2009

NEUROTECHNOLOGY
 INDEX

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Waves of Techno economic change

• NEUROTECHNOLOGY

 New Industries

 New Products

 Competitive Advantage

 Public Policy

 Mental Health

 New Behaviors

• Neurotechnology in other sectors

 Biometrics

 AI and Robotics.
 Abstract

All Human organ

systems have been studied by the people deeply but could
fairly studies the Nervous system.
If our brain feels that something happened even though the
thing it doesn’t happen our brain believes that it had
happened. So the Neurotechnology is the one which links
the technology to the Nervous system. With this technology
we could cure even the Mental illness. The documentary
explains the role of neurotechnology in the time being and
also in the future.
INTRODUCTION:
When the field of neuroscience began to
self-organize in the 1960s, the
experimental model was the laboratory
rat and the technologies deployed were
crude by today's standards. In a typical
early example, neuroscientists would
implant stimulating or recording
electrodes chronically into the rat brain
and attempt to use electrical stimulation
to change the behavior of the
experimental animal. What happened in
the rat brain yielded early insights into
how the hum
an brain
might work. Continual technical
refinements have now improved such
experiments to the point where the
firing of single neurons can be
correlated with, and even cause, specific
behaviours.
A variety of brain stimulation
techniques have been developed to
manipulate the brain. These techniques
include transcranial magnetic
stimulation, transcranial direct current
stimulation, deep brain stimulation and
cranial electrotherapy stimulation.
Neuroscience has matured now to the
point where, with non-invasive human
brain imaging, a common experimental
model is the human subject volunteer,
and the questions being asked get at
some of the fundamental questions of
what it means to be human and to have
a mind. The revolution in technologies
that has made this maturation possible
extends from gene to hospital bed-side
and is now referred to as
neurotechnology. Some examples of
neurotechnology include the CAT
scanner, fMRI,
Magnetoencephalography (MEG),
Positron emission tomography, high-
throughput genetic sequencing, brain
proteomics and psychopharmaceuticals.
These technologies also include neural
modeling simulations, biological
computers, and human-brain interfaces
(prosthetics).
As these new technologies have
emerged, ethicists have begun to raise
questions of how the new technologies
might be practically used and what
policies might govern their use [1].
Applications such as deception
detection, neuro-marketing and the
potential for artificially augmenting
cognition all have policy implications.
The neurotechnology revolution has (1910-1970), ushered in by
enabled the possibility for the Decade inexpensive oil, "motorized" the
of the Mind initiative. It also offers the industrial economy, making the
possibility of revealing the mechanisms inexpensive transportation of goods
by which mind and consciousness and services available to the masses.
emerge from the brain.
The most recent wave, the
WAVES OF TECHNO- information technology wave (1960-
2020), has made it possible to collect,
ECONOMIC CHANGE analyze, and disseminate data,
transforming our ability to track and
Since the time of the Industrial
respond to an ever-changing world.
Revolution there has been a relatively
Driven by the microprocessor's
consistent pattern of 50-year waves
capacity to compute and
of techno-economic change. We are
communicate data at increasingly
currently nearing the end of the fifth
exponential rates, the current wave is
wave of information technology
the primary generator of economic
diffusion, while a sixth wave is
and social change today.
emerging with converging
advancements across the NBIC
The nascent neurotechnology wave
(nano-bio-info-cogno) space, making
(2010-2060) is being accelerated by
possible neurotechnology, the set of
the development of nanobiochips and
tools that can influence the human
brain-imaging technologies that will
central nervous system, especially the
make biological and neurological
brain.
analysis accurate and inexpensive.
Nanobiochips that can perform the
Each wave consists of a new group of
basic bio-analysis functions (genomic,
technologies that make it possible to
proteomic, biosimulation, and
solve problems once thought
microfluidics) at a low cost will
intractable. The first wave, the water
transform neurological analysis in a
mechanization wave (1770-1830) in
very similar fashion as the
England, transformed productivity by
microprocessor did for data. Nano-
replacing handcrafted production with
imaging techniques will also play a
water-powered "machine-o-facture".
vital role in making the analysis of
The second wave (1820-1880),
neuro-molecular level events possible.
powered by a massive iron railroad
When data from advanced biochips
build-out, accelerated the distribution
and brain imaging are combined they
of goods and services to distant
will accelerate the development of
markets. The electrification wave
neurotechnology, the set of tools that
(1870-1920) made possible new
can influence the human central
metal alloys that created the
nervous system, especially the brain.
foundation of the modern city. The
Neurotechnology will be used for
development of skyscrapers, electric
therapeutic ends and to enable people
elevators, light bulbs, telephones, and
to consciously improve emotional
subways were all a result of the new
stability, enhance cognitive clarity,
electricity infrastructure. At the same
and extend sensory experiences.
time, new techniques for producing
inexpensive steel emerged,
Techno-economic waves have
revamping the railroad systems, and
pervasive effects throughout the
making large-scale construction
economy and society. New low-cost
projects possible. The fourth wave
inputs create new product sectors.
They shift competitive behavior across
the economy, as older sectors
reinterpret how they create value.
New low-cost inputs become driving
sectors in their own right (e.g.,
canals, coal, electricity, oil,
microchips, biochips). When combined
with complementary technologies,
each new low-cost input stimulates
the development of new sectors (e.g.,
cotton textiles, railroads, electric
products, automobiles, computers,
neurofinance). Technological waves,
because they embody a major jump
up in productivity, open up an
unusually wide range of investment
and profit opportunities, leading to
sustained rates of economic growth.

Table 1. Six long waves of techno-economical development

Long Wave Years New Inputs Driving Sector New Sectors
Mechanization 1770- Canals, water Agriculture, Iron tools,
1830 power cotton spinning canal
transportation
Railroadization 1820- Coal, iron, Railroads, Steam
1880 steam power locomotives, shipping,
machine tools telegraphy
Electrification 1870- Electricity, Steel products, Construction,
1920 steel, copper electricity precision
machine tools
Motorization 1910- Oil Automobile, oil Aircraft,
1970 refining construction,
services
Information 1960- Microprocessor Microchips, Networking,
 2020 computers global finance,
e-commerce
Neurotechnology 2010- Biochip, brain Biotechnology, Neuroceuticals,
2060 imaging? nanotechnology bio-education
NEUROTECHNOLOGY trillion-per-year
advertising and marketing
industries leverage brain
scanning technology to
Like any new technology,
better understand how
neurotechnology
and why people react to
represents both promises
different market
and problems. On the
campaigns.
upside, neurotechnology
represents new cures for
Neurotechnology will also
mental illness, new
have an impact on
opportunities for
education. As more people
economic growth and a
live longer and global
potential flowering of
competition intensifies,
artistic expression. These
people will need to learn
benefits are countered by
new skills throughout
the potential use of
their lives. Regulated
neurotechnology for
neuroceuticals represent
coercive purposes or its
the tools workers will use
use as neuroweapons that
to succeed at continuous
can selectively erase
education. Adult
memories. The diffusion of
"neuroeducation" will
the neurotechnology will
emerge as a significant
have an impact on
industry, teaching
businesses, politics and
individuals how to
human culture in the
leverage neuroceuticals to
following ways:
acquire knowledge faster.
Using cogniceuticals to
increase memory
retention, emoticeuticals
to decrease stress, and
sensoceuticals to add a
meaningful pleasure
gradient, neuroeducation
will allow people to
acquire and retain
information faster.
Imagine learning Arabic in
one year rather than ten,
or calculus in eight weeks.

New Products:
For example,
neuroceuticals that can
temporarily improve
New different aspects
mental health will become
of

Industries: As
possible. Unlike today's
psychopharmaceuticals,
brain imaging advances, neuroceuticals are
neuromarketing will neuromodulators that
become a significant have high efficacy and
growth sector as the negligible side effects. By
being able to target Neurotechnology-enabled
multiple subreceptors in traders will be equipped
specific neural circuits, with emotional
neuroceuticals will create forecasting systems that
the possibility for dynamic provide them with real-
intracellular regulation of time neurofeedback on
an individual's their expected emotional
neurochemistry. bias for a given trade. To
Neuroceuticals will be further reduce forecasting
used for therapy and error, hormone-triggered
improvement. emoticeuticals will keep
traders from entering
"hot" states, where they
are known to make less
accurate decisions. While
some countries may
choose to ban them,
performance-enabling
neuroceuticals will
emerge as significant
productivity tools.

Neuroceuticals can be
categorized into three PublicPolicy:
broad groups — Neuroethicists are already
cogniceuticals that focus confronting issues of brain
on decision-making, privacy and cognitive
learning, attention, and liberty. As the competitive
memory processes; edge provided by
emoticeuticals that neurotechnology becomes
influence feelings, moods, apparent, the ethical
motivation, and debate will evolve into a
awareness; and discussion of the right to
sensoceuticals that can enable individuals to use
restore and extend the these new tools to
capacity of our senses, improve themselves vs.
allowing people to see, uneven access to what
smell, taste, and hear in others will describe as
different ways. unfair performance
improvement. In the
Competitive legislative arena
competitive necessity of
the

Advantage: using these new tools will

cause great concern over
Mental health is the whether or not they will
ultimate competitive
be required in order to
weapon. Mental health just compete in
underpins communication,
tomorrow's global
creativity and employee economy.
productivity. Individuals
who use neurotechnology
to understand how their Mental Health:
emotions affect their Today, five of the ten
financial decisions will leading causes of
become more productive disability worldwide—
and will attain major depression,
neurocompetitive schizophrenia, bipolar
advantage. disorders, substance
abuse, and obsessive-
compulsive disorders—are New Behaviors:
mental issues. These Because our mental
problems are as relevant perspective slants our
in developing countries as thinking, self-reflection
they are in rich ones. And and recollection of events,
all predictions point even a slight shift in
toward a dramatic human perception, will
increase in mental alter how people learn,
illnesses as people live feel, and react to personal
longer. problems, economic
crises, and cultural
rhetoric. When humans
can better control their
emotions, how will this
affect personal
relationships, political
opinion and cultural
beliefs? When we can
enhance memory recall
and accelerate learning,
how will this influence
competitive advantage in
the workplace? As we can
safely extend our sense of
New treatments for sight, hearing and taste,
mental disorders are what might this mean for
driving neurotechnology's artistic exploration and
early development. By human happiness?
2020, biochips will have
radically altered the drug Patterns in the Location of
development process, Production: India and
reducing the time to China will likely develop
develop new therapies regional clusters of
from 15 to 2 years while neurotechnology firms as
slashing the cost of drug political and cultural
development from $800 views on human testing
million to $10 million. In create the necessary
addition, entirely novel conditions for
ways to treat disease at technological
the molecular level will experimentation and
extend life expectancy and development.
improve mental health.

Neurotechnology
in other sectors
Neurotechnology provides
algorithms and software
development products for biometric
fingerprint and face recognition,
computer-based vision and object
recognition to security companies,
system integrators and hardware
manufacturers. More than 2,000
system integrators and sensor Vendor Technology Evaluation for
providers in 98 countries license the US Department of Justice
and integrate company's technology (FpVTE 2003), where
into their own products. Neurotechnology ranked among the
top five companies for accuracy in
Drawing from years of academic single-finger tests.
research in the fields of
neuroinformatics, image processing The company's MegaMatcher
and pattern recognition, fingerprint identification engine has
Neurotechnology was founded in received full NIST MINEX
1990 in Vilnius, Lithuania under certification from the U.S.
the name Neurotechnologija and Government for use in Personal
released its first fingerprint Identity Verification program
identification system in 1991. Since fingerprint recognition
that time Neurotechnology has applications.
released more than 40 products and
version upgrades for both AI and Robotics
identification and verification of
objects and personal identity. In 2004 Neurotechnology began
research in artificial intelligence
Biometrics (AI) and mobile autonomous
robotics fields, and in the same
With a combination of fast year the company's AI division was
algorithms and high reliability, founded. The division's first
company's fingerprint, face and eye product, SentiSight computer-based
iris biometric technologies can be vision and object recognition
used for access control, computer technology, can be used in a variety
security, banking, time attendance of applications including image
control and law enforcement search engines, security systems,
applications, among others. manufacturing and robot and
machine vision.
Neurotechnology's fingerprint
identification algorithm has shown
one of the best results for reliability
in several biometric competitions,
including the International
Fingerprint Verification
Competition (FVC2006,
FVC2004, FVC2002 and
FVC2000) and the National
Institute of Standards &
Technology (NIST) Fingerprint
CONCLUSION
By viewing recent history as a series of techno-economic waves ushered in
by a new low-cost input, it is possible to see that neurotechnology will lead
to substantial economic, political, and social change. Building on advances
in brain science and biotechnology, neurotechnology, the set of tools that
influence the human brain, will allow people to experience life in ways that
are currently unattainable. Neurotechnology will enable people to
consciously improve emotional stability, enhance cognitive clarity, and
extend sensory experiences. As people begin to experience life less
constrained by one's evolutionarily influenced brain chemistry,
neurotechnology will give rise to a new type of human society, a post-
industrial, post-informational, neurosociety.

Reference:

 The
documentary
and the
images
reference is
THE
the END
‘neurotechnolo
gy.com’ and
also the
‘wikipedia.com
’.

 Images are
from the
Google image
gallery.