ARABIC VERBS AND ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR John Mace TEACH YOURSELF BOOKSAcknowledgements I take this opportunity to express my great thanks to Viviane Kafrouni for her careful checking of the examples of Arabic grammar, and to Marilyn Moore for her careful checking of the English and the layout. Any errors remaining in this book are my own responsibility. John Mace For UK order queries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 39 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4TD. Telephone: (44) 01235 400414, Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00-6.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Email address: orders @bookpoint.co.uk For U.S.A. & Canada order queries: please contact NTC/Contemporary Publishing, 4255 West Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood, Illinois 60646-1975, U.S.A. Telephone: (847) 679 5500, Fax: (847) 679 2494, . 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Impressionnumber 10987654321 Year 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999CONTENTS Introduction Aim of this book How to use this book Form and use of the Arabic verb 1 Yana WH 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 General Sentences without verbs Roots and radicals Classes Principal parts Measures Government: Intransitive, complemented, transitive and prepositional verbs Complemented verbs Forms Form I Form IQ Form Ii Form IQ Form II Form IV Form V Form VI Form VII Form VIL Form IX Form X Tenses Perfect indicative tense (‘Perfect’) Pluperfect tense Imperfect indicative tense (‘Imperfect’) Continuous perfect tense Agreement Nominal and verbal sentences -ve Auk aww wen29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CONTENTS: Imperfect subjunctive tense (‘Subjunctive’) Imperfect jussive tense (‘Jussive’) Imperative mood (‘Imperative’) Participles Verbal nouns Auxiliary verbs Questions Indirect speech Expressions of circumstance Conditional sentences Passive voice (‘Passive’) Indirect expressions with the verbal noun Verb tables Sound verbs, 1-23 Hamzated verbs, 24-57 Doubled verbs, 58-70 Assimilated verbs, 71-87 Hollow verbs, 88-113 Defective verbs, 114-126 Doubly weak verbs, 127-152 Verb list Appendix A - Nouns, adjectives and adverbs 1 me See nrrauneann Nouns and adjectives - general Gender Number Relative and abstract nouns Indefinite nouns and adjectives; Direct object; Cases Definite article Dual Sound plural Broken plural Diptotes Demonstrative adjectives -vi- 24 26 27 28 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 39 63 99 115 133 161 177 205 231 231 232 233 233 234 235 235 237 238 23912 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Possessive adjectives Construct Collective nouns Nouns of activity, person, place and instrument All, every, some, other, any Comparison of adjectives Colours and physical defects Un., in-, im-, non- There is no... Compound adjectives ’abetc. Defective nouns Improper agreement Adverbs - general Derivation of adverbs Negation of adverbs Comparison of adverbs Absolute object Appendix B - Pronouns and prepositions 1 erxrtaunawn 9 10 11 12 Pronouns - general Subject pronouns Direct object pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Prepositions - general Pronouns after prepositions To have Relative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Independent object pronouns Indefinite pronouns An exceptional preposition Appendix C - Numbers 1 2 General Simplified cardinal numbers 1 to 10 - vil - 240 242 244 245 245 246 248 249 249 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 253 254 255 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 264 267 267eIyxanananw 11 12 13 14 15 16 CONTENTS Simplified cardinal numbers 11 to 99 Simplified cardinal numbers above 99 Formal cardinal numbers - general Formal cardinal numbers 1 to 10 Formal cardinal numbers 11 to 99 Formal cardinal numbers above 99 Ordinal numbers Ist to 10th Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th Ordinal numbers above 19th Fractions ‘T, ‘I, ‘UY ete. Adverbial numbers Clock Calendar + vili - 268 269 270 270 271 272 273 273 273 274 274 274 275 275INTRODUCTION Aim of this book The main aim of this book is to help students of Modern Standard Arabic in that part of the language usually found the most difficult, namely the verbs. The book also summarises other essential elements of grammar. How to use this book The introductory chapter explains the verb’s structure and working. The verb tables, numbered 1 to 152, show all common verb patterns, arranged first by class and sub-class and then by Form, I to X. These tables are listed in the contents. The verb list (pp. 206-230) shows alphabetically, by the the 3rd person masculine singular of the perfect tense of the verb (not the root): * the 152 verbs whose full conjugation is shown in the tables indicated, * 1095 further verbs, with a reference showing where to find the identical conjugation in the tables. The text preceding the verb list shows how it is used. Using the list and the tables, you can find the conjugation, meaning and use of almost any common verb. The same system of reference numbers is used throughout. The three appendices explain other essential grammar. The transliteration is that of the Encyclopedia of Islam, with some modifications. Page 2 shows the layout of the information given in each of the tables. The explanations are superimposed, in frames, on a typical table (no. 23). The abbreviations and symbols used in this book are: acc. accusative | intr. intransitive s. singular adj. adjective m masculine f complemented verb conj. conjunction| neg. negative ol 3 + subjunctive verb def. definite nom. nominative » — direct person-object f. feminine pers. person » direct thing-object gen. genitive pl, ct plural LX FomItoX inan. inanimate prep. preposition(al)} & used as auxiliary verb indef. indefinite Q quadriliteral ° — impersonal passive For the meaning of the terms used, see the introductory chapter, pp. 3-37. teINTRODUCTION + ese , Payout of typical verb-table 23 Sept aed istaqbala yastagbilu ro receive @ «2 es] . Principal parts, meaning, government] [Root] denperfect oe Perfeet * [4 active tenses: ib we) line feel 2nd person pete | 3 |3rd person f. VE Luspertect ead nite; «Perfect astuqbila jetted 3rd pe Participle mustaqbal Ji 1 yal bu do © acceptay\a vo AMT byte face 28 agVerbs with the same root in other forms (I-X); lwith verbal noun, in parentheses, for 1 and IQ) before (prep.) 33 before (conj.) SUS beforehand eevee - F J pi\d. ‘925 accl|Words and expressions with the same root kxawnesation approach kus 41.3 tribe eke next -2-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB 1. General In Arabic as in English, a verb is that word or group of words which states what action takes or took place, or what situation exists or existed: o ot ge 4 «ae DL, cL! Isent a letter yesterday. What did he. tell you? <5! Write your name here. The information seems useful. 2. Sentences without verbs The simplest Arabic sentences, however, have no verb at all. Examine: ga Gh tamil. a) \ a Cat Our director is responsible. fe feos ‘bo Are they are the experts? OG\ ii a The document is here / there. Our library is in the school. My office is in town. In all these sentences, the verb ‘to be’ in present time (‘am / is / are’) is implied, not stated, in Arabic. The sentence consists of a subject (‘I, Our director, They’ etc.) and a complement identifying the subject (‘the experts’), describing it (‘ill’) or situating it (‘here’, ‘in town’). (For more about the complement, see paras. 7 and 8 below.) We omit the verb ‘to be’ also in sentences which in English begin ‘Here is / are ...’, ‘There is / are ...’ or ‘Where is / are ...?’. Note the word-order with ‘There is / are . ESS Hull 3 There is a library in the school. (‘In the school a Beye - library.’) sw 3h Where is your office? All such sentences must be present in time, and affirmative. For their past -3-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB or future equivalents, affirmative or negative (‘I was (not) / will (not) be’ etc.), we use a form of the verb 45) lS, and for the present negative equivalents (‘I am not’ etc.) we use the verb mel. Both these verbs are explained in para. 8 below. 3. Roots and radicals The simplest form of the verb is the root. This is not a word; it is the theoretical base of the verb, and the form under which the verb is listed in the Arabic part of a dictionary. An example of a root is ws 7 Most Arabic roots are triliteral, i.e. they have three letters, known as radicals. The radicals of the root aS are © J, called respectively the initial, middle and final radical. A few roots (some of which are important) are quadriliteral, ie. having four radicals, referred to as first, second, third and fourth radicals. An example of a quadriliteral root is #5 , with radicals roe ©. In this book, quadriliteral verbs are marked Q. All reference to verbs in this book is to triliteral verbs unless otherwise stated. In the Arabic part of a dictionary, all words (not only verbs) based on or derived from a root are listed alphabetically by the root, not by the word. Thus, the verb form |yle ‘they knew’, the participle t »glae ‘known’ and the noun exis ‘tuition’ are all listed not under their first letter but under their root pls. preceding the next root gyle and all its forms and derivatives. We must therefore know how to identify the root in order to find an unknown word. Any letter of the alphabet, and «, can be a radical. In addition, certain letters (and «) are used to build the forms and derivatives. They are those found in the mnemonic phrase au! s 5 ya) ‘you asked me it’,ie. &« | 2 eae du. 4. Classes Arabic roots (and hence the verbs derived from them) are grouped in classes, according to the nature of their radicals. There are four classes of verb: sound, hamzated, doubled and weak. The weak class has four sub- classes: assimilated, hollow, defective and doubly weak. This makes -4-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB seven groups in all. They are described briefly below: more detailed information can be found in the preamble to each set of tables. * Sound. The sound class is the most regular class. The radicals of a sound root can be any letter of the alphabet except |, 5 or g. + is also excluded. The radicals are all different, and are ‘stable’, ie. they never change. A typical sound root is GS. All quadriliteral roots are conjugated like sound verbs; a typical quadriliteral root is rs: Hamzated. Hamzated roots have « as one of their radicals. For most of the conjugation, the « is stable and the verb follows the sound pattern. In a few forms, the « may, however, change to another letter or may even disappear. In the dictionary, « (however written) i is usually listed with |. Examples of hamzated roots are JS i (initial «), JL (middle «) and 1,5 (final «). Doubled. Doubled verbs have identical sound middle and final radicals. A typical doubled root is | . The initial radical is almost always sound. Weak. Weak verbs are those with one or more weak letters ( or ¢s ) as radicals. There are four sub-classes: ' - Assimilated. Assimilated verbs have initial » or (much more rarely) .g , and two sound radicals or middle « and a sound final radical. Typical doubled roots are oss aun» Hollow. Hollow verbs have middle 5 or g and two sound radicals, or initial « and a sound final radical. Typical hollow roots are J. 95, pm. Defective. Defective verbs have final » or g and two sound radicals. Typical roots are y>),.54) - 7 Doubly Weak. Doubly weak verbs have two weak radicals, 9.5 ors . Typical doubly weak roots are pes emwnggil gh eg. 7 5. Principal parts In most European languages we identify a verb by its infinitive: ‘(to) write’, ‘schreiben’, ‘écrire’. This is the form which we find in the - dictionary. Arabic has no infinitive; instead, verbs are identified by one or both of two forms which we can call ‘principal parts’. The first principal part is the 3rd pers. m. s. of the ‘perfect’ (i.e. past) tense; the soFORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB second principal part is the corresponding person of the ‘imperfect’ (i.e. Present), tense. Thus in English we quote either or both of the principal parts os GF as ‘to write’, although their meaning when used in a sentence is ‘he wrote, he writes’. 6. Measures The comparatively regular nature of Arabic word-patterns allows us to use formulz or ‘measures’ for the different forms. Imagine that the English verb ‘write’ has a root ‘writ-’; we could then say that we add ‘-er’ (writer) to denote the doer of the action and ‘-ing’ (writing) to describe the doer; we change the ‘i’ to ‘o’ and add ‘-e’ (wrote) to make the past tense; and so on. The patterns ‘-er’, -ing’ and ‘o-e’ could be described as ‘measures’. This is an isolated and far- fetched illustration, not very helpful for a student of the English verb. But in Arabic the principle not only works; it is fundamental to the whole verb system. The Arabs illustrate their measures with the use of the trliteral root Jai (for quadriliteral roots, Jai ). Thus, when we learn that verbs like WS ‘to write’ have the measures: Bae oe principal parts (Jay (a3 (‘to ...’) active participle Jeb (‘-ing’) (participles are explained passive participle Jyais (‘-en’) } fully in para. 32 below) we can substitute real radicals, cay & J, for the theoretical radicals G J fin each measure, giving us: HS ‘to write’, aS writing’ and p35 ‘written’, And so on for other parts of the verb.” Measures are used not only for verbs but for all words derived from a triliteral or quadriliteral root. 7. Government: intransitive, complemented, transitive and prepositional verbs Verbs can be of four kinds in Arabic, depending on their use: : ¢ Intransitive. An intransitive verb concerns only its subject. No object (i.e. no other party) is concerned or affected: «0 He died. al Iy They came yesterday. In the tables and the verb list, intransitive verbs are marked intr. -6-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB where this is not obvious from the meaning. Complemented. A complemented verb also concerns only its subject, i.e. it has no object; but it introduces a statement (the ‘complement’) about the subject. When the complement is a noun or adjective, it stands in the accusative case (see Appendix A, para. 5 for the cases): ate we ey He seems ill. (adjective complement, accusative case) Sb Pcs They were students. (noun complement, accusative) Complemented verbs are all verbs of being, becoming or seeming. They are marked f in the tables and the verb list. See also para. 8 below. Transitive. A transitive verb directly affects a second party, known as the direct object. A direct object noun is in the accusative case; a direct object pronoun is suffixed (i.e. attached) to the verb: scat pte He understands the problem. Laie PA They visited an ambassador. addi GI did not find him / it. In the tables and the verb list, transitive verbs are marked » to show a direct person-object and # to show a direct thing-object. Prepositional. A prepositional verb indirectly affects a second party, known as the prepositional object. The prepositional object follows the appropriate preposition, as a suffix if it is a pronoun: chy es GSE, We agreed to the proposal. ae 1 We did without him / it. In the tables and verb list, prepositional verbs are marked with the appropriate preposition, e.g. gy. A verb can be of more than one kind at the same time: wee wo they both eo Aladdin of.5 a 3rd person f. , they both} , , she/it/they ne 3 oY This table shows the persons in the same order as in the verb tables, i.e. singular on the right. Note: * These imperfect prefixes are valid for the imperfect tense of all verbs without exception. The alternatives (a) or (b) are used as follows: - alternative (a), with the vowel :..(3\\3\I ) is used in the active voice of Forms I, IQ and V to X. A - alternative (b), with the vowel i AN ) is used in the active voice of Forms IQ, II, IMI and IV; and in the whole of the passive voice (see para. 39 below). ° These imperfect personal endings are valid for the active and passive voices of all verbs with a sound final radical (sound, hamzated, doubled, assimilated, hollow) throughout the table. The endings for defective and doubly weak verbs are a variant of the endings shown above; see p. 161. * The 1st persons do not vary with the gender of the subject. The Ist -19-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB pers. pl. is used for the missing dual form. The 2nd person dual, and the 2nd and 3rd person feminine plural forms (shown in parentheses) are rarely encountered. As in the verb tables, they are shown here to make the list complete. When the 3rd person singular pronoun subject ‘it’ is intended, the verb must agree in gender with the noun subject referred to: Cel ee: Cel I oe The bank (m.) sells shares. oe ola gee I ew gl iS. al ee The company (f.) sells cata See para. 27 below for the agreement of the verb with a plural subject. * See para. 23 above, last indent. Short pronunciation applies to the imperfect tense as follows: ~ all endings ... (1st pers. s. and pl., 2nd pers. m.s., 3rd pers. m. and £. s.) are dropped, i.e. the, verb ends with the final radical: cSi\ ech \ aS ch ’aktub, taktub, yaktub,naktub I/you / he / she / we write(s) - all dual endings gf... drop the final ...: gleSs taktubdn you both write : : After short pronunciation of the verb, any following definite article recovers its original vowel a-. Compare: - pill Le yaktubu t-tagrir (full pronunciation), yaktub at-tagrir (short) He is writing the report. Short pronunciation cannot be used when a pronoun object is suffixed to the verb: aK yaktubuhu (only possible pronunciation) He is writing it. The imperfect is made negative with the word Y before the verb: tga ahi S75 (M) He knows / does not know Arabic. A future of intention can be expressed with the particle on OF nw followed by an imperfect verb: aw\ Jui Ui. He will resign from his post. Kor the negative fature offi intention, see para. 29 below. A past action continuing into the present is expressed with the imperfect in Arabic, not with a perfect as in English: -20-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB ae Aol ag jpKug They have been living here since last year. (‘They are living here since last year.’) ‘You may have met the same structure in (e.g.) French or German: Is habitent ici depuis l’année derniére. Sie wohnen seit dem letzten Jahr hier. 26.Continuous perfect tense The continuous perfect (‘They were working / used to work’) expresses a continuous or repeated past action or state. It consists of the perfect tense of 4,5 olf plus the imperfect tense of the operative verb. Both verbs agree with the subject i in the manner described in para. 27 below: wes wy tpg LS They were living in Beirut. ole Csls gj! gS The two parties were always quarrelling. 27. Agreement In general, a verb agrees with its subject (noun or pronoun) in number and gender. But: * the f. pl. (2nd or 3rd person) is used only for an all-female animate group (i.e. people); the m. pl. (2nd or 3rd person) is used for an all- male or mixed animate group: ‘ eee’ pa \ ipa You (m. pl. or m.+f. pl/f. pl.) attended a the meeting. «Lile) ICSI The workers (m., or mixed) went we ec. gol They (m., or mixed) went on — Ge al otal The (f.) nurses went on strike. ool They (all f.) went on strike. * for an inanimate group (i.e. not of people) we use the inanimate pl. form of co verb, This is identical to the f. s. form: as tag aS iL! The problems / matters concern us. ys They (i.e. the problems / matters) concern us. A word denoting a group of people is itself inanimate: spol Le; 93)! The delegations arrived today. (The use of the f. s. for the inanimate pl. runs right through the -21-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB language and is therefore most important. The animate m. pl. and f. pl. forms are used only to denote people.) * special rules apply to the kind of sentence known as a verbal statement, for which see para. 28 below. 28. Nominal and verbal statements Arabic distinguishes between two kinds of sentences making statements: noun or nominal statements and verb or verbal statements. In a nominal statement, the subject occurs earlier than the verb, as in English: at LS ell The engineer wrote the report. which is correct as it stands. But it is considered better style to begin such a statement with g!. This word adds no meaning; it simply announces that a nominal statement follows: nyt wt oll ra) The engineer wrote the report. The subject following ili is in fact in the accusative case (see Appendix A, para. 5); in short pronunciation this is not evident as long as nly is singular. As soon as we make this word plural, its accusative ‘ending becomes evident in writing and sound. Compare: (without bb. nll Los anes (with i ): wp Los ceil o In short pronunciation and in unpointed text, the accusative case is audible and visible only with m. sound plurals and with dual nouns _ instead of gf.. ), but not evident otherwise. In fact 0} is one of a family of conjunctions which cause the subject of the verb to go into the accusative case. These are: } The engineers wrote the report. af (as used here); also ‘that’ in indirect statements (see para. 36 below) Sl ‘that’ in indirect statements (see para. 36 below) 6G) (wa)lakinna but ws because and any other compound involving ai, eg. SI e although si Sips on condition that st dé provided that wet gg et 26g Weigel abl 31 ANSWERS ~22-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB but / because / although the employees went on strike A pronoun subject is suffixed to the SINa ete.: we 2 Nl Lo rel They wrote the report. A verbless sentence (see para. 2 above) is also a nominal statement. We ‘ may introduce it by 4! : wg on cal bape The engineers are present. 26 asl e\cel They are absent. Note that it is only the subject which goes into the accusative; the complement stays nominative. Ina verbal statement, either the subject is a pronoun which is built into the verb itself: 7 wguel io, They arrived yesterday. in which case the verb agrees with the subject as described in para. 27 above; or the subject is a noun which stands later in the sentence than the verb. In a verbal statement with a noun subject, the verb agrees in gender but is always singular, even if the noun is dual or plural. The inanimate pl. form counts as singular for this purpose: stad! ctl 2x6 The delegates (m., m.+ f.) negotiated the contract. wd gsi! 2x6 The two sides negotiated the contract. dial) otal <2, The (f.) teachers negotiated the contract. Ae toe tia! GGLYI 22255 The parties negotiated the contract. You will notice that the subject is in the nominative in a verbal statement. Only one verb may stand earlier than the subject. If there is a second verb with the same subject, or if the verb is compound (i.e. consists of more than one word), the second verb or second element of the verb follows the subject and agrees fully with it: tales onl! ee The delegates entered and sat down. eae 8a, all aan oud! te The drillers began to inspect the bit. The nurses had gone on strike. -23-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB 29. Imperfect subjunctive tense (‘Subjunctive’) The subjunctive expresses purpose, potential or will concerning the action of the verb (‘He wanted to sell the house.’, ‘Can you speak Arabic?’, ‘I prefer that you stay.”). The subjunctive is formed from the imperfect by changing the endings only, as follows (the prefixes are ugchanged): * change the imperfect ending ... to... imperfect (cS he writes, ae CS * change the > imperfect endings 4... , «4g... (defective and doubly weak verbs) to i . OF respectively: imperfect os ze we expect, subjunctive * a 5 you deny it, subjunctive ois change endings Noe: 2nd pers. f. s.) ol. (the whole dual) and Oe Ngee (2nd + 3rd persons m. pl.) to A f. and fy\lg.. respectively. The latter two subjunctive endings further undergo the same changes as [... and 1y..., in the perfect tense (i.e. before a pronoun object suffix or hamzat al-was!), see para. 23 above and Appendix B para. 3: imperfect inl SS ols you (f. s.; dual; m. pl.) remain, subjunctive (fis Suis, ts * leave all else unchanged: imperfect + subjunctive vrei they (f. pl.) deserve The Arabic subjunctive often replaces the English infinitive, e.g. ‘to sell’ and ‘speak’ shown above. The subjunctive verb is always introduced by a conjunction because it always depends on a ‘main’ verb (which may be in any tense or in the imperative); in the English examples given above the main verbs are ‘wanted’, ‘can’ and ‘prefer’. Typical Arabic verbs used as main verbs in this context are: eee pla! X, can, to be able to pee (a5 I1,to prefer Jj Te mM, totry . ua Sa (glS) I,must, to have to dy (gS) IV, to want to J od (glS) I,may / might, it is / was probable -24-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB e Xe (glS) : IV, may / might, it was possible dhe, AL to ask / request eG al I,to order The principal conjunctions used to introduce the subjunctive verb are: 5 that PANINI so that Sani so that...not Examples: Gael si ees He can (‘that he’) help us. i LS stat oo T explained the problem so that they would understand. a3 7 ty Ib They asked us not to (‘that we not’) interfere. in govt es We supported the project so that it would oe jes In the verbs marked with (gl) the continuous perfect tense is preferred to the ee Ga, wy $s a3) nu 3 (5) We want(ed) to confirm our policy. With Gow , jyay and oS, we use the verb either impersonally as it stands, or we can emphasise the person concerned as shown with each of these verbs in the list: rijemt) od 3 i (ie) me (gS) We must /had to study the oy ot sees question. Et JES 5! aha\ Se Y= He cannot (‘It is not possible for him to’) change the bit. The subjunctive of 5315 ‘to be’ has present meaning: cere eet . chy! eo LES ol Ho They may be against the proposal. It is common to use a definite verbal noun (see para. 33 below), or an expression containing a definite verbal noun, instead of the conjunction + subjunctive verb, with the same meaning: #48, ASI bai\ it si Jats We prefer that he resign. (‘We favour his resignation.’) wl Jiu wx Y Y > He cannot change the bit. (‘The - ‘changing of the bit is not possible for him.”) wd J awe XY He cannot change the bit. (‘He ° i: “is not capable of the changing of the bit’) The negative of such an expression is made with pee ‘lack of’, ‘non- -25-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB before the verbal noun: aS pe paid We prefer that he should not resign. vee - (‘We favour his non-resignation. The word oJ followed by a subjunctive verb expresses a negative future of intention: . Gib; ow ete o She will not resign from her post. For the affirmative future of intention, see para. 25 above. The final ‘.. of the subjunctive can be dropped in short pronunciation exactly as can be the final 2. of the imperfect indicative; see para. 25 above: as AE Jueas 1 59a yajite(u) ’an yasil(a) ghadan. . He may arrive tomorrow. 30. Imperfect jussive tense (‘Jussive’) The jussive is formed from the subjunctive by changing certain of the endings only, as follows (where no change is mentioned, the subjunctive and jussive forms are the same): * for sound, hamzated and assimilated verbs, replace the subjunctive ending “. with * subjunctive ed we find, jussive aad For Form IX verbs proceed, however, as for doubled verbs (see below), for hollow verbs, and for doubly weak verbs with final « , drop the subjunctive ending «.. » and; where the middle radical has the form of a vowel, shorten it (ie. wee . becomes .., wf. becomes ... subjunctive a ) i he says, jussive subjunctive + om he comes, jussive ten Where the weak middle radical has consonantal form, proceed as for sound verbs (see above): subjunctive alga we finance it, jussive aie For Form IX verbs proceed, however, as for doubled verbs (see below), for defective and doubly weak verbs with final-radical y or «¢ , replace the subjunctive ending “.. with ... , and, where the final -26-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB radical is the last written letter, shorten it (i.e. y- becomes ~.. , becomes .. and [.. or G-. becomes «, subjunctive 5 we expect, jussive wo subjunctive se fd he appropriates, jussive J Fs subjunctive pads she forgets them, jussive pens * for doubled verbs, and for Form IX verbs, there are two patterns: - acommon pattern (marked (i) in the tables) in which the jussive is identical to the subjunctive throughout: subjunctive and jussive ois we remain subjunctive and jussive nod she blushes This is the pattern you should always use. - a less common pattern (marked (ii) in the tables) in which the subjunctive ending 1. is replaced with *.. and, where the personal ending begins with a consonant (or has been replaced by the ay the identical middle and final radicals are separated with a short vowel: jussives jae we remain, yes she blushes The jussive is used as follows: ¢ with the particles Jet wee SG and ne ‘so let ...’, to express a wish: : LJ 1J jl) (So) let them try. * with the negative expressions J ‘not’ and 0 ‘not ... yet’ with past meaning: at i pags a They did not understand us. This construction is mostly preferred to G+ perfect (see para. 23 above) for a past negative. In a few expressions it is the only correct past negative. + for the negative imperative; see para. 31 below, * in conditional sentences; see para. 38 below. 31. Imperative mood (‘Imperative’) : The imperative expresses direct commands or requests (‘Come here.’, ‘Don’t go away’). It exists only in the 2nd persons (masculine and feminine; singular, dual, plural). The imperative is formed from the jussive, as follows: -27-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB Affirmative imperative First remove the personal prefix ...5 or 3 from the appropriate 2nd person of the jussive. Then: ¢ If the resultant form begins with a single consonant (radical or not) + a vowel, that form is the imperative: jussive ye you say, imperative ig say jussive PACS you speak, imperative PACS speak * If the resultant form begins with two consonants or a doubled consonant (whether radicals or not) with no intervening vowel, then a prefix is necessary to make the imperative: ~ for Form IV, the imperative prefix is .. .| (with hamzat al-qat'y. jussive Chet 3 you send it, imperative (Gulu al send it - for all other forms, the imperative prefix is j (with hamzat al- wasl) if the vowel after the middle radical is ... , and ...! (with hamzat al-wasl) if that vowel is anything else: 288 jussive on was you publish it, imperative o9 asl publish it jussive Seas you occupy, imperative SNS ' occupy jussive WiS you deny, imperative i deny Negative imperative Put the negative word Y before the unchanged jussive: roi Wl Wilks Wye Y do not: say / speak / send it / deny iples Participles are verbal adjectives. Arabic has active participles, e.g. —0' 6 ‘writing’, describing a person or thing performing the action; and passive participles, e.g. eh | written’, describing a person or thing suffering the action. The active and passive participles correspond approximately (and respectively) to what we call present and past participles in European languages. Form I participles have the measures Je (active), Jyais (passive). These are the measures for sound, hamzated and assimilated verbs. Other classes have variants: see the preamble to each appropriate table. Examples: -28-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB see I,to know: djl knowing Sane known I, to eat: js eating Jt eaten Ito indicate: Jf indicating Ja indicated Participles of increased forms and quadriliterals (II to X,IQ and IQ) are derived as follows: . Active participle: take the second principal part. Remove the prefix += OF ...g and the ending -. . If the vowel before the final radical is , then make it... Add the prefix .. yy . Pasiive participle: tke. the first principal part, remove any prefixed wl\.u | and the ending ‘.. , and add the prefix ..». These are the measures for all verbs ending in a sound radical (sound, hamzated, doubled, assimilated, hollow). For the defective and doubly weak classes, see p. 161. Examples: Perse be . von, . eee wee a> Ito instruct: wv jd# instructing we instructed tee tee ees ‘oe JS-1 vuttto occupy: “fxs occupying/ied (active/passive) elas es V, to learn: place learning plate learnt “os Seis stil IV, to benefit: gia beneficial sli benefited Like “all adjectives, participles may be used as nouns (‘participial nouns’). When used as masculine animate nouns, some active participles of Form I have a broken plural (see Appendix A, para. 9). The same is true of a small number of inanimate participial nouns, and a few animates of increased forms: Us I, to write: vets ct SU clerk Soe, Jee 1.10 work: Jee del workman bebe : dole factor Sy Gal 1, t0 direct: wae t zie director When used as adjectives, or when in the feminine form, such words have a sound plural. The passive participle has a sound plural. Agreement of participles used as adjectives. Active participles used as adjectives agree with the noun which they qualify (the details given in -29-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB para. 27 above apply as appropriate). The same is true of passive participles formed from transitive verbs and used as adjectives: IIL, to suit; active participle sels suitable: uth EGIL by (‘the’) suitable means jfe ete 7 = Bee Jt JC. 1,t0 ask; passive participle Jy}. responsible: ae a oslapall eSGyJl_ the responsible colleagues But the passive participle of a prepositional verb is regarded as impersonal, and when used as an adjective always stands in the masculine singular, with its preposition carrying the suffix appropriate to the noun: ro) sit 7 Lto undertake; passive participle w t. sis undertaken: & f. sill & » Ctl! the projects undertaken & SL II, to agree on/ to; passive participle “& at agreed on/to: G& ah. ok Ck by measures (which are / were) agreed to In the tables, impersonal passives are marked °. Passive participles of intransitive verbs, although in theory regularly formed, are extremely rare. They are shown in the tables only when they have a distinct use (e.g. as a noun of place; see immediately below). Passive participles as nouns of place. Finally, the passive participles of a few verbs in the increased forms can also express the place where an activity occurs: [x21 Van, to deliberate; passive participle 3} conference 33. Verbal nouns Verbal nouns express the activity or state of the verb. They often correspond to what we call abstract nouns in English. Examples of verbal nouns are: Os 5e Ito know; verbal noun Bye knowledge - de, - Il,to teach; verbal noun pbs teaching, education Verbaf nouns of Forms I and IQ are irregularly formed, and have to be learned with the verb. The verbal nouns of Forms II to X have regular -30-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB measures: see paras. 12 to 21 above, and the tables. See para. 29 above for the important use of the verbal noun to replace a subjunctive verb, and para. 40 below for important uses of the verbal noun to replace a passive verb. The Arabic verbal noun is more commonly used than is its English counterpart. It deserves your attention; its correct use counts as good style, and is one of the marks of a successful student of Arabic. 34. Auxiliary verbs An auxiliary verb is one which appears with another verb and limits its action: ‘We began to work’, ‘She continued sewing’. In Arabic, the auxiliary mostly limits the action in time or manner, i.e. beginning it, continuing it, ending it, resuming it, seeming to do it or almost doing it. Only certain Arabic verbs can be used as auxiliaries; some of them are complemented verbs (see para. 8 above) with sometimes a new meaning: yer LPs _ 35 L,almost to... he ‘ib I, to continue Ae tee 44 ee Vag IQ Ito begin ee He 1,to seem 4a, je I, to begin ts (EL to keep ...ing 4 a ee poi) _yeieel X,to continue *yyu ole Ito... again OE UG I,to ... no longer, to cease ...ing The auxiliary may be in any tense, or in the imperative, but the operative verb is always in the imperfect. The two verbs agree with the subject in the manner described in para. 27 above. Examples: aye Fete Bh be Ul Sytem 4,5,0L1 To, The drillers began to examine the bit. a a pee bee wgK2S yaa They are continuing to complain. a bs P| «eu GAS We almost forgot the most important point. * The negative perfect of sle is used as an auxiliary ‘to ... no longer’, and the negative imperfect and perfect of J; are used as an auxiliary ‘still to ...”: tees Boh Lyle G They no longer supported us. wpa 65 JSG OIG G\SGE Y She still works / worked at the bank. Verbs used as auxiliaries are marked a in the tables and the verb list. -31-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB 35. Questions Questions (more correctly, direct questions) are of two types. Questions asking for an answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ are introduced by either ie (for affirmative questions) or 7 (for affirmative or negative questions). The rest of the sentence remains unchanged: yas 3 Heis ill. Saye yo fo Isheill? “yer eee ee wad GS G He wrote the reply. $435 Ll Did he not write it? Questions asking for another answer begin with the appropriate interrogative word ; see for example Appendix B, para. 9. 36. Indirect speech Indirect speech (also called reported speech) is that speech in which the speaker’s words are not quoted but reported: ‘He said that he was ill’, ‘They asked whether I would attend’, ‘I told them to get out’. These are examples, respectively, of indirect statement, indirect question and indirect command or request. Indirect statement. Arabic indirect statement is introduced by one of two conjunctions, 5! or ‘y1, both meaning ‘that’. They cannot be omitted, as ‘that’ is sometimes omitted in English. You will recall from para. 28 above that after either of these conjunctions the subject stands in the accusative case if it is a noun; if a pronoun, it is represented by the object pronoun suffix: After the common verb Aen JG, ‘to say’, the conjunction is bb: 20% patil jG) i! Js He says that (the) prices are falling (‘decreasing’). Gi J, He says that they are falling. 3 Cpa 3! Jt He says that the engineers have arrived. After any “other verb of reporting, the conjunction is St: 2 te ais Gh wy SI igh, They announce that the prices / that they are falling. In English the verb may change its tense in the transition from direct to indirect speech; in Arabic it does not: tee ook foe ae gall IOS SG ‘| JWG He said he was (‘is’) studying Arabic verbs. -32-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB prea oases i 81 she confirmed that she had heard (‘that “oe a she heard’) the news yesterday. Similarly, an implied present verb ‘am / is / are’ (see para. 2 above) remains implied: JU He said that he was ill. (i.e. when he spoke) G Cas 36 uy Jl means ‘He said that he had been ill.’ [i.e. previously]) ; Indirect question. In indirect questions, the original tense or time- sequence is preserved, as in indirect statement. Indirect questions are introduced by the same word as is used for the corresponding direct question. ‘Whether’ is (> or fil : sete «pam Le fI\ a Lift. They asked whether I would attend. ja i They asked whether he was ill. Indirect command or request. This is expressed with “I for an affirmative command or VI for a negative command. Both are followed by the subjunctive. See para. 29. above: le pe Vis 4 re cxSb I asked them (not) to get out. Note that the rules of indirect speech apply not only to speech proper, but also to all clauses depending on verbs of thinking or perceiving: oan yee bas rh opel st bee We knew that discussions were going on. nooo 3 pare yt end id We did not hear who was attending. 37. Expressions of circumstance Expressions of circumstance show a state or action which accompanies another state or action. We can express an accompanying state with an adjective, or an accompanying action with a participle. Both words go into the indefinite accusative form: some eel 1,53 They left the meeting pleased. Ahetn C8 Ob gals He telephoned asking for our help. oN cna ii, They arrived carrying the documents. -33-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB A second way of expressing an accompanying action is with a verb. The verb stands in the imperfect, irrespective of the tense of the verb which it accompanies: fh; als He telephoned asking for our help. +e ge) plas Lio, They arrived carrying the documents. Yet a third and very common way of expressing an accompanying action is to put it into its own clause, introduced by; y- In such a clause, 5 means ‘while’ or ‘given that’. Sometimes it is not even translatable. We use the imperfect or a participle (indefinite accusative) for a simultaneous action, or the pluperfect for a previous action. The 5 must be followed by the noun or pronoun subject, or a negative particle: EOE ons Be He came in while we were talking. Sab (38) Ds Bie I knew him when he was a child. i Gaye G UL é on 45 How will he reply to the letter if : (‘given that’) he does not understand it? ee Bede ae 9 tage ASU SG 5 OS ES ial They rang after we had left the office. 38. Conditional sentences Conditional sentences (‘If ...’) state under what conditions the main statement of the sentence will be true. As in English, we have real or possible conditions (‘If it rains ...’) and unreal or impossible conditions (‘If I were you ...’, ‘Had I known ...’). Real conditions are most commonly introduced by the conjunction fil ‘if’. i After fit the conditional verb stands in the perfect tense, irrespective of the time-sequence of the whole sentence. The non-conditional verb stands in the tense or form (e.g. the imperative) demanded by logic. The non-conditional clause is introduced by G ‘then’, which is dropped if the clause starts with a perfect verb: L8 US © fas fl If you attend it will help (‘benefit’) us greatly. ged GIES 6 Ib {31 If they request it we will resume discussions. Less commonly, the real’condition may be introduced by a “f?. In modern Arabic this conjunction is found almost exclusively in ‘a few set -34-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB expressions, most easily learned as they stand. Probably the best known are alll « CS 5! (‘God willing’) ‘I/ we hope’ and Oie')\e'y 3! “if any’. You are advised to keep to [31 for real conditions. “ ~~ Unreal Conditions. Unreal conditions are introduced by the conjunction 7 ‘if’. Both verbs stand in the perfect tense. The verb of the main statement is introduced by the particle wd: weasel) G56) If we had/Had we known we would have fe a 4 helped them. Past time-sequence may be emphasised by using either the pluperfect tense or the word 5 in the condition: Re Gy3y ade 1250 (25 | sy Je they had agreed to it they eae ae a Ma have informed us immediately. When the non-conditional clause comes first, any introductory GordJis of course dropped: ane eat ee ae ae OW sled eG 31 35) Ge, Ge He will realise greater profit(s) on Cae ) AS ae if he sells the goods now. In all conditional clauses the negative must be expressed with a plus the jussive tense, while in the non-conditional clause a negative past is expressed with ( and the perfect: $85 SI CSG oS) It he had not supported us it would have Js oI Cah II PP faa wht (gS) US vai “J If he had supported us it would not have e failed. 39. Passive Voice (‘Passive’) All the verbs used so far in this chapter have been in the active voice: OGY ts tbl! 545 The authorities published the oo = election results. In this sentence, @UbLi! is the subject, performing the action of the verb, while Ux! ea is the direct object, suffering the action of the verb. We have also the passive voice, in which the logic is reversed and the old direct object becomes the subject. The new subject now suffers the action of the verb, while the old subject no longer appears: -35-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB The Arabic passive verb differs from the active only in the vowels. The vowel patterns for the first and second principal parts respectively can be expressed as: * Short vowels: = u-i-a + Long vowels: u-i-a The patterns can be mixed, depending on the verb; and the doubled and hollow verbs deviate somewhat, when they have fewer syllables, from the standard pattern. Weak radicals 4 and ¢g are treated alike within each class. You will note: * the personal endings are the same as the active verb, * the imperfect prefixes of all verbs, in all classes, forms and tenses, have the vowel -.. (3\2\3\)), The passive exists in all tenses, all persons; but in practice you will seldom encounter any passive outside the 3rd persons of the perfect and imperfect, and the participle; ‘the tables show only these. (If one of the other persons, or another tense, is ever needed, it is easily derived from these forms). There is no passive imperative or verbal noun. Form IX has No passive. In English it is common to express the agent (‘by whom?’) of a passive verb. Strictly speaking, Arabic grammar does not permit this; however, you will find, in journalistic Arabic, an imitation of Westem style, using the expression J a ‘on the part of’ for ‘by’ il SS oe Swictly grammatical ee would insist on . mention of the agent of the action. 2331 The factory was ‘opened by the minister. sae)! cl - with no The passive of a transitive verb agrees with its subject following the Tules given in para. 27 above: : ijeles Yl aby guy! eS The letter was written in English. But ‘the passive of an intransitive verb is regarded as impersonal; no noun subject is expressed, and the verb always stands in the masculine singular: ROCARANG onl There was/is a retreat (‘It was/is retreated’). The passive participles of intransitive verbs are very rarely used. They -36-FORM AND USE OF THE ARABIC VERB are shown in the tables only when they have a distinct use, e.g. as a noun of place: see the end of para. 32 above. The passive of a prepositional verb is also regarded as impersonal, and therefore always in the masculine singular; if the subject is a pronoun, it is suffixed to the preposition in the appropriate form: edeolisl! oe oo The details are being searched for. Gee tog They (the details) are being searched for. We studied a similar phenomenon with the passive participle, in para. 32 above. In the tables, impersonal passives are marked °. 40. Indirect expressions with the verbal noun An indirect expression with a verbal noun is often used instead of a simple verb. Three een one are worth noting. The perfect verb ai cays oes ° I, ‘to be completed’) plus a definite verbal noun expresses a completed past action in the passive: soot! tgs 3 The load was inspected. chau ius C45 The proposal was studied. The perfect verb 2 >\ 65 or the imperfect ors om (rn orl ‘to flow’) plus a definite verbal noun expresses a continuing action in the Le bi iu chy 2 cou 2 PNG The proposal was/is being discussed for a long time. The verb f. au b pS I, ‘to undertake’, in any tense, plus a definite verbal noun, expresses the beginning and continuation of the action, in the active: oe We inspected (‘undertook the inspection oe eS oad. aorSOUND VERBS The sound class is the most regular class. The radicals of a sound root can be any letter of the alphabet except |, y or ¢.+ is also excluded. The radicals are all different, and are ‘stable’, i.e. they never change. The sound class is the only class in which all roots have radicals all of the same kind. The standard conjugation patterns shown in paras. 23,25 and 29 to 33 of the introductory chapter (tenses, imperative, participles and verbal noun) apply completely to all sound verbs. To derive the stem of a sound verb (i.e. that form to which the tense prefixes and personal endings are added) + Perfect (active) stem: drop the final <.. from the first principal part, e.g. first principal part L&S , perfect stem . aS, + Imperfect (active) stem: drop the prefix .. wa\. and the final ”. from the second principal part, e.g. second principal part os, imperfect stem . 5... -39-SOUND : 1 [ wk “Ss kataba yaktubu to write » [5 ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Verbal Noun kitaba Participle katib Imperative uktub xcs we hs ne ee PASSIVE Imperfect yuktabu aK Perfect kutiba GS Participle maktib wpe az eae IGS to make (someone) write »7; II GGIS to correspond with 9 2 ett ye ot IV/X (azul \CaST to dictate to » «9 10/23 VICSIS5 to correspond with each other 12; VII CS3I to subscribe 13 Ito copy ., to subscribe (money) » 14 2S writing aS written, textual aus in writing AF EES book es booklet — GESLI dictation “s Ces letter — (f) ue om) DES IK ¢ EK office, desk library, bookshop ESL \ TEU typewriter LSULCES to type we clerkSOUND ooo ye , c 7 [H] ys 6 ‘arafa ya'rifu to know »u Imperfect Verbal Noun ma'rifa/irfan Participle ‘arif ABE UH oi Perfect Sys Imperative i'rif Gol Dyer a) PASSIVE Imperfect yu'rafu Gj, Perfect ‘urifa 5 pee Participle ma‘ rif 5» ,0 aa ae Wz : , Tl 4,6 to acquaint with » «07; V 3,85 to become acquainted with I\y 1; VIG to get to know one another G12; VI Gel to acknowledge , to recognise w 14; X Opel to perceive » 23 way ¥3 announcement we, ess ce ays eG familiar with Size! spss well-known; kindness 4 Sie acquaintance with ail! obs be so kind as to ro) GLsel it is well known that tariff confession approved gratitude in recognition ofeee tere eee eee foe e 3 m2 Ae jama‘a yajma'u to collect » em Cc ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect < APG : 3 ; us 7 pa nase Subjunctive Verbal Noun jam‘ Participle jami‘ Imperative ijma‘ oo ee por Gol Gel pred ed | > PASSIVE Imperfect yujma'u gam Perfect jumi'a ar Bee e Participle majmo‘ wer ote aeet oboe Tl gee to assemble» 7;1V ae! to agree on (le 10; V qe to congregate 11; VII eel to have a meeting 14; X summarise 23 oo collection, addition, plural (SI po) Friday tule university, community ue total pis! meeting i yar collection, group qe association oe all (plural) om junction, assembly oes altogether «6! >! social on assembly (of parts) ate HIS qaneal to collect one’s strength/one’s thoughtsSOUND 4 [] ans ae ‘amila ya'malu to do » e [el ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect woe Jussive 7 : Subjunctive _ as sl ses gl its oa 1s _ E ¥ Verbal Noun ‘amal Participle ‘Aamil Imperative i‘mal je ee Wier Sd PASSIVE Imperfect yu'malu jas Perfect ‘umila (Jac t f EE gee Participle ma‘ mil Jyance I {ale to teat »9;1V {el to put to work » 10 VI JulG5 to do business with one another 12; X (faacul touse » 23 work * he practical ele effective worker ule t ele factor ike operation laboratory we Sommeacy els transaction client Uys brokerage Jt! XW trade union fullemployment — Jule One active participant WE 15 workforce MUL! « .. illteatment foxes (2) (disused y SGé in accordance with JCI > Labour PartySOUND s ag tue 5 fF 2 m5; kathura yakthuru to be numerous ACTIVE Imperfect F8ee set ass pn i G3 BSS of BG 255 i ag is ot Bay os WAS ols as Jussive ote Phe Wy ASS y x we ¥ Imperative ukthur Verbal Noun kathra 26 WAS “iis PASSIVE not used um 36\ (35) Perfect ois es Subjunctive Bl gk BRS to outnumber » «0 19; IV sis to increase » 7/10; Mi to band together against (le 12 X ASEuIto find excessive » 23 A much (adjective) more than abundance ii more useful u ats much better i v ue moreover ws N\ AS absolute majority much (adverb) most majority often at most (God) bless youSOUND Peek cree 6 re per7 tarjama yutarjimu to translate » from ... into (Jf ... ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Verbal Noun tarjama Participle mutarjim Imperative tarjim dary rr PASSIVE Imperfect yutarjamu p23 Perfect turjima 2-7 cee 7 Participle mutarjam re el cues translation, preface pe translator Delp t G53 translator pe translatedSOUND Pare 7 fF] pe pe ‘allama yu'allimu to teach » «2 ACTIVE Imperfect rs Perfect [e] ie E ‘ “E EE Subjunctive KOR 5 BREE a “As * EE E PRREE Verbal Noun ta‘lim _Participle mu'allim Imperative ‘allim pb ¥ Ler Nera ra PASSIVE Imperfect yu'allamu hs Perfect ‘ullima « Participle mu‘ allam ple I (ple) oe ple to know 4; IV ptel to notify W\p vo 10 V La5 to learn © 11;X Lach to inquire of ... about » «-,£\2 23 iq oF pie cle knowledge, science jyele scientific pbs teaching CL ede scholar the Le teacher ee educational pe apprentice pe! notification poles of course kK ©6034 information (yeu) UNG (trade-)mark le ele world ols instructions phase inquiry Sco, Ce in theory and practice vis le psychology vee wm ott programmed learning y ple ie aware ofSOUND 8 STs oy; 5 tazalzala yatazalzalu to quake (said literally of the earth, or figuratively otherwise) ACTIVE Imperfect os os oe os Jussive ws we We we as Ws ans We Wx a Us Ws Ds as oa Subjunctive Ws ws WE ws Verbal Noun tazalzul Participle mutazalzil Imperative tazalzal i33 We PASSIVE does not exist in Form IQ. Lis 1Q (JE);\JGY3) JI THY to shake » 1 6 Ws ws Ws i JG t oy earthquake 35 seismic JBG\IES convulsion, earthquake Jf}! ple seismology 05 oo seismic survey 35 GUS seismic explorationSOUND see 9 E ey CVG nasaba yunasibu to suit » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Baas LEE & = GS, 7 > Gy AE & comics Ge Verbal Noun munasaba Participle munasib pea au el Bee ay PASSIVE Imperfect yundsabu qk Perfect nisiba qu yi Participle munasab julie IT 1 (ius a eats \ es Gu to correlate with (J! , to relate to (J! » i relative (adj.) ienud relativity proportionate “tes (amutia associate(d) affiliation . see | Se ypnute pertaining to sea-level ° ae . : dashes Xeuui percentage J! dul in relation to, by comparison withSOUND Sater oad Bi. akhbara yukhbiru to inform ~ «> ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect oat i Verbal Noun ’ikhbar Participle mukhbir a ae PASSIVE Imperfect yukhbaru jy Perfect “ukhbira “51 Participle mukhbar ses 1 V7; 10 {6 to write to 99; VI 5 TER oz - FFE , \n>) pou p> to test, to experience » 1,1 4> tonotify «0 to write to each other 12 VIII “4c! to do research into #» 14; X al to inquire of ... about «> expert be laboratory sll experimental 3 ine communication ye 3 experienced {64 525 news bulletinSOUND eee Joae ous tadakhkhala yatadakhkhalu to intervene/interfere in v Perfect Verbal Noun tadakhkhul Imperative tadakhkhal dee oe ee eee ous Bs BGG Participle mutadakhkhil JS hs bs bs eee PASSIVE? Perfect tudukhkhila Jo. Imperfect yutadakhkhalu oJ Participle mutadakhkhal jou I (Je) Jou JF> toenter JI\,3\015 0 {S5 to insert »7 IV S31 to admit » 0910; VIGS0S 125 v JS05 11 bo income Sele inside (noun, preposition) eh internal UW's! introduction Joos hs intervention, interference Js entry, entrance (act) SG & Jb entry, entrance (place) ee - . : >a}! 4 non-intervention 313 core f li ass ee tbh os civil war ae fy! Gen 2e\islis Ministry/Minister of the InteriorSOUND “pike, lbs tazahara yatazaharu [45] to demonstrate against (le , to feign ~ Imperfect Perfect publ Cabs Cpls ofS pikes cialis Cpls opi ofall as Sus oaths “als Baus Talks iplks ° Jussive 7 Subjunctive “plas ‘plbl pik Spits Iyalhs (pls Ths Iyplss Galles Jathss cals hs yg pls Gals lbs pls yal Gal a yah Cale Ak oaks bs ls cake hs pike Verbal Noun tazahur Participle mutazahir Imperative tazahar Bes pasa walks = (pls gall Be gee 7 ae PASSIVE? Imperfect yutazaharu ples, Perfect tuzihira Sp oht re - Participle mutazahar ali 4 ae to appear f 3; 4b to endorse (e.g. a document) eegee veg 2 TIVIK QbELI\ Gb! to show » 1023 geo eae reg ast ¢ 4b back (noun) Js) ¢ 4b midday oe appearance ples ca appearance Yale, demonstration pik demonstration, dissemblance pias demonstrator pLb ct ¥e\b phenomenon SGBI exposition ip (Je on board ell oe in appearance Cay we he seems (to be) ill hd Cb upside down sf )) _plbJI it seems (to me) thatSOUND 13 [vas Wai inqalaba yangalibu to be overturned ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect 2 ast Lele ‘eG Le Jussive Wis WE Verbal Noun ingilab Participle mungalib Imperative ingalib al Nk we PASSIVE®° Imperfect yungalabu Ue Perfect unquliba Wa vo CL5\ (15) We WG to invert , to reverse » 2/7 Vv He to be inverted, to be reversed 11 voli ct As heart i cardiac, cordial ts cordially SESS variable CSI coup d'état CLE inversion ats - SG mould, matrix ol ‘s co with all my heart Ath place of defeat, one’s ‘Waterloo’ v. slits inverted ghd (4b Uli! to be turned upside down ; AW! acs fainthearted A) ib) kindhearted gine Ah Tropic of Cancer Ss. gee parr Tropic of CapricornSOUND Bees cee oy eel i‘tabara ya‘ tabiru to consider », . * toesteem » Imperfect a vet Perfect Verbal Noun i‘tibar ae PASSIVE Imperfect yu'tabaru “ia Perfect u'tubira “21 Participle mu' tabar cee tocross #1; II ,£ toexpress ye 7 across, beyond ase\ ne crossing Hebrew admonition, precept expression expression of expressive of crossing-point consideration, esteem with effect from in view of hse » to take into account “a3 1s ge in every respectSOUND a 6-08 oo el ittaba'a yattabi u to follows. , to comply with » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Gas! Verbal Noun ittiba‘ etl sas Perfect uttubi'a “ PASSIVE Imperfect yuttaba‘u 1 ( “ to follow up #9 oat vi IV ql to subordinate someone to someone » » 10 consequence nationality Seu e subordination, subordinate GG successively G5 succession rae compliance with oe complied with in compliance with JeGi t ae adherent of mG i,3 client/satellite stateSOUND P bees pe pol iddahara yaddahiru to be repelled; [>3] to collapse ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect se are of Gaol wis os iesl hpht “ae - "4s se 8 ee ee ed Gopal 28, Ore. Vo. 6 Gar ole pk {esl oe ee “ae ae ore bet let pa Gaal Jussive Subjunctive eo 6. oot - ot pa pol Sol sae ee ow be fe “be Inet pa Tp fog jp ae ee o's “ae fog “ae opt Lr gp ri gw sae ae ire. oe Hare bey be pe fon ek cease ae eee ae “ae Oe [oa ee [ow pa Verbal Noun iddihar Participle muddahir Imperative iddahir oes! poe Iypol — Epal [pal ° a 2 ie ee Ee Beal Gost geal PASSIVE none 1 (29) [3uG 33 3 to repel ayode repelled; expelled jG 3I\ 681 collapseSOUND 5 peal izdahama yazdahimu to throng with ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect aves a cot pres pl 2 eee bes ona Iyarasi Ua pres Co33 Goss oF LhLrr—— ey a ois oes Verbal Noun izdiham Participle muzdahim Imperative izdahim oe PASSIVE none watt mh \(ees j to jostle to crowd together 12 peas oa\ Bi\LS5 throng Biel competition pole rival peaje crowdedSOUND DAD co0 18 ghee ghel istana'a yastani'u to manufacture | ACTIVE Imperfect | 4 Perfect wege Secge a a Sib! ch ol Cr 4 se cye it i on obit! aki f Verbal Noun istina‘ Participle mustani’ Imperative istani' “ye oo plo! ghia Ipakol a A . f PASSIVE Imperfect yustana'u gib'ay Perfect ustuni'a at Participle mustana‘ ches Tas I (eee) one eo to contrive » 3; I ee to industralise » 7 production synthetic craft, industry artificial factory industrialisation 5 pretence gtbecl manufacture product gies antificial ee 4 e - daradl clue! ¢ gobo craftsman telKall Jo, industrialist icc ily industrialised countrySOUND a sfaniay oe jphts| idtaraba yadtaribu to clash Imperfect Perfect oI ooh Eko! ebb ike) obs Gis) “Ube Subjunetive . pol Ifans Verbal Noun idtirab _Participle mudtarib Imperative id vhkel wie Inkl bol PASSIVE? Imperfect yudtarabu jaz) Perfect udturiba © EEE 1 (Uys) rai Lire to strike » «,to multiply by (gle » 2 I UUs to fight with » 9; IV Sal to go on strike 10 VI W5Ua5 to fight one another 12 blow, stroke beating, multiplication tax | strike striker incompatible commotion agitated bat, racket wii conflict sul ine income tax (gle eur ti to levy a tax on Gal! ial cle Tye value-added tax, VATSOUND giles a ittala'a yattali'u to become aware of (le ACTIVE ; Toe ab Perfect th 5 salbl sal! wal) Cath) cub pol cath cs alti hi a gwbl ah Jussive Subjunctive « eee f Verbal Noun ittila® Participle muttali’ Imperative ittali‘ SUI ale Lab Gibb cab) ab) lb PASSIVE? Imperfect yuttala'u gly Perfect uttuli'a pti Participle mutjala’ alls 1 (ihe als 5 ise, to climb », 1 cihs\¢ Ab) aie gb poe », to mount » m de toexamine » 9;IV al to notify ge\ de vo 10 Vv iti to watch for (JI 11;X ghz to consult »23 wb rising vik. t ge point of departure , gabl examination, information gle observer, aware of ok Flt: ERERE E ee sl a Oo Cc gis reader a perusal gobs! research otha! exploratory UN att gob sun-, moonrise gb, s. + g 100 and upwards adlb + gud unfortunately for himSOUND A lb obi izzalama yazzalimu to suffer wrong [Ae] ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect lbs obi eutbi oI ici sok i NA ON ib) CBE Luby aya ae im inti Gib ont ee Subjunctive n i a a pis Verbal Noun izzilam Participle muzzalim Imperative izzalim por hh uhh bh gis PASSIVE® Imperfect yuzzalamu pols Perfect uzzulima bi 1 (ql \ pls) (lle; LB t0 oppress +2; 1V pb] to be(come) dark 10 V llié to complain about gya 11; VI pls) 13 = vin pb 21 Jussive EEREE vues KE nb oppression, suppression usb injustice Jie iniquitous pole wronged At wrongfully pus t 14 injustice : ples dark Sb Se \ cl darknessSOUND Bee etre 22 [rx] om, el ihmarra yahmarru to be/turn red, to blush ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Bees beet aeee Boece pe yl Cyl Sy perl dees afiond Bro - eae cbeece veces Ospers law a poe WS pel Oy pol ce ree “ Bees - eres Bere” eter” ere as of OE gol CRS ol - Bee “Bees Bees Beet oo 7 bee% Ose ofae a layeol i) al se see ee Bees eeee” Bee © 6-8” te ofad coed tae! Gyol yao! Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) eee eo vet fees beet 2 ane! ne vl Bee fe eres Bees (ess fees Vy yao Laos oe ly pars yard a mm vee vee weer Bee vee tye fag ps Sans fabs Verbal Noun ihmirar Participle muhmarr Imperative ihmarra/hmarir . eco bee oe ee bee ee foe Naat Gab) ANN Bl i yal PASSIVE does not exist in Form IX. cae Tl j> to make red #, toroast #, tofry »7 (mf) p> . (fe _ ‘ (mol ted ofa! reddening pa roast(ed), fried ne toe donkey onl 55 infra-red : (pe redness ey JWI the Red Crescent the Red Cross yl pull the Red Sea redder -SOUND a PX] eis Seal istagbala yastaqbilu to receive » «2 Perfect ‘ciple mustagbil Imperative istaqbil ’ Lie) Se ve gle i PASSIVE Imperfect yustaqbalu {iu Perfect ustuqbila (azul Participle mustaqbal Jae ° I (Jed\5) Kaa 35 to accept W\» «94; I (UU to face 10 9 Vv si to approach ise 0; Vv ee to accept # 11 VI (ul to face each other 12; VII 5! 14= X See! 23 Verbal Noun istiqbal Jaca 7 before (prep.) a us before (conj.) SG beforehand J. J 3\J0 13 acceptance we encounter, interview ea remuneration a approach S05 t WLS tribe Ji next (radio) receiver plsou bb a) wat, bb renewable Ae oon the part of play su sti pede (eis 'y (‘please accept the highest respect’) ) Yours fait yHAMZATED VERBS Hamzated verbs have + as initial, middle or final radical. In most hamzated verbs both other radicals are sound; one example has a weak middle radical (¢g ) but as the verb occurs in Form II the weak radical is stable (i.e. is consonantal or sound in form, y). Verbs with + as middle radical and a weak final radical (4 or «¢ ), or vice versa, are counted as doubly weak verbs, for which see p. 7 The standard conjugation patterns shown in paras. 23,25 and 29 to 33 of the introductory chapter (tenses, imperative, participles and verbal noun) apply generally to hamzated verbs, with the following exceptions: + Initial hamza: - In the affirmative imperative of Form I (see para. 31) of three important verbs, the whole first syllable is dropped: it si I, to eat, affirmative imperative & (etc.) ‘eat’ ty i I, to take, affirmative imperative “3 (etc.) ‘take’ pee. pk oh, to order, affirmative i imperative “P (etc.) ‘order’ 2h Their negative imperative is regular: 2G WG wy GY etc. In the affirmative imperative of Form I of all other verbs the « is dropped and the imperative prefix becomes ... fl or..a!. - Initial» combines with a neighbouring non-radical « to form In Form VIII of root si the radical + plus the & of the form become 3: Ids I ‘to take’. : In Form VII of the remaining roots there is an alternative Ist Principal | part, affirmative imperative and verbal noun which all begin ...31 or. val: pel pl ‘to deliberate’. * Middle hamza: + One common verb in Form I (no. 37) has an alternative jussive and imperative, in which + and the imperative prefix are dropped. Everything else (including all parts of final- « verbs) follows the standard or sound pattern. The only difficulty is the writing of +. The perfect and imperfect stems are formed from the appropriate principal part in the same manner as the sound verbs. In the tables the verbs are grouped under initial «, middle « and final +, in all forms for each group. -63-HAMZATED - INITIAL 24 | 5G US1 ‘akata ya’kulu to cat » ACTIVE Imperfect et ug asi si ah “a4 act & 3b > 7 ‘ Gi a se BU isi a “90 Ags “A Jussive he ea ah. us G Js! Jt We ws yt Liss Wt a tb We EE By 98 Bt Wt eG wt eG Verbal Noun ’akl Participle *akil Imperative kul Ji Jsi Lis ws ys soe PASSIVE Imperfect yu’kalu Sn Perfect ‘ukila ys Participle ma’ kul Ju UST to feed » «928/31; I JST to dine with » 30 ar VN ACCC to be eaten away, to be eroded 32/33 SST 004, meal Jt cust food JST eater JS6 edible 3% dining room Ji glutton(ous) JEN YE SE erosion, corrosion jst Cte (Ks eroded, corroded Jai pustule si «gil to bear fruitHAMZATED - INITIAL - t 25[1 ifs: U el ’amala ya’mulu to hope for, to expect Nal del] ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect 4. 7 at cA pe ei ai obi E att cb te ah cat a sth ae ‘ad ak , A &G alt seh eh he rn ela ots ob Sh ath lel Jussive Subjunctive BS eu i eu ° (GG. | Gb. Gu BGG) Gu. | acu we wk tk we eb tt wee we ee Le - ¥ e = SC Gt, Verbal Noun ’amal Participle ’amil Imperative dmul si Bil SGI gol) PASSIVE Imperfect yu’malu es Perfect ‘imila esl ¥ Participle ma’ mil Jet oT TL ool to expect of » «gy 28; to give hope to o;V jl to ponder i\F 32 ay Jai esl hope/expectation of wis Sal false hope bi & eu hope Jet expected J Sa\ Jal hopeful gle contemplative CS i to hope for the best \¢gi ci Y> there is no hope ofHAMZATED - INITIAL 2 & ot 26[1 yw yw ’asara ya’siru to capture», a to captivate (figuratively) » «> ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect a 7 at Sans 7 C.i - 3% a ome t ote t mt ofl mt pal lop oe wo - 7” sweet see t tet oe ek gal pn oe 7 Or we re Be -4 tm ofa l me Lal [al ee he “of a cert coe t Ome u of il ol Cp Jussive Subjunctive 4% 7 ba Sal “al jl ave 4 . Pg. Ils Gals wk a wl oe - i” %, 7 % r * 7 + om [a so La G a4 va. m+ ve, ate Cal oe ae “4% we “% Ge Gl ls als Verbal Noun ’asr Participle ‘asir Imperative isir ot 7 . a zl Warmed Goel a PASSIVE Imperfect yu’saru “2%, Perfect “usira jul Participle ma’ sir Pac xX Fed to surrender (oneself) 36 -4 . Gaal t I captive wl captor; captivating 74 2 wl captivity yl captivity; enthralment 4 a ow in entirety y ape captivated by atl re es ‘to fall into the clutches ofHAMZATED - INITIAL aml pala wl amina ya’ manu to be safe from ge\2 ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect ah, aot wal cual oe vat eae RY Uke Coe 4 oat “4 ol (nts ce 2 Behe “4 “74 sal ier ol 8 -f4 14 u Ge ch A Subjunctive onl wl 3% ot a4 Vyas Gb owl a8 2% 4 ol GG ab a4 a4 ooh OS Me Lot , ak ath of eo oe 4% a4 we Gk yt ok a ath Verbal Noun,’aman _ Participle ’4min Imperative iman - < 4 eo o ob) ey! Gal ol Bo fl PASSIVE Imperfect yu’manu wR Perfect ’umina yl Participle_ma’min aul ae T (GG!) gal ofl to be reliable 25; II sei to insure » , to reassure 228; 1V Yi to believe in 31; VIVX EN el to trust » 3436 safety ayes reliable ghku!\yG3! trust, credit Q gle! belief in oj faithful be te “entrusted with oe 5 sole one insured oye insurer 5OL1 gk oul life insurance 4 - Ol security ol peaceful insurance att Lad Jy insurance policy be oul compiler insurance Gal t oul reliable; trustee ple aul secretary generalHAMZATED - INITIAL ees at 28 [| 15% | *akkada yu’akkidu to confirm » to assure» wd ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect a3 433i asi wis ae sh . ° Jussive . ; Subjunctive sg ag sg sg Verbal Noun ta’kid Imperative ’akkid aS as oui OS gd - ose PASSIVE Imperfect yu'akkadu 35%, Perfect ‘ukkida 451 Participle mu’ akkad oy 2 the V381G to be sure of (32 5 ow, 4 aS G confirmation, assurance JS $«\.451 certain (of things) ees Fe wn SHIL\ SA certainly aS assurance < * 4s ( A514 sure of, convinced ofHAMZATED - INITIAL Bad oat 29 wee wl ’ayyada yu’ayyidu to support » «> ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Sood Bok oat a 0et $ a Sty | on! wos oes ad to ot - 06t ghss 43 pel Gal Sul eek - eee - se at oat SS ee Imperfect Perfect Cal pal pi te ol > ee vr Pe) 2! ol ol Subjunctive 4 ms ! gen Verbal Noun * Participle mu’ jir Imperative ’Aajir - os ae . OG seu! ae bel fel PASSIVE Imperfect 74 7 I (al) ek Yl toremunerate » 25; I 5! 28 = IV : eA | rent, lease 29! @ a] remuneration ae leasing tel rate, fee, fare i+ oe Wah salaried oe landlord, lessor Gees 5 ee Gus tenant, lessee gbuW coy house to let -"4 v4 4 E) Tyee! em) « Gel @ pe! day labourerHAMZATED - INITIAL tee 7, 4. 32] V1 73 1G 336 ta’akhkhara yata’akhkharu to be delayed, to fall behind ge ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect setee Jets ee OSE ‘ sb ht ater - emt te wate ohts ¢ ZG ht * ates pee eee obs Be Lht Jussive Subjunctive att bul ete. tee BE gs ete “tate. Be Be sek tee ete. rates op BE Ze Verbal Noun ta’akhkhur Bt Imperative ta’ akhkhar sate 4% tt Web GE Bb ate conte 4% e%. Participle muta’akhkhir _,>(ze oe GE gpl sets . PASSIVE® Imperfect yuta’ akhkharu Su Perfect tu’ukhKhira >35 IL $i to delay #, to suspend » 28 4 eh UA en welG\ eG delay (f. >) ) >! ¢ >! other 7 we : Bhi ¢ Sl tat 551 delayed, retarded 554 rear (noun) * 4 | last, most recent (5! recently, finally 4 : ae 77 >I the latter of arears o>! (JI et cetera GBI once more AI J! C3; ye from time to time HELIN 4201 437 the end of the month/year a ca ZLIN 42)! 361 the last part of the month/yearHAMZATED - INITIAL 33 CE, GG ta’alata yata’alafu to be in harmony with e ACTIVE Imperfect | ae WEI GIG Jussive Subjunctive we ati i we Verbal Noun ta’dluf Participle muta’alif Imperative ta’ dlaf PASSIVE? Imperfect yuta’ dlafu we Perfect tu’ tlifa ae Participle muta’ alaf we, 1 (AT) BG Gath to be famitiar with neo 27511 ST to fom (committee etc.) #, to compose » 28; V wt G to consist of 32 vit Cie \CLE) t0 be united/form a coalition with ~ 34,= VIE 33 dG harmony WE harmonious ai familiarity asi t ai close companion dN GSE t ads (artistic) work ° ody composer, author iJG formation (committee etc.) J 5 ft familiar, custom Be Nose! coalition o ay. )$« composed of whe Sy oe BH fel 25N5! 25> coalition governmentHAMZATED - INITIAL Verbal Noun Participle i’ timarAtimar mu’ tamir oe eV aoe PASSIVE® Imperfect yu’tamaru J}, Perfect u’tumira ~ $3) cae Participle mu’tamar 3 Ta FR oe oa 1 (sol) 2G AF to order gi\y «24; al to consult » 30 V1 36 to confer, to conspire against he 33 eas 20 ylazi! counsel, conspiracy we conference wl a yl matter zl commander o6i t yl command Tal counsel, conspiracy fal € aul prince, emir uy principality, emirate +! authority £ t é real state (adjective) are official (noun) wey for one reason or another J Jal 55 at your command/service gil oy which (fact), (relative referring to a whole clause)HAMZATED - INITIAL beg ey doy Jou! ittakhadha yattakhidhu to take » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Abe Perfect uttukhidha bu PASSIVE Imperfect yuttakhadhu 38 Participle muttakhadh Be. See 30HAMZATED - INITIAL 2 Bee ee hee 36 a Gu! ista’nafa yasta’nifu to resume » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect 2 hee 2 Reet Blas GB eul ole Jussive Verbal Noun isti’naf Participle musta’nif Imperative ista’ nif tL wih wot alr Wk f al + eet yoo PASSIVE Imperfect yusta’nafu Wiliuy Perfect ustu’nifa Wi, whee # 2 Participle musta’naf Wi we APs st 1(51) i to scorn yl \ ye 27 A ot | resumption, appeal (legal) Sil eal nose sl preceding 7 “i! Gs] aforementioned “ cr “ Pre Gui pad to make an appeal (legal) GI previouslyHAMZATED - MIDDLE fo 2 ote 37 ots TG, sa’ala yas’ alu to ask » « (NB: This verb is anomalous in Form I: alternative jussive + imperative without middle radical. Other verbs of this pattern do not have this anomaly.) ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect se Jt ats vhs = dts afte ovty Jty hy whe ots ' Jussive paws wei Losi Jie sosts (to powhs wits vie dts Bhai fis sats oats hs vis ts Wo iiy sanyty toasty fly yt; Jt sagt sashes ais sity vte | dts Verbal Noun su’dl/mas’ala Participle sa’il__ Imperative is’al/sal DLA\Gu go hy tisayytr powty Byte seat oy Je PASSIVE Imperfect yus’alu tes Perfect su’ila je Participle_ mas’ dl JE \ Jy feud im JC. to question » 41; V Spas dus to beg 43/99 v1 Uz (a5 to ask each other, to wonder about oe 44 4 ae ite - we) t Jgh question cle t DW matter Bev yaee Ob eae’ oF J,EL4\ Ju responsible for Al piaue\dity jaune responsibility ga petitioner wt interrogation S55 wondering aos oe (se Space beggar es beggary yf ote je to be responsible forHAMZATED - MIDDLE 2 tee 3s[1] ee ink ba’usa yab’ usu to be brave ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect A aes aa sea wie Cand, cmd esene eae ne eae 2 A tee whe we Gn Verbal Noun ba’s Participle not used Imperative ub’us 7 fae ae ose wl bn Cel Ud ol Ral PASSIVE None oats 1 (Gude) Gal uth to be wretched 39 & . ul courage vk misery a . Cy Eonet\ ull wretched uw GY never mind a. Tek fi what does it matter?HAMZATED - MIDDLE 6) [H la ued ba’isa yab’asu to be wretched ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect is tet ot ti 2? tee 2 tee > tee ants ott OG ee tee tee toe owls — oll Gul o Stee oe aw ee a hLlUrrt~—S oe tee - tee a tee cole ols ws Jussive Subjunctive © tee + to 2 tot wh wll Ul Lye a cuts ws oe toe - toe toe Stee + tee 0” tee Vy bog ed oe tee + tee 0 tee ole LS Verbal Noun bu’s Participle ba’is os wn ro & PASSIVE None See 38HAMZATED - MIDDLE wee 40 ode Sabra’ asa yura’’isu to appoint as head » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect antes oa at uw, wl et a _=—sSseEON ee ah Ot hn Fut Cr —S ot ol at at Tee Ye domi Chat ay a: a ee mit Ob Ft aoe Jussive . yt “ue vs Gs pee es Naud te te Ame ae +3 cast Fg J Verbal Noun tar’is Participle mura’ ’is Imperative ra’ ’is tus, uw oe ole Co ty 24, -¥g PASSIVE Imperfect yura’’asu (wl, Perfect ru’’isa (ud) Ls : Participle mura’’as (wl! oad as hee he T (du \del5,) ale uly to head » 37 (but no alternative jussive/ imperative [unlike no. 37]); Vw i to be appointed head/ chairman 43 2 or oP , wads & uly head “Og, Tues chief, chairman, president geet , oe EAR, }y leadership, chairmanship, presidency ty, |) directly “Janis 2\du all [) capital (finance) el, }) capitalist capitalism etl bia birthplace Prime Minister ae Fem oh New Year gota he gladly, certainlyHAMZATED - MIDDLE Me Pope afm pol, Oe Ca sa’ala yusa’ilu to question » [si] Active Imperfect Perfect pad pe. ae che abts els who Oko eke glad eed “eo Ok eke aus you, pu We ae te Jussive Subjunctive pe wed gcd Verbal Noun musa’ala Participle musa’ il ° Imperative sa’il ; Wed pee bo Up , he HL PASSIVE Imperfect yusa’alu ous Perfect si’ila Bow Participle musa’al J: Use ° See 37HAMZATED - MIDDLE al] x f os ate 2 ulst ’ak’aba yuk’ibu to sadden » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect . A ot tet us esi Gist ests Verbal Noun ’ik’4b_Participle muk’ib Imperative ’ak’ib wl ok lost ust PASSIVE Imperfect yuk’abu LK Perfect ’uk’iba cl Participle muk’ab vm te, ce Nl) eK s to be sad about (gle 39/45 vesnls sorrow BRAS sorrowfulHAMZATED - MIDDLE a4. 4. ls Gls tara’’asa yatara’’asu to be appointed head, to take the chair ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect oh, caul 3 cae Caml o 48 5 4, Gis a Gals Subjunctive Verbal Noun tara’’us Participle mutara’’is Imperative tara’’as ae co at, oa. 24, wis we Lal wis owls LF el PASSIVE® Imperfect yutara’’asu (w Perfect turu’’isa 3 See 40HAMZATED - MIDDLE bere eee Je GE; Ue GS tafa’ala yatafa’alu to be optimistic 4alvl ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect see “t oe aE oes Je as oh Ya haw Subjunctive Skt OS aS oe Wh ES Verbal Noun tafa’ul Participle mutafa’il Imperative tafa’al Jus pu Wha SS YG os PASSIVE® Imperfect yutafa’alu J: i Perfect tufi’ila (Ui JIN ¢ JE good omen Si opis pa, optimist(ic) Jats to tell fortunesHAMZATED - MIDDLE Begs ote 45 pak po ilta’ama yalta’imu to assemble intr.; to be mended ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect 5 at etn oy oGls lott 7a Jussive Subjunctive Gals Gals Gls Verbal Noun ilti’am past im ~—s Imperative ilta’im iad) CS od Gs}! 3)! 5 ; PASSIVE® Imperfect yulta’amu rth Perfect ultu'ima I I 9) pe fy tomend #, to bandage # 37 (but no alternative jussive/imperative [unlike no. 37]); II ey to suit «eo 41 4 cog ry repair, bandaging iG suitability J 5 suitable forHAMZATED - MIDDLE dpe oo te 52g GI al istar’ afa yastar’ifu to beg mercy of yo ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Or em] cate oti cate tii hei “tei Verbal Noun istir’af Participle mustar’if Imperative _ istar’if Ae oo - PASSIVE? Imperfect yustar’afu ore Perfect ustur’ifa WU iw Participle mustar’af to show mercy to ~ 38 mercy, kindness J. WY merciful, kindlyHAMZATED - FINAL 47 | ie ie qara’a yaqra’u to read » i gde\J ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect dis ols ws isos ome 2 Bee a ols ils 25 ea oS ca, Lae A\b 05 3 ts Mee ee ote ols Gis 2155 Jussive Subjunctive mee wot tee tet Ve il se 7) fone, | eas Trae +e Fetes | tee Toke tone WeG\L Te 6 GS 6\LL8 Le Le ome eee phe ome wee phe ols 1G fil ole a io Bea ge en Wine \ bie Le Le Lie\ bb Lt Le owe eee See eM pee teen ole 6 16 oe (Le | Verbal Noun qira’a__—‘Participle qari’ Imperative iqra’ : 4 see Ale ae. te ts wo LBNL TS TTI a ee Aes 74 PASSIVE Imperfect yugra’u [4 Perfect quri’a (6,5 fae Participle maqri’ +540 | to investigate » 57 ® GB reading The Koran/Qur’an res els Koranic reader, Koranic reciter read, legible +f.) investigationHAMZATED - FINAL 48 [} jhe be batu’a yabtu’u to be slow ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect jacks oGhy 8 ys ibs wh i, hy ik ty ijk; ph; hs Se ih Subjunctive 2 (hs oe Gee ke Participle bati’ Imperative ubtu’ week : Py rn ERER EREE PASSIVE none aq. 4,4 I tb; to retard H «le 50; IV (bi! to retard » 52 4g ce, tq ee o4e 4s eee VAT BUS\ 1b 53/54 =1 hh 48;x WLI to find slow » «57 GL slowness ot! retardation +hy slowly lege oe slow + Ubi! y99 without delay sbyall “ht low-frequency, LF SI LG Gl fol g0-slow (strike)HAMZATED - FINAL 49 i Hie ue bari’a yabra’u to be(come) free from gp» ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect 4 rs abe Ales oad sled ol dewey bees bre \s ies ate Ioa\ be ike Verbal Noun bara’a_Participle bari Imperative ibra’ w. eon wk Fe Ae < PASSIVE? Imperfect yubara’u iggy Perfect buri’a ign pee 7 Participle mabri’ «5 »« tet ta, WIV 1,)\ Ly to absolve from ge » 50/52 to clear oneself of ¢* 53 ot ot Gal & tees free of +L, free from, exempt from Ede innocent +f acquittal discharge, exemption i G being free, innocence, diploma, patentHAMZATED - FINAL 3 oes toe 50 [a tk (Ge hanna’a yuhanni’u ~~ tocongratulate on le\w «0 ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Peet > % af g 4 . t % Verbal Noun tahni’a Participle muhanni’ Imperative hanni’ dee PASSIVE Imperfect yuhanna’u (4 Perfect hunni’a { Participle muhanna’ te congratulation tele wellwisher well-being tsa happy servant-girl typ wholesome {G2 good health! bon appétit! wy ali! same to you! (reply to Eis)HAMZATED - FINAL gt ta4 5i{u 71S GS kafa’a yukafi’u to reward» «0 ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect tbe ote wus we fle thee Bae ee be GE Ste LEo\,be be ° te su6 ote Ue Jussive Subjunctive Verbal Noun mukéfa’ a Participle mukafi’ ° Imperative kafi’ . te ii as Ee Be Ge 8 | . PASSIVE Imperfect yukafa’u GQ Perfect kafi’a 13,5 Participle mukafa’ GK oe a 1 (+S) GSS GS to invert» , to turn away from gy 47 4aat Aen IV GST to invert » 52; VI GIGS to be equal to each other 54 tege vit GSSI to be repelled 55 fags : e BGK. reward GS\. 31% equivalent et Vs “ os J. GS] °F equal to, suitable for % US equality 65 equivalence tilKe correspondingHAMZATED - FINAL 2 ye teet ty Ua5! *ansha’a yunshi’u to create, to construct » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect cust ote] ae ait tat Sat tat Stil ait) tah tat stat cts? Stat Verbal Noun ‘insha’ 8) PASSIVE Imperfect yunsha’u Uti, Perfect ‘unshi’a i,t 23 i Participle munsha’ Usce CSS to arise 47; I I (e435) to bring up (a child) » 50 s “at , Cl creation, construction, composition + yas evolution Ls3! creative, editorial creator, author re-creation place of origin creation, production ots younger generation B\+ gi its upbringingHAMZATED - FINAL Ase tae Usx, US tanabba’a yatanabba’u to forecast w ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Bbece, _ Wabi \ Ly bass fae Verbal Noun tanabbu’ Participle mutanabbi’ Imperative tanabba’ ; 4 eed Booey | Maes oe. int WZS\LGS = OS 3 & 4 PASSIVE® Imperfect yutanabba’u Perfect tunubbi’a tees Participle mutanabba’ Lx» tat fo inform ye \ wy «050; IV Gil toinform «52 x 1 to inquire after » 57 te. 55 forecast . news “GI notification 5 prophecy weather forecast eG! inquiry alHAMZATED - FINAL Ce ee safu WU, US tabata’a yatabata’u to be slow Le, ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect ‘bes ‘beat db She wo be whe whe we Ye wie IG LG be 346 «cba Lhe Subjunctive wes wi ba GLb bys Wis Wb bes bos bes shas SS SS PELs be be awe be be ses GSS Ss Verbal Noun tabatu’ Participle mutabati’ Imperative tabata’ hu we LAL LG bE be ; she bE biG PASSIVE none See 48HAMZATED - FINAL 4 yyer tage a 35[ vu] tiki GSI inkafa’a yankafi’u to be repelled ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Sag CSN oi Verbal Noun inkifa” Participle munkafi’ : Imperative | inkafi" «USI iS oS) GR La PASSIVE none See 51HAMZATED - FINAL vee te ‘sate (a ibtada’a yabtadi’u to begin w Imperfect Perfect 4 PASSIVE° Imperfect yubtada’u Noe Perfect ubtudi’a isatil os Participle mubtada’ he T(sy 34 to begin a\ iy \e 47,0 4 to give priority over » He 50 tc jacee\, ou ae es (noun) iste beginner principle, origin es * fundamental, original in principle, originally shail initial, primary with effect from xq eo oe from the beginning dvjt¢ primary school “ si at the beginning toh ) pols elementary educationHAMZATED - FINAL ace e teen 2 Co pn, | [pal i istaqra’a yastaqri’u to investigate » ACTIVE Imperfect bees Perfect aot Lik olay See 47DOUBLED VERBS Doubled verbs have identical middle and final radicals. These identical radicals are sound (i.e. not »,,g or + ). The initial radical is almost always sound; one doubled verb has initial-radical 4 and is listed here, as the 4 is mostly stable (i.e. has consonantal form, w). A few doubled verbs have initial-radical ¢, but they commonly occur only in Forms II or V and conjugate like hamzated verbs, among which they are listed in this book. Conjugation. The standard conjugation patterns shown in paras. 23, 25 and 29 to 33 of the introductory chapter (tenses, imperative, participles and verbal noun) apply to doubled verbs, with the following provisions: ¢ The identical radicals remain as two identical but separate letters: - whenever the personal ending begins with a consonant (‘consonantal ending’, e.g. oF 1) ‘I passed’, - whenever the measure requires a long vowel between the radicals, e.g. arated ‘continuity’, - whenever there is no personal ¢ ending, i i.e. the verb form ends with .. , e.g. the rarer jussive form 2. i ‘you pass’ (see below). * The identical radicals fall together as a doubled letter, which can be pointed with ... , whenever the personal ending begins with a vowel (‘vocalic ending’), e.g. ly,» ‘they passed’. * In all forms except II, I, V and VI there are two jussives: a commoner (‘contracted’) form identical to the subjunctive, and a rarer (‘uncontracted’) form in which the identical radicals separate when there is no personal ending, i.e. the verb ends in ‘.. . In the tables the commoner jussive is marked (i) and the rarer one (ii). Similarly, there are two imperatives, one derived from each jussive. ¢ The contracted and uncontracted pairs (see above) are found all over Forms III and VI of the doubled verbs. The alternatives are shown; the contracted form is the commoner of the two, though none of the verbs concerned is very common. The perfect and imperfect stems are derived as for sound verbs, but allowing for the separation or running together of the identical radicals. The participles and verbal nouns are formed as for sound verbs, except that the ... vowel which in sound active participles follows the middle radical, in doubled active participles follows the initial radical in Forms TV and X, and is dropped in Forms I, VII and VIII. Verb no. 6 4 (Form IV), shown here has, exceptionally, an irregular verbal noun. -99-DOUBLED bso 6- 58[i| 2 # mara yamuru to pass (de\w, tocontinue a ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect be, 204 oe “ zl Gy at ae ase eteee 2 ee vs of ~ CS oar ie et wae ap < Bae Pies dae 5 fs Ost ole ~ lye [o qetee le ase aeee Be Ort om ~ wor Gy Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) oa oe ea a ~ ” ase (23 bse (es ose Nya Las Vyas las “ eae (3 oor (3 = das Lal os Lai ase (23 ase (25 ose Va yee Lan Vyas les pase 3 canes (5 te, oe Lai toe Las a Verbal Noun murir Participle marr —sImperative_murra/umrur ae — as ose oa ou Ia fe Sale ae rs vr oe sr ae PASSIVE® Imperfect yumarru jay Perfect murra ‘72 pee Participle mamrir 55 0 74 wiv “al\y to let pass «» 62/64; X to continue O\ 55 \ he 70 oes 5 passing, passer-by we! insertion “yete continuous cos 3 Spal continuity Feat fac continually ep ose o with the passing of time sll oul traffic light/signal ease Saol, T2\% once ony twice ofp Be\oh often yt oS how often? al oy 2 SSS for the first/last time 11 fre Vite 7 tye again 5 laissez-passer 46 ke i Al to glance at (atte SS direct current, DCDOUBLED hae is 59 fH jes ie zalla yazallu to become f to remain f, to continue ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect sa BEE EFEE ES EFE ee be EGERE Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) FFEEEE FRFEFE EERE EFEEE EFEEE EEKE EFFEE Verbal Noun all Participle zall Imperative zalla/zlal a ae Sb YY ao PASSIVE _ none IVIv “wig to overshadow » «0 62/64; V sis to be overshadowed by yw 65;X She! to seek the protection of — 70 Jb Sus cub shade, shadow, patronage dub shaded i sunshade, parachute le paratrooper Co shady We cos\b ey under the patronage of él ah we ‘b to maintain the opinion that tg uo yd ie He continued studying engineering.DOUBLED 4 . faa r tamma yatimmu to end intr. Imperfect Perfect Verbal Noun tamam Participle tamm Imperative timmitmim rhe rb We Ne ae PASSIVE? Imperfect yutammu pi Perfect tumma 4 Ana WAV f3l\ pai to finish » 62/64 pbs complete(ness), perfect(ion) 76 complete, perfect pO GES completely, perfectly pS peat completion phe p35 full moon mat wl, Huy! eu pl «si in the full meaning of the expression gsi at 3 o'clock sharp : pas GS! Jt Jyey (7 adecision was arrived at atta we i teeall Zsls cueF the matter was studiedDOUBLED dele ' 61 [| 392 99 wadda yawaddu to like, to love gl\»«» ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect ae, Bie 3 Gros eter hs ome oy oe ees cere * gee ewe ote 0995 oft oatg — Saay eles 7 Kc “ fy, err OF Iya 39 cases “ (5 eee ae 0928 oh 0935 Gay Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) eres Gee ot oy al aaa (3 eee fal fig ae Iya AY 2233 hyo 293 a9 BGS Bas ie. ti wee ie 4 “Ges Vaan 39 23 Vase 3 Doe ceeee oe eee cece S “. 0299 fy oo O22 tis oy Verbal Noun wadd Participle wadd Imperative wadda/idad Co . ip 6 nee 38 of, toy fy saul \ a9 Goud fy, eu ae PASSIVE Imperfect yuwaddu 9, Perfect wudda ‘sy Participle mawdid > 1) wy\ sfay\'sy_ friendship, love é w\ gas friendly shel t ‘Sy affectionate do9\o. 99 attached ‘Gf friendly relations... dg gl 3931 I should like to say ... wa Son olf I would be pleased if. on Soo E . aera ene 4299 42503 amicable settlement 2573 995 I wish I were ... Mn od a : dso Lu5ks friendly contestDOUBLED Pegs ote 62 4x4 4,5 garrara yugarriru to report, to decide » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect red oes oe ws eas ome, ob, oe por DS - oge fee ots ob ws bs a Ind voas oe8e wee jt oP Gs Subjunctive Participle mugarrir Imperative qarrir fen oe Ins oA wy? 63 PASSIVE Imperfect yuqarraru yi, Perfect qurrira 4/3 ons Participle muqarrar ) jie 774 to settle down 60;IV 51 to settle, to establish » «» ——- 1) 2 64; V 483 to be decided 65; X “224! to become stable 70 mie stability, fixedness a site, habitation, headquarters Ny. 5 decision wi cn report en reporter ayhe decided, fixed Sis stable, settled fice stability {51 establishment, confirmation 5G permanent to take a decision ry) standing committee S self-determination 33M" command headquartersDOUBLED 63 eulehe ¢ ze hajja yuhajju/yuhajiju to dispute with » ACTIVE a. Perfect Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Ae © eed eel eh lee eeheol IaGd GES etd InGS GOS eal pred Gets Lyabs\ eles ees\ robs os Ged\ Ged ged Verbal Noun muhajaj(a)Mijaj cle\ine\ eis [mperative hajjahajij Imeb\ Leb Gab\GG ee\ee & Gr\ Eb eb\ 56 Participle muhajj/muhajij gxlu\ glee63 (continued) PASSIVE Perfect hajija ee ade Imperfect yuhajju/yuhajaj eabu\e by Participle_ muhajj acy bao eo ne neil, I (>) ee to make the pilgrimage (to Mecca) 58; Vig to 1 to plead w ; to justify something dispute with each other 66; VI J); to object against lt 68 g\obe\obe cwe\e pilgrimage gave destination HZaL1 43 (the month) dhu hija gqaae\g lee ¢ ZE pilgrim, haji “oa es @ Par Cre 4o~ argument, pretext ee dispute, debate gel plea, objectionDOUBLED a soot * qou Gel ‘ahabba yuhibbu to love, to like 4\» « ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Verbal Noun mahabba Participle muhibb Imperative ’ahibba/’ahbib . whee oo at eo ate 4 (NB irregular ioe wu Lym! Gi ace Gl wel for this verb) gos Ss PASSIVE Imperfect yuhabbu jo, Perfect *uhibba G1! Participle muhabb Gove ze, bee 74 1 (CS) Gog OS 60= (but less frequently used than) IV eal 64 Bo\e love we amicable, fair (also in law) 4e 4 oe LST preferable C3 amicably, fairly (also in law) vel Cele beloved, dearest (m.; f.) Nose darling (m.; f., form of address) we beloved , as you lover, amateur “es agreeable popular ae for love of gbyll< ors patriotism dite patriotic efile or egoism of Lx egoistic peed peace-lovingDOUBLED Pbece oboe 35 37, taraddada yataraddadu ; to hesitate in/to 4\,,5 ; to keep coming back to (Je ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect see hee seeee Gso5 os05 Cen thee meee eee ohys ee G3 OG * bees - 6 bee oboe bee ohys Goat oes Gra oF oe Gece. seee eee eee ohsys 3 Iya9,5 hy 23 ° bees Pbece eebee ee boe 8 bee ols re oy Gof ooo5 Jussive Subjunctive bere 06 t bees Tras 3 aol 330 aol shoes ee bec. shoes oe eee Iyoo 5 foo55 eres loos bys 9 206 eee been foes oebeee — Cen 6 fooy5 G2 oy fxs gus oeee bees “Ebeee Pbeee Seer “Cheese Iya fos 3 Iyooe fox re Poors eee tere aebeee oe eee woe | hs 3 oe has oat Verbal Noun taraddud Participle mutaraddid Imperative taraddad dee eee. bee oe ebee 23 sae Iy33,3 G33 3 : ee bee bee bee 3093 Boe gaa ar ve PASSIVE? Imperfect yutaraddadu Se Perfect turuddida 333 Participle mutaraddad 33,20 wo, dao ae Tee 1(35) Xp rs to give/send back » «9; to reply to _ te 58; 335 to repel @ toes J «262; VIIG4! to abandon yy 68; X 3,2! to reclaim, retrieve » 70 eee oe 2999 © restitution 2,4 rejection, logical basis see 423 reiteration 33,3 hesitation, frequentation . e on Jee 2133) desertion ofszuul retrieval 399 (financial) yield je x reaction Pent sd ja 5 a strongly worded reply deste eee. 2 on Y Jul indisputable evidence jLze¥! 34 (political) rehabilitation S>1,251\ foi ‘Yau! to withdraw money/one’s proposalDOUBLED eye ee be oe oe ial 66[vi] Vola sais SC tadadda yatadaddu/ yatadadadu to contradict each other ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect oye ce Be oe oye Ab Ft ae ee ee Yolai\olas Ye \ateth Cys yates eee ee ee ee Syoleis pha ae pak’ CSS Syste fee ‘filed ile oad a sca ae Wyolas falas Sas peri Ae ee Goold Golas alas Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) Sates) eS Sataeh\ stat fala sta frlais\ coslais\ Iyalad flay “Salads Wyoliads Iyolad\ fro \ Iyrolas\ fo Gyles Ves ghey hte fyokas\ fyolas\ soas\ Verbal Noun tadadd/adadud s3Ua3\‘sCai Imperative tadaddatadadad Notas Salus \SUa5 Syalad (yolla5\ folias goslai\ galas Participle mutadadd/mutadadid s3Uaze\‘sUaze ° '66 (continued) PASSIVE? Perfect tudidida 92,5 Oe Imperfect yutadaddu Cas a IM sks tocontravene », to oppose » «963 s Oe he? ae 3Ua5\3sUcae contrast, contradiction oe . otis a against shaol ew tas opposition . pi ‘se Lud “sas antiseptic POE SIC Kon poe counter-offensive oe ‘sat 7 cl-syl ‘ue GI Tam against the proposal. opposed, contra-, anti- contrary, opponent insecticide counter-revolution antibioticDOUBLED see 67 nina dev inhalla yanhallu to be (dis)solved, to be untied ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect aye ot Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) Jens edi dos Alans ee (bs ods | SAS Verbal Noun inhilal Participle munhall Imperative inhalla/inhalil Sed! eu Ibe Sed1 edinijed “ gles) Sed © “SI PASSIVE _ none (active has passive meaning) I (je) ee ib to untie », to (dis)solve . , to release » «258 0 oe to analyse #, to absolve », to permit & 62; IV ‘bi torelease », to permit », to relocate » 64; VII eI to occupy 268 Je & YS (dis)solution JS! (dis)solution (Jota\d 2 (dis)solved nen place he local ° rian stopover belt analysis lt analytical J! occupation Ue occupying, occupied gels Jabs psychoanalysis i ols occupying forces ted lal the occupied territories (Ja soluble aloes ib to take the place of qaeaTe in detailDOUBLED dies Jee! imtadda yamtaddu to be extended Perfect Imperfect , sel fil Sel © bee Gael ul Jussive (ii) a Subjunctive and Jussive 0 cee eee Core des dda] dias Goal LT ron 7 PASSIVE? Imperfect yumtaddu Je, Perfect umtudda “+l Caaners ore) oo14 eee ee ns te Wm 3ua\ (34) oe %G to extend »58/62;1V “4! to provide with » «> hee 64; V s4ei to extend intr. 65 eee eee dyte & 4s extension ade @ bas period of time aoe ee . ddei\ tes extension oh | supply sfazl extension, extensibility ‘3G extending ee et a af @ dal material, clause (of document) gals material(ist(ic)) E ees eee eae 29s materialism ies stee\ dptee extended re staal ‘sf raw materials yes ‘SL commodities Siz ‘sf foodstuffs “es te v within two days iz sale ‘ste manufactured goods eae . 1G as to hold out one’s hand gpa yy \DOUBLED bee ° 7 69|vm| [vay jai Fh‘ idtarra yadtarmu to compel to cll » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect ‘Mees “wel Cys! oko! suka ofkias Bas hl Gb) Sib Gilat flies ghia AR RA ist jake’ ofa, eas kel this) © Sheol Syke ofkes hh) kl Sit Jussive (ii) Subjunctive and Jussive (i) ai fies ks Iya Shs yeas Gia Ghai lad a Gas a ay ys 4 ee gee te gee ce gee om “ye: Sida (his ‘peas iypesi fins . “hind Verbal Noun idtirar Participle mudtarr Imperative idtarra/idtarir . “4s aye . steel ie Ijatol fheol*, ola Ske fel hes u Perfect udturra ‘LI Participle mudtarr jh‘za ery Oe Oe 1 (fo) fa) Se to damage » 1» 58;1V 551 to oblige to gle 0 64 vol Fall to be damaged 67 PASSIVE Imperfect yudtarru “Fe damage shel Cae damage tos necessity, emergency wore necessary 4 necessarily 362! compulsion &. 422! compulsory Sanit harmful ool es compelled to ol, are necessities ° Hapa aks. if necessary; in an emergency oo al oapall o (cS) it is (not) necessary that ...DOUBLED Ge Gael istahaqqa yastahiqqu to deserve » Imperfect, Perfect ’ PASSIVE Imperfect yustahaqqu joz~; Perfect ustuhiqga Spal Participle mustahaqq ae TE ee we ue I EE w realise to Iaslemeur fo (S) oy & to be true 60; I] 3a to Bete to implement, to confirm # 62; IV ‘pi to be right in (3 64; V GEES to materialise intr., to be convinced of » 65 Gs rat right (noun) BU ¢ tis truth, — ie true otic! merit eo be deserving jie investigator om truthful SieLeconvinced of. SH Vt SV in truth realisation, confirmation, identification sos verification Gk due (payment) Ge indisputable Gs jurisprudence duke \aae GLI he is rightiwrong Hu0G\ Lud] G a> human/civil rightsASSIMILATED VERBS Assimilated verbs are the first sub-class of the weak class. They have a weak letter, » or ¢¢ , as initial radical, and two sound radicals (in one or two roots, middle ¢ and a final sound radical). All common assimilated verbs have initial 4 ; initial .¢ verbs are few and infrequently used. One root with initial 5 and identical sound middle and final radicals o ¥)) is studied under the doubled verbs (no. 61). Conjugation. The standard conjugation patterns shown in paras. 23, 25 and 29 to 33 of the introductory chapter (tenses, imperative, participles and verbal noun) apply to assimilated verbs, subject to the following provisions: « In the active imperfect tenses of Form I of all common verbs with initial y , the initial radical and its vowel are dropped. In the affirmative imperative of such verbs, the initial radical and its vowel, and also the imperative prefix, are dropped. In a few exceptional roots, however, the initial w remains consonantal in Form I and the conjugation is sound. All verbs with initial-radical ¢ are sound throughout Form I. - The theoretical combination uw/uy becomes a a@ and the theoretical combination iw/iy becomes 4... 7. In Forms II, Ill, V and VI the weak radical stabilises as a consonant (w or y), and the conjugation follows the standard pattern completely. * In Form VII the initial radical 9 plus the & of the form become 7 Verbs with inital s are listed, in all forms, before verbs with initial S- -115-ASSIMILATED es de» wajada yajidu to find » ACTIVE Imperfect 4 ee el Casey ae 2 omen m pees ee fame. cided aes are Boe on] Ngo ae core mS odes Verbal Noun wujid _ 2s Perfect ean Loar, pee iaes fe, Gap Subjunctive PASSIVE Imperfect yajadu iy, Participle mawjtid 94> Perfect wujida _ 16 vee ey ae to exist, to be there 71 Iv sii to bring about, to accomplish »77 dgey existence ee found, present (GE L\LLL) ofoge'y2 (liquid/fixed) assets 2 i“ ee ae \ de 9 ob! production, supply ? Leos Aes guns existentialist ties alae) Ol if there is/are any, if applicable } ae VWaes Y > there is/are none, nil es passion existentialism dm originator there is/are (things) (in statistics, reports etc.)ASSIMILATED pee 72 a cm es wada‘a yada‘u to place, to set down » ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Jussive Subjunctive Verbal Noun wad‘ Participle wadi' Imperative da‘ So ob eB PASSIVE Imperfect yuda'u aay Perfect wudi'a we see Participle maw wer to humble oneself 79/80 ches! t ey setting down, position, situation wes situational arele t ee subject, topic . s paye objective (adjective) tex, positivism gol t eo. a spot, passage (text) fe 2 es to make a report humility oo. ee to lay down one’s arms to lay hands on plaza! eee focus of attention in form and substance nde ws inits placeASSIMILATED pee e \)» ©y9 waritha yarithu to inherit from » «¢0\£\0 ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Ale 1, Ag hae os o,) yy : te ee ee osz 2, — oy eds * re oage eae ve oy ws i a) ae ae ge ae “oe ost on betas Cx, oS) -a- ae “ae “4° wae on os vos - soy Jussive Subjunctive _ 4 a | es eI! oF es) Wis Ue a oe ac is eS We a ° eS Wn En On ee ee “4a ae 7 “a an “a, 7 ned vp Up Oe Verbal Noun wirth/wiratha Participle warith Imperative rith Bh\oos oS Ip, G, A) 9 \ 2 2 r 7 ow 2 ws ae 7 PASSIVE Imperfect ydrathu ©)» Perfect wuritha ©)» Jee - Participle mawrith “yy epeete ae WIV 25,1\G4%y to appoint as heir » , to bequeath to.» «975/77 VI os to hold as a bequest » 79 yy legacy hs hereditary Oy puss heir BS gol heir Lap \iy testator jy inherited, traditional ” SSS inherited 2565 heredity ©G\%5 inheritance, heritageASSIMILATED Beer ose a 74 [] 4> 5 4&5 wajuha yawyuhu to be distinguished ACTIVE Imperfect 7 Perfect 7 j ars oe) . Jussive Subjunctive a any Verbal Noun wajaha Participle wajih Imperative djuh mes ah leech Ges} el aes 1 , oes eal eel PASSIVE _none zee : ; TI 4% to turn towards intr./,.)] , to direct towards .,}| »75 Il af, to face » 1» 76;V a3 to head for ol\d B VI 4>[,5- to face each other 79; VIM aS to be directed at J! 80 to ¢ 425 face (alsofigurative) gry facial ie side, direction ely confrontation nie a direction, orientation, trend wad opposite (preposition) : ass guidance AS iG, point of view oar >! Xe 4 on the other hand for my part ie s o onal sides tees (Figs) school-leaving certificate 7 "ee os (le ay especially Hees JS ein every respectASSIMILATED Boe ede 75 [a] sox eos wassala yuwassilu to convey «2, to connect ... with ws ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect eee dey ey pe, Gale, er ley, pe ih, ey Ber oh, ay ° Jussive Subjunctive ot ee ee Verbal Noun tawsil Participle muwassil Imperative wassil dees dex ies Shes bes oy hes oe ae PASSIVE Imperfect yuwassalu Aer Perfect wussila dees Participle muwassal fey dye) het des to arrive at (JI\» 071; 10 Juely to be connected with » 761V yey) T1=1 fiey 75;V Steg to gain access to JI 78 VI (hol5 to be interconnected 79; VII qr to contact ~ 80 ol Jyay arrival at ses g wes\ile\ fe, connexion 253\jo3 connexion, contact Jay! iol connexion NSE. communications Uta! (written) receipt ftol,s continuity y Jaga fixed to bel ae continuous \ JLaZl contact with ol! jes attainment of we gt oad telecommunicationsASSIMILATED 716 he oh wafaqa yuwafiqu to suit », to agree with ... on/to (gle vo ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Gi asf, Gail, Subjunctive ae Gh! wi GL wh BL Verbal Noun muwafaqa/wifaq Participle muwafiq Imperative wafiq 5G,\iil Bh 1b Bh BL ee aita sal PASSIVE Imperfect yuwafaqu Gil, Perfect wiifiga Gis» Participle muwafaq ale to be suitable 73; I by toadjust ,toreconcile ony 2 .. passive G53 to be successful in JI 75 1 to agree with ... on «a, to happen by chance 80 & a 7 o\ Lye agreement, conformity, (diplomatic) agrément 4 B ae fee GW, agreement adjustment, reconciliation G8,« successful 4¢ nine consistency 345! agreement, coincidence WS! by chance £545! written agreement, treaty J G5, in accordance with oils appropriate le oth okt LY! the measures agreed onASSIMILATED 2 8 cet Se ey! "awjaba yajibu to impose on » hs ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Verbal Noun ’ijab Participle mujib Imperative ’ajib - 4 -4 . yeu! aye Lael Gel vel a 2 2 v4 oe bel ye! PASSIVE Imperfect yijabu coe Perfect Participle mijab jos e ; ATE Tet -y tobe necessary yl 71; gery 75=1V Gal 77 | obligation git] positive f necessary, duty . a moral duty compelling, exigency aes obligatory motive cays Ae on the basis of si (adhe) Gos he must attend che eet Faas] (ake) Cog olf he had to attendASSIMILATED Peer oboe 78 CO vy3_ tawassa‘a yatawassa‘u to expand intr. ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect bee bebee Cee 95 Cas eee ete eee ps Lata Cay rags ates Cass Bee eee Vyamyi Lage ag Se ee cg Ga Cyd Verbal Noun tawassu' Participle mutawassi' Imperative tawassa‘ ae. oes Pbee oboe eeee ws oe Vyauagi Magi ang Bees rT PASSIVE? Imperfect yutawassa‘u qv Perfect tuwussi'a oH re) 1 (iu) me a to be oe. to be wide/roomy enough for » «» perfect 73, imperfect 72; UAV eles ‘3 to broaden » 75/77 Vil en to be expanded, to be wide/roomy enough for Jso Te Toe we bee GL to pursue a discussion Ga Lb, driving licence te 4 IS zal) LGV Gywl! the Common Market it comes down to thisHOLLOW Pobre 89 fH ea Jl aba ya’dbu to return intr, to incur w, to be left with ACTIVE Imperfect aoa, a at at vay il ia eta oe aoa, vod Oras obas var el eae «4g oad vba es ol Bbc aoa ” ola wae Iyl eas aoa, aa Olas ae ol Jussive Subjunctive oa Boe vy vay pa “ae a ae breads Oss ade vos ae he ass oF oa. eae aoe lae abe lead aoe ae aoe one Gas one Verbal Noun ’iyab/’awb(a) Participle ’4’ib Imperative ’ub eee at os ca Bho! tol sh 2 oe 4 4 ol Gs! ss 131 PASSIVE None we homecoming Gol Gus there and back ote oe O51 US e+ on/fromevery side Lay yh} coming and going ol i wbs Key return ticketHOLLOW oft] GUY GE khata yakhatu to fear gya\b «gals ACTIVE Imperfect Perfect Fue GES pee OSES Verbal Noun khawf/mukhafa Participle kha’if Imperative khaf BEA\S5 we 136 GE as 7G . PASSIVE Imperfect yukhafu GGy Perfect khifa i> Participle makhif Gyo to frighten » .993/97;V GE 90 fear of feared Oo Gy fear of UG!\i,,55 intimidation iggu dreadful dread HES ¢ HE frightened of anxious for op Wy> for fear of fearing for ol TGS for fear thatHOLLOW a oe 91 F] ye oG zada yazidu to increase intr/» ACTIVE Imperfect e Perfect a, , 2 ae wp al Gaj O33 0 Oe . ae on os 8 jog ofa as p33 O35 Cog. oe ae oa” od 7 oF oF Ga 3 Ga wa 23%. ae oe ao é eee doen oe Iph of ae aoe a7, oe o- ban OAS a3 ch Jussive Subjunctive 7 : a3] as laags tas, tags Verbal Noun ziyada Participle za’id Imperative zid a , . Tob5 oh Vye5 fas 3 oS gas PASSIVE Imperfect yuzadu sh Perfect zida aS Participle mazid sje 2a ee oboe Il 445 to increase » 94; III 2G to outbid 96; V 5 to increase intr., to exaggerate intr. 100; VI [35 to intensify intr. 102, VIN ‘of to in- crease intr. 108; X ‘{2u! to aim for more , to demand more of » 113 SGNTG5 increase HGGo\ sf auction 4 increment exaggeration a we excess, increased (verb) form wh t 336 appendage a>! of 436} surplus to requirements M3 le 3345 moreover f, endl 55 to make matters worse jy 2351 price rise eae ie GLYN SO2)! 4.36 with many thanks/much regretHOLLOW 92 [] Gad laysa not to be o\f ACTIVE Perfect (with present meaning, ‘I am not’ etc.: see para. 8 of the introductory chapter) NB: 1. Personal endings are always sounded, even in short pronunciation. 2. For future, use 445% ‘Y 88; for past, use glF Ls 88. 3. For present affirmative, see para. 2 of the introductory chapter. Imperfect, Subjunctive, Jussive, Imperative, Participle, Verbal Noun: none PASSIVE none Increased Forms none et . $WUIS 25] is thatnotso? —... Jy... Gud not only ... but also ... aca) eed he has not/no a 2J there is no pli td he cannot say