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inside a freezer?
Background
How
does
a
toaster
work?
Heat
is
transferred
to
the
bread
by
radiation.
Nichrome
wires
in
the
toaster
heat
to
about
450 C and
the
infrared
radiation
that
they
emit
dry
the
edges
and
toast
the
bread.
How
does
a
freezer
work?
The
primary
way
that
heat
is
transferred
in
a
freezer
is
by
convection
(heat
transfer
by
mass
motion
of
fluid).
A
liquid
refrigerant
is
vaporized
into
a
gas
and
is
passes
through
evaporator
coils
inside
the
freezers.
As
it
passes,
it
absorbs
the
heat
from
the
food
and
this
heat
then
escapes
to
the
surroundings.
Stefan
Boltzmanns
law
The
Stefan-Boltzmann
Law
states
that
thermal
energy
radiated
by
a
blackbody
radiator
per
second
per
unit
area
is
proportional
to
the
fourth
power
of
temperature
(measured
in
Kelvin).
Qtoaster
= e A(T f 4 Ti 4 )
t
Qtoaster is
heat
transferred
per
unit
time
e
is
emissivity
is
5.67 10 8
A
is
radiating
area
(area
of
bread)
T f is
temperature
of
radiator
Ti
is
initial
temperature
of
bread
Newtons
Law
of
Cooling
Newtons
Law
of
Cooling
states
that
thermal
energy
transferred
by
convection
per
second
per
unit
area
is
proportional
to
temperature
(measured
in
Kelvin).
It
is
represented
by
the
following
formula:
Q! freezer
= hc (T f Ti )
A
Q! freezer
is
heat
transferred
per
unit
time
A
is
area
of
the
bread
hc convective
heat
transfer
coefficient
T f is
temperature
of
freezer
Ti
is
initial
temperature
of
bread
Approach
In
a
system
where
a
toaster
is
placed
inside
a
refrigerator,
thermal
energy
is
given
to
the
bread
by
the
toaster
and
is
absorbed
by
the
freezer.
This
can
diagrammatically
be
represented
by
the
figure
below:
Thus,
in
order
to
determine
what
will
happen
to
the
bread,
the
net
different
in
energy,
Qbread ,
needs
to
be
calculated.
Because
Qbread = Qtoaster Q freezer :
If
Qbread >
0,
then
the
bread
will
be
warmer
because
the
toaster
delivers
more
energy
to
the
bread
than
the
freezer
If
Qbread <
0,
then
the
bread
will
be
colder
because
the
toaster
delivers
less
energy
to
the
bread
than
the
freezer
If
Qbread =
0,
then
the
bread
will
be
at
the
same
temperature
because
the
toaster
delivers
the
same
energy
to
the
bread
than
the
freezer
Calculations
Determining
Qtoaster
Because
the
toaster
uses
radiation
as
the
method
of
heat
transfer,
the
Stefan-
Boltzmann
Law
can
be
used
to
determine
the
energy
( Qtoaster )
delivered
to
the
bread
by
the
toaster:
Qtoaster
1. = e A(T f 4 Ti 4 )
[Stefan-Boltzmann
Law]
t
2. Qtoaster = e At(T f 4 Ti 4 )
3. Assume:
Emissivity
0.85
Ti
23 C =
296
K
T f
450 C =
723
K