3871 Ewahyuni MekbanEnglish090214

09/02/2014
MEKANIKA BAHAN
(Mechanics of Materials)
3 CREDITS
Statically Determinate
Mechanics 1
Lecturers:
Until ETS
Endah Wahyuni, ST (ITS), MSc (UMIST), PhD (UoM)
endahwahyuni@gmail.com @end222
ETS - EAS
Prof. Ir. Priyo Suprobo, MS, PhD
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 1

09/02/2014
BILINGUAL CLASS
1 Module in English, Class in
Indonesian; or vice versa.
2 Delivery of contents in 2
languages (Indonesian & English).
3 Technical terms in English
Materials
Bs:
o E.P. Popov, 1978,

1.
o Mechanics of Materials
2. k 1, ,
M ics of nal.its.ac.id/dataPe
Materials e Material rsonal.php?userid=
3. R.C. Hibbeler, 1997,c5. Online ewahyuni
Mechanics of Materials h 2 http://www.stru
4. Any related books, a1 http://perso cturalconcepts.org
with topic: n 4
Dr. Endah Wahyuni

2
09/02/2014
E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

nd
Materials, 2 edition
Gere & Timoshenko, 2008, Mechanics

th
of Materials, 7 edition
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 3

09/02/2014
R.C. Hibbeler, 2010, Mechanics of

th
Materials, 8 edition
Other books: Mechanics of Material
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 4

09/02/2014
Learning Methods
1 Class
Students are required to read the course
material to be provided in the existing class
schedule
2 Responsiveness
Exercises in class with guidance
3 Quiz
In-class exam at any given time
4 Home work
Students do the work to be done at home with
the responsibility, not only collects the duty.
9
Evaluations
UTS (30%) UAS (30%)
Quiz1 (10%) Quiz2 (10%)
PR1 (10%) PR2 (10%)
*Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa

10
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 5

09/02/2014
Notes:
1 20 minutes late, not permitted to enter the class.
2 Disturbing class go out
3 Home work is collected before the class starting
Keep the spirit on!
11
Contents
Metode Pembelajaran Bobot Nilai
No Minggu ke Kompetensi Indikator Kompetensi Materi Pembelajaran
dan Evaluasi %
1 1 Dapat menjelaskan tentang tegangan, Ketepatan penjelaskan a. pendahuluan Kuliah lihat UTS
regangan, modulus elastisitas serta modulus tentang tegangan, rergangan, modulus b. pengertian tegangan, regangan
geser elastisitas serta modulus geser c. pengertian modulus elastisitas
d. static test
2 2&3 Dapat menghitung tegangan yang terjadi Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan pada a. lentur muni pada balok elastis Kuliah lihat UTS
pada sebuah balok akibat beban lentur murni balok yang menerima beban lentur murni b. lentur muni pada balok dengan Responsi
baik pada balok dengan bahan tunggal dua bahan PR 1 2
maupun pada balok dengan dua bahan, c. lentur murni pada balok
baik semasih pada kondisi elastis maupun non elastis
sesudah mencapai kondisi non elastis
3 4&5 Dapat menghitung tegangan geser pada balok Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan geser a. hubungan momen dan gaya Kuliah lihat UTS
yang disebabkan oleh beban lentur, pada balok akibat beban lentur lintang Responsi
pada balok-balok dengan berbagai bentuk b. tegangan geser akibat beban PR 2 2
penampang. lentur
c. shear center
d. geser pada profil berdinding tipis
4 6 Dapat menghitung tegangan dan regangan Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan dan a. pengertian torsi Kuliah lihat UTS
pada poros akibat beban torsi regangan pada poros akibat beban torsi b. tegangan geser torsi Responsi
c. regangan oleh torsi PR 3 2
d. tegangan oleh torsi pada poros
non elastis
5 7&8 Dapat mengkombinasikan tegangan-tegangan Ketepatan perhitungan kombinasi tegangan a. kombinasi tegangan pada balok Kuliah lihat UTS
sejenis pada penampang balok atau kolom dan ketepatan penggambaran bentuk kern tidak simetris Responsi
dan dapat menggambar bentuk kern dari b. kombinasi tegangan pada PR 4 2
berbagai bentuk penampang penampang kolom
c. kern
6 9 UTS Test 40
12
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 6

09/02/2014
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Slicing Method
3. Understanding of Stress
4. Normal Stress
5. Average Shear Stress
6. Determine of and
7. STATIC TEST
8. Allowed Stress
9. Strain
13
10. Diagram, Normal Stress - Strain

1- HOOKE law
2- Yield Point
3- Deformation of bars from Axial loads
4- Poissons Ratio
5- Relationship of Stress, Strain and Poissons Ratio
11. Shear Stress and Strain
1- Shear Stress
2- Shear Strain
14
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 7

09/02/2014
12. Pure Bending on beams

13. Moment of Inertia
14. Calculating Stress on beams
15. Beams with two materials
16. Pure bending on non-elastic beams

17. Shear-bending Stress
18. Torsion
19. Multiple Stresses
20. Combination of stresses on Columns

21. KERN
22. ..etc ETS
15
After midsemester evaluation:

1. Plane stress analysis
Maximum and minimum stress
Mohr Circle
2. Bar design based on stress
Based on axial stress, flexure and shear for
prismatic bar and definite static
3. Definite Static Beams deformation
1 Equation of elastic line deformation method.
Unit Load method

1 Area moment method

4. Stability of Compression Bar
Centric Load and Shear Force.
16
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 8
09/02/2014
Reviews:
Statically Determinate Mechanics
1 Determinate Structure : If?

Static Equation ??
2 1
3 2
4 3
17
rol rol
rol
18
send sendi
i
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 9
09/02/2014
rol rol
sendi rol
19
sendi sendi
Reactions
1 Simply supported beams
2 Cantilever beams
3 Trusses
20
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 10

09/02/2014
Loadings
1- Point Load
1 At midspan,
2 Within certain location
2- Distribution Loads
1 Full distributed loads
2 Partially distributed loads
3- Moment Loads
1 At the end of cantilever
2 Midspan
3 Within certain location
21
Modul 1
Tegangan dan Regangan

Stress & Strain
22

09/02/2014
Introduction
1 At a structure, each elements of a
structure should be having a dimension. The
elements
them or maybe applied to them. To calculate the
dimension of the elements, we should know the
methods to analyses, which are:
1 strength ( kekuatan),
2 stiffness ( kekakuan),
The methods will be discussed in this Mechanic of

Materials.
23
1 Mechanics of materials is a subject of a very old

age, which generally begins with Galileo in the early 17th
century. The first one describes the behavior of the
structure of load rationally.
24
09/02/2014
1 The behavior of the structure to obtain the force

depends not only on the fundamental laws of Newtonian
mechanics that govern force equilibrium but also to the
physical characteristics of the structural parts, which can
be obtained from the laboratory, where they are given
the force of action is known accurately.
2 Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from

the experiment and the Newtonian principals on
elastic mechanics.
3 One of the main problems in mechanics of materials is

to investigate the resistance of an object, that is the
essence of the internal forces for balancing the external
forces.
25
APPLICATIONS Planning of a Structure
STRUCTURAL ANALYSES
MATERIALS
CONTROL
PLANNING OF THE STRENGTH /
DIMENSIONS STRESS
STRUCTURES: STABLE
26
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EXAMPLE
TUBE TRUSSES
27
EXAMPLE
BUILDING FRAME
70/70
50/50
28
09/02/2014
EXAMPLE
P2
P1
H1 H2
B1 B2
Because of P2 > P1, thus from

stress analysis, dimension will be
obtained where B2 > B1, H2 > H1
29
Metode Irisan
GAYA DALAM
P1 P2
P1 P2
S2
S3
S1 S3
P4 P3
GAYA DALAM P4 P3
30
09/02/2014
Tegangan (Stress)
TEGANGAN NORMAL TEGANGAN GESER
Tegak Lurus Sejajar Bidang

Bidang Potongan Potongan
DEFINISI :
TEGANGAN ADALAH GAYA DALAM YANG

BEKERJA PADA SUATU LUASAN KECIL
TAK BERHINGGA DARI SUATU
POTONGAN
31
Stress (Tegangan)
MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS
Lim
= A 0 F NORMAL STRESS
A
= A Lim 0 V SHEAR STRESS
A
= Normal Stress
= Shear Stress
A = Cross-section area
F = Forces on perpendicular of cross-section
V = Forces on parralel of cross-section 32

09/02/2014
Stress (Tegangan)
Stress symbols on elements related
with coordinates : z
zy
zx
xz yz y
y
x xy yx
x
33
Normal Stresses
NORMAL STRESS NORMAL STRESS
Tension Compression
P P
= P/A = P/A
P P 34
09/02/2014
Average Shear Stresses

FORCES ACTING
PARRALEL SECTION CREATING SHEAR STRESS
P= P Cos / ANormal
A
Shear
A
Normal
A
Shear = P / AShear 35
Average Shear Stress

P
P
P
= P / Total AShear
A Total Ashear =
Shear 2 x Sectional Area of Bolts
36

09/02/2014
Determine and
RSTAND THE
N
PURPOSE
Calculation of
EED
STRESS TO
AND THE
GOAL
UNDE
EQ
D F UA
CALCULATION E O TIO
N:
T R
E C
DETERMINATION OF FORCE
AND CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA
R E
CALCULATION RESULT M V Define
I ACross
N L Sectional
E UArea
E
USE STATIC
C The Maximum
h To get
Stress 38
D
09/02/2014
Determine Cross Sectional Area

example :
The smallest cross

sectional area that was
choosen to get the
maximum stress value
39
Example 1:
A concrete wall as shown in the figure, received distributed loads of
2
20 kN/m . Calculate the stress on 1 m above the based. The
3
gravitation load of the concrete is 25 kN/m
40
09/02/2014
Answer:
Self weight of concrete wall:
W = [(0,5 + 1,5)/2] (0,5) (2) (25) = 25 kN
Total load: P = 20 (0,5) (0,5) = 5 kN
From Fy = 0, the reaction R = W + P = 30 kN
using upper part of the wall as a free thing, thus the weight of
the wall upper the cross-section is W1 = (0,5 + 1) (0,5)
(25/2) = 9,4 kN
From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1

= 14,4 kN
Normal stress on a-a is a = Pa/A = 14,4/

(0,5x1) = 28,8 41
KN/m2
The stress is a compression normal stress
that worked as Fa on the section.
Stress
o
If W = 10 Ton, a = 30 and cross
TASK :
sectional area of steel cable ABC = 4
D 2 2
1. cm , cable BD = 7 cm , so calculate
stress that happened in ABC and BD

B cables.
C If bolt diameter = 30
mm, b = 200 mm, d1 =
8 mm, d2 = 12 mm, P =
A W 2000 kg, so calculate
the maximum stress
of each frame and
2. P b shear stress of the
P d bolt.
1 42
d2

09/02/2014
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43
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2
09/02/2014
FLEXURE TEST
45
STRAIN TESTING MATERIAL
STATIC TEST LOAD
L STRAIN
-. Pload increase continuously

- Every Pload increasing, list deformation
of testing material that shows in dial
P gauge.
46

09/02/2014
Strain
P (Load) L = = Strain
Change as every
Loading changes
47
(Defor
mation)
P Diagram
Stress
Strain
Diagram
Physical properties of
every material can be
shown from their
stress strain
diagram relationship.
P (load) (Stress)
pict. A pict. B = Strain
P Diagram Diagram 48
Wahyuni 24
Dr. Endah
09/02/2014
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

1- MATERIAL 1 AND MATERIAL - 2, BOTH ARE IDENTICAL
MATERIAL
2- THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL - 2 < MATERIAL - 1
3- THE P RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE DIFFERENT
WITH MATERIAL - 2
4- THE RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE SIMILAR WITH
MATERIAL - 2, ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE DIFFERENT CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA
THEREFORE, MORE SUITABLE USING PICTURE B

TO KNOW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME
MATERIAL
49
Stress Strain Diagram

(Stress) (Stress)
Proportional
Limit
Strain Strain
STEEL MATERIAL CONCRETE MATERIAL
50

09/02/2014
HOOKE
ELASTI
LAW
C
= CONDITIO
N
E
X
=
E
= STRESS
= STRAIN
E = ELASTICI
nis t i
gfra c
tme
is i
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afra
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L o
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.mm 6
L
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Ilen
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m d
stre
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fr tand a
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a astra n
m tin d
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wi sue t
th gof h
L ithat e
= vfra n
10 eme.
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If c
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6
09/02/2014
Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
P2 P3
P1 P4
Px P x
P x force to d x elemen and
dx cause d deformation
d x + dx
d
d = d dx = P x
x
E AxE
53

Axial Load
example : B
B = P d /A E
x . x x .
P = Px Px A L
= Px / Ax . E dx
L dx 0 L
= P . X / Ax . E
A Px Ax = A , Px = P 0
P P =P.L/E.A
Deformation due to P load,
selfweight was ignored 54

09/02/2014

Axial Load
DEFORMATION DUE TO SELFWEIGHT IS :
B L
= Px . dx / Ax . E = 1 / A . E w . X . dx
A L 0
2
= . W.x / A . E = w . L2 / 2 . A . E = WT . L / 2 . A . E
0
DEFORMATION DUE TO P LOAD AND SELFWEIGHT IS :
= P.L / A.E + WT.L / 2.A.E =
= L (P + .WT) / A.E 55
Contoh 2-1:
Tentukan pergeseran relatif dari titik-titik A dan D
pada batang baja yang luas penampangnya bervariasi
seperti terlihat pada gambar di
bawah bila diberikan empat gaya terpusat P1, P2, P3
6 2
dan P4. Ambillah E = 200 x 10 kN/m .
56

09/02/2014
1 Gaya dalam batang adalah :

Antara titik A dan B, P x = +100 kN
Antara titik B dan C, Px = -150 kN
Antara titik C dan D, Px = +50 kN
Dengan menggunakan persamaan:
1 Dengan memasukkan harga-harga numeric dari

contoh, maka diperoleh:
57
BAR DEFORMATION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD
Problem : If the bar diameter of AB

o
100 cm 100 cm C and BC is 20 mm, = 30
1. A and Elasticity Modulus is
6 2
2x10 kg/cm , calculate
BE D deformation of point B.
1000 kg Calculate P1/P2, then after P1 and P2
2. b2 h working, the length of both bar still

P 1 be similar, if b1 = 50 mm, b2 = 50 mm,
b1 2 b b = 25 mm, h = 500 mm, h = 500
3 h2 3 1 2
mm and thickness of both bar = 20
58
P1 P2 mm.
09/02/2014
Poissons Ratio
STRAIN
AXIAL STRAIN LATERAL STRAIN
The shape is being

LONGER and
SMALLER
Lateral Concrete = 0.1 0.2

POISSONS RATIO ( ) = Axial Rubber = 0.5 0.6
59
The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z y
zy
zx yz y
xz
yx
x xy
x
60

09/02/2014

z
y y
z 61

x = + x - y - z
E E E
y = - x + y - z
E E E
z = - x - y + z
E E E
62
09/02/2014
Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRESS
zy zy A
A B
B
y
z
yz yz
/2 C
O O /2
zy C
MO = 0 zy(dy.dx).dz - yz(dx.dz.).dy =0
= SHEAR STRAIN
=
zy yz
Fz = 0 left = yz right 63
yz
Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRAIN:
SHAPE TRANSFORMATION THAT IS EXPRESSED
WITH ANGLE TRANSFORMATION ARE
CALLED SHEAR STRAIN
HOOKE LAW for Shear stress and shear strain:
= .G = Shear Stress
E = Shear Strain
G=
2 (1+ ) G = Shear Modulus
= Poissons Ratio
The relationship between Normal Modulus Elasticity and

64
Shear Modulus

09/02/2014
Modul 2
beam flexure
(pure bending)
65
Pure Bending in Beam

Flexure due to
MOMEN only
66

09/02/2014

Y
a
Yb = C
max max
/2 /2
Force Equilibrium:
Initial Length
( Y/C . max ) dA = 0
FX = 0 A
C Y . dA = 0

MOMENT :
2
M = ( Y/C . ) dA . Y = Y . dA
max max
A A
A Y2 . dA = I = Inertia Moment
M=( max /C).I max =M.C/I
TOP FIBER STRESS BOTTOM FIBER STRESS
max = M . Ya / I max = M . Yb / I
68

09/02/2014

GENERALLY:
max =M.Y/I
I/Y =W (Resistance Moment)
1I / Ya = Wa
2I / Yb = Wb
2
3I= Y . dA INERTIA MOMENT A
69
INERTIA MOMENT h/2

EXAMPLE : 2 2
Ix = y . dA = Y . b . dy
y A -h/2
h/2 h/2
1 3
x = /3 . y . b = 1/3 . (1/8 + 1/8) . h3. b
-h/2
1 1 3 1 3
b h/2 = /3 . /4. h . b = /12 . b. h
1 1
1 -1 /2 1 /2
y /2 2 2
Ix = 3.y . dy + 2 y . dy
1
2 -2 -1 /2
x 2
11 2
+ 3.y . dy
2
1
1 /2
3 70

09/02/2014
INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
1 1
-1 /2 1 /2 2
3 3 1 3 3 3
= /3 . y + 2 . /3 . y + /3 . y
1 1
-2 -1 /2 1 /2
12 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3
1= (-1 / ) (-2) + /3 . (1 /2) - /3 . (-1 /2) + 2 - (1 /2)
2= 13,75
CARA LAIN :
1 3 1 3
= /12 . 3 . 4 /12 . 1 . 3 = 16 2,25 =
13,75 SHORTER CALCULATION
71
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
10.000 kg 10 cm
10 cm 30 cm
400 cm
10 cm
30 cm
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA :
A = ( 2 . 30 . 10 ) + (10 . 30 ) = 900 cm2
INERTIA MOMENT:
1 3 1 3 4
I = /12 . 30 . 50 2 . /12 . 10 . 30 = 267.500 cm
72
09/02/2014
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
RESISTANCE MOMENT:
3
Wa = Wb = I/y = 267.500 / 25 = 10.700 cm
WORKING MOMENT (Beban Hidup Diabaikan) :

MMax = . 10.000 . 400 = 1.000.000 kgcm.
MAXIMUM STRESS OCCURED:

2
Max = MMax / W = 1.000.000 / 10.700 = 93,46 kg/cm
73
Stress Calculation
of Beam
Max
1
y
- y1 = 20 cm Max
+
Max
1 = M / W1 = 1.000.000 . 20 / 267.500 = 74.77 kg/cm2

W 1 = I / y1
74

09/02/2014
EXERCISE MOMENT INERTIA

30 cm Sb Y Calculate Inertia
1 10 cm Moment of its
strong axis( Ix )
40 cm and weak axis ( Iy )
Sb X
10 cm Sb Y
2 10 cm
8 cm Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
20 cm
8 cm strong axis( Ix ) and
10 cm weak axis ( Iy )
Sb X
10 10 10 75
EXERCISE PURE BENDING

200 cm 80 cm 100 kg/m (include its selfweight)
1 2
C
A 400 cm B 200 cm
1500 kg
ulate edge fiber
stresses of 10 cm
30 cm
section - 1 and 2,
then draw its
stress
diagram
2-Calculate its
maximum
a stress
l
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
76

09/02/2014
ASSYMETRIC FLEXURE
q
1/8 .
qSin .
q L
L
2
Sin
Moment
qCos occurs of
X-axis Moment
q that its
2 (MX) and flexure
MX = 1/8 . qCos . L
Y-axis (MY) roun
d Y-
M axis
77
Moment that its flexure round X-axis Y

=
Stress of the Section due to
Assymetric Flexure q
c L
d
o a = + MX . h/2 + My . b/2
Ix Iy
q
Sin b b = + MX . h/2 - My . b/2
Ix Iy
a MX . h/2 My . b/2
q
Cos c=- Ix - Iy
MX . h/2 M . b/2
q d=- Ix + y Iy
2
M X = 1/8 . q Cos . L 1 3 1 3
2 Ix = / .b.h Iy = / .h.b
M = 1/8 . q .L 12 12 78
Y Sin
Dr. Endah Wahyuni
39
09/02/2014
Exercise - Stress of the Section

L = 300 cm, q = 100 kg/m, P
due to = 200 kg, h = 20 cm, b = 10
o
cm, = 30
Assymetric Flexure
P is in 150 cm of distance
q P from B
A B
Calculate stress that
L occurs in the midspan a, b,
c, d, e and f. Where point -
c e is 5 cm of distance from
x-axis and 3 cm from y-
f axis.
d o
Point
e b - f is
a 6 cm
of
dista
nce
from
x-
axis
and 4
cm
from
79
y-axis
Modu
Problem -A s
Elast
1. y of B
frame6
2x10
kg/cm
80
Dr. Endah Wahyuni

40
09/02/2014
2.
80 cm 200 cm 80 cm 2000 kg/m (include its selfweight)
1 2
C
A 400 cm B 200 cm
1000 kg
1000 kg
Maximum
30 cm stress that
occurs in
ABC
beam.
81
10 cm
8 cm 8 cm
1-
3.
Calculate stress
that occurs in
L = 300 cm, q =
1000 kg/m, P = the midspan of
2000 kg, = point a, b, c, d, e
o and f.
30 , P is
100 cm from
B. 82
Dr. Endah Wahyuni

41
09/02/2014
Composite Beam (2 Material)

dx E
x 1
x
1 dy
2 a y h a
e
1 e E
b1 e 2
b2 eE1
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF
ELASTIC STRESS SINGLE MATERIAL -
STRESS
83
Composite Beam (2 Material)
b2.n2 b2
b2/n1
b1 b1.n1
b1/n2
Cross Section of Cross Sestion of

st nd
Frame with 1 Material Frame with 2 Material
E1 > E2, n1 = E1 / E2, n2 = E2 / E1 84

09/02/2014
Exercise -Composite Beam (2 Material)
Concrete
1
Steel
12 10 12
a 1000 kg 1 400 cm
12 cm
b A B
1
36 cm 1200 cm
1st Material = Concrete
c 2nd Material = Steel
E concrete = 200.000 kg / cm2 ;

Non
E stel = 2.000.000 kg /cm2 -
Ela
Calculate stress that occured
in the section 1 1 and in Pur stic ELASTIC
fiber a, concrete fiber b,

e Bea NON - ELASTIC
steel fiber b and fiber c.

Draw its stress diagram. Ben m
STRESS-
ding
(Selfweight of the beam is ignored) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
of 86
Dr. Endah Wahyuni

43
09/02/2014
Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam
Strain Elastic Strain Non Elastic Strain

distribution distribution distribution
If effect of D aob and

a cod are small
c o
b
d
87
Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition
C
h
h /4
h/
T 4
Plastic moment that can be held = C . . h = T . . h

bh
C=T= yp ( /2)
Plastic momen of a rectangular beam is:

bh h bh 2
Mp = yp . /2 . /2 = yp . / 4
88

09/02/2014

Generally can be written as:
h
/2
Mp = . y dA = 2 ( yp ) . y . b . dy
0
h
/2
2 2
.y .b = . bh /
yp yp 4
0
If calculate with elastic equation :

1
Myp = .
I h 3 h
yp / ( /2) = yp . /12 b h / ( /2 )
2
=. b . h /6
yp
89
2 2
Mp / Myp = yp . b.h /4 yp . b.h /6
= 1,5 SHAPE FACTOR
Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

h/
2
yo
Minor Yield Major Yield All Yield
90
(Elastic-Plastic) (Elastic-Plastic) (Plastic)

09/02/2014
Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

Elastic-Plastic moment that can be held with stress
distibution which have partial yield is:
yo
/2
M = . y dA = 2 ( ) . y/y o . b . y. dy+ 2 ) . b . y. dy
yp yp
0
yo
y /
h
o 2
2 3/ 2
= /3 yp . y /yo . b + yp .b.y
o yo
2 2 2
= / . y . b + . bh / 4 - .b.y 2
3 yp o yp yp o
2 1 2 1 2
=. bh /4 / .b.y = Mp / 3 .b.y
yp 3 yp o yp o
91
Modul 3
Shear Stress of Beam
92

09/02/2014
Shear Stress - Flexure

q
(x)
V V+dV
dx M x
M+dM
S MA = 0 dx
(M + dM) M (V + dV) . dx + q . dx . dx/2 = 0
2
M + dM M V . dx + dV . dx + . q . dx = 0
small small
dM V . dx = 0
OR dM / dX = V
dM = V . dx
93

Th pla
is nati
eq on
dM / dx = V
ua that
tio :
Example : n IF THERE IS
FLEXURE
is MOMENT
gi DIFFERENCE
vi AT SIDE BY SIDE
ng
SECTION,
ex THERE WILL BE A
SHEAR.
M M
L/3 L/3 L/3
Bid. M NO SHEAR
Bid. D M M+dM
SHEAR 94
Dr. Endah Wahyuni

47
09/02/2014

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load
a h
g
b e j
d f
FA FB
- MB . Y - MB
FB = dA = Y . dA
I I A
A
fghj fghj
= - MB . Q Q = Y . dA = Afghj . Y
A 95
I fghj

- MA - MA . Q
FA = Y . dA =
I Aabde I
F B FA = R Held up by shear connector

- MB . Q - MA . Q
= - = dF Troughout dx
I I
( MA + dM ) . Q MA . Q dM . Q
= =
I I
dF/dx = q = SHEAR FLOW
q = dM . Q / dx . I = V . Q / I
96

09/02/2014

Example : Yc =50 . 200 . 25 + 50 . 200 . 150
50 . 200 + 50 . 200
= 87,5 cm
200 mm
V = 30.000 kg, nail strength = 7000 kg
50 mm Yc 3 2
I = 200 . 50 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,5
3 2
200 mm
= 50 . 200 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,5
Y 4 4
1 = 113.500.000 mm = 11.350 cm
3
Q = 50 . 200 ( 87,5 25 ) = 625.000 mm
3
= 625 cm or,
50 mm 3 3
Q = 50 . 200 . 62,5 = 625.000 mm = 625 cm
Y1 = 200 Yc - 200 / 2 = 62,5 mm

q = V . Q / I = 30.000 x 625 / 11.350 = 1.651 kg / cm
Nail spacing = 7000 / 1651 = 4,24 cm 97
top and bottom

nail, from A until
B, so the section
strength enough
to carried on q
load.
Assume Spacing of top

Problem : that top and bottom nails
200 mm nails was made in 3
capacity is different type of
50 mm 7000 kg and spacing.
bottom
50 mm nails is
200 mm
5000 kg.
Then
30 mm
calculate
150 mm spacing of
100 100 200 100 100
q = 3000 kg/m
A B
600 cm
98
Wahyuni 49
Dr. Endah
09/02/2014
Shear Stress Diagram

Longitudinal Direction:
= dF / t.dx = ( dM / dx ) . ( A . Y / I . t ) = V . A . Y / I . t
= V.Q = q
I.t t
2
1/8 . V. h
Example :
t=b I
h
j dy = V.Q = q
y I.t t
y
f g 1
V
h = Y . dA
I.t A
99
Shear Stress Diagram

h h
/2 V /2
V Y2
= x
I.b y1 b . y . dy = I 2 y
1
V ( b/2 ) 2 y 2
= 1
2.I
If y1 = 0, so
2
V h2 V.h
1/8
= 2.I x 4 = / . b .h3
1 12
= 3. V = 3.V
2 . b. h 2.A
100

09/02/2014
Problem :
20 cm P = 1500 kg 1
a 200 cm q = 3000 kg/m
5 cm b
c A B
5 cm
20 cm 600 cm
d
3 cm e
15 cm
Draw shear stress diagram of the section in support A

and of the section - 1 that is 100 cm of distance from
point B.
101
Working steps:
1. Calculate the Neutral Axis
= 20 . 5 . 2,5 + 20 . 5 . 15 + 15 . 3 . 26,5 = ,
20 . 5 + 20 . 5 + 15 . 3 From TOP
2. Calculate Inertia Moment
1 3 2 1 3
9 = /12 . 20 . 5 + 20 . 5 . 9,51 + /12 . 5 . 20 +
2 1 3 2
20 . 5 . 2,95 + /12 . 15 . 3 + 15 . 3 . 14,49
1= 208,33 + 9044,01 + 3333,33 + 870,25 +
2= 33,75 + 9448,20
4
3= 22937,88 cm
102

09/02/2014
3. Calculatie shear forces

6 2
Ra = 3000 . /2 + /3 . 1500 = 10.000 kg
Rb = 3000 . 6 + 1500 - 10.000 kg = 9.500 kg
Va = 10.000 kg ; V1 = - 9.500 + 3000 . 1= - 6.500 kg
In section A with 10.000 kg of shear force =q/t

Position A y Q q = V.Q / I t
a 0 12.01 0 0 20 0
b1 100 9,51 951 414,6 20 20,73
b2 100 9,51 951 414,6 5 82,92
100 9,51
c 35.05 3.505 1073,85 468,16 5 93,63
d
1 45 14.49 652.05 284,27 5 56,854
d2 45 14.49 652.05 284,27 15 18,951
e 0 15.99 0 0 15 0
103
In Section 1 with 6.500 kg of shear force
Posisi A y Q q = V.Q / I t =q/t

a 0 12.01 0 0 20 0
b1 100 9,51 951 269,49 20 13,474
b2 100 9,51 951 269,49 5 53,89
100 9,51 60,86
c 35.05 3.505 1073,85 304,30 5
d1 45 14.49 652.05 184,774 5 36,955
d2 45 14.49 652.05 184,774 15 12,318
e 0 15.99 0 0 15 0
104

09/02/2014
Shear Stress Diagram:
20 cm a 0 0
5 cm b 82,92 53,89
20,73 13,474
5 cm c 93,63 60,68
20 cm
12,31
d 18,951 8
3 cm e 56,854 36,955
0 0
15 cm Shear Force Shear Force
10.000 kg 6.500 kg
105
Shear Flow Variation
Shear flow variation is used to determine the SHEAR

CENTER, so that vertical loading that works will not
induce torsion to the section, if works in its SHEAR
CENTER
106
09/02/2014
Shear Center
F
1
P V=P h
F1
e=F.h/P= . .b.t.h = b. t. h . V . Q
1
P 2.P.I.t
2 2
.b.t.h b .h .t
= xV..h.b.t= 4.I
2.P I.t
107
Problem :
F1 F2
P 10 cm Determine the SHEAR
V=P CENTER of this
e 50 cm section.
10 cm
at is used:
10 15 30 Eq
e . P + F1 . 60
ua
tio = F2 . 60
n e = ( F2 . 60
th F1 . 60 ) / P
F =. . F2 = . . 37,5 .
1
17,5 . 10 10 108

09/02/2014
Calculation :
1 3 1 3 4
I = /12 . 55 . 70 - /12 . 40 . 50 = 1.155.416,67 cm
=V.Q = P . 17,5 . 10 . . 60 = 0,00045 . P kg/cm2

I.t 1.155.416,67 . 10
=V.Q = P . 37,5 . 10 . . 60 = 0,00097 . P kg/cm2
I.t 1.155.416,67 . 10
F
1 = . 0,00045 . P . 17,5 . 10 = 0,0394 . P
F2 = . 0,00097 . P . 37,5 . 10 = 0,1820 . P
e= 0,182 . P . 60 - 0,0394 . P . 60
: = 8,556 cm
P
In order to make frame didnt induce torsion , so the
Pload must be placed in e = 8,556 cm ( see Picture)
109
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Variety of KERN :
Limited with 4 point
Unlimited
110

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia moment of sloping axis:
Y d
x f x = x Cos + ySin
Y X
y = y Cos - x Sin
2
Ix = y df
2 2 2 2
Ix = y Cos + x Sin - 2xy Sin Cos df
2 2
= Ix Cos + Iy Sin -2 Sxy Sin Cos
111
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia Moment of Sloping axis:
2
Iy = x df
2 2 2 2
1= x Cos + y Sin + 2xy Sin Cos df
2 2
2= Ix Sin + Iy Cos + 2 Sxy Sin Cos
112

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Example of determining KERN limits :
y Determine the Neutral axis :
2 cm
x = 2.20.1 + 8.2.6.2 = 3,2 cm
2.20 + 8.2.2
16
x A = 2.20 + 8.2.2 = 72 cm
1 3 1 3
2 Ix = /12.2.20 + /12.8.2 .2
2 4
2 + 8.2.9 .2 = 3936 cm
3936
10 W = = 393,6 cm3
ax 10
3,2 3936
Wbx = = 393,6 cm3
10
113
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Contoh Menentukan batas batas KERN :
1 3 1 3
Iy = /12.20.2 + /12.2.8 .2
+ 20.2.(2,2)2 + 2.2.8.(2,8)2 = 628,48 cm4
W = 3
kr y 628,48 = 196,4 cm
3,2
W 3
kn y = 628,48 = 92,42 cm
6,8
W
Wbx 393,6 kn y 92,42
K =
Ka x = A = 72 kr y A = 72
= 5,46 cm W = 1,28 cm
K = W ax
= 393,6 K = kr y
= 196,4
bx A 72 kny A 72
= 5,46 cm = 2,72 cm 114

09/02/2014
KERN / GALIH / INTI

Picture of KERN limits :
1,28 cm 2,72 cm
y
2 cm
16 5,46 cm
x
5,46 cm
2
2
10
3,2 115
Modul 4
Torsion
116

09/02/2014
TORSION (Puntiran )
Section Plane 30 N-m
30 N-m
10 N-m 10 N-m
20 N-m
INNER TORSION MOMENT equal with OUTTER TORSION MOMENT
Torsion that is learned in this Mechanics of Materials

subject was limited in rounded section only.
117
TORSION (Puntiran )
Torsion Moment at
M M both end of the bar
M M
Torsion Moment
distributed along the
M(x) bar
118
09/02/2014
TORSION (Puntiran )
Torsion
max . dA . Moment
max
=T
C max C
A
Stress
C
A
re
a
Or can be written as:
Forces
2 Distan
max . dA = T
ce
C A
2
. dA = IP = Polar Inertia Moment
A
Example of Polar Inertia

Moment for CIRCLE
2 C 3
. dA = 2 . .d =2.
A 0
Torsion of the CIRCLE

can be determined with
this equation:
T= max . IP
C
T.C
max =
IP
120
Dr. Endah Wahyuni
60
09/02/2014
For Circle Hollow Section:
121
TWIST ANGLE OF CIRCULAR BAR
With determine small angle of DAB in this

following picture. The maximum stress of its
geometry is:
122
09/02/2014
1 If :
2 Then:
So general statement of the twist angle of a section

from the bar with linier elastic material is:
123
PROBLEM EXERCISE - 1
See a tiered bar that shown in this following picture, its outboard in
the wall (point E), determine rotain of point A if torsion moment in B
9
and D was given. Assume that the shear modulus (G) is 80 x 10
2
N/m .
124

09/02/2014
1 Polar Inertia Moment:
2 Bar AB = BC
Bar CD = DE
Considering its left section, torsion moment in every part will be:
TAB = 0, TBD = TBC = TCD = 150 N.m, TDE = 1150 N.m
125
1 To get rotation of edge A, can be done with add up

every integration limit:
2 Value of T and Ip are constant, so the equation will be:
126
09/02/2014
EXERCISE -1
1 Calculate maximum torsion shear stress of AC

bar (as seen in AC bar exercise 1). Assume that
bar diameter from A C is 10 mm.
2 Answer:
127
Exercises
1 Soal 4.1
Sebuah poros berongga mempunyai
diameter luar 100 mm dan diameter dalam
80 mm. Bila tegangan geser ijin adalah 55
MPa, berapakah besar momen puntir
yang bisa diteruskan ? Berapakah
tegangan pada mukaan poros sebelah
dalam bila diberikan momen puntir ijin?
128

09/02/2014
129
1 Sebuah poros inti berongga

berdiameter 200 mm diperoleh dengan
melubangi poros melingkar padat
berdiameter 300 mm hingga membentuk
lubang aksial berdiameter 100 mm.
Berapakah persentase kekuatan
puntiran yang hilang oleh operasi ini ?
130

09/02/2014
131
1 Poros padat berbentuk silinder dengan ukuran

yang bervariasi yang terlihat dalam gambar
digerakkan oleh momen-momen puntir seperti
ditunjukkan dalam gambar tersebut. Berapakah
tegangan puntir maksimum dalam poros tersebut,
dan diantara kedua katrol yang ada ?
132

09/02/2014
133
1. Tentukanlah tegangan geser maksimum dalam poros

yang dihadapkan pada momen-momen puntir, yang
diperlihatkan dalam gambar.
2. b. Hitunglah dalam derajat sudut pelintir antara kedua
ujungnya. Ambillah G = 84.000 MN/m.
134

09/02/2014
135
Modul 5
STRESS COMBINATION
136

09/02/2014
1 Equation that have learned before about linier

elastic material, can be simplified as:
Normal Stress:
1. Due to axial load
P
A
b. Due to flexure
My
137
Shear Stress:
a. Due to torsion
T
Ip
b. Due to shear force of beam

VQ
It
Superposition of the stress, only considered

in elastic problem when deformation that
happened is small.
138

09/02/2014
EXERCISE:
1 A bar 50x75 mm that is 1.5 meter of length,
selfweight is not considered, was loaded as seen in this
following picture. (a). Determine maximum tension
and compression stress that work pependicularly of
beam section, assume that it is an elastic material.
139
ANSWER
1 Using superposition method, so it can be solved
in two steps. In Picture (b), it shows that the bar
only take axial load only. Then In Picture (c)), it shows
that the bar only take transversal load only
Axial Load, normal stress that the bar have along its length
is:
140
09/02/2014
1 Normal stress due to tranversal load depends on

flexure moment value and the maximum flexure
moment is in force that use:
Stress superposition woks perpendicularly of beam

section and linearly decreased to the neutral axis as
seen in picture (g)
141
142

09/02/2014
STRESS COMBINATION ON COLUMN

1 Similar equation can be done to
assymetric section:
yy
z
P M zz y
x I I
A zz yy
When:
Flexure Moment Myy = +P z0 that works of y-axis
Flexure Moment Mzz = -P y0 that works of z-axis
A is cross section area of frame
Izz and Iyy is inertia moment of the section to each their
principal axis
Positive symbol (+) is tension stress, and Negative
symbol (-) is compression stress. 143
Example
Determine stress distribution of ABCD section of the
beam as seen on this following picture. if P = 64 kN.
Beams weight is not considered.
144
09/02/2014
Answer:
Forces that work in ABCD section, on the picture (c), is
P = -64 kN,
yy - . -, . ,
Mzz = -64 (0.075 + 0.075) = -9,6 kN.m.

Cross section area of the beam A = (0.15)(0.3) = 0,045 m,
And its Inertia moment is:
145
1 Jadi dengan menggunakan hubungan yang

setara dapat diperoleh tegangan normal majemuk
untuk elemen-elemen sudut :
Bila tanda huruf tegangan menandakan letaknya,

maka tegangan normal sudut adalah :
146
09/02/2014
147
THE END
148

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09/02/2014

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 1

o E.P. Popov, 1978,

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

Gere & Timoshenko, 2008, Mechanics

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 3

R.C. Hibbeler, 2010, Mechanics of

Other books: Mechanics of Material

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 4

Quiz1 (10%) Quiz2 (10%)

PR1 (10%) PR2 (10%)

*Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 5

Keep the spirit on!

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 6

10. Diagram, Normal Stress - Strain

11. Shear Stress and Strain

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 7

12. Pure Bending on beams

15. Beams with two materials

16. Pure bending on non-elastic beams

20. Combination of stresses on Columns

After midsemester evaluation:

Unit Load method

1 Area moment method

1 Determinate Structure : If?

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 10

Tegangan dan Regangan

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 11

The methods will be discussed in this Mechanic of

1 Mechanics of materials is a subject of a very old

1 The behavior of the structure to obtain the force

2 Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from

3 One of the main problems in mechanics of materials is

APPLICATIONS Planning of a Structure

Because of P2 > P1, thus from

TEGANGAN NORMAL TEGANGAN GESER

Tegak Lurus Sejajar Bidang

TEGANGAN ADALAH GAYA DALAM YANG

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 16

Average Shear Stresses

Average Shear Stress

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 18

Determine Cross Sectional Area

The smallest cross

Total load: P = 20 (0,5) (0,5) = 5 kN

From Fy = 0, the reaction R = W + P = 30 kN

From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1

Normal stress on a-a is a = Pa/A = 14,4/

stress that happened in ABC and BD

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 21

STRAIN TESTING MATERIAL

STATIC TEST LOAD

-. Pload increase continuously

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 23

STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

THEREFORE, MORE SUITABLE USING PICTURE B

Stress Strain Diagram

STEEL MATERIAL CONCRETE MATERIAL

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 25

Bar Deformation due to

Bar Deformation due to

Dr. Endah Wahyuni 27