Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kesehatan Lingkungan
Disusun Oleh :
2017
Apa Yang Dunia Usaha Bisa Lakukan Untuk Membantu Kesejahteraan
Mental Pekerja?
Di awal pekan bulan September, The Conference Board of Canada merilis sebuah laporan
yang menyatakan bahwa produktivitas yang hilang karena pekerja yang mengalami depresi dan
kecemasan menelan biaya ekonomi hampir $ 50 miliar Canada per tahun. Kerugian ini tidak
hanya disebabkan jumlah absensi, namun juga abstinensia: pekerja,yang ketika mereka hadir di
tempat kerja, tetapi dengan produktivitas yang menurun.
Wakil Presiden lembaga tersebut menyebutkan, laporan ini seharusnya menjadi sebuah wake-up
call bagi para pengusaha, pemilik bisnis dan asuransi untuk perlu bertindak lebih strategis
tentang isu kesehatan mental. Saat ini, pemerintah masih menjadi satu-satunya agen yang fokus
berurusan dengan masalah kesehatan mental, sementara perhatian tidak biasanya diberikan oleh
dunia usaha.
Penyakit mental dan kecemasan memang tidak seharusnya menjadi tanggung jawab penuh
pengusaha. Akan tetapi, jika lebih pengusaha akan mengambil waktu untuk benar-benar berpikir
tentang bagaimana berINVESTASI terhadap karyawan mereka melalui kesehatan mental maka
tentu return of investment (ROI) yang didapat bisa sangat besar.
Mitra untuk Kesehatan Mental (Partner for Mental Health) meluncurkan kampanye Not My
Self beberapa tahun yang lalu. Sejak diluncurkan, mereka telah memiliki lebih dari 320
perusahaan dan organisasi yang mengambil bagian dalam kampanye ini.
Sementara itu The Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) membuat sebuah program
yang disebut The Working Mind sebuah program edukasi yang dirancang untuk
mempromosikan dan menghilangkan stigma terhadap kesejahteraan mental di tempat kerja.
Lembaga dan usaha ini patut dipikirkan hadir di Indonesia dengan tujuan dapat mendukung
kesehatan dan kesejahteraan mental pekerja, mendorong produktivitas penuh pekerja,
memastikan tempat bekerja adalah sebuah tempat yang aman dengan suasana saling menghargai
termasuk terhadap pekerja yang mengalami permasalahan mental, serta mendukung agar pekerja
mencari pertolongan untuk mengatasi permasalahn mental dan penyakit mental.
Mari melihat pada kampanye ini atau bahkan mungkin menjadi tuan rumah sebuah acara di
kantor anda. Satu pertemuan sederhana mungkin saja bisa mengubah tidak hanya satu kehidupan
karyawan, tetapi bisnis anda juga. Rencanakan program promosi kesehatan mental. Lakukan
Mental Health Screening dengan provider kesehatan kerja yang Anda percayai. Bicarakan hal-
hal yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan mental, Bullying, misalnya. Jika anda seorang pemilik
bisnis, luangkan waktu untuk berpikir tentang karyawan anda dan bagaimana organisasi anda
mungkin dapat meningkatkan kesehatan mental mereka.
Children should be taught how to wash hands, says watchdog
Good hygiene techniques could help prevent illness and slow use of antibiotics, says national
health institute.
Children and young people need to be taught how to wash their hands properly to reduce the risk
of infection, a UK medicines watchdog has advised.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) said good handwashing and drying
techniques should be encouraged to help lower the likelihood of spreading germs and therefore
limit the use of antibiotics.
The guidance also calls for teenagers attending university to be taught how to care
for themselves if they contract a self-limiting illness such as cold or flu.
The charity Meningitis Now warned that first-time students, who were often vulnerable to
contracting the potentially deadly illness, must be vigilant over their symptoms because
meningitis could easily be mistaken for cold or flu.
Health authorities across the world are trying to reduce antibiotic use to slow the growth of
antimicrobial resistance.
The Nice guidance says university students should be shown how to identify illnesses that will
get better on their own. They should also be encouraged to use pharmacies, the 111 helpline and
the NHS Choices website, it said.
The watchdog recommends that posters be displayed around campus explaining how to wash
hands effectively.
Similarly, children at nurseries and schools should be taught good hygiene, particularly after
going to the toilet, before eating and after being in close contact with people with colds or other
infections, Nice said.
Liquid soap and tepid running water should be used to clean hands after touching a bin.
Other measures to reduce the risk of illness include ensuring food and leftovers are stored in the
fridge, cooked at the right temperature and properly heated through.
Prof Dame Sally Davies, the governments chief medical officer, said: We need to address the
growing problem of drug-resistant infections as the global medicine cabinet is becoming
increasingly bare.
Preventing infections is key and so is education on how to use antibiotics appropriately. This
guidance provides important information on how we can keep these important medicines
working.
Rachel Robinson, acting chief executive at Meningitis Now, said good hand hygiene was needed
to combat disease but warned of the dangers of self-diagnosis.
Asking people to self-diagnose and take a view on the seriousness of their illness is a difficult
area, she said. While meningitis is a relatively rare disease, its early symptoms, such as fever,
headache or vomiting, can easily be misdiagnosed, even by medical professionals.
People with meningitis can get a lot worse very quickly and we know rapid diagnosis and
treatment significantly improve outcomes. We wouldnt want people to think they should try to
manage this themselves.
ScienceDirect
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
Anopheles;
Aedes;
Culex;
Arbovirus;
Chikungunya;
Dengue;
GuillainBarre syndrome;
Microcephaly;
Nanoparticles
Arthropods are dangerous vectors of important pathogens and parasites, which may
hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and
animals [1]. In particular, mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) represent a key threat for
millions of humans and animals worldwide, since they act as vectors for important
parasites and pathogens, including malaria, filariasis and important arboviruses
such as dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis
encephalitis viruses (Flaviridae, genus Flavivirus); chikungunya, Eastern equine
encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Ross
River, Sindbis, Mayaro, and Getah viruses (Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus); Potosi,
San Angelo, La Crosse, and Jamestown Canyon viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus
Bunyavirus); Rift Valley fever (Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) and Orungo viruses
(Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus) [2] and [3].
Notably, the recent outbreaks of Zika virus infection occurring in South America,
Central America, and the Caribbean, represents the most recent of the four key
arrivals of arboviruses in the Western Hemisphere over the last 20 years
[9] and [10]. Indeed, Zika virus follows dengue, West Nile virus, which emerged in
1999, and chikungunya, which emerged in 2013 [10] and [11]. The Zika virus
belongs to the genus Flavivirus, and is mainly vectored by Aedes mosquitoes [12],
which are constantly spreading over the continents [5], [13] and [14].
Zika symptoms last from two to seven days, and are comparable to those
characterizing other arbovirus infections, with special reference to dengue. Zika
virus symptoms include fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain,
malaise, and headache [8]. However, the surveys conducted on the high numbers of
cases of Zika virus infections in French Polynesia (2013) and Brazil (2015)
highlighted potential neurological and autoimmune complications. During the Zika
virus outbreaks in French Polynesia, a concomitant epidemic of 73 cases of Guillain
Barr syndrome and other neurologic conditions was observed in a population of
about 270 000 people [15]. In Northeast Brazil, during 2015, the increase in Zika
virus infections has been reported in close concurrence of an increase in babies
born with microcephaly [16]. World Health Organization [8] pointed out that further
research is urgently needed to shed light on the relationship between these
potential complications and Zika virus infections [5].
Mosquito population control is a crucial tool in the fight against Zika virus infections.
Recently, renewed interest has been devoted to the potential of sterile insect
technique (SIT) for suppression of mosquito vectors, even if with special reference
to the genus Anopheles [29] and [30]. Notably, SIT has been recently combined with
auto-dissemination (i.e. adult females contaminated with dissemination stations of
juvenile hormone to treat breeding habitats), a technique recently proved efficient
to control Aedes species but that cannot be used at large scales. This has led to
formulate a new control concept, named boosted SIT that might enable the area-
wide eradication of mosquitoes and other vectors of medical and veterinary
importance [31]. Lees et al. [32] also pointed out that, until perfect sexing
mechanisms exist, combination of Wolbachia-induced phenotypes, such as
cytoplasmic incompatibility and pathogen interference, and irradiation may prove to
be the safest solution for population suppression. To enhance the success of these
control approaches, detailed basic knowledge about Culicidae mating ecology, with
special references of exact behavioural quantification of the events leading to
mating success, is urgently needed.
Biological control programs against mosquito young instars are based on the
release of predatory aquatic organisms, and this strategy is frequently not suitable
in the majority of urban environments exploited by larvae of some Aedes species,
therefore further research is required [33]. However, the employ of biological control
agents of mosquito young instars in presence of ultra-low quantities of plant-
synthesized metal and carbon nanoparticles, may lead to the successful reduction
of vector populations, since the sub-lethal doses of these nanoformulations are toxic
towards the Culicidae, but not to their natural enemies. Notably, they are also able
to boost the biocontrol agent predation rates [34], [35], [36], [37], [38] and [39].
Overall, since there are no specific treatments for Zika virus infection, as well as for
other emerging arboviruses of public health relevance, the effective control of
mosquito vectors with eco-friendly tools is of crucial importance. Besides the use of
synthetic and plant-borne repellents to avoid Culicidae bites, as well as the classic
pesticide-based control programs targeting mosquito young instars, further effective
options will include radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based control approaches. In
addition, the employ of biological control agents of mosquito eggs, larvae and
pupae, in presence of ultra-low quantities of bioreduced nanoparticles, which boost
their predation rates, seems promising.
Permasalahan Perumahan dan Permukiman di Indonesia
WHEN THE $20 BILLION HUDSON YARDS development is finished on Manhattans Far West
Side in 2024, it will have six skyscrapers, 5,000 apartments, more than 100 stores,
and a public school. One thing it will not have is municipal garbage trucks. Related
Companies, one of the developers working on the project, plans to install pneumatic
tubes that will whisk trash to a sorting area. The system should decrease the
amount of garbage that ends up in landfills: residents will be able to drop
recyclables and compost into designated chutes right outside their doors. By
replacing trucks, the tubes will also cut down on noise and pollutionand, hopefully,
on rats.
One way to get people to produce less garbage is to charge them for
it. So-called pay-as-you-throw programsin which municipalities bill
residents for their garbagehave been around for decades but are
becoming more widespread. And they work: since beginning a pay-
as-you-throw program in 1993, Worcester, Massachusetts, has seen
a 53 percent drop in waste, from 43,000 tons a year to 20,000. It
really does change behavior, says Mark Dancy, the president of
WasteZero, a company that runs similar programs in hundreds of
municipalities. Now that [people] are aware that trash has a cost,
they begin looking for all the alternatives to putting things in a trash
can.
We already turn water bottles into fleece, plastic bags into deck
material, roofing into pavement. But ideas abound for more-
futuristic forms of recycling. Mitchell Joachim, a co-founder of
Terreform ONE, a design firm based in New York, proposes crushing
trash and molding it into Tetris-esque blocks that we could use to
build islands and skyscrapers. Joachims firm has created
architectural plans for a 53-story tower made with the waste New
Yorkers produce in 24 hours. A group in Guatemala called Pura Vida
is already working on a low-tech version of the same idea; it
promotes the use of a building material it calls an eco-blockjust
a plastic bottle stuffed with trashthat it says makes for excellent
insulation and is safe in earthquakes.