Hildegard of Bingen edaneeeeinnenECnnennnee eee Hildegard of Bingen (as composer) Her collected ‘workima fully notated morality play, the Onto Virculvm, and just over 70 other compositions—contain, for the *Divine Office: 3 "hymns, «3 Yantiphons (ig of which are ‘otive}, and:8responsores; and forthe *Mass7 "sequences, 4 Kysis, and 1 Allis. She also wrote « few devotional songs the most elaborate of which may have been used for * processions Her music was notated in rraditional rargcal genres in ‘an idiomatic language tha stretches form to the breaking point, The two surviving copies of her works, noted in Drecisely heightened German neumes, may have been copied under her diect supervision. The MSS contain no expresso of chythm, a dimension of her works often ex- plored by madern performers, and no indication of the use of “instruments o of *polyphonic elaboration, See al ‘DRAMA! MORALITY; MODES, RUCPTHMIC; MUSICAL NOTATION: NEUMARIC; psaL.MoDr. MEF 2M. Fase, Compote ané Dramatis "Melodious Singing and ‘he eeshnesof Remorse” tn Vico the Living Ligh degen of Binge an her Worl, B, Newnan 998) 19—75. ——ildegare andthe Dawn Song of Laud. An introduction vo Benedictine Pslmody’n Pan tr Comsualiy, ed H.Arige nd idem 2003) 21539. —— "Misi or the Love Fea: Hildegazdof Bingen and the Song of Song n Womans Vs er Musa! Worse | Berar fena4) 9210, Hildegard von Bingen, Lisier Fabs. Ricerca: (Ha) der Hessen Landeitick Wide, 465-489, 08, Wels, comin. M. Rlaper (998), lieder, ed Barth, ME {, Ritches, and j Schmid: Cong 365). —Spphowts hamoniae suet revlaionun: Dendemonde, SeBlcer & Feabaahd, Ms Cad. 9, comm. P van Poucke (oo SS. Morencand M. Pfau, Heard von Bingen: Der Kang des Hemel 003). 8, Seibieyer Dic Geshnge der deg wor Binge: ene masala. Bh, hesogihewnd krone Une 2309) Hildegard of Bingen, medicine of Hildegon!s charactriscc Latin "prose style makes it highly likely that the medical waitingsatanbuted to her are indeed hers. Al/go back to a single loge treatise called Liber susiluat diver sere asurarum credturarum (Book on the sundry subtle properties ofthe natures of crearures(or of thing created), of which three distinc strandshave come down tous. None of the three is craceable to *Hildegard’s fetime or the Ruperuberg "seriptorium, and each may have undergone changes and incorporated exrraneous material, Hildegard’ best attested text was printed under the tice Physica, nine books on plants, “animals, precious stones, and *merels, and so fort, focusing on thelr properties in relation to health, and was oceasionaly drawn on in later ‘German yernacular recipe books Large parts of it appear inthe Beate Hitdegondts Case ct cure, which survives in one igth-century MS. Apart from ‘medical (including some “veterinary) treatment therapies! cures, general physiology and “cosmology, with reference 1 religion, feature prominently and echo the ceatment of ehese themes in Hildegard’s *visionary works, Textual slsorder and repetition so uncharacteristic of Hildegant point to the work of an excerpcor or excerptors, vo tt: loded extraneous material. The Cause et cure and the Beli. fragment (in a codex with ocher Hildegardian writings, ‘which is more coucesned with the physial world and iy ‘influence on the human body and which likewise lacks ‘order, overlap somewhat. Both were neglected by eontein- [porary and later medieval physicians Hildegard's theoretical framework is founded on en idiosyncratic adapration of the traditional four “bumours toa system of ro (dominating) phlapnata and two (sub- servient) lvores. The problem of identifying her sources, fon ehe whole, persists, and, notwithstanding recent belief tha: therapies in Hildegard’s texts derive from actual prec- tice (and were divinely Snspired, itis impossible to know whether she did indeed practise "medicine. See also ANA: ‘TOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY; GEMS AND JEWELLERE; NATURAL AISTORY; PHILOSOBHY, AYURAL; REGIMEN OF “HEALTH, THERAPRUTIC COMPEND NA. DF Beate Hidegerdis Conse care, cL. Moslinier oe FE. Glaze and f. Bling, Medical Wese’ oie of he Living Ligie dean of finger and her Word ed, B. New 1998), 2548 Hildesheim (cry, bishopric) Inthe course of integrating “Saxony ecclesiastically into the Frankish empire, Hilde ‘heim was founded as sufragan to *Mainz (8). Under its oth: and th-century bishops the *cathedral chapter and royal court “chapel were closely connected; cultura flower ing took place under St *Bernward (993-1003). The late MA saw renewed conflicts with the *Gueiph “dukes, rulers of the surrounding territory leading to less episcopal consol over the city KS H. Goering Di ldesheimey Buchifevon tsa iy (1989, (rhandenbuch de Sia Hilden RD, 9 vt (82-190 Hilduin (4. before 86s) Abbot of *St-Denis from st, of *ScGermaindlesPris from at least 819, and of StMédant of *Soissons, for which he secured many “relics (826). Hilduin was “Louis the Pious's arch*chaplain (819-30), Having betrayed Louis in 830 and (probably) again in 835, Hildvin nonetheless recovered StDenis and StGetmain- des Prés. He supervised ‘translation of Greek texts atc: buted to *(Pseudo-)Dionysius the Areopagite, and ¢8 ‘wrote a Passion identifying the Areapagite with St-Denis’ Patron saint, In 840 Filduin deserted Louis's successor, “Charles Il, to join the emperor Lothar (¢. 840-35), whose archchancellor he probably became in 83/4, retiring after Boo.veterinary medicine 1g ng all ofthe territory that he had conquered was Jost taxept “Vicenza. The population of Verona and Vicenza vas significantly reduced by the “Black Death (48) and ‘pmbscquent vskations of the plague. After the deaths of Cingrande's nephews (951-2), their successor, Cangrande 1, wis murdered by his brother Cansignoria (d, 1375). 8 ‘veakened and impocent regime was easy prey tothe lord sf Milan, Gian Galeszz0 ‘Visconti, who occupied the city in wir. Gian Galeazzo’s regional sate soon disintegrated afer is death (42a), and Verona was then absorbed into ‘the expanding Venetian empire (1405), GAB ‘Mle, A Hoy of Yoo G50) 1 Beschi,ironat uo tersoi 97) vl pol La tor pati Verma 5) Mase ed. Sadi ezeliant (36). G.vrenin ed, Selig) ‘Veronica, Stin medieval legend St Veronica was a pious ‘woman, possibly the woman cured by Christ of a haemor- thage, who wiped is face as he carted the *crossto Calvary: an image of Chris's face (verniele; see manoriio8N) was printed on the cloth, “Veronica's wel’ was preserved at St eters, Rome, and was a popular “pilgrimage object in the InteMA. Veroniea isnot mentioned in early “martyrologies, adi is Ukely that her name derives ftom vera icon, ‘true image. ‘SJBR VE. Farmer The Oxford Dictionary of Sains (20), CW Goodwin, ed, The AnglosSaxon Legrds of $¢ Andrew and SeVeonen (850). verse style, Latin Lave antique and ML poets preserved dsc forms, figures, and tropes while developing new sre shapes. Preseriprive‘artsof poetry’ were also frequency composed, See al ARTEE PORTICAS. HB LJ Morph Razr he Mle Ages (7 rep. 2001) ‘Dy Natberg Intact othe Study of Mesieal Lain Yerftion, ‘G.C Rotiand) de. Skably ed. Ziskowski French original, 19) (009) M Roberts, Tae jeweledSisle198, wersile (Latin, versus] Short verse sung by a “cantor and answered bythe choir, for example, Des in adtatorium ‘nec nerd (© God, make speed to save me), the response ‘lng Domine ad adivandam mefesina CO Lord, make haste tobe me’), Versicles, with tents often from Psalms, were yerformed singly oF in sets at the hours of che *Divine Ofice. Ser also LiroReY: FSALMODY. DDH !, in Orfonk Disionary of the Christian Church 1957) 168. (Versorius), Johannes (John Letourneuc) French piloropher (4 after 2282) Associated with both *Thomissn and Alberti, he was rector of the University of *Paris 1693 and wrote anfiuential “commentaries on Arstotc,*Peterof Spain, and *Thomas Aquinas. Seealso aunantists. JAK. . Rotten, “Secundm processam et mentem Versoris: John Versor and hs Relation to the Schools of Though Recon sidered’, Vivaro, «5 (2005), 201-26. versus Generally any chant verse specifically arty and eath- cennury versfed Latin chants, many trophic with azefrain, often designated versus in Aquitainian MSS, in other regions *conduetus of *cantio. They feature in special "Christmas and New Year ceremonies (or example, the Feast of *Fools). See alo poLreHON®: 70 1300, ppt ‘Ail in Festa de Muda ous Bessie igi ‘he end marbaichen Bolevrang (1970). ‘vespers See nivine OFFICE, veterinary medicine Before vereinary schools fst ap- ‘peared in Europe inthe late r8th century, a general distinc. tion was made berween farm *animals apd s0 called ‘able animals—horses; hawks and other hunting birds; and dogs arm animals were addressed in agricultural tresties, nox considered here, although such works sometimes contained sections on horses or falcons, asin the case of the "Geopoize, Ibn al-Avwwam, and *Petrus de Crescent, Books 9 and 10. [A survey of surviving medieval lterarure on the miedical treatment of noble animals must adéress a numberof kinds ‘of tert, categorized by period and origin below. Isolated recipes, often embeded in writings on human *muedicine, sleo survive but will not be treated here 1 Works desing fom et andy 12 Treatises ip Byzaatine Greek and Arabic and their eanslations io Latin 4. Ongitl asin compositions and compilations (Later yeracalas translations and ces 5. Works deriving from late antiquity Of the three antique Latin authors who wrote on equine ‘A-M. Doyen igus, Cepton dea election dpe gree hae ute in rig, adit ate, vl (506" M. Euensein,Zologla,zoografa e medina verinei in ‘Stoiadata Sete, 3 8, Petrucci (209), 57-7 5. Geoiges, Das sweteFakertact Kate Pdr T: Qualls, Enutcong, Uerigrung nd Rexepon desea i eer kinder leech Uierang (208) 5. Georgoudh Des cheats bas danse mom re: Rls ce rprunions aninaiesd part der Wes KO VT des Gloom 050) Gia Utne pldernarhcbea.. Die kynclogiche Haupe Srlge voo Abeseas Magnus De anima’ in Turner vet falc tm Blakes Wine om tianichen weather. Grebe and} Ered (2208) 239-70 MD. Grek ed ad comm, The Mina! Tete on Faery ‘end Hiplaryof jaca Vor flom Tei (969). Gained, Lvswiee dela médecine vétérinaire: Appor des sours dens (moyen Age et epoaue modem) et fteaions faz nc ot es Iie de Yaehdozocogie pu Tétude de 1s pldoouthologie animale’, nes Animas madsen Europe cert ("Tse M. Mouse 309) 15-3. 1M eee, Das Hib a Bara! vor Mahar oat ‘icin sata (208), M Rode, Magitar Maura: Travekgtion bese, wad er ‘nermeisnick Nutro Baatng det Mamas exs Hem Carr se er Brisk bray (2007) GR Keser, Medias for Hoes A Medal Vrernary Trea eernary Hi, naa a0) 9 —"Sclenifc and technical wating A Maal of he Writings ‘dle glk oye A Hartung, ol 120998) 959- 967 A-McCabe, a Byzetine Buyeapacia of Hone Madi The Sevres, Conpustion, and Teams the Hipparca’ (2027) 2. © Cain, ‘Fragments of eth Medieval Treatises on Horses, cain, 70989) 32 “¢Boulle Dries, LHippiatle dansYoecidenlatn du XIE au XV side’ in Maacine hue eae la fn du mayen ee GBeasjosan ea. 1965. 9-267. B,Préwor and 8. Risémont, Le Cheval ox France an Boye Age: Sa pla dans te monde metal 0 médecine: Voxemele de aie ‘rear du XIV dela‘ des hers (08. A. Smet, ed. and te, Le Liber copie’ de Grima: Un ctl Fexconnere du hou Moye Ae (999). D.Teol, Sd su anti ata eterna (190) Vetulus de Anagnia, Johannes (ft uth cenrary talian ‘music theorist. His Liber de music is notable for is discus: sion of thythm and mensuration dat devas the confluence of aan theory (for example, “Marchetto da Pada) and French theory (for example, “Johannes de Muris). See alzo MODES, RHYTHMIC; MUSICAL NOTATION. cme, -Evtmmanded Jos Vu de nap ier de Me 0). Vicenza Vexin Territory located between the *Pars basin and ‘Normandy: Heavily fortified, the region was a buffer zone and a theate of recurrent conflict between the kings of France and the king dukes of Normandy from the later th ‘cenrury undl its conquest by *Philip Augustus. AWL D. Power, The Noman Poin during the Twelh and Bary ‘Tricot Cores (2004). Vézelay ‘abbey) “Benedictine house possessing Mary Magdalene's relics from the mid ix century. es pilgrim: age chorch boasts a *sculprure programme portraying Pentecost and/or the Sending of the Aposdes, Chiist’s infancy, and the Ascension, along with secoar figures. See lso HAGIOGRAPHT; LITURGICAL YEAR; MART MAGDALR K, Ambrose, The Neve Sener of Vela (206). J. Felémen, “The Narhex Portal &t Vézeay: Art and Monastic Selimage’, Ph.D. thesis Teas, 1980). Hugh of Poitier, Chroninafbrise Vectacrs, ed. Huygens (ssn. LR ‘Vicar of Christ(Latin vicarius, substitute’ or ‘representa ive’) A papal tide associated with the legitimization of the pope's power. particularly that of *Pope Innocent II, over the church, A similar designation, "Vicar of Peter’, stresses apostolic succession, See also PAPACY. RCE M, Maceattone, cain Crisis stra del alo pape 1052) R. Southern, Whszara Sacey amd che Church i the Mie Ages 570). Vicente, Gil e146s~e1536 Portuguese dramassrand sic poe: who wrate in both his native tongue and Castilian. All ‘bat one of Vicente’s works, the Auto da Barca do Inferno, ‘were firs published posthumously. His body of work spans rorabty and festival plays, comedy, and fice, and inches ‘Auto de ta sila Casandra, ExhorasZo da guerra, THunfo de trvero, and juts da Ba Sr aso LITERATURES: GALICIAN: soRTuGuEsh Je ML. G. da Cr, Gf vsowe 2 sceade prague de gehen ‘0 2. P Garay, i Veet and he Delopment ofthe Come (988. Recker, Gt Vere pints yea) ‘Vicenza A town in the Veneto, ithad been a Roman colony (WVicemtis) since 49 26. After the disintegration of Roman authorigy in the late sth century ap, the city was absorbed {nto the "Lombard kingdom, and then ruled by the *Caro- linglan emperors. A *commune emerged in the early 1th, ‘century and participated in the “Lombard Leagues that rebelled against Frederick ‘Barbarossa’ (11708). [athe 12308 ‘Vicenza was oceupied by a Ghibelline warlordinthe Veneto, Ezzellina Il *da Romano, who controlled the city until tap, revived communal regime maintained a precarious ‘independence until x31, wher Cangrande della “Scala, the 1695,