every village in the country. In pursuance of its
commitment to the cause of Indias Children, present government has decided to set
up an AWC in every human habitation/ settlement. As a result, total number of
AWC would go up to almost 1.4 million. This is also the most joyful play-way daily
activity, visibly sustained for three hours a day. It brings and keeps young children
at the Anganwadi centre - an activity that motivates parents and communities. PSE,
as envisaged in the ICDS, focuses on total development of the child, in the age up to
six years, mainly from the underprivileged groups.
Its programme for the three-to six years old children in the Anganwadi is directed
towards providing and ensuring a natural, joyful and stimulating environment,
with emphasis on necessary inputs for optimal growth and development.
The early learning component of the ICDS is a significant input for providing a
sound foundation for cumulative lifelong learning and development. It also
contributes to the universalization of primary education, by providing to the child
the necessary preparation for primary schooling and offering substitute care to
younger siblings, thus freeing the older ones especially girls to attend school.
2.6 Nutrition and Health Education: Nutrition, Health and Education (NHED)
is a key element of the work of the Anganwadi worker. This forms part of BCC
(Behaviour Change Communication) strategy. This has the long term goal of
capacity-building of women especially in the age group of 15-45 years so that
they can look after their own health, nutrition and development needs as well as
that of their children and families
1. Funding Pattern: ICDS is a Centrally-sponsored Scheme implemented

through the State Governments/UT Administrations. Prior to 2005-06,
100% financial assistance for inputs other than supplementary nutrition,
which the States were to provide out of their own resources, was being
provided by the Government of India. Since many States were not
providing adequately for supplementary nutrition in view of resource
constraints, it was decided in 2005-06 to support to States up to 50% of
the financial norms or to support 50% of expenditure incurred by them
on supplementary nutrition, whichever is less.
2. From the financial year 2009-10, Government of India has modified the
funding pattern of ICDS between Centre and States. The sharing pattern
of supplementary nutrition in respect of North-eastern States between
Centre and States has been changed from 50:50 to 90:10 ratio. So far as
other States and UTs, the existing sharing pattern of 50:50 continues.
However, for all other components of ICDS, the ratio has been modified
to 90:10(100% Central Assistance earlier).
4. Population Norms:
The revised Population norms for setting up a Project, Anganwadi Centre and Mini-
AWC are as under:
Projects:
(i) Community Development Block in a State should be the unit for sanction of an
ICDS Project in rural/tribal areas, irrespective of number of villages/population in
it.
(ii) The existing norm of 1 lakh population for sanction of urban project may
continue.
Further to this, for blocks with more than two lakh population, States could opt for
more than one Project (@ one per one lakh population) or could opt for one project
only. In the latter case, staff could be suitably strengthened based on population or
number of AWCs in the block. Similarly, for blocks with population of less than 1
lac or so, staffing pattern of CDPO office could be less than that of a normal block.
Anganwadi Centers
For Rural/Urban Projects
400-800 1 AWC
800-1600 - 2 AWCs
1600-2400 - 3 AWCs
Thereafter in multiples of 800 1 AWC
For Mini-AWC
150-400 1 Mini-AWC
For Tribal /Riverine/Desert, Hilly and other difficult areas/ Projects
300-800 - 1 AWC
For Mini- AWC
150-300 1 Mini AWC
5. Supplementary Nutrition Norms:
5.1 Financial norms: - The Government of India has recently, revised the cost of
supplementary nutrition for different category of beneficiaries vide this Ministrys
letter No. F.No. 4-2/2008-CD.II dated 07.11.2008, the details of which are as under:-
Sl.No. Category Pre-revised Revised rates (per

rates beneficiary per day)
1. Children (6-72 months) Rs.2.00 Rs.4.00
2. Severely malnourished Rs.2.70 Rs.6.00

children (6-72 months)
3. Pregnant women and Nursing Rs.2.30 Rs.5.00

mothers
-9/2005-ND-Tech Vol. II dated 24.2.2009
Sl. Category [Pr-revised] [Revised]

No.
(per beneficiary per day)
Calories Protein Calories Protein (g)

(K Cal) (g) (K Cal)
1. Children (6-72 months) 300 8-10 500 12-15
2. Severely malnourished children 600 20 800 20-25

(6-72 months)
3. Pregnant women and Nursing 500 15-20 600 18-20

mothers
5.3 Type of Supplementary Nutrition:
Children in the age group 0 6 months: For Children in this age group,
States/ UTs may ensure continuation of current guidelines of early initiation (within
one hour of birth) and exclusive breast-feeding for children for the first 6 months of
life.
Children in the age group 6 months to 3 years: For children in this age
group, the existing pattern of Take Home Ration (THR) under the ICDS Scheme will
continue. However, in addition to the current mixed practice of giving either dry or
raw ration (wheat and rice) which is often consumed by the entire family and not
the child alone, THR should be given in the form that is palatable to the child
instead of the entire family.
Children in the age group 3 to 6 years: For the children in this age group,
State/ UTs have been requested to make arrangements to serve Hot Cooked Meal in
AWCs and mini-AWCs under the ICDS Scheme. Since the child of this age group is
not capable of consuming a meal of 500 calories in one sitting, the States/ UTs are
advised to consider serving more than one meal to the children who come to AWCs.
Since the process of cooking and serving hot cooked meal takes time, and in most of
the cases, the food is served around noon, States/ UTs may provide 500 calories
over more than one meal. States/ UTs may arrange to provide a morning snack in
the form of milk/ banana/ egg/ seasonal fruits/ micronutrient fortified food etc.
6. Registration of beneficiaries: Since BPL is no longer a criteria under ICDS,

States have to ensure registration of all eligible beneficiaries.
7. Expansion of the ICDs Scheme:
Number of Sanctioned EXISTING ADDITIONAL TOTAL

Projects/ AWCs
(sanctioned in 2008-
09)*
PROJECTS 6284 789 7073
ANGANWADI 10.53 lakh 1.89 lakh 12.42 lakh

CENTRES (AWCs)
MINI-AWCs 36,829 77,102 1,13,931
Total AWCs 13.56 lakh#
* State-wise no. of Projects/AWCs/Mini-AWCS sanctioned in 2008-09 under 3rd

phase of expansion of the Scheme available at Data Table on ICDS.
# Total number of AWCs Budgeted for is 14 lakh leaving a cushion for Anganwadi
on- Demand.
8.1 BUDGETARY ALLOCATION : Alongside gradual expansion of the Scheme,

there has also been a significant increase in the Budgetary allocation for ICDS
Scheme from Rs.10391.75 crore in 10th Five Year Plan to Rs.44,400 crore in XI Plan
Period.
The details of Budget Allocation and Expenditure for the year 2007-08 to 2009-10 in
respect of ICDS (General) and supplementary nutrition are given as under:-
a. Budget Allocation
S.No. Year Budget Allocation (Rs. In Lakh)
1 2007-08 529300.00
2 2008-09 630000.00
3 2009-10 670500.00
(b) Funds released (Rs. In Lakh)
S.No. Year ICDS(G) Supplementary

Nutrition
1 2007-08 310803.27 206231.05
2 2008-09 401319.16 228131.33
3 2009-10 177894.15 182001.76
State-wise details of funds released are available under Data Table on

ICDS in Child Development portion.
9 THE ICDS TEAM:
9.1 The ICDS team comprises the Anganwadi Workers, Anganwadi Helpers,
Supervisors, Child Development Project Officers (CDPOs) and District Programme
Officers (DPOs). Anganwadi Worker, a lady selected from the local community, is a
community based frontline honorary worker of the ICDS Programme. She is also an
agent of social change, mobilizing community support for better care of young
children, girls and women. Besides, the medical officers, Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
(ANM) and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) form a team with the ICDS
functionaries to achieve convergence of different services.
9.2 Role & responsibilities of AWW, ANM and ASHA:
Role and responsibilities of AWW, ANM & ASHA have been clearly delineated and
circulated to States/UTs under the joint signature of Secretary, MWCD and
Secretary, MHFW, vide D.O. No. R. 14011/9/2005-NRHM I (pt) dated 20 January
2006.
9.3 STATUS OF ANGANWADI WORKERS AND HELPERS:
Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) & Anganwadi Helpers (AWHs), being honorary

workers, are paid a monthly honoraria as decided by the Government from time to
time. Government of India has enhanced the honoraria of these Workers, w.e.f.
1.4.2008 by Rs.500 above the last honorarium drawn by Anganwadi Workers
(AWWs) and by Rs.250 of the last honorarium drawn by Helpers of AWCs and
Workers of Mini-AWCs. Prior to enhancement, AWWs were being paid a monthly
honoraria ranging from Rs. 938/ to Rs. 1063/- per month depending on their
educational qualifications and experience. Similarly, AWHs were being paid
monthly honoraria of Rs. 500/-
In addition to the honoraria paid by the Government of India, many States/UTs are
also giving monetary incentives to these workers out of their own resources for
additional functions assigned under other Schemes.
9.4. FACILITIES/BENEFITS EXTENDED TO AWWs &AWHs:-
9.4.1 By the Govt. of India
Honorarium: At the beginning of the Scheme in 1975, the Anganwadi

Worker was paid honorarium of Rs.100/- per month (Non-Matriculate) and
Rs.150/- per month (Matriculate) and Helper was paid Rs.35/- per month.
Govt. has increased their honorarium from time to time, as indicated below:
Qualification/Year 1975- 1.4.78 1.7.86 2.10.92 16.5.97 1.04.02 1.04.08

76
Non-Matriculate 100 125 225 350 438 938 1438
Matriculate 150 175 275 400 500 1000 1500
Non-Matriculate - - 250 375 469 969 1469
With 5 year exp
Matriculate - - 300 425 531 1031 1531
With 5 year exp
Non-Matriculate - - 275 400 500 1000 1500
With 10 year exp
Matriculate - - 325 450 563 1063 1563
With 10 year exp
Mini-Anganwadi - - - - - 500 (w.ef. 750

Workers 1.1.2007)
Honorarium of Helper:
Helper 35 50 110 200 260 500 750
- Leave: They have been allowed paid absence of 135 days of maternity
leave.
- Insurance cover: The Govt. of India introduced `Anganwadi
Karyakartri Bima Yojana to Anganwadi Workers/Anganwadi Helpers
w.e.f.1.4.2004 under Life Insurance Corporations Social Security
Scheme. The amount of premium of Rs. 80/- payable by AWWs and
AWHs has also been waived of w.e.f. 1.4.2007 for a period of two years.
- Under this Bima Yojana, a free add on scholarship is available for the
children of the members who are covered under the scheme. Scholarship
of Rs.300/- per quarter for students of 9th to 12th standard [including ITI
courses] would be provided. Scholarship is limited to two children per
family.
- Award: In order to motivate the Anganwadi Workers and give
recognition to good voluntary work, a Scheme of Award for Anganwadi
Workers has been introduced, both at the National and State Level. The
Award comprises Rs.25,000/- cash and a Citation at Central level and
Rs.5000/- cash and a Citation at State level.
- Uniform: Government has made a provision for a Uniform (saree/suit
@ Rs. 200/- per saree per annum) and a name badge to Anganwadi
Workers and Helpers;
9.4.2 By State Governments/UT Administrations:-
- To consider the services rendered as AWWs as additional qualification
for being recruitment of Primary School Teachers, ANMS and other such
village based posts;
- To recruit at least 25% of Supervisors under ICDS Scheme from AWWs
with 10 years experience of satisfactory service;
- To Engage 25% of AWWs from amongst the Anganwadi Helpers who
have put in minimum 10 years of satisfactory service and also possess
the requisite qualifications (age, education etc.) as laid down by the
concerned States for selection of AWWs.
- To set up Anganwadi Workers and Helpers Welfare Fund at the
State/UT level out of the contribution from Workers/Helpers and
State/ UT Governments;
- To set up Grievances Redressal Machinery at the State/UT and Districts
level for prompt redressal of their grievances.
10. ICDS Training Programme:
Training and capacity building is the most crucial element in the ICDS Scheme, as
the achievement of the programme goals largely depends upon the effectiveness of
frontline workers in improving service delivery under the programme. Since
inception of the ICDS scheme, the Government of India has formulated a
comprehensive training strategy for the ICDS functionaries. Training under ICDS
scheme is a continuous programme and is implemented through 35 States/UTs and
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD) and its
four regional centres.
During the 11th Five Year Plan, the Government of India has laid much emphasis on
strengthening the training component of ICDS in order to improve the service
delivery mechanism and accelerate better programme outcomes. An allocation of
Rs. 500 crore has been kept for the ICDS Training Programme during the 11th Five
Year Plan.
Financial norms relating to training of various ICDS functionaries and trainers have
been revised upwardly with effect from 1 April 2009.
1. Types of Training Courses: Three types of regular training are

imparted to AWWs, AWHs, Supervisors, CDPOs/ACDPOs and
Instructors of AWTCs and MLTCs, viz.:
- Induction Training (on initial engagement/appointment) mainly to AWWs

- Job/Orientation Training (once during service period)
- Refresher Training (in-service, once in every two years)
Also, specific need based training programmes are organized under the Other
Training component, whereby the States/UTs are given flexibility to identify state
specific problems that need specialized issue based training and take up such
training activities.
1. Training Infrastructure: There is a countrywide infrastructure for

the training of ICDS functionaries, viz.
- Anganwadi Workers Training Centers (AWTCs) for the training of

Anganwadi Workers and Helpers.
- Middle Level Training Centers (MLTCs) for the training of Supervisors
and Trainers of AWTCs;
- National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
(NIPCCD) and its Regional Centres for training of CDPOs/ACDPOs
and Trainers of MLTCs. NIPCCD also conducts several skill
development training programmes.
[Govt. of Tamil Nadu has established a State Training Institute

(STI) at the State level for the training of Trainers of MLTCs and
CDPOs/ACDPOs]
Based on the needs, State Governments identify and open up AWTCs and MLTCs
after due approval by the Government of India. As on 31.3.2009, 490 AWTCs and 31
MLTCs were operational across the country. About 80% of the AWTCs and 70%
MLTCs are run by State/District based NGOs.
10.3 Monitoring & Supervision of Training Programme: A separate ICDS

Training Unit within the Ministry of Women and Child Development headed by
a Director/Dy. Secretary level officer is responsible for overall monitoring,
supervision and evaluation of the training programme. The following measures
are undertaken for monitoring and supervision:
- Physical and financial progress are captured through Quarterly Progress
Reports (QPRs) in a standardized format, that are submitted by the States/UTs
to GoI at the end of every quarter;
- A detailed analysis of the QPRs is carried out by the ICDS Training Unit and
based on the same, quarterly review meetings are organized with the States at
the central level;
- Monthly/quarterly review meeting with the Training Centres at the state level;
- Necessary feedback and guidelines are issued to the States after each of the
review meetings;
- Field visits to AWTCs/MLTCs by Nodal Officer or the District Programme
Officers (DPOs)/CDPOs; and also by the officials from the Ministry of WCD
and NIPCCD.
- Annual meeting of State Training Task Force (STTF) for the approval of STRAP and
review of past performance and chalking out future actions.
10.4 Recent Initiatives: The Ministry has recently initiated a process of
consultations with the States and other stakeholders to review and identify gaps in
the existing training system and make suggestions to strengthen the ICDS Training
programme including its contents/syllabi, training methodology and the existing
monitoring mechanism under ICDS training programme. Three regional workshops
have since been organized in collaboration with NIPCCD and with technical
support from USAID/CARE INDIA during July-August 2009 at three Regional
centres of NIPCCD at Bangalore, Lucknow and Guwahati.
11. Existing Monitoring System under ICDS Scheme:
11.1 Central Level
Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has the overall responsibility
of monitoring the ICDS scheme. There exists a Central Level ICDS Monitoring Unit
in the Ministry which is responsible for collection and analysis of the periodic work
reports received from the States in the prescribed formats. States have been asked to
send the State level consolidated reports by 17th day of the following month.
The existing status of monitoring of these six services is as under:
(i) Supplementary Nutrition: No. of Beneficiaries (Children 6

months to 6 years and pregnant & lactating mothers) for supplementary
nutrition;
(ii) Pre-School Education: No. of Beneficiaries (Children 3-6 years)

attending pre-school education;
(iii) Immunization, Health Check-up and Referral services:

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for monitoring on
health indicators relating to immunization, health check-up and referrals
services under the Scheme.
(iv) Nutrition and Health Education
This service is not monitored at the Central Level. State Governments

are required to monitor up to State level in the existing MIS System.
(v) No. of ICDS Projects and Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) w.r.t.

targeted no. of ICDS Projects and AWCs are taken into account for
review purpose.
Analysis & Action
The information received in the prescribed formats is compiled, processed and

analyzed at the Central level on quarterly basis. The progress and shortfalls
indicated in the reports on ICDS are reviewed by the Ministry with the State
Governments regularly by review meetings/ letters.
11.2 State Level
Various quantitative inputs captured through CDPOs MPR/ HPR are compiled at
the State level for all Projects in the State. No technical staff has been sanctioned for
the state for programme monitoring. CDPOs MPR capture information on number
of beneficiaries for supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, field visit to
AWCs by ICDS functionaries like Supervisors, CDPO/ ACDPO etc., information on
number of meeting on nutrition and health education (NHED) and vacancy position
of ICDS functionaries etc.
11.3 Block Level
At block level, Child Development Project Officer (CDPO) is the in-charge of an

ICDS Project. CDPOs MPR and HPR have been prescribed at block level,. These
CDPOs MPR/ HPR formats have one-to-one correspondence with AWWs MPR/
HPR. CDPOs MPR consists vacancy position of ICDS functionaries at block and
AWC levels. At block level, no technical posts of officials have been sanctioned
under the scheme for monitoring. However, one post of statistical Assistant. /
Assistant is sanctioned at block level to consolidate the MPR/ HPR data.
In between CDPO and AWW, there exists a supervisor who is required to supervise
25 AWC on an average.
CDPO is required to send the Monthly Progress Report (MPR) by 7th day of the
following month to State Government. Similarly, CDPO is required to send Half-
yearly Progress Report (HPR) to State by 7th April and 7th October every year.
11.4 Village Level (Anganwadi Level)
At the grass-root level, delivery of various services to target groups is given at the
Anganwadi Centre (AWC). An AWC is managed by an honorary Anganwadi
Worker (AWW) and an honorary Anganwadi Helper (AWH).
In the existing Management Information System, records and registers are

prescribed at the Anganwadi level i.e. at village level. The Monthly and Half-yearly
Progress Reports of Anganwadi Worker have also been prescribed. The monthly
progress report of AWW capture information on population details, births and
deaths of children, maternal deaths, no. of children attended AWC for
supplementary nutrition and pre-school education, nutritional status of children by
weight for age, information on nutrition and health education and home visits by
AWW. Similarly, AWWs half yearly Progress Report capture data on literacy
standard of AWW, training details of AWW, increase/ decrease in weight of
children, details on space for storing ration at AWC, availability of health cards,
availability of registers, availability of growth charts etc.
AWW is required to send these Monthly Progress Report (MPR) by 5th day of
following month to CDPO In-charge of an ICDS Project. Similarly, AWW is
required to send Half-yearly Progress Report (HPR) to CDPO by 5th April and 5th
October every year.
Note: Details of various circulars/ orders on monitoring/ MIS issued from GOI
and existing Management Information System (MIS) on ICDS are given at
Child Development portion of the web-site of the Ministry viz.
www.wcd.nic.in
12. Evaluation of ICDS Scheme: A number of evaluation studies on

implementation of ICDS Scheme have been conducted in the past viz., Programme
Evaluation Organisation of the Planning Commission in 1982, National Evaluation
of ICDS Scheme conducted by National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child
Development (NIPCCD) in 1992, Evaluation Results of Annual Survey during 1975-
1995, published by Central Technical Committee on Integrated Mother and Child
Development on completion of 20 years of ICDS and Nationwide Evaluation of
ICDS by National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) 1998-1999. Main
findings of study conducted by NCAER (1996-2001) are as follows:-
i. Most of the AWCs across the country were located within accessible distance
(100-200 meters) from beneficiary households. A majority of the beneficiary
households was within 100 meters of the AWC. Another 10 per cent were
about 150-200 meters away. The rest were beyond 200 meters. Thus, the factor
of distance of beneficiary households from the AWC was unlikely to affect
attendance at the AWC during inclement weather;
ii. Most of the AWCs in the country, except those in Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka and Orissa were functioning from community buildings. The type
of building plays an important role in safeguarding against any natural
hazards. Of those sampled, about 40 per cent were functioning from pucca
buildings.
iii. Nearly 50 per cent AWCs reported adequate space, especially for cooking.
iv. One out of two AWWs was found to be educated at least up to matriculate
level across the country. In all central and southern states, less than 50 per cent
of the AWWs were at least matriculate; more than 75 per cent of AWWs were
matriculates in the northern and eastern states of the country. Gujarat and
Rajasthan reported lowest percentage of matriculate functionaries.
v. Though about 84 per cent of the functionaries reported to have received

training, the training was largely pre-service training. In-service training
remained largely neglected.
vi. The day to day functioning of the AWC is a critical indicator of the
effectiveness of the ICDS programme. An assessment of on-going activities of
sample AWCs through observations, record reviews and personal interviews
with the AWWs revealed that, on average, an AWC functioned for 24 of 30
days in a month. On a given day, the AWC functioned for about 4 hours. By
and large, environmental factors did not affect the functioning of the AWC.
vii. On an average nearly 66 per cent of eligible children and 75 per cent of eligible
women were registered at the AWCs. This indicates lack of motivation on the
part of the AWW in identifying and registering the entire eligible population.
vii. Community leaders were generally positive about the functioning of the
AWCs (more than 80 per cent in all states) while more than 70 per cent found
the programme to be beneficial to the community;
ix) Participation of beneficiary women and adolescent girls in

AWC activities was reported to be low. These two segments of
population form the foundation for any child care programme and
their involvement is imperative for successful implementation of
the ICDS Services.
Rapid facility Survey by NCAER: The National Council of Applied Economic

Research (NCAER) conducted a Rapid Facility Survey on ICDS infrastructure in
2004. The report submitted by NCAER in February, 2005 has, inter-alia, brought out
that;
i. More than 40 per cent AWCs (Anganwadi Centres) across the country are
neither housed in ICDS building nor in rented buildings. One-third of the
Anganwadis are housed in ICDS building and another one-fourth are housed
in rented buildings;
ii. As regards the status of Anganwadi building, irrespective of own or rented,

more than 46 per cent of the Anganwadis were running from pucca building,
21 per cent from semi-pucca building, 15 per cent from kutcha building and
more than 9% running from open space;
iii. It is quite encouraging to observe that average number of children registered

at the Anganwadi centre is 52 for boys and 75 for girls;
iv. The survey data reveal that more than 45 per cent Anganwadis have no toilet
facility and 40 per cent have reported the availability of only urinal;
v. Of the 39 per cent Anganwadis reporting availability of hand pumps, half of

the hand pumps were provided by the Gram Panchayat and 12 per cent
provided by the ICDS;
vi. Regarding the provision of services at the Anganwadi centers, more than 90
per cent Centres provided supplementary food, 90 per cent provided pre-
school education and 76 per cent weighed children for growth monitoring;
vii. Only 50 per cent Anganwadis reported providing referral services, 65 per cent
health check-up of children, 53 per cent for health check-up of women and
more than 75 for nutrition and health education;
viii. Average number of days in a month in which services are provided at the
Anganwadi centres are 24 for supplementary food, 28 for pre-school education
and 13 for Nutrition and health education;
ix. More than 57 per cent of Anganwadi centres reported availability of ready-to-
eat food and 46 per cent availability of uncooked food at the Anganwadi
centers;
x. Nearly three-fourth of the Anganwadis have reported the availability of

medical kits and baby weighing scale. On the other hand adult weighing scale
has been reported only by 49 per cent of the Anganwadis.
Three Decades of ICDS An appraisal by NIPCCD (2006)
The study covered 150 ICDS Projects from 35 States/UTs covering rural, urban and
tribal projects. A total of five Anganwadi centres (AWCs) were randomly selected
from each sample projects covering 750 AWCs. The main findings of the appraisal
are as under:
i) Around 59 per cent AWCs studied have no toilet facility and in 17

AWCs this facility was found to be unsatisfactory.
ii) Around 75% of AWCs have pucca buildings;
iii) 44 per cent AWCs covered under the study were found to be lacking
PSE kits;
iv) Disruption of supplementary nutrition was noticed on an average of

46.31 days at Anganwadi level. Major reasons causing disruption was
reported as delay in supply of items of supplementary nutrition;
v) 36.5 per cent mothers did not report weighing of new born children;
vi) 29 per cent children were born with a low weight which was below
normal (less than 2500 gm);
vii) 37 per cent AWWs reported non-availability of materials/aids for

Nutrition and Health Education (NHED).
13. Wheat Based Nutrition Programme (WBNP): The Government of India

allocates food grains (wheat and rice) at BPL rates to the States, on their demand, for
meeting their requirement for supplementary nutrition to beneficiaries under the
ICDS Scheme. Total quantity of food grains allotted during last 3 years is as under:-
2006-07 523095 MTs
1. 544000 MTs
2008-09 716745 MTs
Presently, 23 States are availing the allocation of wheat/rice under the WBNP.
4. INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS
Government of India partners with the following international agencies to

supplement interventions under the ICDS:
i. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
ii. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE)
iii. World Food Programme (WFP)

UNICEF supports the ICDS by providing technical support for the development of
training plans, organizing of regional workshops and dissemination of best practices
of ICDS. It also assists in service delivery and accreditation system where the
capacity of ICDS functionary is strengthened. Impact assessment in selected States
on early childhood nutrition and development, micro-nutrient and anemia control
through Vit. A supplementations and deworming interventions for children in the
age group of 9-59 months is also conducted by UNICEF from time to time.
CARE is primarily implementing some non-food projects in areas of maternal and

child health, girl primary education, micro-credit etc. Integrated Nutrition and
Health Project (INHP)-III, which is a phaseout programme of INHP series, would
come to an end on 31.12.2009.
WFP has been extending assistance to enhance the effectiveness and outreach of the
ICDS Scheme in selected districts (Tikamgarh & Chhattarpur in Madhya Pradesh,
Koraput, Malkangir & Nabrangpur in Orissa, Banswara in Rajasthan and
Dantewada in Chhattisgarh), notably, by assisting the State Governments to start
and expand production of low cost micronutrient fortified food known as
Indiamix. Under this the concerned State Government are required to contribute to
the cost of Indiamix by matching the WFP wheat contribution at a 1:1 cost sharing
ratio.
15. Special Focus on North East: Keeping in view the special needs of North
Eastern States, the Central Government sanctioned construction of 4800 Anganwadi
Centres at a cost of Rs.60 crore in 2001-02, 7600 Anganwadi Centres at a cost of
Rs.95.00 crore in 2002-03 and 7600 AWCs at a cost of Rs.95.00 crore in 2004-05. In the
wake of expansion of ICDS Scheme in 2005-06, it was provided in the Scheme itself
that GOI will support construction of AWCs in NE States. The cost of construction
was also revised from Rs.1.25 lakh per centre to Rs.1.75 lakh per center. In 2006-07,
50% of funds have been released to all the NE States except the State of Manipur.
16. Recent Initiatives
- Revision in Population norms for setting up of AWCs/Mini-AWCs
- Universalisation and 3rd phase of expansion of the Scheme of ICDS for 792
additional Projects, 2.13 lakh additional Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) and 77102
Mini-AWCs, as per the revised population norms, with special focus on coverage of
SC/ST and Minority population.
- Introduction of cost sharing between Centre & States, with effect from the
financial year 2009-10, in the following ratio:
a. 90:10 for all components including SNP for North East;
b. 50:50 for SNP and 90:10 for all other components for all
States other than North East.
- Budgetary allocation for ICDS Scheme increased from Rs.10391.75 crore

in 10th Five Year Plan to Rs.44,400 crore in the 11th Plan Period
- Revision in financial norms of supplementary nutrition enhancing the
unit cost per been per day as follows
vi.
Sl.No. Category Pre-revised Revised

rates rates (per
beneficiary
per day)
1. Children (6-72 months) Rs.2.00 Rs.4.00
2. Severely malnourished children Rs.2.70 Rs.6.00

(6-72 months)
3. Pregnant women and Nursing Rs.2.30 Rs.5.00

mothers
o Revision of feeding and nutrition norms as under (vide letter No. 5-
9/2005-ND-Tech Vol. II dated 24.2.2009)
Sl. Category Existing Revised (per

No. beneficiary per
day)
Calories Protein Calories Protein

(K Cal) (g) (K Cal) (g)
1. Children (6-72 months) 300 8-10 500 12-15
2. Severely malnourished 600 20 800 20-25

3. Pregnant women and Nursing 500 15-20 600 18-20

mothers
- Revision in financial norms of other existing interventions to improve

the service delivery. Details are given in the statement at Annex-XI.
- Enhancement of honoraria by Rs.500 above the last honorarium drawn
by Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) and by Rs.250 of the last honorarium
drawn by Helpers of AWCs and Workers of Mini-AWCs;
- Introduction of World Health Organizations (WHO) Growth Standards
for monitoring the growth of children.
- Provision of Uniform for Anganwadi Workers and Helpers;
- Provision of flexi funds at Anganwadi level;
- Strengthening of Management Information System (MIS) and
- Revision in cost norms of Training component of ICDS Scheme.

17. INTRODUCTION OF WHO GROWTH STANDARDS IN ICDS -
The World Health Organization (WHO) based on the results of an intensive study
initiated in 1997 in six countries including India has developed New International
Standards for assessing the physical growth, nutritional status and motor
development of children from birth to 5 years age. The Ministry of Women and
Child Development and Ministry of Health have adopted the New WHO Child
Growth Standard in India on 15th of August, 2008 for monitoring the Growth of
Children through ICDS and NRHM.
Implications
- Change in current estimates
- Increase in total of normal weight children
- Increase in severely underweight children
- Increase in underweight children (mild/moderate and severe) in age group of 0-6

months.
ii. The requirement of funds for SNP; Centre and State contribution would be
almost double.
iii. The Anganwadi Worker with the help of New Growth Chart would be able to
assess correctly severely underweight children and number of such children
would increase in each Anganwadi Centres. The number of normal children
would also increase in all the Anganwadi Centres.
iv. The new charts would now help us in comparing growth of our children
within projects, districts, states & also other countries.
18. Achievements: There has been significant progress in the implementation of
ICDS Scheme during X Plan both and during XI Plan (up to 31.12.2010), in terms of
increase in number of operational projects and Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) and
coverage of beneficiaries as indicated below:-
Year ending No. of No. of No. of No. of pre-school

operational operational Supplementary education
projects AWCs nutrition beneficiaries
beneficiaries
31.03.2002 4608 545714 375.10 lakh 166.56 lakh
31.03.2003 4903 600391 387.84 lakh 188.02 lakh
31.03.2004 5267 649307 415.08 lakh 204.38 lakh
31.03.2005 5422 706872 484.42 lakh 218.41 lakh
31.03.2006 5659 748229 562.18 lakh 244.92 lakh
31.03.2007 5829 844743 705.43 lakh 300.81 lakh
31.03.2008 6070 1013337 843.26 lakh 339.11 lakh
31.03.2009 6120 1044269 873.43 lakh 340.60 lakh
31.03.2010 6509 1142029 884.34 lakh 354.93 lakh
31.12.2010 6719 1241749 918.65 lakh 355.02 lakh
Present Status of number of sanctioned/ operational projects/ AWCs/ mini-

AWCs and number of beneficiaries under supplementary nutrition/ pre-school
education under ICDS Scheme is available under Data Table on ICDS in
Child Development portion of Ministrys Website.
Integrated Child Development Services Scheme covers all the 140 ICDS blocks of
Jammu & Kashmir. As of March 2007, a total of 18772 Anganwadi Centres (AWCs)
were sanctioned in the state and out of which 18043 (96 percent) were operational.
The AWCs in the state have been established to provide Supplementary Nutrition
(SN), Nutrition and Health Education (NHE), Immunization, Health Check-ups,
Referral Services and Non-formal Pre School Education (PSE).
2. As on 31-3-2007, a total number of 368060 eligible children (6-72 months age) were
registered with various AWCs in the state and all of them had received the above
mentioned services. Besides, a total number of 90215 pregnant women and lactating
women were also enrolled at various AWCs across the state for supplementary
nutrition, maternal care and health education.
3. Of the funds made available to the state for implementing the ICDS during 2000-
2003, the state has utilized about 80 percent of these funds. The state witnessed an
increase in the utilization of funds during the years 2003-05, as the percentage of
utilization of funds increased from 81 percent in 2003-04 to 95 percent in 2004-05.
However, utilization of funds came down to a low of 72 percent during 2005-06 and
79 percent during 2006-07. The expenditure under different heads showed that
90percent of the total funds during 2000-03 and 2005-07 were utilized on
Salary/Honorarium of the employees. Thus, just 10 percent of the funds were
utilized on non salary items.
4. The information collected from the office of the two Directorates of Social Welfare
regarding the procurement of various nutritional items during the last 7 years
shows that all the nutritional items received by the directorates during 2000-07 were
distributed among different districts, which were utilized by them.
5. The ICDS is funded by CSS (Non Plan), State Plan (40% honorarium of the AWW
and AWH) and District plan (Nutrition items) budgets. The authority for planning
and budget formulation approval and release of funds was largely centralized at the
Directorate level. This often resulted in procedural and systematic delays and
insufficient allocation. The Child Development Project Officers (CDPOs) were of the
view that under this system, the demands/needs prepared at the project level do
not get reflected in terms of allocation. Further, the timely release of funds has been
affected by the delays in the submission of the utilization certificates. Purchase and
procurement was centralized with the Central Purchase Committee. Centralized
system did not allow flexibility and scope for increasing/decreasing ceilings.
6. Information collected regarding the availability of staff revealed that of the 120
sanctioned posts of CDPOs, only 106 were in position. Similarly, more than one-
fourth of the Supervisors (135 out of 529) were vacant. However, all the positions of
AWWs, AWHs and clerical positions were in position. The vacant positions of
CDPOs and Supervisors had adversely affected the implementation of scheme,
which need to be addressed.
7. So far as the recruitment of AWWs was concerned, the state government has
recently framed a recruitment policy for filling up of the posts of AWWs. Earlier
there was no clear-cut policy for the recruitment of the AWWs and in most of the
cases; the selection of AWWs was based on political and other considerations. As a
result the criteria of educational competence of AWWs were compromised. It is
suggested that the task of recruitment of Supervisors should be assigned to Services
Selection Board and new recruitment policy devised by the government for filling
up the posts of AWWs should be strictly followed.
8. A regular and planned monitoring, supervision and support is essential for

effective delivery of the AWC services with provisions of mid way corrections. But,
due to inadequate supervisory staff, a supervisor has to supervise about 40 AWCs.
This has resulted in improper monitoring and supervision of the AWCs. It is
suggested that the Panchayats, where ever they are functional, should be involved
in the monitoring and supervision of the AWCs.
9. According to ICDS guidelines, the space for the AWC was to be donated by
the community at a central location, preferably near to a primary school. It
was rather one of the criteria that whosoever provided space was considered
for the work of AWH. Consequently, both the quality of space and the
locational aspects of the AWCs were compromised. It was observed that 28
percent of the AWCs were housed in pucca buildings, 45 percent in semi-
pucca houses and another 28 percent have been accommodated in kutcha
houses, which constitute a perpetual apprehension of danger to the life of the
children. Like-wise, other facilities such as separate storage space, kitchen and
dining and sufficient space for indoor and outdoor activities, toilet and
washing facilities, ventilation and drinking water were also compromised. It
was also found that AWCs at large did not have enough space for outdoor
activities and hence compromising the scope for children development.
Hence, it is suggested that buildings should be constructed for all the AWCs
and funds available under different Centrally Sponsored Schemes like SGRY
could be devoted for the construction of AWC buildings.
10. The beneficiaries for the supplementary feeding were to be selected very
carefully so as to ensure coverage of the neediest and the malnourished children
below the age of 6 years, particularly those between the ages of 6 months to 3 years.
It was observed that the selection of the beneficiaries was solely determined by the
AWWs and they have not followed any standard criterion for the selection of the
beneficiary households. Consequently, even children from the economically well off
families were also enrolled at the AWCs, whereas those actually eligible were left
out.
11. The data collected revealed that supplies received by the AWCs last for 3-4
months only. Once the supplies exhaust, the children stop coming to the AWCs and
Centres virtually gets closed. Beneficiaries generally perceived AWCs as Dal
Centres and did not have a good image about these Centres. It is felt that the image
of the AWCs can be improved by improving the knowledge, skills, support and the
status of the AWWs.
12. The health checkups were not a regular feature of the AWCs primarily because
of poor coordination between the ICDS functionaries and the Health Department.
The immunization records maintained by the AWCs showed that almost all the
children registered with the AWCs had received all the recommended doses of
vaccination. However, the information collected from the beneficiary households
revealed that only 89 percent of the children had received BCG, 91 percent had
received all the three doses of DPT and Polio and 74 percent of the children had
received Measles doses.
13. As per the provision of the ICDS revised guidelines, each and every AWC
should have a medical kit. This medical kit should contain essential drugs and first
aid items. But it was found that the medical kits were generally provided once a
year and the quantity of drugs and other items supplied to the AWCs last for one or
two months. Consequently, these medical kits had proved to be of limited use.
14. AWWs were also supposed to give health education and help the eligible
women to get ANC and PNC services. It was found that 32 percent of women were
motivated by the AWWs to avail antenatal services, 37 percent of the women
received health education from the AWWs and another 28 percent were contacted
by the AWWs for post natal services. Thus, AWWs played only a limited role in
imparting family health education among women in Jammu & Kashmir.
15. The study found that weighing of the children was not being practiced as per
ICDS mandate. Surprisingly, majority of the mothers did not know whether their
children are regularly weighed at the AWCs or not, which probably indicates that
weighing is not practiced regularly. It was observed that regular weighing and
keeping records, focus on malnourished children, improving the skills of mothers
on child care and concept of community based nutritional surveillance still
remained areas of serious concern.
16. Pre-school education is a very crucial component of the package of services

envisaged under ICDS as it seeks to lay the foundation for proper physical,
psychological, cognitive and social development of the child. Though, the records
available at the AWCs indicate that they impart PSE to all the enrolled children
throughout the year, but it was found that the PSE was imparted only when the
nutrition was available in the Centre. Further, there is a need to improve the skills of
the AWWs on concepts and approaches of the joyful learning (play-way methods).
Adequate provisions need to be made for procuring of relevant teaching and
learning aids. Provisions need also to be made for suitable accommodation with
matting and heating provisions at each of the AWCs. There is also a dire need to
consider developing and strengthening coordination with the local primary schools
to seek support and especially with the planning cell of the Zonal Education Office
(ZEO) for monitoring purposes.
17. The system of maintaining of records at district ICDS offices was found to be
very poor. The information was not readily available and survey team had to face a
lot of problems in collecting information from these offices. Though AWCs were
maintaining information on a number of registers, but information pertaining to the
attendance of the children and immunization was found to be grossly inaccurate in
all the AWCs visited by the team. For example, some of the AWCs had marked all
the children present on the day of our visit, despite the fact that only a few were
present. Hence, there is ample scope to improve the record keeping at all levels.
Reporting formats need to be simplified and workers be given adequate stationery
to maintain records.
ICDS in Jammu And Kashmir
The scheme was launched in the year 1975 and among other states two ICDS
projects in NES block Kangan (Kashmir) and Billawar (Jammu) was started in J&K
State. Presently J&K state has 141 projects (including one migrant project) and 28577
AWCs have been sanctioned by Govt. of India of which 25167 are currently
functional. The annual financial implication for 2010-11 in respect of Supplementary
Nutrition on the basis of revised norms is to the extent of Rs.14009.28 lakhs which is
to be met on 50:50 basis between central and state Governments as per the norms of
the scheme. The scheme is one of the largest service providers in the predominantly
rural Kashmir society. Kashmir has witnessed unprecedented armed conflicts from
1989. Thousands of people died since then. Major focus machinery has been to curb
this violence and despite this the vast infrastructure of the ICDS has not only
remained intact but continues to deliver many objectives of the scheme during
testing times. However, elements of quality degeneration have set in off late in the
ICDS delivery.
For the last three years the position of funds both from the state Govt. as well as
Central Govt. and expenditure incurred is as under:-
ICDS (Nutrition & Non- nutrition)
S.No Year Allocation Exp. (In Lakhs)
1. 2007-2008 14207.99 5184.25
2. 2008-2009 14692.61 12856.579
3. 2009-2010 20165.45 18304.15
4. 2010-2011(Oct.) 16594 2764.00
Under the nomenclature of Non- nutrition a number of items figure in the

scheme which is essential for providing nutrition by way of cooked food to the
beneficiaries. These items include kerosene stoves, pressure cookers, utensils etc.
Play way materials for the children, medicine kits, weighing machines are also
provided. The entitlement per beneficiary is as under:-
Category Existing Revised w.e.f 01-04-09(per

beneficiary per day)
i. Children(6-72 months) Rs.2.00 Rs.4.00
ii. Severely malnourished Rs. 2.70 Rs.6.00

iv. Pregnant women and Rs.2.30 Rs.5.00

nursing mothers
Total no. of beneficiaries covered under supplementary nutrition scheme in the
state for the past three years is as under:
Category No. of Beneficiaries
2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011

ending
October 2010
0 3 years 267543 284282 328838 333947
3 6 years 212354 214127 276715 251756
Pregnant and 120250 120951 138183 153009
Lactating Mothers
Present Study:
The present study was conducted in areas where the organization
(JKASW) has been working for a certain period of time to assess the
current status of ICDS centers in the communities to look in to the aspects
of enrolment, provision of six services by the center, the infrastructure of
the ICDS center and also to find out the workers issues and problems in
the functioning of the center. These areas fall in the three districts of the
Kashmir division namely Ganderbal, Baramulla and Srinagar. The
communities which were selected are downtrodden in terms of the
provision of basic facilities, education, healthcare facilities and transport.
Research Methodology
Area of Study:
The study was carried out in areas falling in three districts of Kashmir Division
namely Srinagar, Ganderbal and Baramulla. These are mentioned as follows:
DISTRICT AREA LOCALITY

GANDERBAL CHOUNT WAR, LAR Ranglam, Wana Mohalla,
Chowdary Mohalla, Molvi
Mohalla
BARAMULLA PATTAN, BONIYAR(URI) Check Jamal Mir, Batangi
A Pir Mohalla, Boniyar
Balla
SRINAGAR NOORBAGH, EIDGAH, Badiwudar, Pamposh
Colony A, Pamposh
Colony B
Objectives of the study:
- To assess the enrolment patterns in the ICDS centers;
- To assess the provision of Six services in the center under ICDS;
- To examine the infrastructure of the ICDS centers;
- To assess the problems and issues of the AWW;
- To study the perception and knowledge of community
members towards ICDS centers;
Tools of data collection:

- Interview Schedule: The set of structured questions in which answers are
recorded by the interviewers himself is called interview schedule. For the
purpose of our study an interview schedule was prepared on the basis of the
norms and guidelines of the ICDS programme which was administered on the
Anganwadi workers in their respective Anganwadi centers; (Annexure 1)
- Focused Group Discussions: In order to know about the perception and

knowledge of the community members about the Anganwadi Centers a
focused group discussion based on the functioning of the Anganwadi center
was carried out by the research investigators in the respective localities.
- Observation: A method that employs vision as its main means of data

collection. It implies the use of eyes rather than of ears and the voice.
Observation remains as one of the basic tools in studies. Observation remains
as one of the primary tools of data collection in qualitative studies as was the
case in the present study.
Graphical Representation of Data
Analysis:
The below mentioned tables describe the frequencies and percentage of all the
variables which were employed in questionnaire in order to fulfill the objectives of
the study.
AGE OF WORKERS
Answers Frequenc
y Valid Percent
Valid 1 4 40.0
3 5 50.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that 50 per cent of the workers were
falling in the age group of 31 to 35 years while as 40 per cent of the workers
belonged to the age group of 21 to 25 years and the rest of the workers i.e., 10 per
cent of the workers belonged to the age group of 40 to 45 years. It can be assessed
from the above table that most of the workers were falling in the age group of 21-35
years because of the fact that the communities in which centers are located are
downtrodden in terms of education and mostly the third generation is receiving
education .The engaged of young workers can be seen as a positive trend as it has
been witnessed that young people are more dedicated and enthusiastic.
AGE OF HELPER
Frequency Valid Percent
Valid 2 1 10.0
3 3 30.0
4 3 30.0
5 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that 30 per cent of the helpers were falling
in the age group of 31 to 35 years while as the other 30 per cent of the helpers
belonged to the age group of 36 to 40 years. Also 30 per cent of the helpers belonged
to the age group of 40 to 45 years and the rest of the helpers i.e. 10 were falling in the
age group of 26 to 30 years. It was observed during the study that the helpers were
older than the workers and mostly are in the age group of 31-45 years because of the
fact that the centers are located.
EDUCATION OF WORKERS
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 7 70.0
3 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 70 per cent of the workers were educated upto
10th standard while as 20 per cent of the workers were educated upto 12th standard
and the rest of the workers i.e., 10 per cent were educated upto middle level. It was
found during the study that most of the workers were matriculates because
minimum educational eligibility for the post is the same and after getting the job
they do not prefer to study further.
EDUCATION OF HELPER
Valid 1 1 10.0
5 7 70.0
6 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 70 per cent of the helpers were illiterate while as
20 per cent of the helpers were educated primary level and the rest of the workers
i.e., 10 per cent were educated up to secondary level. It was found during the study
that most of the helpers were illiterate as there is no educational bar for the selection
and mostly those women are selected who can provide accommodation for running
the center. The helper only carries basic functions like cooking food whereas the
educated helper would give an extra edge to the functioning of the center and can
effectively take care of the center when worker is not present.
DURATION
Valid 1 3 30.0
2 1 10.0
4 5 50.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 50 per cent of the Anganwadi workers were
engaged with the ICDS from 10 to 20 years while as 30 per cent of the Anganwadi
workers were engaged upto 1 year. Another 10 per cent were engaged from 1 to 5
years and the rest of the workers i.e. 10 per cent were engaged for more than 20
years with the ICDS. It was found during the study that most of the workers had
been working for a period of more than 10 years. This points out to the amount of
experience acquired by the workers regarding ICDS in these years.
PRIOR
1 6 60.0
3 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It was revealed by 60 per cent of the workers that they were studying prior to
joining the ICDS centers while as the other 40 per cent were housewives before
joining the ICDS centers. It was seen during the study that most of the Anganwadi
workers were students prior to joining the Anganwadi center.
SAME RESIDENCE
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 50 per cent of the workers were residing in the
same residence where AWCs were located while as the other 50 per cent not from
the same community where the centers were located.
DISTANCE
Valid 1 3 30.0
2 4 40.0
3 2 20.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
The above table indicates that 40 per cent of the workers were residing at a distance
of 1 to 5 kilometers from the Anganwadi center while as 30 per cent of the workers
were living at a distance of less than a kilometer. Also 20 per cent of the workers
were residing at a distance of 5 to 10 kilometers and the rest of the workers i.e. 10
per cent were living at a distance of more than 20 kilometers from the Anganwadi
center.
CLOSED IN 12 MONTHS
Valid 4 2 20.0
5 1 10.0
6 7 70.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 70 per cent of the centers were not closed during
last 12 months while as 20 per cent of the centers were closed for 8 to 12 weeks in
the last 12 months and the rest of the10 per cent were closed for more than 12 weeks
in the last 12 months.
REASONS
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 2 20.0
4 7 70.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that 20 per cent of the centers were closed
due to the inadequacy of ration supply in the center while as the 10 per cent of the
centers were closed because of the last years summer unrest and the rest of the 70
per cent do not qualify for this question as the centers were not closed during the
last 12 months.
AVERAGE TIME
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that the timing of centers was from 10am to 2.30pm.
Supplementary Nutrition
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that all the centers were providing Supplementary
nutrition on a daily basis.
Immunization
Valid 2 6 60.0
3 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
7 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 60 per cent of the centers had provided
immunization in the last month and in 20 per cent of the institutions immunization
was not being provided. In 10 per cent of the centers it was provided before two
months and in the rest of the centers i.e. 10 per cent it was provided a year ago.
Health Check
Valid 2 4 40.0
6 2 20.0
7 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers health checkups
were not carried out and in other 40 per cent of the centers health checkups were
conducted during last month and in rest of the centers i.e. 20 per cent it was
conducted a year before.
Referral Services
Valid 1 2 20.0
2 1 10.0
3 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
7 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers referral
services were provided on daily basis and in another 10 per cent of the centers it
was carried out in last month while as in another 10 per cent of the centers it was
carried out before two months. Also in another 10 per cent referral services were
conducted a year ago. In the rest of the 50 per cent of the centers referral services
were not conducted so far.
Weight Children
Valid 2 4 40.0
3 4 40.0
6 1 10.0
7 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers the weight of
children was carried out during last month while as in another 40 per cent of the
centers it was conducted two months ago. Also in another 10 per cent the weight of
children was carried out a year ago and in the rest of the 10 per cent of the centers it
was not conducted because of the non availability of the weight machine.
Wormicide
Valid 6 3 30.0
7 7 70.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 30 per cent of the centers Wormicide was
provided a year ago and in another 70 per cent of the centers these were not
provided because of the non availability.
Pre-school Education
Valid 1 7 70.0
6 1 10.0
7 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 70 per cent of the centers pre-school education
was provided on a daily basis while in another 10 per cent of the centers it was
provided a year ago. In the rest of the 20 per cent of the centers pre- school
education was not provided.
(Pregnant Ladies) Supplementary Nutrition
Frequency Percent
Valid 1 9 90.0
2 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 90 per cent of the centers supplementary
nutrition was provided on a daily basis while as in another 10 per cent it had been
provided in last month.
Tetanus-1
Frequency Percent
Valid 2 4 40.0
3 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
7 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers tetanus was
provided during last month while as in another 10 per cent of the centers tetanus
was provided two months earlier. In another 10 per cent of the centers it was
provided a year ago. In the rest of the 40 per cent of the centers it was not being
provided due to non availability.
Health Check
Valid 2 2 20.0
3 1 10.0
6 2 20.0
7 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers health checkups
were carried out before one month while as in another 10 per cent of the centers it
was carried out before two months. In another 20 per cent of the centers it was
carried out a year ago and in the rest of the 50 per cent of the centers it was not
being carried out.
Weight
Valid 3 1 10.0
7 9 90.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 10 per cent of the centers weight of the
pregnant ladies was carried out before three months while in the rest of the 90 per
cent of the centers it was not being carried out due to the non availability of the
weight machine.
N.H.A
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 7 70.0
7 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 10 per cent of the centers N.H.A was being
carried out on a daily basis while as in 70 per cent of the centers it was carried out in
last month. In the rest of 20 per cent of the centers it was not being carried out.
Disability Survey
Valid 2 2 20.0
3 6 60.0
4 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers the disability survey
was carried out in the last month while as in another 60 per cent of the centers it was
carried out before two months. Also in another 10 per cent of the centers it was
carried out before six months and in the rest of the 10 per cent of the centers it was
carried out a year ago.
Household Survey
Valid 2 1 10.0
3 8 80.0
4 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 10 per cent of the centers the household
survey was carried out in last month while as in 80 per cent of the centers it was
carried out before two months. In the rest of the 10 per cent of the centers it was
carried out before six months.
0 - 3 Food
Valid 5 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in all of the centers both cooked as
well as dry food was provided to the children in the age group of 0 3 years.
3-6 Food
Valid 5 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in all of the centers both cooked as
well as dry food was provided to the children in the age group of 3- 6 years.
PL Type of food
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that cooked food was being provided to the
pregnant ladies in all of the centers.
(LM)Type of food
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that cooked food was being provided to the
lactating mothers in all of the centers.
Complaints
Valid 2 10 100.0
It was revealed by the workers in all of the centers that there were no complaints
regarding the food being provided to the beneficiaries.
What
Valid 5 10 100.0
The above question was not applicable as there were no complaints regarding the
food being provided in the centers.
Health Worker Visits
Valid 1 6 60.0
2 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 60 per cent of the centers the health worker
pays visits and in 40 per cent of the centers the health worker do not pays visit.
Who
Valid 1 7 70.0
3 1 10.0
5 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in 70 per cent of the centers ASHA
pays visit and in another 10 per cent of the centers FMPHW pays visit. In the rest of
the 20 per cent of centers the question is not applicable as no one pays visit to the
center.
How many times
Valid 3 8 80.0
5 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 80 percent of the centers the health worker
visits once in a month while as in the rest of the 20 per cent of the centers the health
workers did not visit the center at all.
if day not decided informed
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 80 per cent of the centers the health worker
used to inform before visit and in the rest of the 20 per cent of the centers the health
worker did not inform before the visit to the center.
Conduct N.H.A
Valid 1 9 90.0
2 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in 90 per cent of the centers the
workers carried out the N.H.A sessions while as in 10 per cent of the centers the
workers were not conducting the N.H.A sessions.
If yes date
Valid 1 2 20.0
2 7 70.0
3 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that in 70 per cent of the centers the dates
of N.H.A sessions were not fixed in advance while as in 20 per cent of the centers it
was fixed. In the rest of the 10 per cent of the centers the N.H.A sessions were not
being carried out.
How many in 12 months
Valid 1 2 20.0
2 6 60.0
4 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 60 per cent of the centers 5 to 20 N.H.A
sessions were carried out in the last 12 months while as in another 20 per cent it was
carried out for less than 5 times. In another 10 per cent of the centers N.H.A sessions
were carried out for more than 50 times and in the rest of the 10 per cent of the
centers they were not conducted at all.
Participation satisfactory
Valid 1 4 40.0
2 4 40.0
3 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers the participation was
satisfactory and in the other 40 per cent of the centers the participation of women
was not satisfactory and in the rest o f the 20 per cent of the centers the sessions
were not conducted at all.
Reasons
Valid 2 4 40.0
4 1 10.0
7 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It was revealed by 40 per cent of the Anganwadi workers that the reason for having
minimum participation is because of the mothers having no time to participate in
the meetings and the other 10 per cent of the workers shared that because the
beneficiaries have no interest in the N.H.A meetings. In the rest of the 50 per cent of
the centers N.H.A meetings were not conducted at all.
Home Visits
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in all the centers workers used to conduct home
visits.
Purpose
Valid 1 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that home visits were
carried out to provide awareness of the services to the beneficiaries.
0 6 months boys
Value
Centers
0 3
1 1
2 3
3 1
4 1
12 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in three of the centers there was no child (boy) in
the age group of 0-6 months, in one center there was one child in this age group, in
three centers they were two in number. Also in one of the center there were three
children while as in another there were three and in one center there were twelve.
Girls
Value Frequency
0 3
1 2
2 3
3 1
5 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in three of the centers there was no child (girl) in
the age group of 0-6 months, in two centers there was one child in this age group, in
three centers they were two in number. Also in one of the center there were three
children while as in another they were five in number.
SIX MONTHS TO 3 YEARS BOYS
Value Frequency
3 1
4 2
5 2
6 2
7 1
12 1
13 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in one of the centers there was one child (boy) in
the age group of 6 months to 3 years, in two of the centers there were four children
in this age group, in another two centers they were five in number. Also in two of
the centers there were six children while as in another there were seven and in one
center there were twelve and thirteen in another.
Girls
Value Frequency
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 4
7 1
11 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in one of the centers there was one child (girl) in
the age group of 6 months to 3 years, in one of the centers there were two children
in this age group, in another center they were three in number. Also in one of the
centers there were four children while as in another four were five and in one center
there were seven and eleven in another.
3-6 years Boys
Value Frequency
5 2
6 2
7 2
8 1
11 1
12 1
13 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in two of the centers there were five children
(boy) in the age group of 3 to 6 years, in two of the centers there were six children in
this age group, in another two centers they were seven in number. Also in one of the
centers there were eight children while as in another there were eleven and in one
center there were twelve and thirteen in another.
Girls
Value Frequency
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
7 1
8 2
11 1
13 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in one of the centers there were two children
(girl) in the age group of 6 months to 3 years, in one of the centers there were three
children in this age group, in another center they were four in number. Also in one
of the centers there were five children while as in another there were six and in one
center there were seven and eight in two centers, eleven in one center and thirteen
in another center.
Normally Present Boys 3 - 6 yrs
Value Frequency
4 3
5 2
6 1
8 1
10 2
13 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in three of the centers 4 children (Boys) used to
be present normally in the age group of 3 6 years while as in 2 of the centers 5
children used to be present in another center 6 children used to be present. Also in
one of the center 8 children used to be present, in 2 of the centers 10 children used to
be present and in the last center 13 children used to be present normally.
Girls
Value Frequency
3 1
4 2
5 2
6 3
8 1
12 1
Total 10
It is clear from the above table that in one of the centers 3 children (Girls) used to be
present normally in the age group of 3 6 years while as in 2 of the centers 4
children used to be present in another 2 centers 5 children used to be present. Also
in three of the center 6 children used to be present, in one of the centers 8 children
used to be present and in the last center 12 children used to be present normally.
Absent action
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table in 50 per cent of the centers no action was taken
when a child remained absent from the center from a long time while in rest of the
50 per cent action was taken.
What
Valid 2 4 40.0
3 1 10.0
5 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table in 40 per cent worker used to meet the
parents of the child while as in another 10 per cent of the centers the worker used to
send helper to bring children from their homes. In rest of the 50 per cent of the
centers no action was being taken.
How child comes
Valid 1 3 30.0
4 1 10.0
5 6 60.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 30 per cent of the centers helper used to bring
the children while as in another 10 per cent children used to come with their
mothers. In the rest of the 60 per cent of the centers children used to come with their
other members of the family.
How difficult to assemble
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 2 20.0
3 7 70.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the table that in 10 per cent of the centers helper found it very
much difficult to assemble the children while as in another 20 per cent of the centers
they found it little bit difficult. In the rest of the 70 per cent of the centers the helpers
did not find it difficult at all.
Specify
Valid 3 2 20.0
4 7 70.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers it was difficult to
assemble the children because of the un-awareness in the community while as in
another 10 per cent of the centers it was due to the distance from the center. In the
rest of the 70 percent it was no difficulty in assembling the children.
When Salary
Valid 2 7 70.0
3 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the table that in 70 percent of the centers salary was not
paid on time while as in rest of the 30 per cent of the centers the workers had not
received any salary since joining the centers. It was found during the study that in
almost all of the cases the salary of the worker is always delayed which can have
implications in terms of the lack of motivation on the part of the worker.
What action for irregularity
Valid 1 4 40.0
2 4 40.0
4 1 10.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the table that in 40 per cent of the centers the workers had
complained to the Supervisor against the irregularity while as another 40 per cent
had complained to CDPO. In another 10 per cent of the centers the worker had done
nothing regarding the irregularity in the salary. In the rest of the 10 per cent of the
centers question was not applicable as the workers were yet to receive any salary.
Apart from salary money
Valid 1 7 70.0
5 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 70 per cent of the centers the workers had not
received any money apart from their salary while as in another 30 per cent of the
centers the question was not applicable as they had not received even salary.
Was it enough
Valid 3 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 100 per cent of the centers was not
applicable as no additional money was provided to them.
Implications if not adequate
Valid 3 2 20.0
4 5 50.0
5 2 20.0
6 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers there was lack of
stationary due to the non availability of the money while as in another 10 per cent of
the centers there was lack of matting. In another 20 per cent of the centers no such
difficulty was encountered and in rest of the 50 per cent of the centers the question
was not applicable as the centers had not yet completed the 12 months since their
establishment.
How many times difficulty
Valid 1 6 60.0
2 1 10.0
7 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 60 per cent the workers always faced difficulty
in receiving the money they had spent out of their own pocket in running the center
while as in 20 per cent of the centers difficulty was faced at most of the times. In rest
of 30 per cent of the centers the question was not applicable
Spend on own
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 50 per cent of the centers the workers had not
spend on their own while in the rest of the 50 per cent of the centers the workers
had spend out of their own pockets.
Specify
Valid 1 3 30.0
2 2 20.0
3 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 30 per cent of the centers the workers had
purchased food items while as another 20 per cent had purchased stationary on
their own and the in rest of the 50 per cent of the centers the question was not
applicable.
Days of training
Valid 2 3 30.0
3 6 60.0
4 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 30 per cent of the centers the workers had
undergone training for 15 days to one month while as in another 60 percent of the
centers workers had undergone a training period of above one month. The rest of
the 10 per cent of the workers had not received any kind of training yet. It was
found during the study that in most of the cases the workers had acquired training
when they were recruited as ICDS workers.
Last Training
Valid 1 2 20.0
2 1 10.0
3 2 20.0
4 3 30.0
5 1 10.0
6 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers the last training had
been held a year ago while as in another 10 per cent of the centers the workers had
undergone training three years ago. In another 30 per cent of the centers training
had been carried out ten years ago. Also in another 20 per cent the centers the
workers had undergone training five years ago. 10 per cent of the workers had not
undergone any training yet and the rest of the 10 per cent had undergone training
six months ago. It can be assessed from the above table that trainings are not being
conducted frequently which can have implications on the functioning of the center
keeping in view the changing trends and technologies.
Remember two issues
Valid 3 3 30.0
5 4 40.0
6 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 30 per cent of the workers were provided
training regarding generating awareness among the community members while as
40 per cent of the workers had been provided training regarding weight of children
and also generating awareness among the community members. The rest of the 30
per cent didnt remember any issue and also who had not received any training yet.
Training Appropriate
Valid 1 7 70.0
4 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 70 per cent of the workers considered training to
be appropriate while as in the rest of the 30 per cent of the centers the workers
didnt remember and also they had not received any training yet.
Any Special training
Valid 1 3 30.0
6 7 70.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 30 per cent of the workers want to get the
training in weighing the children while as the rest of the 70 per cent of the workers
were of the opinion that they do not require any training.
WHEN LAST SALARY
Valid 2 5 50.0
3 4 40.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
Any other responsibility
Valid 1 6 60.0
2 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 60 per cent of the workers had been given the
additional responsibility while as the rest of 40 per cent had not been assigned any
other responsibility.
Which Activity
Valid 1 1 10.0
3 3 30.0
5 1 10.0
6 4 40.0
7 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 10 per cent of the workers were engaged with
Panchayat elections while as the other 30 per cent of the workers were engaged with
the pulse polio campaign, another 10 per cent were engaged with both Panchayat
elections and census. Also another 10 per cent were engaged with Panchayat
elections, pulse polio campaign and census enumeration also and the rest of the 40
per cent were not assigned any such kind of other responsibility.
No. Of Days
Valid 1 4 40.0
2 1 10.0
5 1 10.0
6 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 40 per cent of the workers were engaged from
1 to 5 days and another 10 per cent were engaged for 5 to 15 days. Also other 10 per
cent of the workers were engaged for more than 45 days and the rest of the 40 per
cent did not qualify for the question as they had not been assigned any such
responsibility.
Honorarium
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 1 10.0
3 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 50 per cent of the workers were provided with
honorarium for these activities while as 10 per cent of the workers were not given
any honorarium and the rest of the 40 per cent does not qualify for the question as
they were not given any such responsibility.
Who was Taking Care
Valid 1 6 60.0
5 4 40.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 60 per cent of the centers the helper used to
take care when the worker was given other responsibilities and the rest of the 40 per
cent of the workers had not been given any such responsibility.
How many Registers
Valid 4 2 20.0
6 2 20.0
7 1 10.0
8 4 40.0
12 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 20 per cent of the centers workers were
maintaining a total number of 4 registers while as in another 20 per cent of the
centers 6 registers were maintained by the workers. In another 10 per cent of the
centers 7 registers were being maintained by the workers. Also in 10 per cent of the
centers 8 registers were being maintained by the workers. In the rest of the 40 per
cent of the centers 12 registers were maintained by workers.
Attendance
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that attendance register was being maintained in
all of the centers.
Consumption
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that consumption register was being maintained
by workers in all of the centers.
Stock
Valid 1 7 70.0
2 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 70 per cent of the workers were maintaining
the stock registers while as 30 per cent of the workers were not maintaining the
stock register.
Immunization
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
the immunization register while as 20 per cent were not maintaining it.
Survey
Valid 1 9 90.0
2 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
the survey register while as 10 per cent were not maintaining it.
Home Visits
Valid 1 7 70.0
2 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
the stock registers while as 30 per cent of the workers were not maintaining the
stock register.
Time spent in week
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in all the centers the time taken for filing the
registers in a week was less than 5 hours.
How Community Perceives
Valid 1 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in all of the centers the community was
supportive.
Frequency of ration Supply
Valid 4 1 10.0
5 8 80.0
6 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 10 per cent of the centers ration supply was
provided after every six months while as in 80 per cent of the centers it was
provided on yearly basis. In rest of the 10 per cent of the centers it was provided as
per the demand.
Adequate
Valid 1 9 90.0
2 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that in 90 per cent of the centers ration supply
provided was adequate while in rest of the 10 percent of the centers it was not
adequate.
Manage
Valid 3 1 10.0
5 9 90.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that 10 percent of the centers were closed due to non
availability of adequate ration supply while as in 90 per cent of the centers the
question was not applicable as the ration supply provided to them was adequate.
AWW Situated
Valid 1 3 30.0
2 1 10.0
4 6 60.0
Total 10 100.0
It can be ascertained from the above table that 30 percent of the centers has their
own building while as 10 per cent has rented accommodation. In the rest of the 60
per cent of the centers are functioning at Anganwadi helpers residence.
Distance Primary School
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 2 20.0
3 1 10.0
4 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 50 per cent of the centers are situated at a
distance of 100-200 meters from the primary school while as 20 per cent are situated
at a distance of 200-400 meters. Another 10 per cent are situated at a distance of 400-
600 meters and the rest 20 per cent are situated at a distance of more than 1000
meters from the nearest primary school.
ICDS Project office
Valid 2 2 20.0
3 6 60.0
4 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 20 per cent of the Anganwadi centers are
situated at a distance of 1-5km from the CDPO Office while as 60 per cent are
situated at a distance of 5-10km.Rest of 20 per cent are situated at a distance of 5-10
km from the CDPO office.
Health Center
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 4 40.0
3 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is evident from the above table that 10 percent are situated at a distance of less
than 500 meters from the nearest health center while as 40 per cent are situated at a
distance of 500 meters-1 km. Rest of the 50 per cent of the centers are situated at a
distance of 1-5 km from the nearest health center.
Electricity
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that electricity was available in 80 per cent of the
centers while as in 20 per cent of the centers it was not available
Room Heater
Valid 2 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in all of the centers room heater was not
available.
Telephone
Valid 2 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that telephone was not available in all of the centers.
Safe Drinking water
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 80 per cent of the centers safe drinking water
was available while as in 20 per cent of the centers it was not available.
Toilet
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 9 90.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that toilet facility was available only in 10 per cent of
the centers while as it was not available in 90 per cent of the centers.
Place Activities
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that place for carrying activities was available in 80
per cent of the centers while as it was not available in 20 per cent of the centers.
Kitchen
Valid 1 4 40.0
2 6 60.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers kitchen facility was
available whole as it was not available in the rest of the 60 per cent of the centers.
Place Keep Food
Valid 1 4 40.0
2 6 60.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 40 per cent of the centers there was the
availability of the place to keep food while there was no proper place to keep food
in the rest of the 60 per cent of the centers.
Store Room
Valid 1 5 50.0
2 5 50.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that store room was available in 50 per cent of the
centers while as there was no store room in the rest of the 50 per cent of the centers.
Toy kit
Valid 1 6 60.0
2 4 40.0
10 100.0
Total
It is clear from the above table that toy kit was available in 60 per cent of the centers
while it was not available in the rest of the 40 per cent of the centers.
First aid kit
Valid 2 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that first aid kit was not available in all of the centers.
Weight machine children
Valid 1 9 90.0
2 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that weight machine for children was available in 90
per cent of the centers while as it was not available in the rest of the 10 per cent of
the centers.
Weight machine pregnant ladies
Valid 2 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that weight machine for pregnant ladies were not
available in all of the centers.
Cooking utensils
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that cooking utensils were present in 80 per cent of
the centers while as they were not available in the rest of 20 per cent of the centers.
Playing material
Valid 1 7 70.0
2 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that playing material was available in 70 per cent of
the centers while as it was it was not available in the rest of the 30 per cent of the
Anganwadi centers.
Bucket
Valid 1 8 80.0
2 2 20.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that bucket was available in 80 per cent of the centers
while as it was not available in the rest of the 20 per cent of the centers.
T.V/Transistor
Valid 1 2 20.0
2 8 80.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that T.V/Transistor was available in 20 per cent of
the centers while as it was not available in the rest of the 80 per cent of the centers.
Last time weight
Valid 1 3 30.0
2 6 60.0
5 1 10.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 30 percent of the centers weight of children
was carried out in a period of less than a month while as in 60 percent of the centers
it was carried out 1 to 2 months ago. In the rest of the 10 percent of the centers
weight of children was not been carried out.
3 6 Year Identified as Malnourished
Valid 1 1 10.0
2 9 90.0
Total 10 100.0
It is clear from the above table that in 10 percent of the centers children in the age
group of 3 to 6 years were identified as malnourished while as in the rest of the 90
percent of the centers no such children were identified by the worker.
Qualitative analysis of FGDs and Observations
Findings:
- All the Anganwadi centers were located in their respective localities and were
accessible and easily reachable for the community people;
- Most of the Anganwadi centers were functioning in the rented buildings and
were lacking the facilities of having separate kitchen, latrine, and storeroom.
- The other basic necessities like fans, weight machine for pregnant ladies, first
aid boxes, room heater were not available in the Anganwadi centers. In most
of the AWCs no proper matting and furnishing was available;
- Most of the AWCs were located in the residential houses and due care was
taken for the cleanliness and hygiene in the centers.
- In most of the cases it was found that the quality of ration was satisfactory
however, it was shared by one of the helper that the quality of pulses is poor
at times;
- It was observed during the study that cooked supplementary nutrition is
provided on daily basis in the centers however, adequate attention is not paid
in inculcating the healthy habits of eating such as sitting together, washing
hands prior to eating etc.
- In most of the centers the immunization services were provided on monthly
basis and the centers had a good liaison with the health centers. However
there were almost negligible cases of referrals on part of the AWW, the
Wormicide medicines were not available in any of the centers.
- The health checkups and the immunization of the pregnant ladies were mostly
carried out directly by ASHAs and AWCs only maintain records.
- It was found during the study that the stock registers were maintained and
updated by the workers on a daily basis.
- The stocks are not weighed at the time of supply because of the lack of
measuring equipments.
- Pre-school education an important service in ICDS was not provided as per
the provisions in majority of the cases. The centers were mostly confined to
providing nutrition to the beneficiaries.
- It was observed during the study that the attendance registers filled by the
workers used to show 100 per cent attendance which was not the case. This
points out to the proxy done by the workers and supervisors.
- Nutrition and health awareness sessions and home visits are rarely organized
by the workers and no such emphasis is paid to motivate and increase
participation of the women in such sessions.
- Salary of the AWWs and rent is not provided on time which de-motivates
workers and helpers thereby hampering the functioning of the center.
- It was seen during the study that training is not provided as per the
provisions of the ICDS.
Focused Group Discussions
- It was found during the FGDs that in all the communities were the centers are
located perceived the centers to be meant only for providing nutrition to the
children and other beneficiaries.
- There was general agreement among community members about the centers
not being able to cater the needs of the population. They were of the view that
the centers should be established on the basis of the population and according
to the hilly terrains and accessibility.
- It was also found during the FGDs that wherever the centers are constructed
by the Social Welfare Department no rent is paid to the land owner and also
no care was taken in maintenance of the buildings.
- There was lack of supervisory mechanism on part of the department as the
community members were not happy with the attendance of the workers.
- The community members were of the view that the worker should belong to
the same locality where the center is situated.
Suggestions:
- There should be an effective monitoring and supervisory mechanism. The
supervisors and CDPOs should be issued instructions to monitor regularly the
work of the Anganwadi Workers and take action where necessary.
- The services of Pre- school education should be strengthened. Pre-school kits
and toys should be provided to all AWCs.
- Arrangements should be made for the provision of trainings as per norms
mentioned so that they remain aware of the latest trends and changes
happening.
- Separate buildings should be constructed so that proper space and other
facilities are made available to the beneficiaries.
- Due care should be given in the maintenance of the centers which have their
own buildings as it was seen that due to the lack of effective maintenance
those were in a dilapidated condition without window panes, furnishing and
painted walls;
- Awareness programs should be organized in the respective communities to
make the people aware about the services to be provided, duties and functions
of the AWCs.
- While recruiting the Anganwadi worker preference should be given to the
local candidates as it was seen those workers who do not belong to the locality
are not regular.
- First aid boxes, Wormicide medicines, weighing machine for the pregnant
ladies should be made available as these things were not available in any of
the centers.
- Salary of the Workers, helpers and other expenses should be provided on time
as the delay acts as a de-motivating factor in the functioning of the center;
- The location of the Anganwadi center should be reviewed periodically as it
was observed during the study that some AWCs were overloaded because of
the fact that a single center had to cater to a large number of beneficiaries
which exceed the number already enrolled in the center.
Conclusion
The integrated child development services programme with the six services namely
Supplementary Nutrition, Immunization, Health Check-ups, Referral Services, Pre-
School Education, and Nutrition & Health Education intends to ensure holistic
development of children in the age group of 0 to 6 years and also to make necessary
arrangements which will go on in ensuring better reproductive health for pregnant
women through the Anganwadi centers established at the respective localities of the
beneficiaries with the two persons operating the center known as Anganwadi
worker and helper employed in the center in order to fulfill the above objectives.
The programme also mentions a systematic mechanism to ensure all the objectives
intended for the welfare of the beneficiaries however, the programme has not been
able to deliver successfully because of the various lacunas and the imprudent
avenues of corruption inherent in the programme itself which was testified in the
present study also. The areas which need to be taken care of in order to make the
programme effective in real terms have been mentioned in the above sections of the
report.
It is to be said that governments efforts are commendable; the complications arise

in that people must first be aware of the problem before they can take advantage of
the government services addressing it. Effective development and communication
programmes can play a pivotal role in bridging these knowledge gaps by
identifying barriers to behavior change, analyzing these barriers, and developing
original techniques to overcome them.
The constraints which need to be taken care of are things such as dilapidated or
absent physical infrastructure, absenteeism, timely reimbursement of salary and
other remuneration, effective coordination between AWCs, health centers and
schools, lack of paraphernalia , establishment of separate centers and effective
monitory mechanism.

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REPORT

JAMMU AND KASHMIR ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL

Jammu & Kashmir Association of Social Workers,

- Integrated Child Development Services Programme

- ICDS in Jammu and Kashmir

- Objectives of the study

- Tools of data collection

- Graphical Representation of Data

iii. To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school

iv. To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the

2. Services: The above objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of

iii. Health check-up,

iv. Referral services,

v. Pre-school non-formal education and

vi. Nutrition & health education.

The concept of providing a package of services is based primarily on the

Services Target Group Service Provided by

Supplementary Nutrition Children below 6 years: Anganwadi Worker and

Immunization* Children below 6 years: ANM/MO

Pregnant & Lactating

Health Check-up* Children below 6 years: ANM/MO/AWW

Pregnant & Lactating

Referral Services Children below 6 years: AWW/ANM/MO

Pregnant & Lactating

Pre-School Education Children 3-6 years AWW

Nutrition & Health Women (15-45 years) AWW/ANM/MO

*AWW assists ANM in identifying the target group.

2.2 Immunization: Immunization of pregnant women and infants protects

2.5 Non-formal Pre-School Education (PSE)

1. Funding Pattern: ICDS is a Centrally-sponsored Scheme implemented

For Rural/Urban Projects

Thereafter in multiples of 800 1 AWC

For Mini- AWC

150-300 1 Mini AWC

5. Supplementary Nutrition Norms:

Sl.No. Category Pre-revised Revised rates (per

1. Children (6-72 months) Rs.2.00 Rs.4.00

2. Severely malnourished Rs.2.70 Rs.6.00

3. Pregnant women and Nursing Rs.2.30 Rs.5.00

Sl. Category [Pr-revised] [Revised]

Calories Protein Calories Protein (g)

1. Children (6-72 months) 300 8-10 500 12-15

2. Severely malnourished children 600 20 800 20-25

3. Pregnant women and Nursing 500 15-20 600 18-20

5.3 Type of Supplementary Nutrition:

6. Registration of beneficiaries: Since BPL is no longer a criteria under ICDS,

7. Expansion of the ICDs Scheme:

Number of Sanctioned EXISTING ADDITIONAL TOTAL

PROJECTS 6284 789 7073

ANGANWADI 10.53 lakh 1.89 lakh 12.42 lakh

MINI-AWCs 36,829 77,102 1,13,931

Total AWCs 13.56 lakh#

* State-wise no. of Projects/AWCs/Mini-AWCS sanctioned in 2008-09 under 3rd

8.1 BUDGETARY ALLOCATION : Alongside gradual expansion of the Scheme,

S.No. Year Budget Allocation (Rs. In Lakh)

(b) Funds released (Rs. In Lakh)

S.No. Year ICDS(G) Supplementary

1 2007-08 310803.27 206231.05

2 2008-09 401319.16 228131.33

3 2009-10 177894.15 182001.76

State-wise details of funds released are available under Data Table on

9.2 Role & responsibilities of AWW, ANM and ASHA:

9.3 STATUS OF ANGANWADI WORKERS AND HELPERS: